AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & GREEN TECHNOLOGY 2020

PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM ON AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & GREEN TECHNOLOGY 2020 © 2020, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka Responsibilities for the contents of the articles included in this publication remain with respective authors. Published by; Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture University of Ruhuna Mapalana, Kamburupitiya 81100 Sri Lanka. Telephone +94(0)41 2292386 Fax +94(0)41 2292384 Website www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/Departments/Engineering/dept_index.htm

Editorial Board Prof S Wijetunga (Editor in Chief) Prof PLAG Alwis Prof (Ms) CM Navaratne Prof GY Jayasinghe Ms CP Rupasinghe Dr BM Jinendra Siriwijaya Ms MGG Awanthi Mr KMTS Bandara Mr WBMAC Bandara Mr PP Ruwanpathirana Cover Design Mr WBMAC Bandara

Page Setting Mr WBMAC Bandara & Mr KMTS Bandara

Printers JANAKA Graphics, Wanduramba, Galle

Symposium Coordinator Prof GY Jayasinghe

Symposium Secretary Mr PP Ruwanpathirana

Proceedings Sponsor Gal-oya Plantations (Pvt) Ltd &

Browns Agri Solutions (Pvt) Ltd

Page | iii

Preface

It is with great pleasure that I send this message on behalf of editorial board at the

dawn of the first Undergraduate Research Symposium on Agricultural Engineering

and Green Technology which will be held at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of

Ruhuna during 3rd to 4th March 2020.

Having completed their first research at the final year of the undergraduate studies

at the university as well as the various institutes in different part of the country,

during these three days, they present their valuable findings giving opportunity to

share their experiences with the colleagues. They have taken the first research

experience through these researches and I found that when undergoing through the

abstracts, the finding of the researches are very important for the country as well as

the research community. The young undergraduates with pure mind think in a

different way, and it has given an opportunity to them to formulate and conduct

independent and valuable researches which are important for the benefit of the

people. Inventions and innovation, development of new smart technologies for the

agricultural development, and technological improvement and the new way of

thinking for the environmental issues were the main areas of research which they

have given more priority. As such, we can trust them that these young graduates will

contribute immensely for the development of the country in future.

I believe that this event will be a very important opportunity for graduates to present

their research findings and share their experiences with the colleagues. And I hope

that this occasion will be a good memory for all passing out graduates. I wish a bright

future to all our young graduates.

Professor S. Wijetunga

Editor-in-Chief

Proceedings-URSAE 2019

Page | iv

Contents

1. Preface…………………………………………………………………………………… iii

2. Message from the Dean…………………………………………………………. v

3. Message from the Coordinator of the Symposium…………………. vi

4. Paper Index……………………………………………………………………………. vii - x

5. Technical Sessions………………………………………………………………….. 01 - 61

Innovative Technologies in Agricultural Engineering…………………… 01 - 21

Soil, Water & Environment…………………………………………………………. 22 - 41

Precision Farming & SMART Agriculture……………………………………… 42 - 61

6. URSAE 2020 - Organizing Committee……………………………………………….. 62

Page | v

Message from the Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

It is with great pleasure that I send this message on the occasion of the

undergraduate research symposium 2020 (URSAE 2020) organized by the

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna.

I wish to congratulate the Head and members of the Department of Agricultural

Engineering for organizing URSAE 2020 as it would allow our students to showcase

their findings at the end of the completion of a successful research project carried

out for six months.

Agriculture plays a vital role in the economy of many developing countries through

provision of food for the people, employment and food security to the nation.

Agriculture faces many challenges and constraints in the context of climate change

and the globalization process that has engulfed the world now. Hence, research

activities related to them are vital at this juncture and the efforts of researchers

should be directed towards this goal.

Networking in research is pivotal for the advancement of science and technology and

hopefully, the presentations done and discussions followed at this symposium would

lead to further research and development of technologies and collaborations

towards national development. I take this opportunity to express my sincere

gratitude to the organizing committee who devoted their time and energy to make

this event a success Finally, I sincerely wish all presenters and participants a

productive and pleasant stay at this symposium.

Professor Sudas D. Wanniarachchi

Dean/Faculty of Agriculture

University of Ruhuna

Sri Lanka

Page | vi

Message from the Coordinator-URSAE 2020

With immense gratitude, I send this congratulatory message on behalf of the

Department of Agricultural engineering to the organizing committee for starting this

wonderful Undergraduate Research Symposium (URSAE 2020). It is a prime function

of the University to disseminate knowledge and facilitate linkages between

institutions and individuals, the key features of the conference too.

“Spirit of new thinking towards SMART agriculture” is the theme for the conference

which blends in with the current United Nations theme of Sustainable development

and Poverty alleviation targeted for Achievement by 2030.

I am aware that organizing a symposium is a strenuous endeavor and starts long

before the day of the symposium and finish long after the symposium, the long could

be many months on either side.

