Agriculture - oup.hu · alcohol to be mixed with gasoline for the Peruvian market. ... (heat) to 65-70o C. 5 In ... 2 What is added to the sugar juice as part of the first sulfation

Agriculture

Student workbook

2

ii Agriculture

Contents

Unit 1 Page 1Unit 2 2Unit 3 3Unit 4 4Unit 5 5Unit 6 6Unit 7 7Unit 8 8Unit 9 9Unit 10 10Unit 11 11Unit 12 12Unit 13 13Unit 14 14Unit 15 15Unit 16 16Unit 17 17Unit 18 18Answer Key 19

1Agriculture

1 Label the diagram with the words listed below.

husk silk kernel

1 2 3

2 Complete the text with the words listed below.

ratoons sprout setts mature seeds plantations

Sugar cane is cultivated on large farms called 1. Sugar cane originates from 2. After the harvesting of the first 3 crop, sections of stalk called 4 are replanted. When these 5 a new crop called 6 is produced.

3 Read the text and answer the questions.The two main sources of sugar are sugar cane and sugar beet. Sugar cane is grown in the southern hemisphere and sugar beet in the northern hemisphere. The global production of sugar is around 145 million tonnes per year and some 120 countries produce sugar. Sugar cane accounts for 75% of all sugar production. Essentially, sugar cane is a grass that has bamboo like stems and can grow up to 5 metres tall.

1 How many countries produce sugar? 2 Sugar cane accounts for what percentage of all sugar production? 3 How tall can sugar cane grow?

4 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences about sugar cane.1 well/ drained/ Sugar/ cane/ needs/ soil 2 has/ shallow and fibrous/ Sugar/ root/ cane/ system/ has 3 pest/ resistant /and diseases/ now/ are/ Some/ varieties

1

2

1

3

1 Label the harvesting diagram with the words listed below.

rotary brushes chopper bale chamber collection floor

1 2 3 4

2 Read the sentences and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).1 A person can harvest only 2 tons of cane per day. 2 The harvesting knife has a small hook on it. 3 Leaves are collected from the field to prevent diseases. 4 Using machines to harvest strengthens the roots. 5 A plant will only sprout once.

3 Correct the spellings of the words.1 trackter 2 macheti 3 staulk 4 suecruse 5 mollasses 6 effanol

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 Sugar cane is (harvest) by chopping down the stems.2 The roots are (leave) so that it re-grows in time for the next crop.3 Harvest times are (usual) in the dry season.4 The cane is (took) to the factory.5 The harvesting can (lasting) from 2 to 11 months.

2 Agriculture

2

1 2

3

4

1 Find eight words relating to sugar cane processing. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

glucose sucrose fructose lime juice crystal molasses impurity

2 Put the words in the correct order to make questions.1 working are you where today? 2 this morning her you see did? 3 work start you did time what? 4 course training attending afternoon the time you be will?

3 Label the wheat kernal with the words listed below.

endosperm bran germ

1 2 3

4 Complete the table.

Comparative Superlative

big bigger 1 the

clean cleaner 2 the

fast 3 the fastest

dangerous more dangerous 4 the

long 5 6 the

3Agriculture

3 a b c g l u c o s em h y u i v r e u so c i l m q w t c ul i m m e l j h r va s p u p o k l o bs a u j q w j h s ys f r u c t o s e te c i i x v b p o os e t c r y s t a ll i y e j u i e c s

2

3

1


seed germ berry distinct milling wheat

A kernel of 1 is sometimes called the wheat 2. The kernel is the 3

from which the wheat plant grows. Each tiny seed contains three 4 parts that are separated during the 5 process to produce flour. These parts are called endosperm, 6, and bran.

2 Match the words (1–6) with the definitions (a–f).1 fibre a a sugar which occurs in sugar cane2 massecuite b sugar crystals separated from massecuite3 fructose c the cane plant’s vegetable skeleton4 cane juice d conversion of sucrose into a mix of glucose and fructose5 inversion e a liquid consisting of water, sugar and other dissolved substances6 raw sugar f a mix of sugar crystals and syrup produced by crystallisation

3 Read the text and answer the questions.The Del Chira Agricultural Mill (Usina Agrícola Del Chira) is the first sugar mill in Peru to produce alcohol to be mixed with gasoline for the Peruvian market. The mill is located in the Sullana-Piura district. As this is a desert region, the company has to use drip irrigation to ensure that the sugar cane receives the correct amount of water and nutrients. When the mill is fully operational it will be able to produce 300,000 litres of alcohol per day with a power generation of 15 Mega Volt Amperes (MVA).

