AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS WHAT IS PEST? WHAT IS PEST? any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to their interests any organism judged as a threat

AGRICULTURAL INSECT AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTSPESTS

WHAT IS PEST?WHAT IS PEST? any organism judged as a threat to any organism judged as a threat to

human beings or to their interestshuman beings or to their interests

Do human actually create Do human actually create insect pests?insect pests?

1) manipulation of the environment 1) manipulation of the environment (monoculture)(monoculture)

2)transport across natural barrier2)transport across natural barrier

3)Insecticide use3)Insecticide use

4)Economic expectations of a crop 4)Economic expectations of a crop (aesthetics value= consumer expectations)(aesthetics value= consumer expectations)

WHAT CAUSES PEST WHAT CAUSES PEST OUTBREAK?OUTBREAK?

environmental change environmental change Changes in climate, habitat, or community Changes in climate, habitat, or community

structure (caused either by natural phenomena structure (caused either by natural phenomena or human intervention) may provide an insect or human intervention) may provide an insect population with a reproductive opportunity that population with a reproductive opportunity that could change its status from endemic to could change its status from endemic to epidemic within just a few generations.epidemic within just a few generations.

introduction from abroad introduction from abroad Expansion of international travel and trade Expansion of international travel and trade

continues to bring new opportunities for spread continues to bring new opportunities for spread of insect pests from one part of the world to of insect pests from one part of the world to another.another.


destruction of natural enemies destruction of natural enemies Pest populations often reach outbreak Pest populations often reach outbreak

proportions if their native parasites and proportions if their native parasites and predators are suppressed or eradicated. predators are suppressed or eradicated.

Beneficial insects are often unintended victims Beneficial insects are often unintended victims of insecticides used to control pest outbreaks. of insecticides used to control pest outbreaks. Destruction of these non-target populations Destruction of these non-target populations may result in outbreaks of new pest species may result in outbreaks of new pest species that were previously held in check by that were previously held in check by predation or parasitism. predation or parasitism.


development of resistance development of resistance When insect populations are exposed to When insect populations are exposed to

selective pressures, whether natural or selective pressures, whether natural or artificial, they change and adapt.artificial, they change and adapt.

Resistance may be biochemical (e.g. an Resistance may be biochemical (e.g. an enzyme that degrades or detoxifies an enzyme that degrades or detoxifies an insecticide), physiological (e.g. the ability insecticide), physiological (e.g. the ability to withstand greater environmental stress), to withstand greater environmental stress), or behavioral (e.g. the ability to avoid a or behavioral (e.g. the ability to avoid a poison or adapt to a new host plant).poison or adapt to a new host plant).


higher quality standards higher quality standards Higher living standard of consumers Higher living standard of consumers

make them intolerant with low quality make them intolerant with low quality of commodity (eg vegetables and of commodity (eg vegetables and fruits). As a result, producers are forced fruits). As a result, producers are forced to apply more stringent pest control just to apply more stringent pest control just so they will have a marketable so they will have a marketable commodity.commodity.

IPMIPM

Integrated Insect Pest ManagementIntegrated Insect Pest Management an an effective and environmentally sensitive effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that approach to pest management that relies on a combination of available pest relies on a combination of available pest control methods, used to manage pest control methods, used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment.people, property, and the environment.

METHODS OF CONTROLMETHODS OF CONTROL

1) HOST PLANT RESISTANT1) HOST PLANT RESISTANT 2)BIOLOGICAL CONTROL2)BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 3) CULTURAL CONTROL3) CULTURAL CONTROL 4) GENETIC CONTROL4) GENETIC CONTROL 5) MECHANICAL CONTROL5) MECHANICAL CONTROL 6) INSECTICIDE6) INSECTICIDE

(1) HOST PLANT (1) HOST PLANT RESISTANTRESISTANT

There are three approaches that plant There are three approaches that plant breeders use to develop resistant cultivars: breeders use to develop resistant cultivars:

(1) (1) AntibiosisAntibiosis.. Plants produce a wide Plants produce a wide variety of defensive compounds variety of defensive compounds (allelochemicals) that protect them from (allelochemicals) that protect them from herbivores. These compounds may reduce herbivores. These compounds may reduce growth, inhibit reproduction, alter growth, inhibit reproduction, alter physiology, delay maturation, or induce physiology, delay maturation, or induce various physical or behavioral abnormalities various physical or behavioral abnormalities in herbivores. in herbivores.