I take this opportunity to extend our deepest gratitude to Gal-oya Plantations (Pvt)

Ltd & Browns Agri Solutions (Pvt) Ltd for sponsoring this event.

I welcome all the keynote speakers, stakeholders from different institutions and

presenters for taking part in the symposium. I wish them a fruitful stay in the URSAE

2020.

Professor G.Y. Jayasinghe

Coordinator URSAE 2020

Head/Department of Agricultural engineering

Faculty of Agriculture

University of Ruhuna

Sri Lanka

Page | vii

Paper Index

Innovative Technologies in Agricultural Engineering

Source and Sink Manipulation to Optimize the Yield Potential of Rice in Sri Lanka

1 I. Anuradha, S. Senaweera, J. Senanayake and C. P. Rupasinghe…......................................................................................

Comparison of Net Energy Potential between Bio-Ethanol and Lipid Extraction Derived from Chlorella vulgaris

2 S. Menaka, S. Sayanthan, P. Kunasingam, C.P. Rupasinghe and B. Ketheesan…..................................................................

Identification of Bioactivity of Stem Bark of the Sri Lankan Endemic Plant Vateria copallifera

3 J.C. Weerasinghe, A. Perera, L. Jayasinghe, S. Seneweera and C.P. Rupasinghe…...............................................................

Application of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactor for Wastewater Treatment of Food Processing Industry

4 P.A.D. Chandrasari, Choolaka Hewawasam, D.J. Jayasanka and G.Y. Jayasinghe…..............................................................

Effect of Girth and Tapper Related Factors on The Incidence of Tapping Panel Dryness

5 W.G.C.L. Sisirakumara, C.P. Rupasinghe and R.C.W.M.R.A. Nugawela…..............................................................................

Extending the Shelf Life of Banana using Active Packaging in Modified Atmosphere

6 W.V.R.K.T. Wickramarachchi and C.P. Rupasinghe…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Comparison of Filter Media for Wastewater Treatment by a Prototype Trickling Filter

7 S. Ainkaran, S. Wijetunga and Damitha Samarakoon….........................................................................................................

Design and Development of a New Metering Device to Improve the Performance of Johnpulle Seeder

8 R.A.D.V. Rajapaksha and P.L.A.G. Alwis…..............................................................................................................................

Study on Ergonomic Applications for Designing Suitable furniture for Higher Education Institute

9 W.A.D. Navodya and C.P. Rupasinghe…................................................................................................................................

Oil and Grease Removal from Automobile Service Station Wastewater using Coconut Coir Dust

10 S. Ranomiga, K. S. Sivanesan and S. Wijetunga…..................................................................................................................

Evaluation of the Biogas Production from Cow dung, Paper Waste and Kitchen Waste at Different Mixing Ratios

11 W. P. Maheeka, S. Wijetunga and K.K.L.B. Adikaram….........................................................................................................

Selection of Suitable Pretreatment, Packaging and Temperature to Extend the Shelf Life of Minimally Processed Banana

12 H.A.T.S. Perera, M.G.D.S Perera, I.G.N. Hewajulige and C.P Rupasinghe…..........................................................................

Removal of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, Cd) in Synthetic Greywater using Water Hyacinth (Erchhornia crassipes), Pothos Plant (Epipremnum aureum) and Coconut Husk

13 W.M.A.M. Karunarathne, S. Wijetunga and M.I.M. Mowjood…..........................................................................................

Evaluation of Kaolin Clay and Palm Oil Boiler Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for Dye Removal– Methylene Blue

14 U.J. Jayasinghe and S.Wijetunga….........................................................................................................................................

Design and Development of a Self-Propel Liquid Fertilizer Distributor with Organic Slurry Maker

15 N.G.M. Wickramasinghe and P.L.A.G. Alwis…......................................................................................................................

Identification of Joint Efficiencies in 25 mm Finger Jointed Wood Products in Sri Lanka

16 K.D.A. Abeysekara, C.K. Muthumala and P.L.A.G. Alwis….....................................................................................................

Design and Testing of Centrifugal Type Mechanical Seed Decorticator for Cinnamon

17 R.T.J. Akalanka and P.L.A.G. Alwis….......................................................................................................................................

Study of Intrinsic Anatomical and Physical Properties and their Relationships of Selected Endemic Tree Species in Wet zone, Sri Lanka

18 R.W.O. Kaushalya, P.L.A.G. Alwis and N. Ruwanpathirana……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Determination of the Effect of Biochar on Nitrate and Ammonium Ion Retention in Paddy Soil Columns 19

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S.R. Mannapperuma and S. Wijetunga…...............................................................................................................................

Design and Testing of a Cinnamon Polybags Seeder with Coir Dust Mulching Device

20 S.A.D. Nuwan and P.L.A.G. Alwis….........................................................................................................................................

