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AIA Middle East A309
Session: Fire Safety
Engineering 1310. Qatar
Susan Lamont Feb 18, 2013
Credit(s) earned on completion of
this course will be reported to AIA
CES for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion for both
AIA members and non-AIA
members are available upon
request.
This course is registered with AIA
CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not
include content that may be
deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction
or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product. _______________________________________
____
Questions related to specific materials, methods,
and services will be addressed at the conclusion
of this presentation.
SAMPLE OPTIONAL SLIDE
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws.
Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written
permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© Arup 2012
Copyright Materials
- Fire strategy reports and why we need them
- Design specifications and how they relate to the fire strategy
- Specifications to British or American standards and fire tests
- Approval of material submittals – fire tests of materials and
confusing terminology/fire resistance/retardant/non-
combustible/limited combustible
- Importance of having a fire safety engineer throughout the design
and construction process
- Example of getting it right and what happens when it goes wrong
SAMPLE SLIDE
Course
Description
Learning
Objectives
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:
SAMPLE SLIDE
1) Participants understand the importance of stakeholder involvement in the
development of Fire Safety Strategies for buildings
2) Participants will gain knowledge about the importance of implementing the Fire
Strategy through design, construction, handover and facilities management
3) Participants will have an understanding of design specifications and how they relate
to fire strategies and what happens when the specification is not checked by a fire
safety professional or misunderstood by the contractor/site team
4) Participants will have an understanding of fire tests as they relate to materials of
construction and design specifications
5) Participants will see real project examples of the course objectives
Fire Safety –- Strategy, Design, Specification, Construction and
Facilities Management
Dr Susan Lamont, Arup Gulf Ltd
18th Feb 2013
Safety Design in Buildings, Qatar
www.arup.com
7
Summary
Fire Strategy to Facilities Management - Design
- Construction
- Handover
- FM Fire Safety Plan
Examples of what can go wrong
Case studies
Conclusions
8
Fire Safe Buildings?
Buildings come in all shapes and sizes but a fire is a fire
All stakeholders should understand the fire strategy
Check compliance with fire strategy during design,
specification, construction, testing & commissioning, handover
Prepare a fire safety plan, train and test with fire drills
Regular maintenance and testing of systems
9
Fire Strategy to Facilities Management
Design
• Fire Strategy
• Approvals Process
Construction
• Installation
• Testing and Commissioning
• Inspections by Fire Department
Handover
• Building Completion Certificates
• Building Management Plan
• Handover to Client
Occupancy
• Facilities Management
• Training , fire drills
• Testing & Maintenance
• Housekeeping
Design Phase
11
Design Phase - Communication
Talk with the client, operator, end users as early as possible
Develop the fire strategy with them
They know how the building will be used and therefore what will work and what won’t
They will enforce the fire strategy if they helped develop it
12
Prescriptive or Performance approach?
Soft or Hard solutions?
13
Design phase - Keep it Simple
Reliability, Maintenance & Testing - “Do lots and lots of fire safety systems make the building
safer?”
- Sprinklers, detection, smoke control – only reliable if tested and maintained (replaced) for the entire 30-50 years of the building life
- Less is often more ……keep it simple - Protect the evacuating occupants, Fire Fighters and the asset as
appropriate
- Cause and effect is simpler
- Testing and commissioning is less
- Maintenance is less
- Also – more sustainable, less space required etc etc
Design Phase – Share Information
Producing a fire strategy report is 5% of the fire engineer's role
Communication and liaison with stake holders and members of the team etc is 95%
15
Design Phase – Share Information
Fire Engineer
Architect + facade
Signage, landscaping
SMEP Team
Client
Authority
and Insurers
FM Team –
End Users
Testing & Commissioning
Agent
Contractor + sub-contractors
Design Phase – Specifications
Materials of construction
British versus US standards
Understanding fire safety definitions
Understanding fire tests
Fire as a result of combustible materials of construction is a problem……..that is still an issue today
Great Fire of London, 1666
The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on Pudding Lane, shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and spread rapidly west across the City of London.
