a'gufwmod*ÐEG,f

‘wGJzufygarmu©ordkif;Xme

&efukefwuúodkvf

ordkif;rwifrDacwf rS vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;acwf

ordkif;rwifrDumv

ausmufacwfOD; (tnmom;,Ofaus;rI)

ausmufacwfv,f

ausmufacwfopf

aMu; ^ oH acwf

ysLjrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm; (AdóEdk;? [efvif;? oa&acwå&m)

yk*Hacwf ( yxr jrefrmEdkifiHawmf )

yif;,

ppfudkif;

tif;0

[Hom0wD

auwkrwD-awmifil ( 'kwd, jrefrmEdkifiHawmf )

anmif&rf; ('kwd, tif;0)

ukef;abmif ( wwd, jrefrmEdkifiHawmf )

tESpfav;q,fppfyGJ

udkvdkeDacwf

e,fcsJUqefUYusifa&; trsdK;om;vIyf&Sm;rI

awmfvSefa&; vIyf&Sm;rI

*syefacwf

vGwfvyfa&;t&,ljcif;

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; acwftqufquf

19 48 - 19 5 8 zqyvtpdk;&

19 5 8 - 19 6 2 tdrfapmifhtpdk;&

19 6 2- 19 7 4 awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&

19 7 4 - 19 8 8 jrefrmhqdk½S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDtpdk;&

19 8 8 - 19 9 7 - State Law and Order Restoration Council

19 9 7 - 20 10 - State Peace and Development Council

20 10 - 20 15 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmf

20 16 trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJGU

vlom;rsKd;EG,ftp - vlwly&dkif;rdwfrsm;\ rlvtp vlwly&dkif;rdwf

(Anthropoid Primate) rsm;rSwqihfqif;oufjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpf^

jrefrmEdkifiH ykHawmifa'orS awGU&dS&aom vlwly&dkif;rdwf&kyfMuGif; rSm

tapmqkH;[kowfrSwfxm;^

tD*spfwGifawGU&dS&aom vlwly&dkif;rdwfxuf ESpf 3oef;rS 7oef; txd

apmonf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u owfrSwfMu ^

vlom;tpjrefrmu [kac:Edkifonf^

ppfudkif;wkdif;? rHk&GmNrdKUe,fESifhacsmif;OD;NrdKYe,ftMum;? EG,facGaus;&Gm\

taemufajrmufbuf '*Fg;uGif; taemufpyf <u,fomukkef; ,muGuf

xJüawGU&SdcJhonfh yxrqHk; awGU&aom ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;udk

EG,facGvl Homo-eretus (rwf&yfvl) [ktrnfay;cJhonf^

EG,facGvlom; ausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;\ toGm;ESpfck ^ ar;½dk;ESpfzuf

awGU&SdNyD;?

t&yf 5 ay 1 vufr? touf 30 t&G,fa,musmF;wpfOD;^

t&iftESpf oHk;odef;cefY uvlom;jzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;cJhonf^

yDuif;vl ^ *sm;Am;vlrsm;ESifh wpfacwfwnf;jzpfonf [kqdkEdkifonf^

EG,facGwGif ausmufacwfa[mif;rS vlom;rsm;aexkdifcJhaom ordkif;

taxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh jrefrmwdkY\ordkif;aMumif; xif&Sm;

yDjyifvm^

jrefrmEdkifiH ykHawmifa'orS awGU&dS&aom vlwly&dkif;rdwf &kyfMuGif; rSm

tapmqkH;[kowfrSwfxm;onf^

ausmufacwfOD;

ausmufacwfOD;udk ausmufMurf;acwf [kvnf;ac:^

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ausmufMurf;acwfvufeufrsm;udk trsm;tjym;

