986

ISSN 1064-2293, Eurasian Soil Science, 2007, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 986–992. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2007.Original Russian Text © G.P. Gamzikov, A.N. Marmulev, 2007, published in Pochvovedenie, 2007, No. 9, pp. 1104–1111.

INTRODUCTION

The application of mineral and conventional organicfertilizers in Siberian agriculture has abruptly decreasedin the last years. The permanent removal of mineralnutrients from the soil inevitably exhausts the effectiveand potential fertility of soils with a correspondingdecrease in crop yields. Because of the difficult eco-nomic and social situation in Russia, no positive changesin the use of industrial fertilizers in Siberian agriculturecan be expected in the near feature.

Of special concern is the critically deficient phos-phorus budget in regional agrocenoses, because morethan 45% of the arable soils have a medium, low, orvery low supply of available phosphorus [2]. Therefore,regular application of phosphoric fertilizers on an areaof about 11 million ha is necessary to obtain a stableyield of field crops. During the last 15 years, only about1.2 kg

ê

2

é

5

/ha was applied annually with organic andmineral fertilizers instead of the 25–35 kg/ha necessaryto compensate for the phosphorus removal with har-vested crops and sustain its self-supporting budget [11].

Under these conditions, additional reserves of min-eral nutrients can be found among natural agrochemicalresources; much promise for the regional agriculture isoffered by bog phosphates: vivianite, peat vivianite,and vivianitic peat. Bog phosphates are known to be agood phosphorus source for crop nutrition; their effecton the productivity and fertility of soil is almost similarto that of industrial phosphoric fertilizers [7, 14, 19]. Afew studies performed on Siberian soils also provideevidence for the high positive effect of bog ores on theyield of field crops [6, 13, 18, 21].

This work presents the results of long-term studiesof the agrochemical properties of the prevalent phos-phate-containing bog fertilizer (peat vivianite) and theefficiency of its application for crop growing.

EXPERIMENTAL

The agrochemical properties of peat vivianite werestudied during field trips, on experimental field plots, in

greenhouse experiments, and by laboratory methods.Samples of peat vivianite were taken from the largestpeat deposits of Western Siberia with reserves of indus-trial importance [21]. Field and pot experiments werecarried out using peat vivianite from the Menzelinsk–Umnino deposit.

Field experiments on studying the fertilizing effectof peat vivianite were conducted in the southern taigaand forest-steppe on the main zonal soils of the region:soddy-podzolic soil, gray forest soil, and leached cher-nozem. The humus content was 1.2% in the soddy-pod-zolic soil, 4.7% in the gray forest soil, and 8.1% in theleached chernozem; the corresponding values were0.09, 0.26, and 0.45% for the total nitrogen content and0.07, 0.11, and 0.14% for the total phosphorus content.The supply of all the soils with nitrate nitrogen beforecrop sowing was very low. The contents of availablephosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Kirsanov’smethod) were very low in the soddy-podzolic soil; inthe gray forest soil and leached chernozem (determina-tion by the Chirikov method), they were, respectively,low and very low.

The effect and aftereffect of fertilizers on the yieldof field crops (annual grasses, oats, barley, wheat, andbuckwheat) were estimated in crop rotation systems. Acomparative estimation of the effect of peat vivianiteand superphosphate (P60) was performed under condi-tions of the nitrogen–potassium fertilization (N60K60).Experiments were conducted in four–six replicates; therecorded plots were 10 m

2

in area.Pot and field experiments were performed using

soils from the stationary plots of the field experiments.The background (NP) and studied (superphosphate andpeat vivianite) fertilizers were applied at a rate of 0.5 gper pot containing 5 kg of dry soil. Oats and barley forgreen mass and grain were grown in the pot experi-ments. In laboratory experiments on soil compostingwith phosphorus-containing fertilizers, samples weretaken after 10, 30, 60, and 180 days.

The analysis of the soil samples was performedusing routine procedures [1]. Peat vivianite was ana-

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND SOIL FERTILITY

Agrochemical Assessment of Bog Phosphates in Western Siberia

G. P. Gamzikov and A. N. Marmulev

Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, ul. Dobrolyubova 160, Novosibirsk, 630039 Russia

Received September 22, 2006; in final form, November 30, 2006

Abstract

—Bog phosphates of Western Siberia were characterized; the agrochemical properties of vivianite inpeat deposits were studied, and its positive effect on the phosphate pool of zonal soils was revealed. A high andprolonged effect of peat vivianite on the main agricultural crops was experimentally proved. It was shown thatthe wide use of bog phosphates as fertilizers offers much promise for the regional agriculture.

