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Atmospheric chemistry
Day 4
Air pollution
Regional ozone formation
Regional air quality – ozone formation
• Ozone is a greenhouse gas. It affects human health, plant growth and materials
• Ozone is a secondary pollutant and is not directly emitted.
• Emission of VOCs and NOx, coupled with sunlight leads to the formation of photochemical smog.
• Major component is ozone. Also aerosols, nitrates …• Need to understand chemical mechanism for formation
in order to develop strategies and legislation for reduction of ozone concentrations.
• The European limit values are linked to these aims• Is it better to control NOx or VOCs – or both?
Chemical mechanism• Initiation: OH formed from ozone photolysis at a rate POH (=
2k3[H2O]J1[O3]/{k2[M] + k3[H2O]} )
• Propagation
OH + RH (+O2) → RO2 + H2O (R4)
RO2 + NO → RO + NO2 (R5)
RO + O2 → R’CHO + HO2 (R6)
HO2 + NO → OH + NO2 (R7)
• Termination
HO2 + HO2 → H2O2 (R8)
OH + NO2 + M → HNO3 + M (R9)
• Ozone formation
O3 is formed by NO2 photolysis with a rate equal to the sum of the rates of reactions 5 and 7 (= v5 + v7)
NOx and VOC control of ozone formation• Under polluted conditions, chain propagation is fast,
so v4 = v5 = v6 = v7
• PO3 = v5 + v7 = 2v7 = 2k7[HO2][NO] A
• Also v4 = v7 [OH] = k7[HO2][NO]/{k4[RH]} B
• Steady state for radicals: rate of termination = rate of initiation, ie POH = v8 + v9
1. Low NOx: v8 >> v9 POH = 2k8[HO2]2; [HO2] = (POH/2k8)
Sub in A: PO3 = 2k7[NO] (POH/2k8).
( PO3 [NO], independent [RH] NOx limited)
2. High NOx: v8 << v9 [OH] = POH/(k9[NO2][M]
Sub in B: [HO2] = POHk4[RH]/{k7k9{NO][NO2][M]
Sub in A: PO3 = 2k4[RH]/{k9[NO2][M]
( PO3 [NO2]-1; [RH]) VOC limited)
DEPENDENCE OF OZONE PRODUCTION
ON NOx AND HYDROCARBONS
HOxfamily
OH
RO2 RO
HO2
HNO3 H2O2O3
O3
O3
PHOx4
5
67
89
1/ 23 7
8
( ) 2 ( ) [ ]HOxPP O k NO
k4
39 2
2 [ ]( )
[ ][ ]HOxk P RH
P Ok NO M
“NOx- saturated” or“hydrocarbon-limited” regime
“NOx-limited” regime
RH
NO
O2
NO
NO2
OZONE CONCENTRATIONS vs. NOx AND VOC EMISSIONSAir pollution model calculation for a typical urban airshed
NOx-saturated
NOx-limitedRidge
Can we determine the relative contributions of different VOCs to ozone formation?Master chemical mechanism (MCM)
• Constructed by University of Leeds, in collaboration with Imperial College and UK Met Office
• Explicit mechanism, based on a protocol which describes the chemistry. Includes reactions of OH, NO3 and O3 and photolysis. For development protocol see: M.E.Jenkin et al. Atmos. Env., 1997, 31, 81.
• Describes the oxidation of 123 VOCs, based on the UK emissions inventory.
• The MCM is set up to provide input directly to the FACSIMILE integrator.
• It can be accessed via the web:
(http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/Atmospheric/MCM/mcmproj.html)
• The MCM is used by Department of the Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) to help develop its air quality strategy.
Master chemical mechanism (MCM) A specific, explicit implementation
(http://Mcm.leeds.ac.uk/MCM
Navigational Features: Extract
Use Mark List as primaryspecies
Choose output format- HTML- FACSIMILE- FORTRAN- XML- KPP
Navigational Features: Extract Listing
Navigational Features: Source information
● Information based on Protocol papers
● Hyperlinked citations
Mechanism testing using chamber experiments
Developing and testing the MCM using chamber experiments
• Double outdoor chambers at Valencia, Spain.• Carry out experiments under atmospheric conditions, but under defined
conditions.• Heavily instrumented. Measure NOx, O3, VOCs, oxygenates, CO, particles,
radicals (OH, HO2) vs time.• Applications:
– Biogenics – pinenes– aromatics
Photo-oxidation of -pinene / NOX: gas-phase simulation
[-pinene]0 = 97 ppb; [NO]0 = 9.7 ppb; [NO2]0 = 0.85 ppb
Jenkin – OSOA project
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00
NO
, N
O2 (
pp
b)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-p
inen
e ,
ozo
ne
(pp
b)
27-Sep-00 Chamber A
Comparison of MCM3.1 to Toluene Chamber Experiment (27/09/01)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
100
200
300
400
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
25
50
75
100
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Tol
uene
[pp
b]
Time [h]
Experiment MCM3.1
O3 [
ppb]
Time [h]
NO
2 [pp
b]
Time [h]
NO
[pp
b]
Time [h]
Also possible to measure radicalsOH, HO2. Provides A sensitive test of the mechanisms
The discrepancies show that there are significant deficienciesin the mechanismespecially related to radical formation
C. Bloss et al Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 2005, 5, 623 – 639.
Photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs)
• Is there a way in which we can quantify the differential impact of different VOCs on ozone formation?
• The UK DEFRA uses POCPs to assess differences between VOCs and hence to develop policy.
• The method is based on the use of a photochemical trajectory model (PTM), in which the chemical evolution of an air parcel is followed as it travels, under anticyclonic conditions, from central Europe to the UK, over a period of 5 days.