awGU&onf^

tnma'o,Ofaus;rI (Anyathian Culture) [kac:^

ausmufacwfOD; vufeufrsm;udk rdk;acgifa&&Sm;ywf0ef;usif {&m0wD

jrpfurf;yg;tqifhrsm;wGif trsm;tjym; awGU&onf^

ausmufacwfv,f

xl;jcm;aomajymif;vJrIr&Sd ^

&Srf;jynfrdkif;yGefwGifausmufvufeuftrsm; tjym;awGU&onf/

•ausmufacwfopf•jy'g;vif;*l

xif&Sm;onhfausmufacwfay:xGef;cJhonfha'oonf &Srf;jynf

awmifydkif; ^ awmifBuD;c½dkif? &GmiHNrdKUe,f - anmifcsyf&Gm

ta&SUoHk;rkdiftuGm(a&ykyf&Gm 1 rdkifcefU)jy'g;vif;*lESpfck awGU ^

xHk;ausmuf*ljzpfNyD;? aywpfaxmifausmfjrifhaom ukef;jrifhay:wGif&Sd ^

*laygufonf ajrjyefYrS ay 50-79 jrifhaom awmifurf;yg;,Hay:

wGif&SdNyD;? awmifbufodkU rsufESmrlvsuf&Sd ^

awGU&aom½kyfyHkrsm;onf tEkynmcHpm;rItjzpfvnf;aumif; ^

,HkMunfrIt&vnf;aumif;? trJvkdufí&aomtaumifrsm; ^

&vdkwJhtaumifudkrSef;NyD; a&;qGJxm;[efwl ^

aerif;yHk

om;aumifrsm;yHk

vufeufu&d,mrsm;udkjrefrmjynftESHtjym;wGifawGU&onf^

ajrmufbuf - ucsifawmifwef; ^awmifbuf-– jrdwf ^

ta&SUbuf - &Srf;jynf ^ taemufbuf - oHwGJa'o wdkUwGifawGU

&onf^

vufeufrsm;acsmrGwfvm^ tpm;tpmpkaqmif;&SmazGrI pD;yGm;a&;

b0rS tpm;tpmxkwfvkyfrI pD;yGm;a&;b0odkY ajymif;vJ?

ausmufvufeufrsm;- trsm;tjym;awGU&aomaMumifh jy'g;vif;*l

onf ausmufvufeuf xkwfvkyfaom tvkyf½Hktjzpf toHk;jyKcJh

[efwl ^

*lxJwGifawGU&aomausmufvufeuf -

ckwfjzwfud&d,m (chopper )

ckwfpif;ud&d,m (chopping tool )

yJcGyf (hand adze )

ykqdef (hand axe )

jrefrmEkdifiH ausmufacwfopfvdkU wdwdususazmfxkwfEdkifwJh a'o

tr&yl&teD; awmiforeftif;BuD; wpf0dkufjzpfonf^

awmiforeftif;aevl tajcwusae tqifhtwef;rsdK;awGU&onf̂

ausmufvufeufrsm;onftoGm;aoG;NyD;?tacsmudkifxm;wJhud&d,mrsm;

jzpfonf^

ausmufacwfopf – vlrIawmfvSefa&;wpf&yfudk qifEGJ ^

tpm;tpm –- xkwfvkyfol

udk,fydkifoD;ESHpdkuf? wd&dpämefarG;jrL – tom;pm;&ef? edkY? ta&cGH?

0efwif&ef^

yk*¾vduydkifqdkifrI ay:aygufvm -– a&S;OD;bHkpepfysufokOf;

tBuD;tuJ? ppfjzpf-OD;aqmifwdkuf^

ppf&IH;tkyfpkutzrf;cH& - cdkif;ap – uRefpepfpwif

bDpD 7000-3500? 2000 ausmftxd&SnfMumEdkif ^

ajymif;vJrI -– xl;jcm;wJhoGifjyif

tdk;jyKvkyfwwfvm

tacsmaoG;xm;aom ausmufvufeuf oHk;pGJ

pyg;? oD;ESH pdkufysdK;

arG;jrLa&;

tajccsaexdkifaom aus;&Gmay:ayguf

ovif;ausmuf? ESrf;zwfausmuf? oJausmuf? rD;oifhausmuf?

ausmufp&pf – jyKvkyf ^

wd&dpämeft&dk;rsm;? vlt&dk;rsm;? rD;aoG;prsm;? tdk;jcrf;yJhrsm;?