DOI:

10.1134/S1064229307090098

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AGROCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOG PHOSPHATES IN WESTERN SIBERIA 987

lyzed for the total phosphorus, iron, and acidity by thePeterburgskii method [15]; for organic and mineralphosphates, by the Ginzburg modification of the Methamethod; and for available phosphorus, by the method ofBel’skii et al. [1]. The group composition of the mineralphosphates was determined by the Chang–Jacksonmethod modified by Suerbaev et al. [20].

The statistical processing of the experimental resultswas performed by the variance method [8].

GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BOG PHOSPHATES AND THEIR RESERVES

Bog phosphates (often referred to as peat vivianite)used as phosphoric fertilizers include three types ofsubstances: vivianite proper, peat vivianite, and vivia-nitic peat. These fertilizers differ in their contents oforganic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, iron, and cal-cium, as well as in the color and the amount of mineraland organic inclusions [21].

Vivianite is included in the group of phosphorus-containing minerals (vivianite itself, kertschenite,beraunite, and picite) that differ in their colors depend-ing on the degree of oxidation: vivianite (or cerulescite)is white to light gray, kertschenite is bright blue, andberaunite and picite are rusty-ocherous [9]. Vivianite—ferrous phosphate [Fe

3

(

PO

4

)

2

· H

2

O]—is rapidly oxi-dized in contact with air into kertschenite and acquiresa blue color. Pure vivianite contains 15 to 28%

ê

2

é

5

and no more than 1% nitrogen. This mineral rarelyforms large accumulations of industrial importance.During its extraction from peat, peat, sapropel, and boglime are admixed, so the content of phosphorusdecreases in the final product to a level typical of peatvivianite.

Peat vivianite also contains a significant content ofvivianite interlayers and grains that provide a bluishgreen or yellowish tint. The content of phosphorus var-ies in a wide range (2.5–15%) with the average being5–7%

ê

2

é

5

for most deposits. The portion of nitrogenin the fertilizer increases to 1.0–2.5%. The main ashelements of agrochemical value in peat vivianiteinclude phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium, andmanganese. Their content can vary significantlydepending on the local features of the bog formation,the genesis of the vivianite deposits, and the miningtechnology. The fertilizer usually has a neutral reaction(pH 6.7–7.6).

In distinction from vivianite and peat vivianite, viv-ianitic peat is impoverished in phosphorus (0.5–2.5%)and enriched in nitrogen (2.6–5%) and organic matter.It differs little from common peat in appearance. Vivi-anitic peat contains rare grains of pure vivianite; it isstrongly enriched in mineral components typical of thechemical composition of the feed water [3].

At present, bog phosphates (vivianite, peat vivian-ite, and vivianitic peat) have not found adequate use inagriculture, but they are a promising source of phospho-

rus fertilizers. The predicted resources of bog ores com-pose about 310 million t only in Western Siberia [3, 12];according to our prognostic calculations, they containmore than 15 million t of phosphates (Table 1). Thedevelopment of bog ore deposits can provide about16000–20000 t of

ê

2

é

5

annually, which may compen-sate for about one fifth of the current removal of the ele-ment from the agricultural soils in Western Siberia. Inthe opinion of some geologists, the regions of Westernand Eastern Siberia are promising for the discovery ofnew deposits of high-quality bog phosphates [5].

More than 100 bog phosphate deposits have beendiscovered in Western Siberia by now, 45 of them arewell explored and can be of practical significance fordevelopment and agricultural use [21]. Peat depositswith vivianite usually belong to the low-moor type andare prevalent in river valleys, mainly on floodplains andon the first and second terraces. Vivianite minerals areusually localized in the lower and middle parts of peatdeposits as interlayers, lenses, and small inclusions.Vivianite interlayers and lenses can be 15–30 cm inthickness and up to several tens of meters in length.Peat vivianite composes layers with a thickness of0.5

−

3 m and more; their area can be tens of hectaresand, in some deposits, hundreds of hectares. Vivianiticpeat occupies hundreds of hectares in many deposits.For example, the Arkash II deposit (Omsk oblast) isabout 1000 ha in size and includes peat vivianite lensesof 0.3 to 9 m in thickness (about 4 m on the average).

Peat vivianite is usually accompanied by deposits ofsapropel and bog marl, which also can be used as orga-nomineral fertilizers and ameliorants. In contrast totheir European analogues, the bog phosphates in West-ern Siberia are richer in calcium (15–40%), whose con-tent increases from west to east.