Study on Relationship in between the Fiber Parameters and Strength Properties of Selected Endemic Tree Species in Wet Zone Sri Lanka

21 V.K. Edirisinghe, P.L.A.G. Alwis, and Nimal Ruwanpathirana….............................................................................................

Soil, Water & Environment

Community Participation in Village Scale Groundwater Monitoring and Management: A Case Study in KarainagarIsland of Jaffna

22 S.R. Anojan, S. Wijetunga and N. Sriskandarajah…...............................................................................................................

Development of Biochar Using Hotel Sewage Sludge and Its Application for Aqueous Cadmium Removal

23 R.M.A.D. Buddhika, M.M.M.G.P.G. Mantilaka, D.D.T.T.D. Senarathna, K.H.D.N. Abeysooriya and S. Wijetunga…………….

Evaluating the Properties of Commercially Available Antiscalants and Their Impacts on Reverse Osmosis Discharge Water

24 S. Sivasubramaniyam, S. Sayanthan, P. Kunasingam, C.P. Rupasinghe and B. Ketheesan…................................................

Appraising the impact of Energy Poverty on Thermal Comfort of Internally Displaced Persons’ (IDP) Houses in Sri Lanka

25 Keerththana Kumareswaran, I. Rajapaksha and G.Y. Jayasinghe….......................................................................................

A Study on Shrinkage Reduction of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as a Construction Material

26 I.U. Wedage, G.Y. Jayasinghe, R.U. Halwathura and G.A.H.H. Galkanda…...........................................................................

Development of University-Industry Platform Towards Resilience on Tropical-Agroecosystem: Consortium Perspectives on Impediments and Expectations

27 I.U Rodrigo, G.Y. Jayasinghe, C. Liyanage and H.A.C. Priyankara….......................................................................................

Tertiary Treatment of Hotel Wastewater by Reverse Osmosis for Water Reuse; A Case Study at Le Grand Hotel, Galle

28 K.D. Nilakshi, S. Wijethunga and A.P.P. Senevirathna…........................................................................................................

Development of Capacity Building Framework to Integrate Education on Agroecosystem Based Resilience at Higher Educational Institutes in Sri Lanka

29 D.H. Hettiarachchi, H.A.C. Priyankara and G.Y. Jayasinghe…................................................................................................

Review of Existing Green Building Criteria Towards Sustainability: A Case Study in a Middle Scale Apparel Industry

30 K.F.R.V. Nishshanka, C.P. Rupasinghe and T. Chaminda…....................................................................................................

Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature in Colombo in the Context of Climate Change

31 R. Shahana, C.M. Navaratne, M. Rajendran and Jeyawardena…..........................................................................................

Investigate the Impacts of Effluent Water of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants on Soil Chemical Parameters in Vavuniya District

32 V. Yathurshiga, G.Y. Jayasinghe and S. Saravanan…..............................................................................................................

Assessment and Improvement of Environmental Performances of Packaging in the Sri Lankan Apparel Industry

33 I.G.H.M.K.D. Herath, D.G.G.P. Karunarathne, V.R. Sena Pieris, S.M.W.T.P.K. Ariyarathne and C.P. Rupasinghe….............

Development of Greensl® Labelling System Version 2.0 for Sustainable Building Materials and Products

34 R.M. Nayomi Madhushika, G.Y. Jayasinghe and Ranjith Dissanayake…...............................................................................

Study the Impacts of Land Use Changes on Inundation Occurrence in Bolgoda Basin

35 B.L.N. Nadeeshani, C.M. Navarathne, S.D. Herath and R.U.K. Piyadasa…............................................................................

Investigation of Students’ Sustainable Consumption, Green Behaviour and Environmental Education Towards Building Sustainable Environment: A Case Study in Secondary Education in Matara District, Sri Lanka

36 S.P.P.A.M. Rathnayake, C. Priyankara, C.M. Nawarathne and S.B. Nawartahne…...............................................................

Analysis of Rainfall Variation, and Drought Occurrence in Ampara District using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)

37 M.M.F. Sharafa and C.M. Navaratne…..................................................................................................................................

Page | ix

Air Quality Assessment and Relationship Between Ambient Air Pollution with Socio-economic and Metrological Attributes in Galle Urban Area

38 D.S. Gunasekara, H.D.S. Premasiri and G.Y. Jayasinghe….....................................................................................................

A Study of Land Suitability Assessment for Agricultural Development in Waikkaala Area

39 J.A.C.J. Thillakarathne, R.U.K. Piyadasa, H.M.M.S.D. Herath and G.Y. Jayasinghe….............................................................

A Study of Flood Vulnerability Related to Rapid Urbanization in Kalu Oya Region

40 M.T.D.A.L. Perera, R.U.K. Piyadasa, H.M.M.S.D. Herath and G.Y. Jayasinghe…...................................................................