1 Why is drip irrigation necessary? 2 Which of the following is a correct version of 300,000 litres? a three million litres b three thousand litres c three hundred thousand litres 3 What does MVA mean?

4 Find eight words relating to sugar production. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

heating settling boiling crystals drier vessel crush stir

4 Agriculture

4

s c e t c r s o k hd r i e r a t v b et y c e u k i b p ah s g f s o r o p tg t h j h e r i m iw a q c c x b l n ni l s e t t l i n gr s x m n k p n b ge r t y u i o g p ov e s s e l a s d f

1 Read the sentences and underline the unnecessary articles.1 He has an experience of using this machine.2 Turn it off, I can smell the burning.3 The problem is the manual is out of the date.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Crystallised sugar is (separate) from the molasses by centrifuging.2 (dry) is necessary to stop individual sugar grains from clumping together.3 Lime (adjust) the pH of the cane juice.4 The juice is (heat) to 65-70oC.5 In the milling stage, sugar cane is first (wash).

3 Complete the sentences with the words listed below.

poultry washing manually contaminated grading separate

1 Many root crops are with soil after harvesting.2 Wet cleaning describes the of food with water to remove dirt.3 Shape sorting is used in cereal processing to different grains.4 Weight sorting is widely used in the processing of eggs, meat, and fish.5 Food grading is frequently carried out .6 Different characteristics need to be considered when food.

4 Look at the diagram of the sugar refining process and answer the questions.1 What is the first stage of the refining process? 2 What is added to the sugar juice as part of the first sulfation process? 3 What comes first in the process - clarifying or packaging?

5Agriculture

5

sUgAR CAne PRePARATionAnd MiLLLing

heATing ~ 100 To 105

CLARiFying And evAPoRATing

CenTRiFUging

heATing ~ 65 To 70°C

sULFATion

sULFATion

CRysTALLizing

gRAding And PACKing

RAW

syRUP

jUiCe

so2 + Lime

so2

1 Match the words (1–5) with their opposites (a–e).1 coarse a unrefined2 natural b man-made3 dried c sour4 refined d fine5 sweet e wet

2 Read the note and answer the questions.

1 What is the problem? 3 How long will the repairs take? 2 What does Andre have to do?

3 Read the text and answer the questions.Food ProcessingFood processing is the way in which different methods and techniques are used to turn raw ingredients into food; or to turn food into other forms so it is suitable for human consumption. This can be done in the home, or for large-scale operations in a factory. Food processing takes clean, harvested crops, meat, fish and poultry and uses these to make saleable, appetizing and often long-life food products. Similar processes are also used to produce animal feed.

1 Food processing turns raw ingredients into …? 2 Food processing makes food suitable for …? 3 Food processing is used to create …? 4 Similar processes are used to create …?

4 Find ten words relating to time. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

hour shift early week day minute year start finish late

6 Agriculture

6

Andre,The boiling vats are not heating up properly. You need to get the engineers in to deal with it. They can be here at 0700 in the morning. Last time this happened they did not finish until 1200. Expect production to be disrupted.Frank

s a v q y f c d g oh o u r e a l a t ei o g z a g k y p af a n c r z l j o rt k s t a r t v a la f o v t g n m t yq w e e k r f l a ql d l o m i n u t ea o c t g d j t n tf i n i s h f v o a

1 Match the food hygiene words (1–8) with the definitions (a–h). 1 hygienic a when food must be used by2 implements b to keep things clean and free from disease3 premises c tools to cook food with or to clean the kitchen4 support d fluids and food which have not been cleaned up5 spillages e to help something to happen6 efficient f a property where food is cooked or stored7 harbour g where food or dirt can easily hide8 storage life h how well something or someone works


bacteria complaints away chewing fall before salmonella health disease

1 Rodents include mice and rats. They spread . Rodents also cause damage by . Rodent droppings and urine can contain .

2 Bits of metal and plastic can sometimes into food. This can lead to consumer and even risks if swallowed.

3 Soil can contain chemicals and . Raw vegetables must be cleaned _______ from other food. Vegetables should be fully cleaned cooking.

