AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDICES (APTI) OF Chromolaena

8/18/2019 AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDICES (APTI) OF Chromolaena

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AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDICES (APTI) OF Chromolaena

odorata (L) AROUND EBEDEI GAS PLANT IN DELTA STATE,

NIGERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page iCe!ti"i#ati$% iiDe&i#ati$% iiiA#'%$le&gee%t *Ta+le $" C$%te%t *A+t!a#t i-CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Ba#'g!$/%& $" te St/& 11.1 P$ll/ti$% 21.3 Ai! P$ll/ti$% 10

1.3.1 S$/!#e a%& Clai"i#ati$% $" Ai! P$ll/ti$% 111.4 Ai $" St/& 131.5 O+6e#ti*it $" St/& 141.7 Liitati$% 14CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW3.1 T$tal &!$#a!+$% C$%te%t (TC) 15

3.3 B$ta% $" Sia 9ee& (Chromoleana Odorota) 13.3.1 Sia 9ee& (Chromolaena Odorata) 1

3.4 A#$!+i# A#i& 123.4.1 Relati*e 9ate! C$%te%t 123.4.3 Lea" E-t!a#t ; 30


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3.4.4 Cl$!$;ll 30CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS4.1 A!ea $" St/& 344.3 Sa;le C$lle#ti$% 344.4 la+$!at$! A%ali P!$&/#e 35

4.5 Relati*e Lea" 9ate! C$%te%t (R9C) 354.7 Lea" E-t!a#t ; 374. A#$!+i# A#i& (AA) C$%te%t A%ali 374.< Ai! P$ll/ti$% T$le!a%#e I%&e- (APTI) Dete!i%ati$% 34.8 T$tal Cl$!$;ll C$%te%t (TC) 3CHAPTER FOURRe/lt 38CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

7.1 Di#/i$% 457.3 C$%#l/i$% 47.4 Re#$e%&ati$% 4

Re"e!e%#e 48


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ABSTRACT

Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i te i%t!$&/#ti$% i%t$ te at$;e!e a%& #ei#al,;a!ti#/late atte!, $! +i$l$gi#al ate!ial tat #a/e a! $!&i#$"$!t t$ /a%, ;la%t a%& $te! li*i%g $!ga%i, $! #a/e&aage t$ te %at/!al e%*i!$%e%t. Ti t/& i &eig%e& t$

i%*etigate ai! ;$ll/ti$% t$le!a%#e i%&i#e (APTI) $" chromolaen odorata a!$/%& E+e&ei ga ;la%t i% Delta State, Nige!ia. Pla%ta;le e!e #$lle#te& "!$ t!ee &i""e!e%t l$#ati$% '%$% a;$i%t A, B, a%& C. Te ;i$#ei#al ;a!aete! e!e tea#$!+i# a#i& (A) !elati*e ate! #$%te%t (R9C), t$tal #l$!$;ll(TC) a%& te ; $" te lea" e-t!a#t (P). 7g $" te "!e lea*e a$$ge%i=e& i% 10l &ei$%i=e& ate! ile a#$!+i# a#i& #$%te%t(e-;!ee& i% g>g) a ea/!e& /i%g ;e#t!$;$t$et!i#et$&. Te !e/lt $" te t/& $e& tat ite B 700 aa

"!$ te ga ;la%t (ESB) a te iget ate! !ete%ti$% #a;a#ita%& e-;e!ie%tal ite A (ESA) a te l$et !elati*e ate!!ete%ti*e #a;a#it a%& e-;e!ie%tal ite A (ESA) a te igetAPT *al/e ile e-;e!ie%tal ite C (ESC) a te l$et APT*al/e. It a #$%#l/&e& tat ;la%t ;$e &i""e!e%t ;$ll/ti$%t$le!a%#e &e;e%&i%g $% te ;e#ie a%& te e%*i!$%e%tal "a#t$!a""e#ti%g te, i# ea% &i""e!e%t ;la%t. D/e t$ te #$%#l/i$%,it a !e#$e%&e& tat ;la%t it ig APTI $/l& +e g!$%a6$!l i% te ;$ll/te& e%*i!$%e%t a%& alte!%ati*e t$ ga "la!i%g

i al$ !e#$e%&e& i# i ga !ei%6e#ti$%.