aq;eDausmufcJrsm;? ausmufvufeufaoG;onfh ausmufjyifrsm;

- wl;azmfawG h&Sd ^

Stone hoe from Taungthaman

Stone bracelet from Taungthaman

aMu;acwf? oHacwf

aMu;acwfudk vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 4000cefUu[kcefUrSef;cJh

pmaya&;om;NyD; rSwfwrf;wifrSKrsm;&dSvmí

ordkif;acwfOD;[kqdkEkdif^ ,Ofaus;rSK tqihfjrihfvmjyDjzpf^

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aMu;acwf wnf&SdcJhaMumif; - anmifuefa'oESifh

[efvif; a'ooufaojy^

tapmqHk;awGU- tr&yl&NrdKU awmiforeftif;ocsØKiff; wl;azmfrI

jyKvkyf ^ ½kyfvHk;<utjynfhtpHkrsm; ^tdk;rsm;awGU&Sd ^

awmiforefa'oaexkdifrI BC 4 &mpk xufapmrnfh taxmuf

txm; rsm;awGU^

jrefrm - ausmufacwf^ aMu;acwf? oHacwfwpfavQmufvHk;

jrefrm wkdif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;twnfwusaexdkif^

pyg;cGHrsm;awGU& - pyg;pdkufysdK;onfh tapmqHk;ae&mjzpf ,lq&^

aMu;acwftaxmuftxm;ckdifrm - anmifuefaMu;acwfNyD;

xyfrHawGU&Sd^

ppfudkif;wdkif; a&Tbdkc½dkif? 0ufvufNrdKUe,f? [efvif;BuD;NrdKUa[mif;

a&T*lBuD;bk&m; ta&SUawmifbuf udkuf 700 cefUtuGm

ausmufacwf - aMu;acwf ocsØKif;awGU&Sd^

ysLjrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm;

AdóEdk;

[efvif;

oa&acwÅ&m

ysLvlrsdK;wkdU\ZpfjrpfaMu;acwfaESmif; oHacwfOD;umv ysLvlrsdK;wdkY\ jrdKUjyEdkifiHrsm;

ay:aygufvmcJhonf^

ysL-wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfonf^ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;ra&mufrDu

w½kwf-jrefrme,fpyf-,kefcsef\taemufawmift&yf-c&pfESpfOD;upí

umvMumjrifhpGmaecJhNyD;rS oHk;&mpkavmufwGif - jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY

a&mufvm[ef&Sdonf^

ysLwdkUudkw½kwfwdkUu- azsmuf (P’iao) vl,Ofrsm;^

olwdkYudk,fwdkifu- xkavmfusL (Tu-Lo-chu)/

*sm;Am; u – wkvDcsL ^ rGef-wd&fpkvf (Tircul)

jrefrmwdkUu- ysL [kac:Muonf/

AdóEdk;ysL awmifwGif;MuD;jrdKU taemufajrmufbuf 11 rdkiftuGm ukudúKcG&Gm\ajrmufbuf

wGif wnf&dS

jrdKUtaemufbuf - tif;BuD;&dS? awmifbufwGif &efy,facsmif; &dSaomaMumihf

a&aomufv,f aumif;pGmjzpfxGef;Edkif

t"duvkyfief;- v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;vkyfudkifjcif;?

Beikthano

Burial pot

[efvif;

[efvif;ysL a&Tbdkc&dkif 0ufvufjrdKUe,ftwGif;&dS ^

a&TbdkESifh12rdkifcefUtuGm ta&SUawmift&yf rl;jrpfESihf{&m0wDjrpf

tMum;wGif&dS ^

jrefrm EdkifiHajrmufydkif;udk jzwfoGm;onhf w&kwf ukefoG,fa&;

vrf;rMuD;ay:wGifvnf;aumif; ^

tdEd´, ESihfwdkuf&dkufqufoG,fonfh ukef;aMumif;vrf; ESihfvnf;

qufoG,f aejcif;aMumihfaomfvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;cJh ^