(2) Antixenosis(2) Antixenosis.. A physical or chemical A physical or chemical property of a plant can make it so property of a plant can make it so unpalatable that it is largely protected from unpalatable that it is largely protected from herbivore attack. This type of resistance is herbivore attack. This type of resistance is often known as nonpreference. It may often known as nonpreference. It may involve the presence of feeding repellents involve the presence of feeding repellents (or the absence of feeding attractants), or it (or the absence of feeding attractants), or it may involve physical traits such as hairs, may involve physical traits such as hairs, waxes, or a thick, tough epidermis that do waxes, or a thick, tough epidermis that do not provide the pest with a desirable feeding not provide the pest with a desirable feeding substrate. substrate.

(3)Tolerance(3)Tolerance.. Some plant Some plant genotypes are simply able to genotypes are simply able to "tolerate" injurious insects better "tolerate" injurious insects better than others. Tolerant cultivars may than others. Tolerant cultivars may be exposed to the same pest be exposed to the same pest populations as susceptible ones, but populations as susceptible ones, but they do not suffer as much injury. they do not suffer as much injury.

(2) BIOCONTROL(2) BIOCONTROL

the use of an organism to control the use of an organism to control other organsimother organsim

the use of the natural enemies to the use of the natural enemies to control insect pest populationcontrol insect pest population

i)parasitoidi)parasitoid ii)predatorii)predator iii)microbesiii)microbes

Parasitoid & predatorsParasitoid & predators

PREDATORS:PREDATORS: mainly spiders, ants, predatory beetles, mainly spiders, ants, predatory beetles,

lacewing, mantidslacewing, mantids for vertebrate: birds, bats, small for vertebrate: birds, bats, small

mammals, fish, duck etcmammals, fish, duck etc PARASITOIDS:PARASITOIDS:

Primarily Hymenoptera & DipteraPrimarily Hymenoptera & Diptera eg; eg; Trichogramma Trichogramma sp.sp., Goryphus bunoh, , Goryphus bunoh,

Apanteles Apanteles sp. sp.

Two types of parasitoid:Two types of parasitoid:1) KOINOBIONT1) KOINOBIONT parasitoid allows its host to continue to feed parasitoid allows its host to continue to feed

and/or develop after oviposition, such that its and/or develop after oviposition, such that its larvae feed on an active host that is only killed at larvae feed on an active host that is only killed at a later stage.a later stage.

2) IDIOBIONT2) IDIOBIONT parasitoid paralyzes and/or arrests the parasitoid paralyzes and/or arrests the

development of a host at oviposition, providing development of a host at oviposition, providing its larvae with an immobilized static resource on its larvae with an immobilized static resource on which to feed.which to feed.

Approaches(Kaedah):Approaches(Kaedah): i) Conservationi) Conservation ii)Import/introduceii)Import/introduce Augmentation: release large number of Augmentation: release large number of

natural enemiesnatural enemies


ADVANTAGES:ADVANTAGES: i)introduced natural enemies i)introduced natural enemies

suitable, so permanentsuitable, so permanent ii)not harmful to humanii)not harmful to human iii) to develop less expensiveiii) to develop less expensive iv)low potential to resistance to iv)low potential to resistance to

occuroccur


Disadvantages:Disadvantages: i)inconsistent result: if the pest i)inconsistent result: if the pest

population is low, they might population is low, they might migrate to new placesmigrate to new places

ii)incompatible with pesticidesii)incompatible with pesticides iii)low profit, less investment from iii)low profit, less investment from