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te ai! e%*i!$%e%t it *a!i$/ e-te%t "$! &i""e!e%t ;e#ie (Li/

a%& D/%g, 3008) ;la%t a!e /e& a a+$i%at$! $" ai! ;$ll/ti$%

+e#a/e ;la%t a!e te i%itial a##e;t$! $" ai! ;$ll/ta%t a%& te

$ *a!i%g &eg!ee $" e%iti*e a%& t$le!a%#e $" ai! ;$ll/ti$%

t!e (J$i a%& Sa!t, 3002? "l$e! et al., 300


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i# i $%e $" te a6$! #a/e $" gl$+al a!i%g. Te +/!%i%g

$" "$il "/el, ai%l #$al, $il a%& ga, a le& t$ te a!i%g $"

#a!+$% &i$-i&e (CO3) a te ai% g!ee%$/e ga (Elle% a%& Ba!!,

3007) a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate& al/i%/. Te "la!e al$

#$%t!i+/te t$ a#i& !ai%, i# a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate&

al/i%/!$$", a#i&i" te $il, te!e+ #a/e $il "e!tilit, l$

a%& &aagi%g #!$;. St/&ie a*e $% tat i% Sla% ee&

(C!$$lea%a) te!e i &e#!eae i% ;!$tei% a%& a#$!+i# a#i& (TC)

#$%te%t (Ie+$!e a%& A&eei, 1281) ile $te! ;la%t /# a

;al t!ee a!$/%& te "la!e &$ %$t "l$e!, a%& te!e"$!e, &$ %$t

"!/it. It i a;;a!e%t tat te i/e $" ga "la!i%g i a e!i$/ ;!$+le

t$ te e%*i!$%e%t /tai%a+ilit.

Te!e"$!e, ti t/& "$#/e& $% te aee%t $" te i;a#t

$" ga "la!i%g $% te #!$; ;e!"$!a%#e a%& iel& i% te t/& a!ea,


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<

e;e#iall e!e ga "la!i%g i &$i%a%t ag!i#/lt/!al a#ti*it a

al$%g i%#l/&e& a&a;tati$% t$ a %/+e! $" &i*e!e t!ee a%&

$;;$!t/%itie. I%#!eae i% #!/&e $il a#ti*itie /# a &!illi%g a

!e/lte& t$ $!e "a!i%g $" ga i# a*e a&*e!e, e""e#t $% /a%

ealt, ;la%t, a%ial a%& te /a% e#$te, a tee t$-i#

/+ta%#e $! ;$i$%$/ #ei#al i# i%#l/&e %it!$ge% $-i&e,

/l;/! $-i&e, *$latile $!ga%i# #$;$/%& a%& $te! #aa%$ge%$/

/+ta%#e #ae !e;i!at$! ;!$+le, i# #$/l& lea& t$ ata

a%& *a!i$/ +l$$& &ieae li'e Le/'eia (a!la%& et al., 3007).

Ga "la!i%g a""e#t ;la%t &i!e#tl t!$/g lea*e a%& i%&i!e#tl

t!$/g $il a#i&i"i#ati$%. $t ;la%t e-;e!ie%#e ;i$l$gi#al

#a%ge +e"$!e e-i+iti%g *ii+le &aage t$ lea*e e% e-;$e&

t$ ai! ;$ll/ta%t (Li/ a%& Di%g, 3008).


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F$/! ;i$l$gi#al ;a!aete! i# a!e, a#$!+i# a#i&,

#l$!$;ll, !elati*e ate! #$%te%t a%& lea" ; a*e +ee% /e& t$

e*al/ate te ;$ll/ti$% $" ga "la!e (PGF) $% e""e#te& ;la%t.