Table 1.

Resources of bog phosphates (vivianite, peat vivi-anite, and vivianitic peat) in Western Siberia

Oblast/regionPredicted resources of phosphate ores,

thousand t*

P

2

O

5

reserve in phosphate ores,

thousand t

Novosibirsk 20570 1050

Omsk 23700 1200

Tyumen 217635 11000

Tomsk 42800 2150

Kemerovo 3700 200

Altaiskii 1520 100

Total for the region 309925 15700

* From the data of the Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics,and Mineral Resources on June 1, 1986.

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COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF PEAT VIVIANITE

Peat vivianite mainly contains phosphates in themineral form. Depending on the formation conditionsof bog ores, the content of mineral phosphates variesfrom 75 to 92%; the portion of organic matter decreasesto 8%. The highest content of mineral phosphates istypical of the Menzelinsk–Umnino and Voskresen-skaya Sorga deposits.

Mineral phosphates in peat vivianite from differentdeposits of the region differ in their quality (Table 2).Nonetheless, their common features are that iron phos-phates are the predominant mineral compounds(49

−

89%), the portion of aluminum phosphates is sig-nificantly lower (no more than 7%), and the content ofpoorly soluble highly basic calcium phosphates is also low(lower than 1%). The content of the most soluble alkaliphosphates and freshly precipitated calcium and magne-sium phosphates is extremely low (lower than 0.5%).

Peat vivianite from different deposits has similarcontents of total phosphorus (4.5–5.7%) and very lowconcentrations of water-soluble and highly mobileacid-extractable phosphates (Table 3). Hence, a signifi-cant part of the iron phosphates in peat vivianite repre-sents acid-soluble compounds sufficiently available toplants.

The iron : phosphorus ratio in peat vivianite charac-terizes its agrochemical value as a fertilizer. Accordingto Askinazi [4] and Efimov et al. [10], the solubility ofsesquioxide phosphates decreases with the increasingportion of iron. The determination of this parameter inpeat vivianite from different deposits of Western Sibe-

ria reveals a pronounced feature: a decrease in the con-tent of available phosphorus with an increasing contentof iron. The increase in the iron : phosphorus ratioresults in a more active transition of phosphates into thealkali-soluble Fe–P group and the group of stronglybound reduced iron phosphates, as well as in the accu-mulation of organic phosphates and insoluble residualphosphates.

Thus, Siberian peat vivianite has favorable agro-chemical properties (a neutral pH; a

ê

2

é

5

content in therange of 5–7% with a maximum of up to 20%; and thepredominance of mineral, mainly mobile, iron phos-phates (75–92%)) and is of high practical interest forthe regional agriculture as a source of phosphates tosustain the fertility of soils and to optimize the nutritionof agricultural crops.

EFFECT OF PEAT VIVIANITE ON THE PHOSPHATE STATUS OF SOILS

The transformation of phosphorus applied as super-phosphate and as peat vivianite during the interactionwith chernozem and soddy-podzolic soil was studied inlaboratory (under long-term composting) and fieldexperiments. It was found that the composting of soilshaving similar initial contents of available phosphoruswithout the addition of fertilizers did not result in reli-able dynamic changes in the content of

ê

2

é

5

(Fig. 1).The application of peat vivianite increased the contentof available phosphates during the entire observationperiod (by 139–150% in the soddy-podzolic soil and by145–180% in the chernozem). In the first 10 days, theaddition of superphosphate resulted in an abruptincrease (by 260–290%) in the content of availablephosphorus, which was stabilized on the 60th day of theexperiment at a level exceeding the control by almosttwo times in the soddy-podzolic soil and by 2.5 times inthe chernozem. It is notable that the content of availablephosphorus was higher in the chernozem than in thesoddy-podzolic soil for both fertilizers.

The higher effect of superphosphate on the contentof available phosphates in the soils was due to thesimultaneous application of soluble monocalciumphosphate; in peat vivianite, the phosphorus was in lesssoluble forms (iron phosphates, reduced forms, andorganic phosphates). However, an agrochemically valu-able feature of the phosphates in peat vivianite is their

Table 2.