Public Perception and Spatial Variation on Ambient Air Quality Levels in Kurunegala Municipal Council Area

41 S.K. Keshani, H.D.S. Premasiri and G.Y. Jayasinghe…............................................................................................................

Precision Farming & SMART Agriculture

Design and Development of a Smart Camera Tool for Detecting Agro-Chemical Droplet Count in Plant Canopies

42 W.M.R.H. Wickramasinghe, L.H.M.C. Gunathilaka and B.M.S. Jinendra…............................................................................

Design and Evaluation of UF System for the Treatment of Rubber Gloves Industry Wastewater- Case Study at Lalan Rubber (Pvt) Ltd in Seethawaka

43 H.R.W.P. Bandara, S. Wijethunga and S.P. Ranathunga….....................................................................................................

Development of Modular Sloping Green Roof Drip Irrigation System for Urban Eco Space

44 N.C. Perera, R.U. Halwathura and G.Y. Jayasinghe….............................................................................................................

Effects of Vegetation Cover under Polycrystalline Solar Panels on Its Efficiency

45 K.G.A.L. Ranasinghe, C.P. Rupasinghe and G.D.K. Mahanama…...........................................................................................

Design and Development of Double Top User-fix Grow Tunnel Package for Low Country Dry Zone of Sri Lanka

46 R.P.G.D. Chathuranga, K.K.L.B. Adikaram, S.D. Gunawardena and B.M.S. Jinendra….........................................................

Effects of Colour and Intensity of Lights on Growth and Development of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Vertical Tower Aeroponics for Home Gardening

47 H.M.I.M. Herath, P.P. Ruwanpathirana, S. Wijayakumara and B.M. Jinendra…...................................................................

Artificial Intelligence Powered Low Cost Automated Mobile Monitoring Module for Container Gardening in Urban Areas

48 P.B.H. Madhusanka, Prasad Piyasena and G.Y. Jayasinghe…................................................................................................

Evaluation of Fresh-Cut Processing Technologies to Reduce Post- Harvest Loss of Jackfruit

49 S.A. Adikary, I.G.N. Hewajulige and C.P. Rupasinghe….........................................................................................................

Performance Assessments of [Lettuce] Lactuca sativa Grown in NFT Hydroponics under UV Visible and NIR Spectrum Configurations for Indoor Gardening

50 D.T. Senanayaka, S. Wijayakumara and B.M.S. Jinendra…....................................................................................................

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Preparation of Groundwater Map in Waste Management Complex in Kotavila, Matara

51 K.M.C. Tharupath and S. Wijetunga…....................................................................................................................................

Assessment of Moisture Content of Coir Dust using Contact and Non-Contact Sensors in Protected House for Cucumis Sativus

52 T.D. Anupama, C.P. Rupasinghe, S. Wijayakumara and K.K.L.B. Adhikaram…......................................................................

A Study on the Methods for Reducing Pesticide Residues in Tomato and Gotukola

53 G.M.S.A. Sarada, C. Magamage and C.P. Rupasinghe…........................................................................................................

Evaluation of Different Cooling Systems in Automated Protected House

54 H.L.S. Kavindi, C.P. Rupasinghe and K.K.LB. Adhikaram….....................................................................................................

Influence of Indoor Plants to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Improve Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings

55 W.H.M.D.P. Senadheera, P. Piyasena and G.Y. Jayasinghe….................................................................................................

Page | x

Drying Kinetics and Quality Aspects of Heat Pump Dried Onion (Allium cepa) and Leeks (Allium ampeloprasum)

56 K.S.P. Amaratunga, K.M.D.D. Ranaraja, C.P. Rupasinghe and E.M.A.C. Ekanayake…...........................................................

Design, Development and Evaluation of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) Juice Extraction Equipment for Domestic Level

57 A.G.D. Sandhamini , C.P. Rupashinha and D.P. Senanayake…..............................................................................................

Testing and Evaluation of Four Wheel Tractor Mounted Sugarcane Cutter Planter in Sri Lanka

58 N.H.A. Iroshan, P.L.A.G. Alwis, E.W.N.M. Perera and D.G.P.G.C. Senevirathna…................................................................

Assessment of Light Effect on Growth and Development of Microgreens in Indoor Conditions

59 D.R.N.E. Samarathunga and B.M.S. Jinendra…......................................................................................................................

Effects of Temperature Control Measures inside Tropical Protected House Environment on the Yield Performance of Lettuce in NFT Hydroponics

60 M.L.D.D. Randimal, K.M.W. Rajawatta, S.D. Gunawardena and B.M.S. Jinendra…..............................................................

Mapping Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity of Sugarcane (Saccharam officinarum) Fields of the Gal-Oya Plantations: Evaluation of Possible Influences on the Yield

61 P.G.B. Priyadarshana, G.Y. Jayasinghe, W.M.C.J. Wijekoon, M.M.D.S. Perera and D.G.P.G.C. Senevirathna…...................