Thatch, timber and strong East winds
Station Night Club Fire
The Station nightclub fire was the fourth deadliest nightclub fire in U.S.
history, killing 100 people. The fire began at 11:07 PM EST, on
Thursday, February 20, 2003, at The Station, Rhode Island
The fire was caused by pyrotechnics, which ignited flammable sound
insulation foam in the walls and ceilings surrounding the stage. A fast-
moving fire engulfed the club in 5½ minutes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIetpe_KAJU
Monte Carlo fire, Las Vegas
Combustible cladding materials in strips across the facade
20
Al Tayer Tower, Sharjah, UAE
Fire started at around 2:30am, burned for 5 hours
Press cuttings:
“Sharjah - Contractors to prove exterior
aluminium cladding will not catch fire”
“A hardline approach to the widespread
application of non fire-rated cladding in
the wake of two major tower fires in
recent months. “
“Panels to be fireproof”
“Panels to fire resistant and withstand
high temperatures”
21
Why?
• Confusion over
definitions and fire
testing
• Non combustible
• Limited combustible
• Fire Retardant (wood)
• Fire Resistant
22
Boom time construction – procurement times
23
Boom v bust - price
24
Type I
Large/tall
High fire resistance
Non-combustible
Type V
Small/low rise
No fire resistance
Combustible materials ok
Risk
25
Chapter 7 – Construction type
Chapter 10 – Interior linings e.g. walls, ceilings, floors, drapes etc
Chapter 37 – Exterior Wall Construction
Chapter 38 – Roof assemblies
Chapter 48 – Plastics (permissible in limited areas if they pass certain fire tests)
NFPA 5000
26
Ch. 7 Fire Resistance & Construction Type
27
Ch 7. Combustibility of Materials
7.2.3.1 Type I and Type II Construction. Type I (442 or 332)
and Type II (222, 111, or 000) construction shall be those types
in which the fire walls, structural elements, walls, arches,
floors, and roofs are of approved noncombustible or
limited combustible materials.
E.g. Concrete, steel, blockwork etc
Not plastics, untreated timber etc
28
Ch. 7 - Limited Combustible Material
7.1.4.2* Limited-Combustible Material.:
The material, in the form in which it is used, exhibits a potential heat value not exceeding
8141 kJ/kg, when tested to NFPA 259.
7.1.4.2.1 The material shall have a structural base of noncombustible material with a
surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 3.2 mm where the surfacing exhibits a flame
spread index not greater than 50 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84, Standard
Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials, or ANSI/UL 723,
Standard for Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials.
7.1.4.2.2 The material shall be composed of materials that in the form and thickness used,
neither exhibit a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued
progressive combustion when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 or ANSI/UL 723
and are of such composition that all surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through
the material on any plane would neither exhibit a flame spread index greater than 25 nor
exhibit evidence of continued progressive combustion when tested in accordance with
ASTM E 84 or ANSI/UL 723.
29
Ch. 37 Exterior Wall Construction – Metal Composite Panels on Facades
37.4.4 MCM installed on the exterior of buildings classified
as Type I, Type II, Type III, or Type IV construction shall
comply with each of the following conditions:
(1) MCM that are part of the exterior wall assembly shall be
tested in accordance with NFPA 285, Standard Fire Test
Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics
of Exterior Non-Load-Bearing Wall Assemblies Containing
Combustible Components, using the maximum panel thickness
intended for use and shall meet the conditions of acceptance
specified therein.
30
Fire Tests
• They are not intended to represent reality
• They are intended to be an industry benchmark and
provide a comparison between the fire performance of
different materials
• You have to specify the correct test for the application as
not all tests are equally severe
• US, BS or EU are permitted in the Gulf
Fire Tests
Fire performance Fire test British Standard Test for Similar Products
(not equivalent)
Fire resistance ASTM E119 BS 476 – Parts 20 to 24
Flame spread ASTM E84 BS 476 Parts 6 and 7
Smoke production ASTM E84 No BS
Potential heat NFPA 259
Fire propagation of
exterior walls
NFPA 285 BS 8414-Part 1 and 2
Non combustible ASTM E136 BS 476- 4:1970 Non-combustibility test for materials or
BS 476-11:1 82 Method for assessing the heat emission from building products
Limited combustible See NFPA 5000 definition BS 476 Parts 11
Fire Tests
33
All products that have been fire tested to achieve a certain fire performance should also be certified to be sure of the quality and consistency of the product
Always ask for the certification as well as evidence of fire testing
Certification
Construction Phase
35
Construction Phase
Fire strategy drawings in addition to the fire strategy report are key
Original design team may have been replaced by local consultants
Fire Engineer is often no longer involved in project
What can happen?