Group composition of mineral phosphates frompeat vivianite, %

Deposit Loosely bound Al–P Fe–P Ca–P Total

Menzelinsk–Umnino 0.2 5.5 79.5 0.9 86.1

Voskresenskaya Sorga 0.06 1.7 89.4 0.3 91.5

Arkad’evo 0.4 6.8 63.4 0.7 71.3

Osinovo 0.4 1.9 64.6 0.5 57.4

Komsomol’sk 0.4 1.3 49.1 0.4 51.4

Table 3.

Agrochemical characterization of peat vivianite, %

DepositTotal

Fe

2

O

3

: P

2

O

5

P

2

O

5

AshFe

2

O

3

P

2

O

5

H

2

O 0.2 N HCl

Menzelinsk–Umnino 8.5 5.7 1.5 0.7 96.9 30.4

Voskresenskaya Sorga 21.2 4.6 4.5 0.1 34.8 64.3

Arkad’evo 8.3 4.5 1.9 0.2 84.4 26.1

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possible transition into the mobile state (for about onefourth of the phosphates applied).

Field observations of the available phosphates insoils under spring wheat, barley, and oat plantationsconfirmed the positive effect of the fertilizers appliedon the phosphate status of the soils. Under the effect ofsuperphosphate and peat vivianite, the maximum sup-ply of plants with available phosphorus was observed inthe first 20 days after the application of fertilizers; asthe element was actively consumed by plants and par-tially immobilized by the soil, the content of its mobilecompounds decreased. The prolonged positive afteref-fect of the fertilizers on the content of available phos-phorus persisted in the second and third years after theirapplication. This aftereffect was more prolonged in theleached chernozem than in the soddy-podzolic soil. Thedifference in the aftereffect of superphosphate and peatvivianite on the status of the available phosphates grad-ually leveled.

The study of the group composition of the mineralphosphates during the interaction of superphosphateand peat vivianite with the soils showed that an appre-ciable increase in the content of the most mobile min-eral phosphates occurred in the first 10 days after theapplication of the fertilizers (Fig. 2). The phosphates ofthe first and second groups were further transformed inthe Fe–P and Al–P groups, the content of whichincreased by 3–3.5 times. The most intensive accumu-lation of sesquioxide phosphates occurred in the soddy-podzolic soils.

The use of peat vivianite increased the concentrationof mineral phosphates in the soil by a factor of 1.4–1.7.The fertilizer phosphorus was predominantly distrib-uted among three fractions:

뇖ê

I

, 뇖ê

II

, and Fe–P.The content of the first fraction (the one most availablefor plants), as well as that of the second fraction (com-posing the mobilization reserve), increased by two–three times as compared with the initial level. Signifi-cant changes in the content of phosphates of the firstgroup occurred in the initial period of the interaction(10 days); for the second group, they were observedafter 30 days. The transformation of some available

10 30 60 180

Days Initial

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

II

mg/kg

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

I

1

2

3

Fig. 1.

Effect of phosphoric fertilizers on the dynamics ofavailable phosphorus in (I) soddy-podzolic soil and (II) aleached chernozem under composting conditions: (

1

) con-trol; (

2

) application of peat vivianite; (

3

) application ofsuperphosphate.

Ca–P

i

Ca–P

ii

Al–P Fe–P Ca–P

iii

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80II

Time, days

0103060180

mg/kg

05

15

253035404550

I

10

20

Fig. 2.

Effect of peat vivianite on the fractional compositionof mineral phosphates in (I) soddy-podzolic soil and (II) aleached chernozem under long-term composting.

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phosphates into iron- and aluminophosphates occurredlater.

In the soddy-podzolic soil, 36 to 49% of the phos-phates applied were bound by sesquioxides; in the cher-nozem, fertilizer phosphates could occur as readilyavailable compounds (

뇖ê

I

and

뇖ê

II

) for a longertime.

The structural changes in soil phosphates under theeffect of phosphoric fertilizers mainly involved the firstfour groups of phosphates. According to the dataobtained, the

뇖ê

III

fraction was the least affected; itscontent increased by only 7% in the soddy-podzolicsoil and by 18% in the leached chernozem.

Thus, peat vivianite, as well as superphosphate, hada positive effect on the pool of available phosphoruscompounds in the soils; the long-term interaction withthe soils did not decrease their agrochemical value.

EFFECT OF PEAT VIVIANITE ON THE YIELD OF FIELD CROPS

The field and pot experiments showed the high fer-tilizing effect of peat vivianite in the zonal soils of theregion; it was insignificantly inferior to that of super-phosphate. The positive effect of peat vivianite wasmanifested already at the early stages of the plantgrowth and development. In the treatments with peatvivianite, the accumulation of spring wheat and oat bio-

mass during the tillering–shooting stage was higherthan that in the control by a factor of 1.3–1.5. The sameeffect was observed during the entire growing season inall years of the experiment.