Innovative Technologies in Agricultural Engineering

URSAE 2020

Undergraduate Research Symposium on Agricultural Engineering & Green Technology 2020

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka

Page | 1

Source and Sink Manipulation to Optimize the Yield Potential of Rice in Sri Lanka

I. Anuradha1*, S. Senaweera2, J. Senanayake3 and C. P. Rupasinghe1 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka 3Rice Research and Development Institute, Batalagoda, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The next biggest challenge for mankind is food security. To feed the growing world population yield of cereal crops need to increase 50% by 2050. This can be made possible only by developing a holistic understanding of plant biology and adopting cutting edge genomic science to fuel this increase. Also, this yield increment is required to maintain the sustainability of the rice industry. In this study, it was hypothesized that source imbalance leads to lower yield potential in Sri Lankan rice. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the optimum source sink balance using a sink limited cultivar (Bg250). Tiller optimization was carried out by maintaining tiller number during plant development. Findings from this study clearly demonstrated that source and sink imbalance exists in the cultivar tested. The highest yield potential was achieved when plants were reduced to 8 tillers. Further, the reduced tiller number promoted an increase in the other yield components: spikelets per panicle, average grain length and width, 1000 grain weight and the harvest index. Overall findings suggest that there is an opportunity for a major increment in Sri Lankan rice cultivars by developing new ideotypes that have altered source sink balance.

Keywords: Ideotype, Source and sink manipulation, Yield potential



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Comparison of Net Energy Potential between Bio-Ethanol and Lipid Extraction

Derived from Chlorella vulgaris

S. Menaka1*, S. Sayanthan2, P. Kunasingam2, C.P. Rupasinghe1 and B. Ketheesan3 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka 3Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Proper implementation of sustainable energy sources in developing countries could decrease their dependence on natural gas and oil. Investments in renewable energy technologies would be more cost effective than fossil fuels. The first and second bio fuel generations biomasses have been used as a feedstock to produce bio fuels, which cannot satisfy the worldwide demand. Therefore, as the third bio fuel generation, algae are viewed as a promising feedstock for the production of various kinds of bio fuels such as bio-ethanol, biodiesel and lipid. There were very few researches related to energy comparison of biofuel production from microalgae. Therefore, this research was conducted to compare the net energy potential between bio-ethanol and lipid extraction derived from Chlorella vulgaris. For this comparison, Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in photo bioreactor using Bold’s basal medium and harvested by flocculation and centrifugation at 4500*g for 10 minutes. Initially, 5 g of same amount of biomass was used for the production of bio-ethanol and extraction of lipid. Bio-ethanol was prepared using alkaline pre-treatment method under 0.75 % of NaOH (w/v) and heated at 120oC for 30 minutes. Yeast was cultured in LB medium and used to ferment the pre-treated microalgae in the incubator for 96 hours at 30 oC with 200 rpm for 96 hours. From the same amount of 5 g of microalgae, lipid was extracted by bligh and dyer method with the usage of Chloroform: methanol in 2:1 ratio. Five grams of microalgae produced 0.25 g of bio-ethanol (5 %) and 0.33 g of lipid (6.6 %). Considering the energy input given for each procedure, net energy value of Bio-ethanol significantly higher than the lipid extraction. Therefore, the lipid extraction should be considered as an effective method compared to bio-ethanol production from Chlorella vulgaris. Keywords: Alkaline pre-treatment, Bioethanol, Chlorella vulgaris, Lipid extraction



Page | 3

Identification of Bioactivity of Stem Bark of the Sri Lankan Endemic Plant Vateria

copallifera

J.C. Weerasinghe1, A. Perera2, L. Jayasinghe2, S. Seneweera2 and C.P. Rupasinghe1* 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2 National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Natural products have high structural variety and unique pharmacological or biological activities due to the natural selection and evolutionary strategies that have formed their utility over hundreds of years. Natural products were applied in both traditional and present-day medicine for treating diseases. Currently herbal products are regularly used as starting points for drug discovery accompanied by synthetic changes to assist reduce side effects and increase bioavailability. Vateria Copallifera is a useful tropical plant which belongs to the family of Dipterocarpaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka and has been classified as an endangered plant in the 2011 IUCN Red List of threatened species. It is also a promising source for novel bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structures. The aims of this study is to identify and evaluate the antifungal activity antioxidant activity, phytotoxicity of the secondary metabolites of V. Copallifera bark. The V. Copallifera bark was powdered and extracted into n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Final weights of collected crudes ethyl acetate 20.42 g, Methanol 10.49 g and n -Hexane 0.29 g. Crude extract were screened for antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporoides using TLC bio autographic method, antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and phytotoxicity against lettuce seed germination. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed strong Antifungal activity against C. cladosporoides. Significant Antioxidant activity showed for ethyl acetate extracts (IC50 value: 50.6944 ppm) and methanol extracts (IC50 value: -190.898 ppm). Showed significant phytotoxic activity for both root and shoot elongation for crude extract of ethyl acetate and methanol. This study revealed that stem bark of v. copllifera is a potential source of antioxidant agent, antifungal agents and allelochemicals. Keywords: Antifungal activity, Antioxidant activity, Phytotoxicity

mailto:[email protected]