stone inscription at Hanlin

[efvif;ysLwdkU onf at'D 3 &mpk jrdKUjywnfaxmifNyD;

tajcwusaexdkifvmMu^

wl;azmfrIwGif pwk*HyHko@mefNrdKY½dk;wHwdkif; ^ eef;awmf&m wHwdkif;&Sd

awGU&^

NrdKU&JUta&SUawmif bufrSma&uefBuD;wpfck&Sdonf^

AdóEdk;avmufus,f0ef;jcif;r&Sd^

Ak'¨bmomeJYjA[®Pt,l 0g'xGef;um;cJhonf^

at'D 4 &mpkrS 9 &mpktwGif;xGef;um;pnfyifcJh

[efvif;ysLwdkUonf &kwfw&uf aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; r[kwfyJ

yk*Hacwftxdaus;&Gmtqihfjzihf qufvufwnf&dSae

oa&acwÅ&m ysLjrdKU

jynfjrdKUta&SUawmifbuf 5 rdkifcefUtuGm^arSmfZm&GmwGifwnf&Sdonf^

jrdKU\o@mefrSm puf0dkif;ykH ruswusjzpf

jrdKUajrmufydkif;udk v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;twGuf oD;oefUxm;

awmifbufydkif;wGifeef;awmf&m?vlae&yfuGufESihfomoemhtaqmufttkHrsm;

xm;&dS

tzufzufwGif a&oGif; a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;? a&uefrsm;? usKH;rsm;&dS

ysLwdkUoa&acwÅ&mwGif c&pfESpftpydkif;uyif aexkdifykH&

yk*Hacwfc&pfESpf 12 &mpkwGifa&;xkd;aomrGefausmufpmrsm;t& -

oa&acwÅ&mNrdKU trnf j*DUauÁMw [ka&;om;cJhaMumif;awGU&onf^

yk*Hacwf-1235ckESpf a&;xkd;aom &wemuHkxef jrefrmusmufpmwGif

oa&acwÅ&mudk od&dcswÅ&m [ka&;xkd;cJhaMumif;awGU&onf^

j*DUauÁMw (ouúw) – oD&dacwÅ&m (ygVd) rS oa&acwÅ&m

Ak'¨EkdifiHawmfusrf;wGif oa&acwÅ&mudk oD&dacwÅ&mjynfNrdKUawmf

[kazmfjyxm;onf^

oa&acwÅ&mudka'gufwmoef;xGef;-wifhw,fom,mjcif;&Sdaomajr

usufoa&&SdonfhXmeD

ouúwtbd"gef-j*D (SRI) - Prosperity, Welfare,

Success, Wealth, Glory,

Beauty, Holy

acwÅ&m (Krestra) - Field Place, Region,

Country, Town

ab mab mBu D;apw D

Pyu languge

Coins of Pyu

ausmuft&kd;tkd; - rif;? rdbk&m;? rif;nDrif;om;rsm; ^

aMu;t&kd;tkd; - rif;aqGrif;rsKd;rsm; ^

ajr t&kd;tkd; - rSL;rwf?csrf;om<u,f0olrsm;?omreft&yfol

t&yfom;? ppfonfawmfrsm;twGuf toHk;

NyKaMumif;awGU&onf^

ysLt&kd;tkd;"avUudk,fykdif,Ofaus;rIjzpfonf^

ysLpmrsm;wGifaemuftusqHk;ysLpmrSm- usefppfom;rif;BuD; uG,fvGef

NyD;aemuf om;awmf &mZukrm a&;xkd;onhf jrapwDysLausmufpm

jzpfonf^

oa&acwå&monf ysLNrdKUrsm;teuf pmaytaxmuftxm; trsm;qHk;

awGU&Sd&aom NrdKUa[mif;jzpfonf̂

ok0PÖblrd

ok0PÖblrd (acwfOD;&mrn)

jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;rSm xif&Sm;wJh qdyfurf;NrdKUwpfckjzpfonf^

a&S;a[mif;Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI xGef;um;wJh a'ojzpfNyD;?