private sector private sector


MicrobesMicrobes

i)Bacteriai)Bacteria widely use; widely use; Bacillus thuringiensis,Bacillus thuringiensis,

produce toxin, insect makan, lumpuh produce toxin, insect makan, lumpuh dan matidan mati

specific, fewer problem hitting the specific, fewer problem hitting the nontarget insectsnontarget insects

ii)Fungiii)Fungi more 750 species as entomopathogensmore 750 species as entomopathogens Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium anisopliae ,Beauveria,Beauveria fungi can penetrate cuticle so can be fungi can penetrate cuticle so can be

use for hemipteran and homopteran use for hemipteran and homopteran pestspests

need high humidity to germinateneed high humidity to germinate now technology, can germinate semi-now technology, can germinate semi-

arid environmentarid environment

MicrobesMicrobes

iii) virusesiii) viruses need to be ingestedneed to be ingested 6 main group of insect viruses, 6 main group of insect viruses, 3 safe to 3 safe to

human (remember the 3 safe to human (remember the 3 safe to human!!!!!!)human!!!!!!) i) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)i) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) isolated from lepidotera, Hymenopt., Dipt., isolated from lepidotera, Hymenopt., Dipt.,

Orthopt.Orthopt. 125 type NPV isolated125 type NPV isolated potential biopesticidepotential biopesticide

MicrobesMicrobes

MicrobesMicrobes ii)granulosis virus (GV)ii)granulosis virus (GV) 50 type50 type most from Lepidopteramost from Lepidoptera

iii) cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV)iii) cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) 200 types200 types less efficient because not host specificless efficient because not host specific can take longer time to kill & unstable can take longer time to kill & unstable

compare to NPVcompare to NPV eg: NPV from eg: NPV from Spodoptera exiguaSpodoptera exigua in in

vegetables, grapes, cottonvegetables, grapes, cotton

MicrobesMicrobes

iv)Nematodesiv)Nematodes 40 products w/wide40 products w/wide Families:Families:

i) Steinernematidae (daratan)i) Steinernematidae (daratan) ii) Heterohabditidae (daratan)ii) Heterohabditidae (daratan) iii) Mermithidae (akuatik)iii) Mermithidae (akuatik)

Detect host by responding to Detect host by responding to chemical & physical cueschemical & physical cues

(3) CULTURAL CONTROL (3) CULTURAL CONTROL (IMPORTANT)(IMPORTANT)

modifications of a pest's modifications of a pest's environment or habitatenvironment or habitat

i)crop rotationi)crop rotation ii)intercroppingii)intercropping Iii) sanitationIii) sanitation

CROP ROTATIONCROP ROTATION

Rotating the field to a different type of Rotating the field to a different type of crop can break this cycle by starving crop can break this cycle by starving pests that cannot adapt to a different host pests that cannot adapt to a different host plant.plant.

Effective against pest species that has Effective against pest species that has narrow host range & limited range of narrow host range & limited range of dispersaldispersal

Make sure rotate with non-host crops Make sure rotate with non-host crops plantplant

No time for colonizationNo time for colonization

INTERCROPPINGINTERCROPPING

Planting 2 or more crops in Planting 2 or more crops in alternating portionsalternating portions

Slow the spread of pestSlow the spread of pest Encourage natural enemiesEncourage natural enemies Improve soil fertilityImprove soil fertility Plant flowering crops or wild Plant flowering crops or wild

vegetation to provide nectar for vegetation to provide nectar for natural enemiesnatural enemies

SANITATIONSANITATION After harvest where do pests go?After harvest where do pests go?

i)alternative cropsi)alternative crops Ii)crop debrisIi)crop debris Iii)dormant in the soilIii)dormant in the soil

destroy animal waste and crops residuedestroy animal waste and crops residue Eg: remove and destroy fruits drops (small scale Eg: remove and destroy fruits drops (small scale

area)area) Tilling or plowing a field may disrupt a pest's Tilling or plowing a field may disrupt a pest's

life cycle by causing mechanical injury, by life cycle by causing mechanical injury, by increasing exposure to lethal cold temperatures, increasing exposure to lethal cold temperatures, by intensifying predation, or by burying the by intensifying predation, or by burying the pests deep beneath the soil surface.pests deep beneath the soil surface.