N%ga#'(% I)*ac# o" +a F-ar'g o P-a# a! E('ro)%#

Te!e a!e %/e!$/ t$-i# $" $! ;$i$%$/ ga tat a

i;a#te& %egati*el $% ai! ;la%t, e*e% !e/lt $" ga tat a!e +ei%g

"la!e& i%t$ te at$;e!e + $il ;!$&/#i%g #$;a%ie. Tee

gae i%#l/&e, $-i&e $" %it!$ge%, #a!+$% a%& /l;/!e, (NO1,

CO3, SO), ;a!ti#/late atte!, &!$#a!+$% a%& a

;$t$#ei#al $-i&a%t a%& &!$ge% /l;i&e (3S) i# a

#$%t!i+/te& t$ a#i& !ai%, i# a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate

al/i%i/ !$$", a#i&i" te $il, te!e+ #a/i%g $il "e!tilit l$

a%& &aagi%g #!$; (O+i$, 1222)? La%&i$!'i, 3000). Tee


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gae al$ &e#!eae te le%gt, eigt #$%te%t $" ;la%t

(Lie!+$!e a%& A&eei, 1281).

Ga "la!i%g al$ a*e a %egati*e i;a#t $% #liate te!e+

i%#!eai%g te te;e!at/!e te ea!t, #ai%g #liate #a%ge a%&

&e;leti$% $" te $=$%e lae!. Ie&iate i;a#t $" ga "la!i%g.

Cl$e t$ "la!e ite a%& +e$%&, a#i&i"i#ati$% a%& !ai% ate!, &e;$it

$" +la#' ;$&e! #$*e! tee !e/lt i% ;la%t g!$t !eta!&ati$%,

&it$!ti$% $" a@/ati# li"e a%& !e;i!at$! &i$!&e!, all $" i#

#$+i%e t$ +/t ealt a%& li*eli$$& at !i' (A6ai a%& I';$!/;$,

3007? A&ee$, 300).

+a F-ar'g: N'g%r'a ' #$% +-oa- P'c#ur%

Gl$+all, Nige!ia i te t$;$t #$/%t! i% ga "la!i%g t!aile&

#l$el + R/ia, I!a@, a%& I!a%. I% 3004, Nige!ia le& $te!

#$/%t!ie i% ga "la!i%g. Nige!ia le& $te! ig%i"i#a%t ga "la!i%g


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#$/%t!ie, i%#l/&i%g R/ia, I!a@ a%& I!a%, + +etee% t$ a%& %i%e

+illi$% #/+i# ete!. I% a&&iti$%, it "la!e /lti;le $" $te!

#$/%t!ie /# Alge!ia, USA, Ga+$%, U a%& N$!a.

+a F-ar'g a! #$% E('ro)%#

$!e ta% e*e! +e"$!e /a% a#ti*it !elati%g t$ /%#$%t!$lle&

g!ee%$/e ga (GG) a%& it e""e#t $% te ea!t i gai%i%g

g!eate! ;a#e i% te gl$+al a#a&ei# a%& ;$li# &i#/i$%. Rii%g

te;e!at/!e, elti%g gla#ie!, g!eate! ;!e#i;itati$%, e-t!ee

eate! e*e%t, a%& *$latile a!e %$ $" "!igte%i%g &ie%i$%.

Te g!ee%$/e e""e#t #$$%l !e"e! t$ a Gl$+al 9a!i%gH,

i# #$&i"ie te $+e!*ati$% !elati%g t$ i%#!eae& a!i%g $" te

%$!te!% ei;e!e + $!e ta% 1$F $*e! te lat 100 ea!,

a%& i% ;a!ti#/la! te 1280 a%& 1220 t!$/g te ta!t $" te 31t


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#e%t/! a*e +ee% a#e!tai%e& t$ +e te a!et i% te lat 1000

ea!.

Te a+$*e #$%#e!% a%& it #$%e@/e%#e a*e +!$/gt ga

"la!i%g i%t$ g!eate! *ii+ilit i% te lat "e &e#a&e. S#ie%tit a*e

"$/%& $/t tat $il &e;$it e-it al$%g it it %at/!al ga &e;$it.