3 Find eight words relating to food chemistry. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

nitrogen amino acids proteins fats fibre lactose starch enzyme

4 Read the text and answer the questions.PasteurizationPasteurization is the process of heating a liquid, such as milk, with the aim of destroying any harmful bacteria. It is a delicate process as the heating must not change the composition of the liquid or its flavour and nutritional value. The process was devised by the French chemist Louis Pasteur in 1865. Milk, for example, is pasteurized at a temperature of 63° C (145° F) for 30 minutes. It is then rapidly cooled and then stored at a temperature which is below 10° C (50° F).

1 When was pasteurization invented? 2 What must the process not do? 3 What is the drop in temperature from the pasteurization to the cooling milk?

7Agriculture

7

f a f s r f e t y ua m i n o a c i d sp a b n b t v e s lr j r r s s g n h ao n e v t b g z n ct w o w a j i y o te a x z r o i m e oi a s d c f g e h sn i i o h p p s w es c n i t r o g e n

1 Complete the table of adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives Adverbs

1 careful

2 clearly

3 early

4 fast

5 freshly

6 good

7 hard

8 immediate

2 Underline the correct form of the verbs.1 He started/ has started work at ten o’clock.2 Did you eat/ Have you eaten anything yet today?3 After he fainted, she gave/ has given him a glass of water.4 Yesterday one of the bakers cut/ has cut his hand badly.5 Last week he burnt/ has burnt his arm on the oven.6 Henry, come quickly! Mr Smith fell/ has fallen over in the corridor.7 Did you call/ Have you called an ambulance yet?8 I called/ have called a doctor five minutes ago.


hormones carbohydrate casein lecithin rennin

1 can influence enzyme action, metabolism and physiology.2 is a compound of carbon and water.3 is a protein from milk.4 is an emulsifier found in soya bean oil and eggs.5 is an enzyme used to make cheese.

4 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.1 Proteins important components in food. a is b are c aim2 Proteins are complex polymers of amino acids. a compose b composed c composition3 There are 20 amino acids in the body. a found b find c finding

8 Agriculture

8

Adjectives Adverbs

9 late

10 patient

11 politely

12 quick

13 quietly

14 regular

15 seriously

16 slow

1 Find the ten words listed below in the puzzle. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

joule calories ingest nutrients intake weight gain absorb

2 Match the beginnings of sentences (1–5) with the endings (a–e).1 Vitamin C can be found in … a green vegetables.2 Vitamin B2 can be found in … b liver and eggs.3 Folic acid can be found in … c citrus fruits.4 Vitamin B12 can be found in … d cod liver oil.5 Vitamin A can be found in … e meat and eggs.

3 Complete the sentences with the words listed below and draw the time on each clock.

1 My starts at 8.00 am.

2 It’s 9.00 am! I’m for work.

3 I work at 5.00 pm.

4 Match the beginnings of sentences (1–5) with the endings (a–e).1 We have one hour a in the morning and one in the afternoon.2 I work 42 hours b six weeks ago.3 We have two breaks, one c per week.4 Juan has worked for the company d for lunch.5 I only started working here e for 12 years.

9Agriculture

9 w q c a l o r i e se s d f g h i n k ji d e r t y u t i og a i n z x c a v uh h j k l o p k b lt i g h t e r e x eh g a b s o r b d sc a l o r y e n t sn u t r i e n t s by e r i n g e s t f

4 I started work today at 7.30 am.

5 I am working tonight. I won’t finish work until 9.00pm.

6 I my house at 6.30 am to catch the bus.

1 Match the natural food dyes (1–5) with the colours they produce (a–e).1 chlorella algae a red2 cochineal b red/purple3 betanin c blue4 butterfly pea d yellow5 saffron e green

2 Read the sentences and decide if they are true (T) or false (F).1 Ascorbic acid gives vinegar its sour taste and smell. 2 Lactic acid is found in milk. 3 Tartaric acid gives grapes their sweet taste. 4 Malic acid gives apples their sour taste. 5 Ascorbic acid is better known as Vitamin C.

