BacteriaAntonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered

bacteriaAre in the air, foods, surfaces of things

we touchFound underground and at the great

depths of the oceansLives in your bodySome like extreme temperatures-live in

hot springsOthers live in cold water, or acidic

water, or salty water

Structure of BacteriaSmaller than plant or animal cellsOne-celled that occur alone, in chains

or groups3 basic shapes:1.Spheres:

Called cocci2.Rods:

Called bacilli3.Spirals

Called spirilla

Contains cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane and a cell wall

Prokaryotic-no membrane-bound organelles and nucleus

Genetic material is located in the one circular chromosome

Ribosomes found in cytoplasm

Special FeaturesSome bacteria has a thick, gelatinlike

capsule around the cell wallHelps protect the bacteria from being

destroyedHelps it stick to surfaces

Some have hairlike projections on its surfacehelps them stick to surfacesSlime layer also helps them stick

Those who live in moist places have a flagellaHelps them move

ReproductionReproduces by fission

Simplest form of asexual reproduction2 new cells with genetic material

identical to the original cell are producedSome reproduce through a process

similar to sexual reproduction2 bacteria line up next to each otherExchange DNA through a tubeResults in cells with different

combinations of genetic material-may give them an advantage on surviving

Obtaining Food and EnergySome make their food

Contain chlorophyll and use the Sun’s energy

Others use energy from chemical reactions

Called producersSome get it from their environment

Most are consumersBreak down dead organisms Live as parasites

Aerobe-uses O2 for respirationMost bacteria are aerobes

Anaerobe-is adapted to live without O2Several kinds of this bacteria live in

the digestive tract of humansSome can’t survive in areas with O2

EubacteriaGrouped according to their:

cell shapestructureway they obtain foodtype of food they consumeWastes they produceMethod used for cell movementWhether its an aerobe or anaerobe

Some are producersCyanobacteriaMake their own food used CO2, water,

and energy from the sunProduce oxygen as a wasteContain chlorophyll and a blue

pigmentKnown as blue-green bacteriaSome are yellow, black or red

live together in long chains or filamentsMany covered with gelatinlike

substance-able to live in coloniesAre an important source of food for

some organismsCan cause problems for aquatic lifeSome are consumers

Grouped based on whether they are gram-positive or gram-negative

Composition of the cell wall can determine how it will react to antibiotics

ArchaebacteriaFound in extreme conditions, such

as hot springsOne of the first organisms on EarthGrouped based on

Where they liveHow they get energy

Some live in salty environmentsSome live in acidic or hot

environments

Some are methane producersLive in muddy swamps, intestines of

cattle and humansAnaerobicUse CO2 for energyRelease methane as a wasteUsed to breakdown sewage material

Benefits of bacteriaSome bacteria is responsible for

producing vitamn K- necessary for blood clotting

Some help digest food in the large intestine

Some produce antibioticsBacillus produces antibiotic found in antiseptic ointments

Bacterial found in the soil produces streptomycin

Some are saprophytes- help recycle nutrientsUsed in sewage plants to break down wastes in CO2 and H2O

Nitrogen-fixing bacteriaChange nitrogen in the air to forms that plants and animals can use

Animals and plants need nitrogen to make proteins and nucleic acids

Saves farmers millions of dollars in fertilizer

Bioremediation-using organisms to help clean up or remove environmental pollutantsUses bacteria to breakdown wastes and pollutants into simpler harmless compounds

Other bacteria use certain pollutants as a food source

Only 5%-10% of wastes are treated through this process

Scientists researching to make it faster

Used in the production of foodsYogurtCheesesSauerkrautSoy saucepickles

Used to make medicines, enzymes, cleansers and adhesives

Methane gas that is released by many bacteria can be collected and used as fuel

Harmful BacteriaPathogens-any organism that causes

diseaseBacterial pathogens can cause illness

and diseaseEnter through cut in the body, or inhale

themOnce in your body they multiplySome produce toxins-Ex: BotulismSome bacteria have endosperms that

enable them to adapt to harsh environments

All food contains bacteria unless it was sterilized

One way to kill bacteria is through pasteurization

Usually treated with antibioticsExample: penicillinVaccines can prevent bacterial

diseases