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Application of Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactor for Wastewater Treatment of

Food Processing Industry

P.A.D. Chandrasari1*, Choolaka Hewawasam2, D.J. Jayasanka3 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agric. Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Engineering Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka 3Department of Bio System Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Food processing industry produces large quantity of wastewater rich with organic matter and nitrogen. Therefore, proper treatment is essential before it discharges to the environment. Extended Aeration Reactor (EAR) and Rotating Biological Contractors (RBC) are widely used wastewater treatment methods used in Sri Lanka. However, these methods have high initial, operating and maintenance costs. The objectives of this research were to (a) introduce Downflow Hanging Sponge Reactor (DHS) as cost effective wastewater treatment unit for food processing industry and (b)evaluate its performance with existing treatment methods. Treatment unit was consisted of storage tank to collect and store wastewater, settling tank to settle suspended solids by up flowing of wastewater and DHS reactor to filter the wastewater by down flowing. Storage tank, settling tank and DHS reactor had 0.05 L, 14.4 L and 11.304 L of capacity, respectively. Flow rate of treatment unit was 9.6 L day-1 and hydraulic retention time was 36 h. DHS reactor was consisted small polyurethane sponge cubes with plastic rings as the filter material. Wastewater from a food processing industry was taken to the experiment. Temperature and TSS of wastewater before and after the treatment were measured as physical parameters. pH, TDS, EC, COD and nitrate concentration of wastewater before and after the treatment were measured. Performance of the DHS reactor was compared with the CEA standards and the performances of existing methods. After the 15 days of treatment, pH level of wastewater was reduced to 8.1 and TDS, COD, EC and TSS were reduced up to 30%, 62%, 30% and 83% respectively. Ammonia removal was at a low level because treatment process was conducted only 15 days due to the time limitation. pH level of raw wastewater was at a high level due to caustic soda addition during the production process by the company. COD removal was achieved 62%. The results of this study suggested that DHS reactor could maintained the treated wastewater under the CEA standards. Therefore, proposed DHS reactor could be a viable strategy to treat the wastewater discharge by the food processing industry in Sri Lanka. Keywords: COD Removal, DHS Reactor, Wastewater Treatment



Page | 5

Effect of Girth and Tapper Related Factors on The Incidence of Tapping Panel

Dryness

W.G.C.L. Sisirakumara1, C.P. Rupasinghe1* and R.C.W.M.R.A. Nugawela2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Lalan Rubbers (Pvt) Ltd., Colombo 05, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) is one of the most considerable threats for upstream activities of the natural rubber industry. This phenomenon is yet to be fully managed due to lack of thorough understanding of it. In this background this study was carried out to determine the impact of girth of rubber trees and tapper related factors on the incidence of TPD. The overall objective of the study is to minimize economic losses to the investors and workers through controlling the incidence of TPD. The study was conducted in the Sapumalkanda Estate managed by Lalan Rubbers (Pvt) Ltd. Sri Lanaka. In a revenue rubber field eight tapping blocks tapped by different tappers were selected for the study. Out of the selected blocks three blocks were of clone RRIC 121 and 5 blocks were of clone RRIC 102. The panel position of all 8 blocks was B0-2. The tree girth was measured at 150 cm height from the bud union. Tapping angle, tapping depth, bark consumption rate and length of tapping cut were studied to determine tapping quality. It is apparent that the girth of rubber trees had no relationship with the incidence of TPD. Mean girth of TPD and healthy trees were similar in both clones. The incident of TPD was relatively higher in clone RRIC 102 at the lowest girth ranges. During the first three months of tapping, TPD was evident only in the RRIC 102 clone. The onset of TPD was relatively high in the rainy season than in the dry season. During the dry season TPD was higher in RRIC 102 clone than in RRIC 121 clone. However, in the wet season it was higher in RRIC 121 clone. Tapping quality has a relationship with type of trees, i.e. healthy and TPD, and also with the tappers. The tapping quality is low in TPD trees when comparing with the healthy trees. Early-stage cambium damage is higher in TPD trees than in healthy trees. Therefore, Management of tapping quality appears to be important for minimizing the incidence of TPD. Keywords: Bark consumption, Clone, Girth, TPD, Tapping Quality