3 Rearrange the words to make sentences about the working week.1 work/ enjoy/ company/ I/ it/ working/ here/ is/ to/ a good/ for 2 shift/ changes/ My/ pattern/ weekly 3 work/ 8.00am/ I / Friday/ to/ 5.30pm/ Monday/ to 4 day/ look/ I/ it’s/ forward/ Friday/ pay/ to

4 Look at the sugar cane diagram and answer the questions.1 What percentage of the sugar cane plant is millable? 2 Which part of the sugar cane plant holds the least moisture? 3 Which part of the sugar cane plant is generally unused?

10 Agriculture

10

Other

Millable cane

Generally wasted cOMpOnents

nOw harvested pOrtiOn

ATTACHED TRASH18–30% MoISTURE

ExPAnDIng CRoWn

gREEn ToP80–88% MoISTURE

40% Total Biomass (@50% moisture)

60% Total Biomass

70–75% Moisture

15–20% Fibre

10–15% Sucrose

Attached leaves

ground Trash

Tops

MILLABLE STEM 70–75% MoISTURE

1 Complete the table with the correct food additive listed below.

glazing agent stabilizer thickener acid humectants emulsifier

Additive purpoSe

1 Protective coating

2 give food a firmer texture

3 Increase viscosity

4 Preservative

5 Prevent food from drying out

6 Allow water and oils to mix

2 Correct the spelling of the words.1 antebiotics 2 anteoxedents 3 presservatives 4 assidity regulators 5 flavour inhansers

3 Complete the sentences with at, in or on.1 Are you available for overtime Thursday?2 We have a large order to complete. We need to ask staff if they can work the weekend.3 Is the maintenance manager the other factory today?4 our staff meeting starts 4.00pm.5 My lunch break finishes 15 minutes.6 I am not working next week. I am going holiday.

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.1 When I (arrive) at work this morning, I was (prepare) for a very busy day.2 By the time I made it to the office, the meeting (begin, already) without me. My

supervisor (be) very angry.3 Since I began working here, I have (perform) _______ several jobs. now I am (charge) of

training.

11Agriculture

11

1 Match the definitions (1–6) with the phrasal verbs listed below.

chase up carry out catch up get on with fall behind hold up

1 lose time on a schedule 2 perform a task 3 cause a delay 4 contact somebody in order to remind them to do something 5 spend extra time doing something because you haven’t done it earlier 6 make progress

2 Match the words (1–5) with the definitions (a–e).1 a safety procedure2 a risk assessment3 a technique4 an injury5 an incident

12 Agriculture

12

a harm done to a person’s bodyb a way of doing things to prevent accidentsc a report about possible dangersd a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you

have to learn special skillse something that happens; an event, a fire, a collision, an accident

3 Complete the canning process chart with the words listed below.

labelling grading filling cooling peeling


endosperm chaff combine cleaned scythe thresh

Modern farmers use a 1 harvester to collect their wheat, but the 2, sickle and flail are still used in developing countries. The first task is to cut the heads from the top of the wheat plants and then 3 them to remove the grains from the rest of the head, called 4. The grains are divided, 5 and taken to a mill, where any separation of bran, 6, and germ takes place.

Growing Harvesting Transporting Cold storage > washing

Despatch

Coring /Halving / SlicingBlanching

Storage

Sealing

Cooking


roots seed stem leaf flower seed pod seedling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7


better bulky spoil grown costs reduce close handling

Fresh fruits and vegetables are 1 and 2 rapidly. The processing plant should be 3 to where they are 4 . This will 5 transport 6 and

cuts down 7. This means the crops will be in 8 condition when they arrive at the processing plant.

3 Find eight words relating to vegetables. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

cabbage spinach pumpkin soybean squash courgette lettuce okra

4 Complete the text with words listed below.

grading groups size foods quality

Sorting describes the way in which 1 are separated into 2 on the basis of weight, 3 or colour. 4 describes the process of sorting the foods into groups based on 5.