• Details:– air parcel extends from surface to top of boundary layer. It is
10kmx10km (horizontal dimensions) and has a height,h, of 300 m at 06.00 h, rising to 1300m at 14.00h;
maintained at 1300 m till early evening, then 300 m again. – Rate equation:
dCi/dt = Si –Li(Ci )-viCi/h - wiCi/h -{wv(Ci-Ci0)/h}
POCP II
• Emissions (VOCs and NOx) estimates utilise 3 emissions inventories, UN ECE EMEP; EC CORINAIR and UKNAEI. These give total VOC emissions, which are speciated into 135 organic compounds + methane, using the UK emissions inventory.
• The master chemical mechanism is used to describe the chemistry and photochemistry.
• The coupled differential equations are integrated using the FACSIMILE integrator. Most concentrations are set initially to zero, except for NO, NO2, SO2, CO, methane, HCHO, ozone and hydrogen.
• The air parcel is carried on a straight line trajectory at 4 m s-1
Calculation of POCP values:‘Photochemical Trajectory Model (PTM)’
VOC and NOX
sunlight
chemistry and transport
emissions
calculate ozone along pre-selected trajectories
over Europe
well-mixedboundarylayer box
POCP III( see Derwent et al , Atmos Environment, 1996, 30, 181-199)
• The POCP is calculated by incrementing the emissions of each of the VOCs in turn by 4.7 kg km-2 across the entire domain. (corresponds to an increase in total VOC emissions of 4%)
• The ozone formed over the 5 day trajectory is increased as a result and by different amounts for each VOC. The POCP of the ith VOC is given by:
POCPi = 100x(ozone increment with the ith VOC)
(ozone increment with C2H4)
• Examples (ethene = 100):
methane = 3; ethane = 14, propane = 41, butane = 60
isoprene = 118
benzene = 33; toluene = 77; m-xylene = 109; 1,2,4 TMB = 130
VOC POCP VOC POCP
ethene (reference VOC) 100.0
benzene 20.3 1,2,4,-trimethylbenzene 113.0
toluene 51.0 1,3,5,-trimethylbenzene 106.2
ethylbenzene 52.5 o-ethyltoluene 69.4
o-xylene 84.1 m-ethyltoluene 74.0
m-xylene 85.6 p-ethyltoluene 73.2
p-xylene 77.5 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene 106.4
propylbenzene 42.7 1,3-diethyl-5-methylbenzene 101.0
i-propylbenzene 35.3 styrene 14.5
1,2,3,-trimethylbenzene 108.2 benzaldehyde -10.4
Notes a POCP values are quoted to one decimal place, not as an indication of inherent precision, but to facilitate comparisons. The precision in an individual POCP value is estimated to be 2 POCP units.
MCM v3 POCP values
Global budget for ozone (Tg O3 yr-1)
• Chemical production 3000 – 5000
HO2 + NO 70%
CH3O2 + NO 20%
RO2 + NO 10%
• Transport from stratosphere 400 – 1100
• Chemical loss 3000 – 4200
O1D + H2O 40%
HO2 + O3 40%
OH + O3 10%
others 10%• Dry deposition 500 - 1500
GLOBAL BUDGET OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE – recent calculations
O3
O2 h
O3
OH HO2
h, H2O
Deposition
NO
H2O2
CO, VOC
NO2
h
STRATOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERE
8-18 km
Chem prod in troposphere
4920 Chem loss in troposphere
4230
Transport from stratosphere
475 Deposition 1165
GEOS-CHEM model budget terms, Tg O3 yr-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
HCHO JULY 1996 (molec cm-2)
Biogenic
Biomass Burning
Quantifying emissions of natural VOCs using HCHO
column observations from space
Paul I. Palmer
GOME
HCHO columns – July 1996HCHO columns – July 1996
[1016molec cm-2]
GEOS-CHEM HCHO GOME HCHO
[1012 atoms C cm-2 s-
1]
GEIA isoprene emissions
BIOGENIC ISOPRENE IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF HCHO IN U.S. IN SUMMER
GOME footprint320X40 km2
Cumulative HCHO yield per C atom from isoprene oxidation. ([O3] = 40 ppb, [CO] = 100 ppb,
[isoprene] = 1ppb. CO, NOx, O3 held constant.)
• Full MCM mechanism.
• Final yield increased from GEOS-CHEM by 16% for high NOx, 65% low NOx
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
Cum
mul
ativ
e H
CH
O Y
ield
from
isop
rene
oxi
datio
n (p
er C
)
TIME (HOURS)
NOX = 0.1 PPB
NOX =1 PPB
Vertical lines denote midnight of each day
HCHO formation from pinene
acetone, which has a long atmospheric lifetime, is an
intermediate in HCHO formation
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000[A
PIN
EN
E] P
PT
DAYS
NOX = 1 PPB NOX = 100 PPT
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 220.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
HC
HO
YIE
LD
PE
R C
RE
AC
TE
D
DAYS
NOX = 100 PPT NOX = 1 PPB
Decay of pinene
CONCENTRATION OF CH3COCH3 FORMAED FROM 1PPB APINENE
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
DAYS
[CH
3CO
CH
3] P
PT
CH3COCH3 NOX1PPB
CH3COCH3 NOX100PPT
Relating HCHO Columns to VOC Emissions (Palmer)
VOC source
Distance downwind
HCHO Isoprene
-pinenepropane
100 km
VOC
HCHOhours
OH
hours
h, OH
Ultimate Yield Y (per C)
Approx. Time to Y
isoprene ~0.5 2-3 hrs
pinene ~0.3 3-4 days
pinene ~0.25 3-4 days
MBO ~0.4 3-4 days
Master Chemical Mechanism