Te ;!$#e $" $il e-;l$!ati$% i% a% ;a!t te $!l&, &e*el$;i%g

#$/%t!ie i% ;a!ti#/la! lea*e ga #$;$%e%t $" te !$#a!+$% t$

e#a;e &eli+e!atel /%t!a;;e& a%& +/!%t $% te /!"a#e. Ti

;!$#e i te#%i#all #alle& ga "la!i%g. Ga "la!i%g i te ;!a#ti#e

$" +/!%i%g $"" %at/!al ga a it get t$ te /!"a#e i% ;la#e e!e

te!e a!e %$ i%"!at!/#t/!e t$ #a;t/!e a%& #$%*e!t te i%t$

#$e!#iall *al/a+le !e$/!#e (Ogi"$, 3011). Ga eii$%

!e&/#e te $il $it/!e (Sa*a+i a%& St$#'le, 3001) a%& #a;a+le


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$" a""e#ti%g #!$; iel& t!$/g i;a#ti%g %/t!ie%t a*aila+ilit i%

te $il (Be&ell et al., 3004).

Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i $%e $" te e*e!al ;!$+le "a#i%g te $!l&

t$&a, &/e t$ te #$%ti%/al #a!ge i% #$%#e%t!ati$% le*el $" $e

gae$/ a%& t!a#e etal i% te e%*i!$%e%t, !e/lti%g "!$ a%

a#ti*itie /# a !$a&, t!a%;$!tati$%, *ei#le t!a""i# a%& i%&/t!ie

(6$% a%& Ig+/l, 1223, J$i, et al., 3002). Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i te

i%t!$&/#ti$% i%t$ te at$;e!e a%& #ei#al, ;a!ti#/late atte!,

$! +i$l$gi#al ate!ial tat #a/e a! $! &i#$"$!t t$ /a%,

;la%t a%& $te! li*i%g $!ga%i, $! #a/e &aage t$ te %at/!al

e%*i!$%e%t.

All #$+/ti$% !eleae gae a%& ;a!ti#le i%t$ te ai!. Tee

i%#l/&e /l;/!, %it!$ge% $-i&e, #a!+$% $%$-i&e a%& $il

;a!ti#le a ell a alle! @/a%titie $" t$-i# etal, $!ga%i#


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$le#/le a%& !a&i$ i$t$;e. Te a6$! #a/e $" ti ai! ;$ll/ti$%

i i%&/t!iali=ati$%, te /e $" "/el /# a ;et!$le/ &!$#a!+$%

a%& #$al "$! t!a%;$!tati$%, i%&/t!ie a%& $/e$l&, ag!i#/lt/!al

la%& /e, +/ +/!%i%g, i%#i%e!ati$% $" ate a%& al$ "la!i%g $"

ga. Tee ;$ll/te te e%*i!$%e%t, &et!$ te at$;e!i#

$=$%e iel& tat ;!$te#t $!ga%i=ati$% "!$ ig le*el $"

/lt!a*i$let !a&iati$% #$i%g "!$ te /%, te!e+ !e/lti%g i%

gl$+al a!i%g a%& #liate #a%ge (IPEC, 300


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a%& !e&/#e g!$t a%& iel& i% e%iti*e ;la%t ;e#ie (Tia!i et

al., 300).

1.1 Po--u#'o

P$ll/ti$% i te i%t!$&/#ti$% $" #$%tai%a%t i%t$ a %at/!al

e%*i!$%e%t tat #a/e a!, &i#$"$!t a%& &i$!&e! t$ te

%at/!al e#$te, tat i, ;i#al te $! li*i%g $!ga%i

(A6ie et al., 122).

P$ll/ta%t a!e /+ta%#e i% te ai! tat #a% #a/e a! t$

/a% a%& te e%*i!$%e%t. P$ll/ta%t #a% +e i% te "$! $" $li&

;a!ti#le, li@/i& &!$;let $! gae, a&&iti$% te a +e %at/!al $!

a%a&e (A%&e!$%, 3017).

P$ll/ti$% #a% ta'e te "$! $" #ei#al /+ta%#e $! e%e!g

/# a %$ie, eat, ligt. Te #$;$%e%t $" ;$ll/ti$% #a% +e

"$!eig% /+ta%#e>e%e!gie $! %at/!all $##/!!i%g #$%tai%a%t.


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P$ll/ti$% #lai"ie& i%t$ ;$i%t $/!#e a%& %$%;$i%t $/!#e ;$ll/ti$%

(G/;ta, 1280), te t;e $" ;$ll/ti$% a!e ai!, la%&, a%& ate!