13Agriculture

13

s a s u a s o p i ys e p u m p k i n aq r i o k l r e w su w n a b b a g e oa y a p u m p i n ys u c k e t k e b bh g h o o w j f s ec o u r g e t t e ac l e t t u c e s nc a b b a g e w b x

71

24

5

6

3

1 Match the pictures of farming equipment (1–4) with the labels (a–d).a tractorb combine harvesterc scythed hay baler

1 2 3 4


stems crops agricultural windrow tall grasses

The term ‘hay baler’ refers to a particular piece of 1 equipment used to harvest hay. Hay includes 2 and other plants called legumes. Alfafa and clover are common hay

3. These crops, used as animal feed, are cut with a mowing machine when they are about 18 inches (46 cm) 4 and still green. The mowing machine cuts and crimps the forage and discharges it into a 4-feet (1.2 m) wide 5. This crimping process breaks the 6 and makes the hay more palatable to cattle.


pick-up feeder forks power line hitch

1 2 3 4

4 Match the vegetables (1–5) with their categories (a–e).1 artichokes a legumes2 tomatoes b vine fruits3 cucumbers c flower buds4 peas and green beans d tree fruits5 avacadoes and breadfruit e berry fruits

14 Agriculture

14

1

3

2

4

4

1

2

3

1 Match the fruit or vegetable (1–6) with the way it is prepared (a–f).1 apples a peeled 2 apricot halves b seeds and stalk removed3 grapes c skins and pips removed4 oranges d peeled and cored5 banana e peeled and seeds removed6 peppers f destoned

2 Find six words relating to fruit. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

strawberry papaya tamarind guava breadfruit mango

3 Match the words (1–4) with the examples (a–d).1 size a green2 shape b oval3 weight c large4 colour d 0.5 kg

4 Label the parts of the food washing machinery with the terms listed below.

cleaned vegetables spray nozzles raw root vegetables water

1 2 3 4

15Agriculture

15

d f g m a e r n g hb r e a d f r u i ta g e n d a l n u ik u z g q p e k d rx a c o r n m o p pz v i y e r o i j at a m a r i n d h pt a m a w r i n d as t r a w b e r r yb c f g b a m a n a

3

21

4

1 Match the words (1–6) with the definitions (a–f). 1 cleaning a the process of raising or pushing fluids or gases2 separating b combining things together3 disintegrating c creating different parts from one unit4 pumping d the process of removing dirt5 mixing e a suitable container for distributing food6 packaging f something that is breaking up

2 Label the pictures (1–5) with the names of the machinery listed below.

rotary tiller cultivator potato harvester thresher potato planter

1 2 3 4 5

3 Match the skin or peel technique (1–3) with the vegetables (a–c).1 abrasion a root vegetables2 rotating sieve drums b potatoes3 knives c apples and pears

4 Find six words relating to food processing. The words read from left to right (→) and top to bottom (↓).

canning cleaning packaging grading washing sorting

16 Agriculture

16

w e q o i u r s o pa s g r a d i n g as o u t e v b z y ch r j q o n c u l ki t s e h r a d o an i u i z e n n j gg n o c u p n u e it g c o e r i t d nq e c l e a n i n ge s u o z i g r e o

1

2

3

4 5


processing bakers finished household occupations perform

Food processing rolesFood processing 1 consist of several types of workers who process raw food products into the 2 goods sold by supermarkets, wholesalers and restaurants. These workers

3 a range of tasks and are responsible for producing many of the food products found in every 4. Some of these workers are 5, others slaughter or process meat, and others

operate food 6 equipment.

2 Complete the table of food preserving methods with the words listed below.

canning chilling salting freezing drying UHT bottling sugar freeze drying pickling smoking pasteurization sterilisation

High temperatures Low temperatures removing moisture use of chemicals

canning


packing keeping line production conveyor machinery faults ingredients

Food processing workers are involved in the 1 and packing of a wide variety of food items, including frozen, canned, baked, and dried products.

A food process worker usually works on a fast moving production 2, which has food moving along on 3 belts, through different stages such as mixing, cooking and 4.

The other duties of a food process worker can include:

• controlling the 5 that processes the food

• making sure the production line has a constant supply of 6

• 7 machines clean at all times

• reporting 8 to a supervisor or engineer.

4 Complete the table.

Comparative Superlative

long longer the 1

heavy 2 the heaviest

dangerous more/ 3 dangerous the 4 / least dangerous

good 5 the best

bad 6 The 7

17Agriculture

17


farmers arable changing rotation land soil

1 crops such as oat and wheat require good 2 and a warm climate to be grown successfully. They require flat 3 that allows machinery such as combine harvesters to be used. Arable 4 often use crop 5 methods to maximise their crop growth. Crop rotation involves 6 what crops are grown in fields each year for a period of time - commonly seven years.