&wemrsm;aygrsm;&ma'o^ a&Tajr [kausmfMum;onf̂

rGefjynfe,f? bDvif;NrdKUe,f? auvmoawmifajc?

taemufajrmufbuf t,ufonfr aus;&GmrS ta&SUawmifbuf

rkoifaus;&Gmtxd 11 rkdif c&D;twGif; *0Hausmuf ESifh tkwf

taqmufttHkrsm; jyefUESHUawGU&onf̂

Tharabar gateway

a½S;NrdKUa[mif;oHk;NrdKU- t&dr'´eyl& ? oD&dypö,m ? wrÜ0wD

yk*Hrif;quf 34 qufajrmuf ysnfjym;rif;vufxuf c&pfESpf 849

wGif jrefrmhaejynfawmftjzpf-vuf½Sd yk*HudkwnfcJhonf[k

rSefeef;&mZ0if^ r[m&mZ0if wdkUwGifazmfjyxm;onf^

ysnfjym;rif;-tmPmpuf -

- ajrmufbuf - csif;wGif;jrpf0Srf; ESifh rl;jrpf

- awmifbuf - awmifwGif;ESifhrif;bl;

- ta½SUbuf - ½Srf;awmifwef;

- taemufbuf - &cdkif

yk*Hrif;qufonf &mZ0ifBuD;rsm;wGif rif;aygif;-55-yg;½SdaMumif;

azmfjyxm;onf̂

rif;quf 42 rS 55 txd- taemf&xm rS apmrGefepfrif; txd

umvudkom ausmufpm taxmuftxm; awGU&onf/

Mingalarzedi temple

taemf&xmrif;udk (at'D 1044-1077) txd yxrjrefrmEdkifiHawmf udk

wnfaxmifaomrif;tjzpftodtrSwfNyKMuonf^

taemf&xmrif;apm\bGJUawmf-r[m&mZoD&d ted&k'¨a'0 a&mufonhft&yf

wdkif;wGif bk&m;wnfcJh&mtkwfcGufrsm;oGef;vkyf ylaZmfavh&dSonf^

4if;tkwfcGufrsm;wGif rsufESmwpfzufü bk&m;qif;wkawmfyHk? ausmbufwGif

ted&k'¨ [kwHqdyfrsm;a&;xkd;xm;onfudk awGU&onf^

urÁnf;ausmufpmyg yk*Hrif;quf

1/ ted½k'¨ (10 44 - 10 7 7 )2/ NZD0jZmb&P (10 7 7 - 10 8 4)3/ xdvkdifrif; (10 8 4 - 1113 )4/ yxrpnfol (1113 - 116 8 )

5 / yk*Hacwfajymif;umv

6 / þrfawmf&Sif (116 0 - 116 5 )7 / ted½k'¨rif;qufjyefp

8 /'kwd,pnfol (116 5 - 1211)

9 / emawmifrsm (1211 - 1230 )10 / e&odCFOpöem (1230 - 1235 )11/ u’pGm (1235 - 1249 )12/ Opöem (1249 - 125 6 )13/ e&oD[ywd (w½kwfyd’,f)

(125 6 - 128 7 )14/ a&Teefosif (128 8 - 129 7 )15 / rifvkvif (apmESpf) (129 7 - 1334 )

'kwd, jrefrmEdkifiH (tapmydkif;umv 1531-1600)

yk*HysufNyD;onfhaemuf jrefrmEkdifiHonf ya'o&mZfEkdifiHav;rsm;

ay:aygufvm^

ajrmufbufESifhta&SUajrmufbuf - &Srf; ya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;?

tv,fykdif; - jrefrmya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;?

awmifbuf - rGefya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;?