36
Stop it…..
Spot the errors !!
37
Stop it…….
Spot the errors !!
38
Interior Designers vs Sprinklers
39
Specification is misunderstood or not correct
Material has been fire tested but is it the correct test?
Does it meet the fire strategy?
Is the material certified by an independent body
Does the cheaper alternative or the locally available material provide the same performance?
Is BS 476 Part 7 the same as ASTM E84?
Is BS 476 Part 7 or ASTM E84 appropriate?
Materials – interior linings, facades, etc..
Handover
41
Handover
Again fire engineer is often not involved
Engineer of record reviews testing and commissioning by contractor + signs off project
Civil Defence Inspection - - Relatively short time on site
- Has many other buildings to inspect
PRESSURE TO DELIVER ON TIME
Facilities Manager develops fire safety plan
42
Fire Safety Plan
Training
Emergency Management and Staff Structure
Staff Duties
Routine Fire Precautions
Extensions and Alterations
Fire Incident Routine
Emergency Staff Response
Evacuation Scenarios and Zoning
Maintenance and Testing
43
Inspection of Fire Doors (NFPA 80)
Fire doors should be regularly (annually) inspected and the results of the inspections recorded: - Integrity of panel, frame, glazing, intumescent
strip;
- Door tightness;
- Full closure, hatch operation, smoke seal, door closer operation;
- Automatic door release;
- Signs
- Doors propped/wedged open – record breaches
Hinges, catches, closers, latches, and stay rollers are especially subject to wear
Case Study 1 – Mega High Rise with Refuge Floor
45
Building Description
80+ Story Mixed Use Building
Residential and Office
Fire Strategy is Performance Based
Applicable Code NFPA
Refuge Area at L40
Evacuation elevators
46
47
48
Timeline -Fire Strategy to Facilities Management
Design
• Fire Strategy
• Approvals Process
Construction
• Installation
• Testing and Commissioning
• Inspections by Fire Department
Handover
• Building Completion Certificates
• Building Management Plan
• Handover to Client
Occupancy
• Facilities Management
• Training , fire drills
• Testing & Maintenance
• Housekeeping
49
Refuge Area - Headroom
50
Refuge Area – Rooms open to corridor
51
Refuge Area – Corridor with fire load
52
Refuge Areas – Signs blocked
53
Refuge Area – What’s missing
54
Refuge Area – Evacuation Elevators
55
Did the client and facilities management team get a building that matched the fire strategy?
Summary
Case Study 2 – High Rise with Combustible Facade
57
Typical Facades in Gulf
58
Case Study
59
ACP – Combustible Plastic Core
• Does not comply with NFPA 5000
• Would not pass NFPA 285 fire test
• Would probably pass BS 476 -7 or ASTM E84
60
ACP – Limited Combustible Mineral Core
If mineral content is high enough then it will pass NFPA 285
61
Conclusions
Writing a fire strategy report and producing drawings is not enough
The fire engineer should be alongside the design/site team and interacting at each stage on a regular basis
A thorough review of specifications and material submittals by a fire safety professional would seem sensible
For some buildings, it is important that the fire engineer interfaces with all stakeholders through to building completion and beyond
62
Housekeeping - It’s a gas…
External escape stair including ready made
bonfire and gas cylinder ..!
63
Summary
Fire Strategy to Facilities Management - Design
- Construction
- Handover + Fire Safety Plan
- Life of Building
Examples of what can go wrong
Case studies
Conclusions
Questions?
Sample Last Slide
This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Course
Dr Susan Lamont [email protected]