4)MECHANICAL 4)MECHANICAL CONTROLCONTROL

The use of hands-on techniques as well as The use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment, devices, and natural simple equipment, devices, and natural ingredients that provide a protective ingredients that provide a protective barrier between plants and insects.barrier between plants and insects. 1)handpicking1)handpicking effective with foliage-feeding insects effective with foliage-feeding insects 2) Traps and Attractants2) Traps and Attractants Sticky trap with lure such as metyhl Sticky trap with lure such as metyhl

eugenol for f/flyeugenol for f/fly

3)Water Pressure Sprays3)Water Pressure Sprays forceful stream of water will forceful stream of water will

sometimes dislodge insects such as sometimes dislodge insects such as aphids and spider mites aphids and spider mites

4)4) Insecticidal SoapsInsecticidal Soaps Control aphis and mitesControl aphis and mites

5)GENETIC CONTROL5)GENETIC CONTROLSIT(sterile insect SIT(sterile insect

technique)technique) Works best when pest population is Works best when pest population is

lowlow Usually male (sterilized by gamma Usually male (sterilized by gamma

ray)ray) sterile males compete with the wild sterile males compete with the wild

males for female insects. males for female insects. female x sterile male = no offspring, female x sterile male = no offspring,

thus population is reduced. thus population is reduced. Eg: control of screwworm fly (in Eg: control of screwworm fly (in

cattle)cattle)

6)INSECTICIDE6)INSECTICIDE

use of chemical substances to kill or use of chemical substances to kill or disrupt the life cycle of an insect disrupt the life cycle of an insect pest (conventional insecticide)pest (conventional insecticide)

There are less toxic compounds that There are less toxic compounds that disrupt insect development or disrupt insect development or modify behaviormodify behavior

1) CHEMOSTERILANT1) CHEMOSTERILANT(IMPORTANT)(IMPORTANT)

chemical control of reproductionchemical control of reproduction chemical substances that are known to cause chemical substances that are known to cause

reproductive sterility in insects. reproductive sterility in insects. Some of these compounds inhibit ovarian growth Some of these compounds inhibit ovarian growth

and development, while others appear to induce and development, while others appear to induce fundamental changes in the chemical structure of fundamental changes in the chemical structure of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These changes nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These changes (mutations) prevent cell division or obstruct (mutations) prevent cell division or obstruct normal embryonic development.normal embryonic development.

These compounds are applied directly to the These compounds are applied directly to the insect or incorporated into food that serves as a insect or incorporated into food that serves as a bait.bait.

2)SEMIOCHEMICAL2)SEMIOCHEMICAL Chemical control of insect behaviorChemical control of insect behavior They serve as attractants or repellents, they may They serve as attractants or repellents, they may

stimulate or inhibit feeding, they may provoke stimulate or inhibit feeding, they may provoke flight or inhibit it, or they may simply elicit flight or inhibit it, or they may simply elicit behavior patterns at inappropriate times.behavior patterns at inappropriate times.

Eg: Sex phemromones Eg: Sex phemromones (ATTRACTANT)(ATTRACTANT) Eg: The neem tree, Eg: The neem tree, Azadirachta indicaAzadirachta indica

(Meliaceae) is a promising new source of feeding (Meliaceae) is a promising new source of feeding REPELLANTREPELLANT that may be developed for use on that may be developed for use on selected non-crop plantsselected non-crop plants

3)INSECT GROWTH 3)INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR (IGR)REGULATOR (IGR)

Chemical control of developmentChemical control of development The enzymes and hormones that regulate The enzymes and hormones that regulate

developmental processes within an developmental processes within an insect's body insect's body