taemufbuf - &cdkifya'o&mZf ay:aygufvm

,if;EkdifiHrsm;onf pnf;vHk;rIr&SdcJhMuay^

oD[olu at'D 1312 wGif yif;,NrdKUudk wnfaxmifNyD; {&m0wD

jrpf\ awmifbufudk tkyfcsKyf^

om; apm,Gef;u ppfukdif;NrdKUudk wnfaxmifNyD; {&m0wDjrpf\

ajrmufbuf a'orsm;udk tkyfcsKyf^

at'D 1364 wGif arm&Srf;wkdUu wkdufcdkufojzifh yif;, ESifh

ppfukdif; ysufcJhonf^

yif;, ESifh ppfudkif; ysufNyD;onfhaemuf owkd;rif;zsm;onf

jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; udkNyefvnfpnf;&Hk;vmouJYodkY

atmufjrefrmEkdifiHwGif [Hom0wD udkA[kdNyKNyD; tiftm;aumif;vm^

&mZm"d&mZf vufxufwGif txufjrefrmEkdifiHESifh

atmufjrefrmEkdifiHwkdU tESpfav;q,fppf jzpfcJh^

awmifil - 14 &mpk - tkyfcsKyfoltBuD;tuJ (NrdKUpm;) rsm;eJY

pnfyif ^

at'D 1486 - rif;BuD;ndK - tif;0udkododomom jcm;em;cJh ^

aemifwGiftif;0 - rif;BuD;ndKudk rif;tjzpf - todtrSwfjyKNyD;

qufqH ^

awmifilacwf-'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmf

(tapmydkif;umv at'D 1531-1600)

at'D 1486-rif;BuD;ndK-xD;eef;&NyD;-tjcm;e,fy,frsm; cefUnm;atmif-jyK

rif;BuD;ndK (r[moD&daZ,sol&)-(at'D 1486-1531) auwkrwD

awmifilNrdKUudk at'D 1510 wGifwnfaxmif^

at'D 1524-tif;0xyfrH ysufjym; - jynfoltrsm; -

awmifiludkxyfrH 0ifa&mufcdkvHIMu ^

ywf0ef;usifa'o-&&Sd ? awmifbuf rGefya'o&mZf-wdkuf&ef

BuH&G,fpOf - rif;BuD;ndK uG,fvGef ^

wyifa½TxD; ( at'D 1530 -–1550 )

jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk;-pnf;&Hk;Edkif&ef BudK;yrf;^

ykodrf-32NrdKU? rkwÅr? jynf? &cdkif? xm;0,f? ,dk;',m;?

Zif;r,fe,fjcm;rsm; txd-wyifa&TxD;MoZmatmufa&muf^

aejynfawmf - awmifil rGefa'o-[Hom0wD-ajymif;^

bk&ifaemifausmfxifaemf&xm (at'D 1550-1581)

[Hom0wD xD;eef; - ordefapmxGwf odrf;,l ^

trwfwdkUuqefUusifeef;cs - ordefaxm&mr - bk&ifajrSmuf ^

ausmfxifaemf&xm[Hom0wDjyefvnf&&Sda&; '*Hk?‘'v?

awmifilodkU csDwuf^

ig;ql'g,um eE´bk&if ( 1581-1599 ) - ysuf,Gif;^

1600-awmifilrif;&JUom; ewf&Sifaemif vkyfBuH^

[Hom0wD aejynfawmfBuD;-ysufqD;^

ya'o&mZfEdkifiHi,frsm;-wpkwpnf;wnf;r&dSawmh-

tuGJuGJtjym;jym;^

Family of Taungoo

‘ 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmf( aemufydkif;umv at'D 1600 - 1752 )

anmif&rf;acwf

at'D-1599-[Hom0wDysufNyD;? awmifil? rkwÅr? jynf ^

&Srf;jynfapmfbGm;-wpfoD;wpfjcm;EdkifiHi,frsm;tjzpf tkyfcsKyf ^

,if;tajctaewGif bk&ifaemifausmfxifaemf&xm\ om;awmf

wpfOD; jzpfaom anmif&rf;rif;om; (at'D 1600-1605)

wkdif;jynfudk jyefvnfwnfNidrf atmifBudK;pm;cJhonf^

anmif&rf;rif; uG,fvGefaomtcg 4if;om;awmfu r[m"r®&mZm

bGJU ^

4if; rif;onf [Hom0wDacsmif;opf taemufbuf ,m,DpHeef;wGif

pHaepOf om;awmfrif;&J'dAÁvkyfBuHí uG,fvGefcJhonfh twGuf

taemufbufvGefrif; ( at'D 1605 –- 1628 ) ^

taemufbufvGefrif;udk 4if;\nDawmf omvGefrif; ( at'D

1629-1648) u qufcHcJh ^

'kwd, jrefrmEdkifiH (aemufydkif;umv 1600-1752)

