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AIR POLLUTION

CHEMISTRY

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ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

Pure air is described as a mixture of

the following gases:7!"# $%& %"!'# O%& "!(# Ar& "!")#

*O%& "!""%# $e& "!""+# He ,lus

other gases! Such ,ure air does notexist but it ser-es as a reference forclean air!

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Atmospheric pressure (millibars! "!! #!! $!! %!! &'!!!

&"!

&&!

&!!

!

%!

)!

$!

*!

#!

+!

"!

&!

!

(SeaLe,el -%! -#! ! #! %! &"!

Pressure . &'!!!

millibars at/rou01 le,elTemperature (2C

Altitu1e(3ilo

meters

Altitu1e(m

iles

)*

$*

**

#*

+*

"*

&*

*

Thermosphere

Heati0/ ,ia o4o0e

Mesosphere

Stratosphere

O4o0e 5la6er7Heati0/ 8rom the earth

Troposphere

Temperature

Pressure

Hi/hli/hts9

Pressure decreases

with altitude until itreaches .ero

Tro,os,here is thela/er we li-e in0mostl/ $ and O0weather0 colder as/ou go u,

Stratos,here: has theo.one la/er0 warmeras /ou go u,

En-ironmental science

focuses mostl/ onthose two la/ers

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Stratospheric o4o0e absorbs (+#of 12 radiation

)O% 3 12 % O)

Tropospheric o4o0e is harmful to,lants& animals& and humans!

Tro,os,heric o.one is made when air

,ollutants undergo chemicalreactions because of 12 ex,osure!

ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

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The ox/gen atom generated from theinitial reaction reacts withatmos,heric& diatomic ox/gen& toform o.one!

This ,olluting o.one of thelithos,here& tra,s heat andcontributes to thermal in-ersion!

2 3O O O+

ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE

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Smog

Photochemical94brown air smog5

*aused b/ 12 reacting withchemicals 6$Ox& 2O*s in theatmos,here 8ound in modern cities&es,eciall/ in warm& sunn/ areas!

I01ustrial smo/94gra/ air smog5*aused b/ burning of fossil fuels&adds sulfur to air! Rare in de-elo,ed

countries now as soot is remo-ed b/

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$itrogen oxide is an essentialingredient of photochemical smo/that is ,roduced during the high

tem,eratures associated withcombustion of -ehicles engines!

PHOTO*HEM;*A< SMO=PHOTO*HEM;*A< SMO=

2 2 2N O Energy NO+ +

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How is it that toxins& fromthousands of miles awa/can enter an ecos/stem

that ,re-iousl/ had no traceof these ,ollutants>

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Recent studies show that ;nuits

ha-e some of the worldshighest le-els of toxic chemicalsin their bodies! The disco-er/ of

toxic ,ollutants in the foodsu,,l/ has ,ut '++&""" ;nuitson the brin? of a ,ublic health

disaster!

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4=rassho,,er E@ect5

;n a ,henomenonscientists call thegrassho,,er e@ect&toxic ,ollutants

released thousands ofmiles to the southe-a,orate in the

warm climate! The/then ride the windsuntil the/ reach thecold air of the Arctic&

where the/

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2 2 2 3

3 2 2 4

2 2 3 22

SO H O H SO

SO H O H SO

NO H O HNO HNO

+

+

+ +

A*; RA;$

The ,H of rainwater is normall/slightl/ acidic& at about +!B& duemainl/ to reaction of carbon dioxidewith water to form carbonic acid!

2 2 2 3CO H O H CO+

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:i01

Tra0s8ormatio0 tosul8uric aci1 (H"SO#a01 0itric aci1 (HNO+

Nitric o;i1e (NO

Aci1 8o/

Ocea0

Sul8ur 1io;i1e (SO"a01 NO

:i01bor0e ammo0ia /asa01 particles o8 culti,ate1 soilpartiall6 0eutrali4e aci1s a01

8orm 1r6 sul8ate a01 0itrate salts

ere1

La3es i0 shallo?soil lo? i0limesto0ebecomeaci1ic

:et aci1 1epositio0(1roplets o8 H"SO#a01HNO+1issol,e1 i0 rai0a01 s0o?

Acid Rain formation

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:i01

Ocea0

=arm

Chich location does sulfuric

D nitric acids transform>

Y@

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:i01

Ocea0

=arm

;dentif/ the t/,e of acid

de,osition at ,oint

Y@

Tra0s8ormatio0 tosul8uric aci1 (H"SO#a01 0itric aci1 (HNO+

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:i01

Ocea0

=arm

;dentif/ the t/,e of acid

de,osition at ,oint F

@

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:i01

Ocea0

=arm

PRE*;P;TAT;O$G

Y

:et aci1 1epositio0

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:armer air

I0,ersio0 la6er

Cool la6er

Mou0taiMou0tai0

Balle6

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I0,ersio0 la6er

Mou0tai0ra0/e

Sea bree4e

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A;R PO

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A;R PO

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;denti9cation Methods;denti9cation Methods

'! Sensor/ RecognitionL Strong unusual odorsL Reduction in -isibilit/

L E/e irritationL Acid taste in the mouthL 8eel of grit under foot

2er/ subIecti-e and -ar/from indi-idual to indi-idual

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;denti9cation Methods;denti9cation Methods

%! Ph/sical MeasurementL testingN detection of trace

uantities of man/ airLborne toxic

substances)! E@ects on Plants& uildings&

AnimalsL obser-ation on the growth of ,lants

and health of animalsL deleterious e@ects on buildings

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H A H P

C R I L

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NOT

D A H P U T

C Y I L R

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< A R P A

S N T