Page | 6

Extending the Shelf Life of Banana using Active Packaging in Modified Atmosphere

W.V.R.K.T. Wickramarachchi and C.P. Rupasinghe* Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Active packaging technologies suggest new opportunities in the preservation of food. It refers to the combination of active compound into packaging systems with the objective of keeping or extending product superiority and shelf-life. Banana is one of the most popular fruits in the world and great foundation for nutrition and healthy life. Banana is a perishable fruit therefore should increase the shelf life; without disturbing to the quality. The objective of the study was to suggest a better option to extend the shelf life of banana with active packaging techniques using packaging material-triple laminate polythene, moisture and ethylene absorbents and oxygen scavengers for local market. Banana variety, Cavendish subjected to four treatments; ambient temperature (27˚C–30.5˚C) with and without active ingredients and modified atmosphere (23.5˚C–25˚C) with and without active ingredients. The experimental design was Latin Square with four replicates. The active compounds for experiment were 125 g of silica gel, 10 g of activated charcoal, 1.5 g of KMnO4 and 10 g of iron powder. Total soluble solid, firmness, and number of days from color stage 1 to 7 were measured during the experiment. Shelf life of banana stored in the modified atmospheric condition with active compounds was significantly different from other three treatments. There were significant differences in firmness and total soluble solid content during storing period. Treatment combination was the most important factor which affected to extend the shelf life of banana. There was no any significant impact for shelf life extension by temperature and active ingredients as separate factors. The result revealed that the shelf life of the banana can be extended by 21 days in modified atmosphere with active ingredients. Keywords: Active packaging, Banana, Modified atmosphere packaging, Polyethylene packaging, Shelf life



Page | 7

Comparison of Filter Media for Wastewater Treatment by a Prototype Trickling Filter

S. Ainkaran1*, S. Wijetunga1 and Damitha Samarakoon2 1Department of Agric.Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Mapalana, Sri Lanka 2Janathakshan Regional Office, No 05, Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha, Colombo-5, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Microbial process of wastewater treatment, attached growth, has significantly been improved during recent years. Different filter media are used for microbial attached growth in trickling filters (TF) in the world. One of the main functions of filter media is provide surface area for microbes to attached growth. Major wastewater treatment plants use stones as a media for increasing the surface area in TFs. The proper grade of stone could not always be found within a reasonable distance from the wastewater treatment plant sites, which significantly increased the transportation costs. Low-cost substitute materials, instead of stones can reduce the cost of TF while increasing the treatment efficiency of them. In this study, it was attempted to use crushed waste polythene as a low cost substitute material for stones (filter material). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of prototype TF with crushed waste polythene and compare the treatment efficiency two prototype TFs (with stone and with crushed waste polythene. Two prototype TFs were prepared using plastic barrels (250 L) with two types of filter materials. Flow rate of the filters were 922 ml/min. Two trickling filers were evaluated for two months for treatment efficiency. During operation, water samples were taken before and after to the trickling filter for analysis of COD, EC, pH. During the operation of trickling filters, it appeared that COD removal was being increased and it may be due to the adaptation of microbes to the new environment. COD removal was comparatively high in trickling filter with crushed polythene (62%) than that of stones (42.6%). Almost similar results of pH and EC were found in both trickling filters. Total solids in treated wastewater were also almost similar in two trickling filters. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the crushed polythene is a good alternative for stones in trickling filters.

Keywords: Crushed polythene, Filter material, Stone, Wastewater, Trickling filter



Page | 8

Design and Development of a New Metering Device to Improve the Performance of

Johnpulle Seeder

R.A.D.V. Rajapaksha* and P.L.A.G. Alwis Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Faculty of Agriculture, Mapalana, Sri Lanka


Abstract

In paddy cultivation several field establishment methods, including broadcasting, transplanting and row seeding are currently being employed by the farmers, while row seeding is the most recommended method. However, a Johnpulle seeder is the most popular, but very primitive type direct row seeder. Under these circumstances, the research was conducted with the objectives of designing, developing and evaluating of a newly introduce metering device to improve the performance of Johnpulle seeder. The performance of the new modified Johnpulle seeder was tested according to the RNMA test code. Field trials were conducted in the field using complet randomized block design to compare the performances with non-modified conventional Johnpulle seeder. The test results show that the theoretical field capacity of new seeder and conventional seeder was 0.1 hahr-1, and 0.05 hahr-1

respectively. However, the total weight of the machine was increased by 25% compared to the conventional Johnpulle seeder. The cost of production of the new seeder is LKR 6000.