The capacity of plants to assimilate phosphates frompeat vivianite during the early vegetation phases wasconfirmed by the higher phosphorus concentration inthe vegetative mass of the fertilized plots. The contentof phosphorus in oat plants during the vegetationphases was as follows: tillering, 1.10%; shooting,0.87%; bloom, 0.45%; and grain, 1%. The correspondingvalues for the control were 0.86, 0.64, 0.34, and 0.9%.

In the year of application, the recovery of phospho-rus from the peat vivianite varied from 3 to 12% on theleached chernozem and from 4 to 8% on the soddy-pod-zolic soil. Taking into account the fertilizer aftereffect,the plants consumed 11–23% of the phosphorusapplied; the uptake of

ê

2

é

5

was more intensive in thechernozem than in the soddy-podzolic soil.

The aftereffect of phosphates from the industrial andnatural fertilizers was also clearly seen in three-year-long pot experiments with soddy-podzolic, gray forest,and chernozemic soils; the yield of oat grain under theeffect of the fertilizers and that of barley and oats undertheir aftereffect increased by 1.5–2.5 times (Fig. 3). Theefficiency of the peat vivianite and superphosphatedepended on the soil conditions and the crop grown.The highest total gain in the yield due to fertilizers wasobtained on the soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils.The effect of peat vivianite and superphosphate on thecrop yield on these soils was higher than that on thechernozem by a factor of 1.6 in the first year of theaftereffect and by 2.4–5.6 times in the second and thirdyears of the aftereffect. The effect and aftereffect ofsuperphosphate on the yield of the plants exceededthose of peat vivianite by 1.3 times in all the soils.

In the field experiments (Table 4), the differencebetween the peat vivianite and superphosphate efficiencieswas lower than in the pot experiments by 1.1–1.2 times; itwas 0.08–0.15 t/ha. Only in the oats–wheat crop rota-tion link on the soddy-podzolic soil was the differencein the yield gain between the superphosphate and peatvivianite 0.34 t/ha. Over the years of the effect andaftereffect, 1 kg of superphosphate

ê

2

é

5

gave a returnof 9.3–15 kg of grain on the soddy-podzolic soil and15.7–17.3 kg of grain on the chernozem; for peat vivi-anite, the corresponding values were 3.7–13.5 and12.5–16 kg of grain.

Agricultural crops responded differently to theapplication of peat vivianite. The highest response inthe field experiment was observed for oats (a gain of0.83 t/ha), and the least response was for wheat(0.09 t/ha); buckwheat and barley occupied intermedi-ate positions. These results were confirmed by potexperiments: the yield of oats exceeded that of barleyby 1.8–2.8 times even on the third year after the appli-cation of fertilizer.

g g.u./pot

Soddy-podzolic Gray forest Leached

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1

2

soil soil chernozem

Fig. 3.

Total gain in crop yield due to the effect and aftereffect(annual grasses–barley–oats) of phosphoric fertilizers in potexperiments: (

1

) superphosphate and (

2

) peat vivianite.

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Peat vivianite, as superphosphate, increased theconcentration of phosphorus in the plants and improvedthe quality of the grain. The yield of protein obtained infield experiments in the years of the effect and afteref-fect increased by 29–42%, and 1 kg of phosphorusapplied as peat vivianite gave a gain of 2.8–3.2 kg ofprotein.

Economic calculations showed that the efficiency ofpeat vivianite was inferior to that of superphosphate, but itremained sufficiently high. Taking into account the after-effect of fertilizers, each ruble of additional expensesrelated to the application of fertilizers gave a return of2.4

−

2.9 rubles for peat vivianite and 2.9–3.8 rubles forsuperphosphate.

According to Rusanov et al. [16, 17], the investmentsinto the production, transportation (up to 50–100 km),and application of peat vivianite under regional condi-tions pays back within 1–2 years for vegetable cropsand potatoes and within 3–5 years for cereal crops.These periods of return of investments into the phos-phoric fertilizers from local deposits can be attractivefor investors, manufacturers, and chief managers of theSiberian Federal District.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant reserves of bog phosphate ores, predom-inantly of peat vivianite, are accumulated in WesternSiberia. Geologists estimate the reserves of bog phos-phates (vivianite, peat vivianite, and vivianitic peat) at310 million t; their predicted amount of P

2

O

5

is morethan 15 million t.

