agriculture

•The cultivating of land, producing crops, and raising livestock for human consumption

archipelago

•A group or chain of islands

Bushido

• code of conduct for Samurai and nobles

during Japanese feudalism

Caste System

• rigid social class system in Hinduism

centralized government

• a government which controls all aspects of society from a central

location or through a central system

chivalry

• code of conduct for knight and

nobles during European feudalism

Crusades

• European Christian military expeditions made between

the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern

Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims

cultural diffusion

• The spreading of ideas through contact •such as trade or war

democracy

• A system of government in which the citizens hold the

legislative, judicial, and executive power, based on

majority rule

divine right

• The justification of monarchy through the word

of God

dynasty

• A succession or series of rulers of a country from the

same family

encomienda system

• A system of production in Spain’s New World possessions

w

• granted permission to conquistadors to enslave as

many people needed to work a plantation

ethnocentric

• A belief in the superiority of a certain ethnic group or

race

famine

• Widespread hunger caused by the near or complete

lack of food

feudalism

• A social, political, and economic system that

dominated all aspects of medieval European life

golden age

• A time of high achievement in arts, literature, and science in a culture

• Generally occurs in times of peace

hieroglyphics

• system of writing which uses pictures for concepts and

ideas

humanism

• A philosophical movement during the Renaissance

• stressed life on Earth, and the quality of being human

• Rejected living only for the afterlife

jihad

• Religious duty of

Muslims to defend the Islamic faith

Magna Carta

• A document granting basic rights in England

• signed by King John in 1215

• considered to be the beginnings of British democracy

Mecca

• city in Saudi Arabia where Muslims must make a

pilgrimage at least once in their life

merchant

• a person who sells goods or services

• a member of the middle class in most societies

mercantilism

• The policy of building a nation's wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

• Colonies are instrumental in this policy as

they supply their parent nations with raw materials that are used to produce

finished goods, and then exported back to the colonies.

• Colonies not only served as a source for

the raw materials, but also as an exclusive market for the parent country

militarism

• Political policy that is dominated by the military

and the competitive buildup of arms

monarchy

• A political system in which

a country is ruled by a monarch

• The head of state has

complete power

monotheism

• belief in one god

natural resources

• Various materials found in nature used in manufacturing

–such as wood, coal, and oil

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE)

• development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source

• led to the development of permanent settlements and

the start of civilization

parliament

• A government's legislative body

persecution

• Treating a person, or a group of people unfairly or cruelly due to ethnic background, gender, or other difference

pilgrimage

• A religious journey to visit a shrine or other holy site

polytheism

• belief in many gods or goddesses

Protestant

• Member of Christian religious sect which formed during the

Protestant Reformation• Protestants reject the authority of the Roman

Catholic Church

reincarnation

• The rebirth of a soul into another body

revolution

• a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government

rigid social class system

• A social class system where there is no mobility

• A person remains in the same class their entire life

Roman Catholic

• A branch of Christianity based in Rome

• The original Christian church

Silk Road

• Trade route from China to the Middle East

• Called the Silk Road due to China’s most

important export

terrace farming

• The cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming

• appear as steps cut into a mountainside

• allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations

Triangle Trade

• A catch all phrase for the trade occurring between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

• Trade goods include raw materials from the Americas, manufactured goods from Europe, and slaves from Africa

urbanization

• The movement

of people to urban areas in search of

work

westernization

• To adopt western ideas and culture