2 Put the juice manufacturing processes listed below into the correct order.

cleaning harvesting concentration pasteurisation extraction packaging

3 Read the text and answer the questions.A drum washer is suitable for cucumbers and other vegetables such as shallots, carrots and gherkins. The washer drum rotates and thoroughly cleans the vegetables. It has a variable rotation speed to optimise the cleaning process. There are two spray bars mounted in the upper part of the drum. one sprays fresh water and the other recycled water. The recycled water comes from the base of the machine which is then fed back into the washer to cut water use.

1 How many spray bars are there? 2 Why is recycled water used? 3 name four vegetables that could be cleaned in this machine.

4 Match the words (1–5) with the definitions (a–e).1 manual 2 automated3 plant4 production line5 manufacture

18 Agriculture

18

a the equipment, and often the buildings, required to carry on an industrial business

b operated or worked by handc the making of goodsd operated or controlled by machinerye an arrangement of machines or a sequence of operations

19Agriculture

Answer Key

Unit 1 1 1 silk 3 husk 2 kernal

2 1 plantations 5 sprout 2 seeds 6 ratoons 3 mature 4 setts

3 1 Around 120 countries 2 75% 3 Up to 5 metres

4 1 Sugar cane needs well drained soil. 2 Sugar cane has a shallow and fibrous root system. 3 Some varieties are now pest and disease resistant.

Unit 2 1 1 bale chamber 3 collection floor 2 rotary brushes 4 chopper

2 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 F 5 F

3 1 tractor 4 sucrose 2 machete 5 molasses 3 stalk 6 ethanol

4 1 harvested 4 taken 2 left 5 last 3 usually

Unit 3 1 g l u c o s e

m i uo i m cl m e ra p os u j ss f r u c t o s ee i is t c r y s t a l

y e 2 1 Where are you working today? 2 Did you see her this morning? 3 What time did you start work? 4 Will you be attending the training course this

afternoon?

3 1 endosperm 2 germ 3 bran

4 1 biggest 4 most dangerous 2 cleanest 5 longer 3 fast 6 longest

Unit 4 1 1 wheat 4 distinct 2 berry 5 milling 3 seed 6 germ

2 1 c 2 f 3 a 4 e 5 d 6 b

3 1 Because the region is dry, the sugar cane needs regular water and nutrients

2 c 3 Mega Volt Ampere

4 c c s hd r i e r t e

y u i b as s r o tt h i ia l nl s e t t l i n gs n

gv e s s e l

Unit 5 1 1 an 2 the 3 the

2 1 separated 4 heated 2 Drying 5 washed 3 adjusts

3 1 contaminated 4 poultry 2 washing 5 manually 3 separate 6 grading

4 1 Preparation and milling 2 Lime and So2 3 Clarifying

Unit 6 1 1 d 2 b 3 e 4 a 5 c

2 1 The boiling vats are not working properly 2 Call in the engineers to deal with the problem 3 About five hours

3 1 food 2 human/ animal consumption 3 saleable, appetizing and long-life products 4 animal feed

4 s y dh o u r e l a t ei a y af r rt s t a r t l

yw e e k

m i n u t e

f i n i s h

Answer Key

20 Agriculture

Unit 7 1 1 b 2 c 3 f 4 e 5 d 6 h 7 g 8 a

2 1 disease/ chewing/ salmonella 2 fall/ complaints/ health 3 bacteria/ away/ before

3 f fa m i n o a c i d sp b t e lr r s s n ao e t z ct a y te r m oi c e sn h s es n i t r o g e n

4 1 1865 2 Change the composition, flavour or nutritional

value 3 53° C

Unit 8 1 1 carefully 9 late 2 clear 10 patiently 3 early 11 polite 4 fast 12 quickly 5 fresh 13 quiet 6 well 14 regularly 7 hard 15 serious 8 immediately 16 slowly

2 1 started 5 burnt 2 Have you eaten 6 has fallen 3 gave 7 Have you called 4 cut 8 called

3 1 Hormones 4 Lecithin 2 Carbohydrate 5 Rennin 3 Casein

4 1 b 2 b 3 a

Unit 9 1 w c a l o r i e s

e n ji t og a i n a uh k lt e e

a b s o r b

n u t r i e n t si n g e s t

2 1 c 2 e 3 a 4 b 5 d

3 1 shift 4 early

2 late 5 overtime

3 finish 6 leave

4 1 d 2 c 3 a 4 e 5 b

Unit 10 1 1 e 2 a 3 b 4 c 5 d

2 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 T 5 T

3 1 I enjoy working here; it is a good company to work for.