Siberian peat vivianite has good agrochemical prop-erties; it contains, on average, 5–7% phosphorusmainly occurring as plant-available compounds. Mostphosphates (75–90%) occur as mineral compounds,among which iron phosphates predominate (50–90%).

The content of available phosphates in peat vivianitefrom different deposits varies in a wide range (from25 to 97% of its total amount) and is closely relatedwith the concentration of iron, the degree of oxidationof its compounds, and the presence of organic phos-phates.

Peat vivianite has a positive effect on the soil fertil-ity: its application increases the contents of all thegroups of mineral phosphates, including availablephosphates (by 1.2–1.7 times). The interaction of thisfertilizer with the soil does not decrease the availabilityof the phosphorus applied via its immobilization intolow-mobile forms. The gradual phosphorus recoveryfrom the fertilizer reliably supplies plants with the ele-ment and is characterized by a prolonged aftereffect.Bog phosphates with a low degree of oxidation and anarrow iron-to-phosphorus ratio are of the highest prac-tical value

Peat vivianite exerts a high positive effect on theyielding capacity of agricultural crops grown on taigaand forest-steppe soils. The total gain in the grain yielddue to the application of peat vivianite in crop rotationsduring the years of its effect and aftereffect reached0.22–0.96 t/ha and was slightly inferior to the addi-tional yield gained due to superphosphate application(0.56–1.04 t/ha). The application of peat vivianiteincreased the concentration of phosphorus in the plantsand improved the quality of the grain: 1 kg of P

2

O

5

fer-tilizer gave a return of 2.7 kg of protein. The use of peatvivianite as a fertilizer is economically profitable: areturn of 2.4–2.9 rubles was obtained per 1 ruble ofadditional expenses.

The studies showed that bog phosphates could be anadditional source of phosphorus for the regional agri-culture. The involvement of bog phosphates as fertiliz-ers in the regional agriculture can reduce the phospho-

Table 4.

Effect of peat vivianite on the yield of field crops, t g.u./ha

Treatment

Soddy-podzolic soil Leached chernozem

effect aftereffect gain for 2 years effectaftereffect gain

for 3 years1st year 2nd year

Oats–oats Wheat–barley–oats

NP-background

2.79 2.53 Absent 1.51 2.13 2.44 Absent

Superphosphate 3.44 2.79 0.91 1.68 2.43 2.88 0.90

Peat vivianite 3.41 2.72 0.81 1.60 2.36 2.88 0.75

LSD

0.95

0.26 0.16 0.07 0.02 0.20

Oats–wheat Buckwheat–oats–barley

NP-background

2.61 1.03 Absent 1.67 3.77 3.45 Absent

Superphosphate 3.10 1.10 0.56 1.57 4.70 3.46 1.04

Peat vivianite 2.71 1.15 0.22 1.78 4.60 3.47 0.96

LSD

0.95

0.16 0.11 0.07 0.47 0.02

992

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rus budget stress, sustain the soil fertility, and signifi-cantly increase the yield of agricultural crops.

The deposits of peat vivianite with an increased con-tent of phosphorus (5–7%) and a narrow Fe

2

O

3

:

P

2

O

5

ratio (<5) are best suited for industrial development.The wide use of natural peat vivianite deposits in theregional agriculture may help to solve a large numberof agrochemical, economic, and ecological problems inthe agricultural production.

REFERENCES

1.

Agrochemical Methods of Soil Examination

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2.

Agrochemical Characterization of Agricultural Lands inRussian Federation (as of January 1, 2003)

(Moscow,2003) [in Russian].

3. V. M. Altukhov, T. R. Grigor’eva, and V. G. Matukhina,

Distribution of Vivianite Peat in Novosibirsk Oblast

(Novosibirsk, 1986), Vol. 1 [in Russian].4. D. L. Askinazi,

Phosphate Regime and Liming of AcidSoils

(Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1949) [in Russian].5. V. I. Bgatov, V. G. Matukhina, T. R. Grigor’eva, et al.,

“Estimation of Peat Vivianite and Vivianite Peat in West-ern Siberia,” in

Problems of Agrochemical Raw Materi-als in Western Siberia

(Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1985),pp. 28–39 [in Russian].

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Resources andProblems of Using Agrochemical Raw Materials in West-ern Siberia

(Nauka, Novosibirsk, 1988) [in Russian].7. F. N. Domnikovskii,

Vivianite: a New Local Fertilizer

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