1)Chitin inhibitors.1)Chitin inhibitors. These chemicals (e.g., diflubenzuron and These chemicals (e.g., diflubenzuron and

teflubenzuron) inhibit the molting process teflubenzuron) inhibit the molting process 2)2) Molting Hormone Analogues Molting Hormone Analogues

Ecdysteroids (found in some plants) Ecdysteroids (found in some plants) stimulate the molting process by mimicking stimulate the molting process by mimicking the action of molting hormonethe action of molting hormone

3) 3) Anti-juvenile Hormones Anti-juvenile Hormones (prococene)(prococene) Destroy corpora allata so no JH being Destroy corpora allata so no JH being

producedproduced In immature insects, causes In immature insects, causes

premature development of adultpremature development of adult In adultIn adult, precocenes can cause sterility , precocenes can cause sterility

because the presence of juvenile because the presence of juvenile hormone is necessary for normal hormone is necessary for normal production of eggs and spermproduction of eggs and sperm

4) CONVENTIONAL 4) CONVENTIONAL INSECTICIDEINSECTICIDE

Three ways insecticide works:Three ways insecticide works: i) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDEi) SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE The insecticide is introduced into the The insecticide is introduced into the

soil where it is absorbed by plant roots. soil where it is absorbed by plant roots. It then moves up through the plant to It then moves up through the plant to external areas (leaves, twigs, fruits, external areas (leaves, twigs, fruits, branches), where it lays on the plant branches), where it lays on the plant surface area and is poisonous to any surface area and is poisonous to any insects that come chewing on the plant.insects that come chewing on the plant.

ii)contact insecticideii)contact insecticide must directly hit the insectmust directly hit the insect

iii)ingested insecticideiii)ingested insecticide Insect consume the insecticideInsect consume the insecticide

Insecticide can enter human body also Insecticide can enter human body also in 3 ways: eating/drinking, inhaling and in 3 ways: eating/drinking, inhaling and through skinthrough skin

TYPES OF TYPES OF INSECTICIDESINSECTICIDES

INORGANIC (does not contain INORGANIC (does not contain carbon) and ORGANIC (contain carbon) and ORGANIC (contain carbon)carbon)

COMMON TYPE OF ORGANIC COMMON TYPE OF ORGANIC INSECTICIDES:INSECTICIDES: 1)1) Organochlorine Organochlorine (OC) –works by (OC) –works by

attacking the nerve cells of insectsattacking the nerve cells of insects EG: DDT, Lindane and ChlrodaneEG: DDT, Lindane and Chlrodane

2)2) Organophosphates Organophosphates (OP) – (OP) – These types of insecticides are a These types of insecticides are a

combination of an organic molecule combination of an organic molecule and phosphates.and phosphates.

They attack insect’s nerve. They attack insect’s nerve. act primarily by inhibiting (merencat) act primarily by inhibiting (merencat)

enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby allowing acetylcholine to thereby allowing acetylcholine to accumulate at synapsesaccumulate at synapses

3)3) Carbamates Carbamates – These insecticides – These insecticides work in the same way as work in the same way as organophosphates but do not remain organophosphates but do not remain in the area for nearly as long, in the area for nearly as long, making them a better choice for the making them a better choice for the earth. Bendiocarbamate is a earth. Bendiocarbamate is a common type. common type.

4)4) Pyrethrum Pyrethrum – Found in nature, a product – Found in nature, a product of the tropical chrysanthemum, of the tropical chrysanthemum,

this insecticidal chemical is very effective, this insecticidal chemical is very effective, even in small doseseven in small doses

5)5) Pyrethroids Pyrethroids – A synthetic version of the – A synthetic version of the natural insecticide pyrethrum, it mimics natural insecticide pyrethrum, it mimics pyrethrum;pyrethrum;

significantly less toxic than other significantly less toxic than other compounds. Pyrethroids are most often compounds. Pyrethroids are most often used in residential applications. used in residential applications.

Documents

AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS WHAT IS PEST? WHAT IS PEST? any organism judged as a threat to human beings or to their interests any organism judged as a threat