2 My shift pattern changes weekly. 3 I work Monday to Friday; 8.00am to 5.30pm. 4 I look forward to Friday; it’s payday.

4 1 60% 2 The attached trash (dried leaves) 3 green Top

Unit 11 1 1 glazing agent 4 acid 2 stabilizer 5 humectants 3 thickener 6 emulsifier

2 1 Antibiotics 4 Acidity regulators 2 Antioxidants 5 Flavour enhancers 3 Preservatives

3 1 on 2 at 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 on

4 1 arrived/ prepared 2 had already begun/ was 3 performed/ in charge

Unit 12 1 1 fall behind 4 chase up 2 carry out 5 catch up 3 hold up 6 get on with

2 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 a 5 e

3 1 grading 4 cooling 2 peeling 5 labelling 3 filling

4 1 combine 4 chaff 2 scythe 5 cleaned 3 thresh 6 endosperm

Unit 13 1 1 flower 5 seed 2 leaf 6 seedling 3 stem 7 seed pod 4 roots

2 1 bulky 5 reduce 2 spoil 6 costs 3 close 7 handling 4 grown 8 better

Answer Key

21Agriculture

3 s os p u m p k i nq i r su n a oa a ys c bh h ec o u r g e t t e a

l e t t u c e nc a b b a g e

4 1 foods 2 groups 3 size 4 grading 5 quality

Unit 14 1 1 c 2 a 3 d 4 b

2 1 agricultural 4 tall 2 grasses 5 windrow 3 crops 6 stems

3 1 power line 3 pick up 2 hitch 4 feeder forks

4 1 c 2 e 3 b 4 a 5 d

Unit 15 1 1 d 2 f 3 c 4 e 5 a 6 b

2 mb r e a d f r u i t

g n lu g ea o m pv o a

t a m a r i n d pa

s t r a w b e r r yb a n a n a

3 1 c 2 b 3 d 4 a

4 1 spray nozzles 3 raw root vegetables 2 cleaned vegetables 4 water

Unit 16 1 1 d 2 c 3 f 4 a 5 b 6 e

2 1 potato planter 2 cultivator 3 thresher 4 potato harvester 5 rotary tiller

3 1 b 2 a 3 c

4 w pa s g r a d i n g as o ch r c ki t a an i n gg n n i

g i nc l e a n i n g

g

Unit 17 1 1 occupations 4 household 2 finished 5 bakers 3 perform 6 processing

2 High Low temperatures temperatures

canning freezing bottling chilling pasteurization UHT sterilisation

Removing moisture Use of chemicals drying pickling

freeze drying salting smoking

sugar

3 1 production 5 machinery 2 line 6 ingredients 3 conveyor 7 keeping 4 packing 8 faults

4 1 longest 5 better 2 heavier 6 worse 3 less 7 worst 4 most

Unit 18 1 1 Arable 4 farmers 2 soil 5 rotation 3 land 6 changing

2 1 harvesting 4 concentration 2 cleaning 5 pasteurisation 3 extraction 6 packaging

3 1 Two 2 To cut down on water usage 3 Cucumbers, shallots, carrots and gherkins

4 1 b 2 d 3 a 4 e 5 c

acknowledgements

The publisher would like to thank the following for the permission to reproduce photographs: Alamy Images p14 (combine harvester / Arco Images / Reinhard, H.); Corbis p14 (farmer with scythe / Heide Benser), (hay baler / Gehl Company); Getty Images p14 (tractor / Dorling Kindersley).

Cover image by: Alamy Images (Tomato harvest/Jacques Jangoux)

Illustrations by: Oxford Designers and Illustrators.

A0011933

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