;$ll/ti$%.

1./ A'r Po--u#'o

Ai! ;$ll/ti$% #a% +e &e"i%e& a te ;!ee%#e i% te $/t&$$! $!

i%&$$! at$;e!e $" gae$/ $! ;a!ti#/late #$%tai%a%t i%

@/a%titie, /# a t$ +e i%6/!ie t$ /a%, ;la%t a%& a%ial

i# i%te!"e!e it te #$"$!t $" li"e a%& ;!$;e!t (O&ig/!e,

1280). O%e $" te a6$! e""e#t $" ai! ;$ll/ti$% t$ te e%*i!$%e%t

i te &e;leti$% $" $=$%e lae! a%& tee a +ee% !e#$g%i=e& a a

t!eat $" /a% ealt a ell a te e#$te. Te &e;leti$% $"

te $=$% lae! #a/e gl$+al a!i%g i% te e#$te i# a'e

li"e /%+ea!a+le "$! /a%, ;la%t a%& a%ial li*i%g i% te

e#$te.


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1./.1 Sourc% a! C-a'"'ca#'o o" A'r Po--u#'o

S$/!#e $" ai! ;$ll/ti$% !e"e! t$ te *a!i$/ l$#ati$%,

a#ti*itie $! "a#t$! i# a!e !e;$%i+le "$! te !eleai%g $"

;$ll/ta%t i%t$ t$ #ateg$!ie i# a!e:

A#$ro*og%'c Sourc%: Tee a!e $/!#e #a/e& + /a%

a#ti*itie i# a!e:

i.

B/!%i%g $" "$il "/el

ii.

Bi$a #$+/ti$%

iii.

Re"/e +/!%i%g

i*. T!a""i# eii$%

*. B/ +/!%i%g

*i.

I%&/t!ial eii$%

*ii.

Ga "la!i%g

*iii.

Pi;e


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Na#ura- Sourc%: Tee i%#l/&e:

i.

D/t "!$ little $! %$ *egetati$%

ii.

eta%e eitte& + te &igeti$% $" "$$& + a%ial

iii.

S$'e a%& #a!+$% $%$-i&e "!$ il&li"e

i*. Ra%&$ ga "!$ !a&i$a#ti*e &e#a

*.

$l#a%i# a#ti*itie

1.0 A') o" S#u!&

Te ai $" t/& i t$ '%$ te e""e#t $" ga "la!i%g $% $e

;la%t g!$i%g a!$/%& a ga "la!e tati$% t$ '%$ te le*el $" a#i&it

a%& a#$!+i#, t$tal #l$!$;ll, !elati*e ate! #$%te%t $" Sia ee&

;la%t.

1. O2%c#'('#& o" S#u!&

i.

T$ a##e te a$/%t $" %/t!ie%t a%& a#$!+i# i% ele#te&

;la%t a!$/%& te ga "la!e tati$%.


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ii.

T$ &ete!i%e te le*el $" t$-i# a##//lati$% $% ;la%t

a!$/%& a ga "la!e tati$% at E+e&ei, Delta State.

1.3 L')'#a#'o

Sa;le #$lle#ti$% a a &i""i#/lt ta' &/e t$ te "a#t tat $il

#$;a%ie e!e g/a!&e& + $l&ie!. Te ;!ee%#e $" e#/!it a

a #alle%ge a%& te!e"$!e t$$& a i%&!a%#e t$ te #$lle#ti$% $"

a;le.


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TO +ET THE FULL PRO4ECT MATERIAL 5CHAPTER 1 TO

FIVE6 FOLLOW THIS SIMPLE STEPS:

STEP 1: (''# a& Ecoak rac$ %ar%# #o &ou a! *a&

'#o #$% accou# !%#a'- %-o7:

ACCOUNT NAME: TEE8ED BUSINESS ENTERPRISESACCOUNT NUMBER: 039011;10,

STEP /: A"#%r *a&)%#, SMS #$% T%--%r Nu)%r, #$%*ro2%c# co!% 5ca % "ou! a# #$% $%a!%r o" #$'*ro2%c# 7ork6 a! &our E)a'- a!!r% TO9

Documents

AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDICES (APTI) OF Chromolaena