anmif&rf;rif;om; ( 16 0 0 - 16 0 5 )

taemufbufvGefrif; ( 16 0 5 - 16 28 )

omvGefrif; ( 16 29 - 16 48 )

yif;wvJrif; ( 16 48 - 16 6 1 )

jynfrif; (16 6 1 - 16 7 2 )

rif;&Jausmfxif ( 16 7 3 - 16 9 8 )

paerif; ( 16 9 8 - 17 14 )

we*FaEGrif; ( 17 14 - 17 33 )

Mumoyaw;rif; ( 17 33 - 17 5 2 )

'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfysufokOf;jcif;

anmif&rf;rif;quf - taemufbufvGefrif;?omvGefrif;vufxuf

txGwftxdwf a&muf^

r[m"r®&mZm"dywd-tif;0aejynfawmf-tkyfcsKyfa&;nhHzsif;-

wdkif;jynfNidrf0yfydjym;rIr&dS ^

King Thibaw

British troops at Mandalay palace

ukef;abmifacwfOD; (at'D 1752-1819)

tavmif;rif;w&m;

'DyJ,if;rif; ( aemifawmfBuD;^ oD&dok"r®&mZm)

ajr'l;rif; ( qifjzL½Sif)

pOfhul;rif;

azmif;um;pm;armifarmif

A'Hkrif; (bdk;awmfbk&m;)

ukef;abmifacwfOD; (at'D 1752-1819)

wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmf

tavmif;rif;w&m;bGJU (OD;atmifaZ,s)- wuGJwjym;pDNydKuGJ-

EdkifiHjyefvnfpnf;&kH;^

tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;u at'D 1752 wGif wnfaxmifcJh ^

tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; onf 1752 rS 1756 twGif; &cdkifrS ty

jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;udk jyefvnfpnf;½Hk; odrf;oGif;EdkifcJh ^

ukef;abmifacwfaESmif; ( 1819-1885 )

ppfudkif;rif; (bBuD;awmf)

om,m0wDrif;

yk*Hrif;

rif;wkef;rif;

oDaygrif;

atmufwdkbmv 1878 wGif rif;wkef;rif; uHukefí om;awmf

oDaygrif; eef;wufcJh ^

oDaygrif;vufxufwGif bHkabbm;rm;ukr®PD-opfudpöudktaMumif;

jyKNyD;? 1885- wwd,usL;ausmfppf qifEGJcJh ^

1? ZEé0g&D? 1886 jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; NAdwdoQtifyg,mvufatmuf

odkYusa&mufcJh& ^

First Myanmar Empire

Second Myanmar Empire Third Myanmar Empire

udkvdkeDacwf(1886-1948)

wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; vufeufpGJudkifawmfvSefjcif; (1886-1896 )

0dkiftrfbDat ( 1906-1920 )

*sDpDbDat ( 1920-1930 )

'dkiftmcD ( 1923-1937 )

91 Xme ( 1937-1942 )

yxrausmif;om;oydwf- 5? 'DZifbm? 1920 ( trsdK;om;aeU )

wdkUArmtpnf;t½kH; - 30? ar? 1930

q&mpHawmifolv,form;ta&;awmfyHk - 1930

'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf-25? azazmf0g&D? 1936

1? ar? 1938- 1300jynfhta&;awmfyHk

1? pufwifbm? 1939-ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;

bDtdkifat?bD'Dat?bDtifat ( 1941-1945 )

zufqpfawmfvSefa&; (1942-1945)

ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ^ NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;^

puúLjzLtkyfcsKyfa&;acwf(atmufwdkbm?1945-pwfwifbm?1946 )

12? azazmf0g&D? 1947 - yifvHkpmcsKyf ( jynfaxmifpkaeU)

19? Zlvdkif? 1947 - tmZmenfaeU

4? ZEé0g&D? 1948 - vGwfvyfa&;aeU

1948-1958 zqyv tpdk;&

1958-1960 tdrfapmifh tpdk;&

1960-1962 jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&

1962-1974 awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tpdk;&

1974-1988 jrefrmhqdk½S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD tpdk;&

1988-1997 EdkifiHawmfw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifhNidrf0yfydjym;rI

wnfaqmufa&;aumifpD tpdk;&

1997-2010 EdkifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf

a&;aumifpD tpdk;&

1. jrefrmedkifiH\ausmufacwfa[mif;,Ofaus;rIudk

tnma'o,Ofaus;rI ( Anyathian Culture ) [kac:onf/

2. jy'g;vif;*lonff &Srf;jynf awmifydkif; ^ awmifBuD;c½dkif? &GmiH

NrdKUe,f - anmifcsyf&Gm ta&SUoHk;rkdiftuGm (a&ykyf&Gm 1 rdkifcefU)

jy'g;vif;*lESpfck awGU&onf/

3. jrefrmEkdifiHpmaytaxmuftxm; -tapmqHk; awGU&Sdaomae&m-

[efvif;NrdKUa[mif;

4. oa&acwå&mudk a'gufwmoef;xGef;u wifhw,fom,mjcif;&Sd

aomajr usufoa&&SdonfhXmeD [kt"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkxm;onf/

ysLpmrsm;wGifaemuftusqHk;ysLpmrSmusefppfom;rif;BuD;uG,fvGef

NyD;aemuf om;awmf&mZukrma&;xkd;onhf jrapwDysLausmufpm

jzpfonf/

4. taemf&xm\bJGU- r[m&mZoD&dted&k'¨a'0

7. AdóEdk;onf w&kwf - tdEd´,ukefoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;ESihf

ysL - crm ukefoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif; qkH&mwGif&dSonf/

8. ausmuft&kd;tkd; - rif;? rdbk&m;? rif;nDrif;om;rsm; ^

9. aMu;t&kd;tkd; - rif;aqGrif;rsKd;rsm; ^

10. ysL*DwtzGJUat'D-802 ck azazmf0g&D 13 &uf wGif cseftef;

aejynfawmfxefrif;quf{u&mZf]x,fusKH;}eef;awmfokdU a&muf&Sd/

11. yk*H\a½S;NrdKUa[mif;oHk;NrdKUrSm t&dr'´eyl&? oD&dypö,m? wrÜ0wD

jzpfonf̂

12. yk*Hrif;quf 42 rS 55 txd - taemf&xm rS apmrGefepfrif; txd

umvudkom ausmufpmtaxmuftxm; awGU&onf^

13. yk*Hrif;rsm;xH trIxrf;aom &Srf;nDaemifoHk;OD;rSm- tocF,m?

&mZoBuFef? oD[ol jzpfonf^

14. iusnf;tif;? ausmufarmftif;? tif;zl;tif;? OEéJtif; ponfh

tif;awG&JU t0wGifNrdKUwnfaomaMumifhtif;0 (t0) [kac:onf^

15. ig;ql'g,um eE´bk&if ( 1581 - 1599 ) 'kwd,jrefrmEdkifiH

awmfBuD; ysuf,Gif;^

16. rif;BuD;ndK ( r[moD&daZ,sol& ) - ( at'D 1486-1531 )

auwkrwD awmifilNrdKUudk at'D 1510 wGifwnfaxmif^

17. wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;u at'D -

1752 wGif wnfaxmifcJhonf^

18. ppfudkif;vufxuf1823-wGif½SifrjzLuRef;udk jrefrmwdkUodrf;ydkuf

cJhonfhtwGuf 1824-wGif t*Fvdyf - jrefrm yxrppf pwif

jzpfyGm; ^

19. 1282ck? wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf? 10&ufaeUudk trsdK;om;aeU

[k owfrSwf ^

a'gufwmod*ÐEG,f

wGJzufygarmu©

ordkif;Xme

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