Keywords: Direct seeder, Modified Johnpulle seeder, Row seeding



Page | 9

Study on Ergonomic Applications for Designing Suitable furniture for Higher

Education Institute

W.A.D. Navodya* and C.P. Rupasinghe Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Lecture room furniture in higher education institute is considered as an important element for students to improve comfort and concentration in study environment. A furniture design ergonomically and its application is considered very important for its usability, comfort point of views for the students. An ergonomic furniture ensures better comfort and confidence for the students in a classroom environment. This case study focused to design the lecture hall chair with considering ergonomics parameters and drafting chair and table for civil engineering students in Institute of Engineering Technology, Katunayake, Sri Lanka and understand the mismatches of available furniture measurements with required measurements. These ergonomically suitable designs are based on anthropometric measurements of the students with satisfaction of basic needs of the students in the classroom environment. The sample size for data collection was 60 students from total 180 first year civil engineering students. In order to design this proposed furniture, relevant data was collected from the prospective students through face to face interview and offline questionnaires surveys. To do the design 5th and 95th percentile adjustable range of the anthropometric data calculated for the relevant measurement. Basically, there are more than 30% of mismatches with required and available furniture measurements which leading to physical discomforts to the students in long lecture hours. So, the proposed furniture needs to implement and feedbacks need to collect for future improvements. This study is concluded with study limitations and future research directions.

Keywords: Anthropometric measurements, Ergonomics, Furniture, Higher

education, Study environment



Page | 10

Oil and Grease Removal from Automobile Service Station Wastewater using Coconut

Coir Dust

S. Ranomiga1*, K. S. Sivanesan2 and S. Wijetunga1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Central Environmental Authority, Northern Provincial Office, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Oil and grease spillage and disposal are a serious issue in the world that can harm our environment. The water quality significantly reduces by the oil and grease spillage and disposal into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem through dissolving and infiltration process. This study objectives were to determine the ability of adsorbent and filtering capacity of coir dust as an adsorbent in removing oil and grease from the automobile service station wastewater and evaluate the quality of treated wastewater. Absorption capacity of coir dust was first determined using wastewater having different concentrations of oil. Then filter system (experimental) was assembled using plastic barrels. The size of the filter unit was 60 L. Top half of the filter was filled with coir dust (500 g). Using a stock tank, service station wastewater taken from a service station was fed to the filter (1.66×10-4 m3s-1) and filtered water was analysed for BOD, COD, oil and grease, total suspended solids (TSS), pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Improvement of water quality (parameters measured) by the filter was determined by comparing the values of water quality parameters before and after feeding to the filter. Results showed that oil and grease, BOD and COD removal efficiency of coir dust filter were ~94.00 %, ~48.00 % and ~49%, respectively. Other water quality parameters such as pH, EC, etc. were also considerably improved by the filtration. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the filter with coir dust is a good option for the treatment of service station wastewater. However, before application, it is suggested to perform a long-term study at a service station as a pilot project to find out the practical difficulties of the system.

Keywords: Adsorption, Automobile service station, Coconut coir dust, Oil and

grease, Wastewater



Page | 11

Evaluation of the Biogas Production from Cow dung, Paper Waste and Kitchen

Waste at Different Mixing Ratios

W. P. Maheeka, S. Wijetunga* and K.K.L.B. Adikaram Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Waste is being generated and accumulated in the environment all the cover the world

at an alarming rate, and the problem has been continuing since the day green

revolution started. Degradable fraction of wastes can be converted to useful products

such as biogas and compost. Biogas production suing different waste materials is a

good option to reduce waste while producing energy. In this study, we attempted to

determine the biogas production by mixing of different waste materials at different

mixing rations. The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the biogas

production from cow dung, paper waste and kitchen waste at different mixing ratios.

(2) to determine the efficiency of the biogas production. Plastic containers having the

volume of 15 L were used as reactors (batch) in this study. Completely randomized

design was used as the experimental design for 12 experimental units. Three

treatments and 3 replicates along with 3 control units were used. Cow dung (CD),

paper waste (PW) and kitchen waste (KW) at different mixing ratios (1:1:1, 1:2:1,

1:6:1) in dry basis were used. Only CD was used as a control. Selected physical and

chemical parameters of raw material were determined before feeding to the reactors.

Daily gas production, weekly temperature and pH of the slurry were determined.

Maximum total biogas production (16734 ml) was observed in reactors with CD. There

was a significant difference of biogas production between treatments (n=51, p< 0.01).

When increasing the paper percentage of feeding materials, total biogas production

was being decreased. pH in reactors during the biogas production was in suitable rage

(near neutral). Maximum biogas production was observed during 29-30 days in all

treatments. In conclusions, mixing of paper wastes to CD and KW reduce the biogas

production.

Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Bio Gas, Co-digestion



Page | 12

Selection of Suitable Pretreatment, Packaging and Temperature to Extend the Shelf

Life of Minimally Processed Banana

H.A.T.S Perera1,2*, M.G.D.S. Perera1, I.G.N. Hewajulige1 and C.P. Rupasinghe2 1Industrial Technology Institute, Thalahena, Malabe, Sri Lanka 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Minimally processed vegetables are highly accepted by consumers due to less preparation time and ready-to-cook nature. This study aimed to develop a technology for minimally processed ash plantain & banana blossom to introduce value added products to the market while reducing post-harvest losses. Minimally processed ash plantain flesh and peel (Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana, Group ABB) and banana blossom (Sugar banana- Musa paradisiaca cv. Awak, Group ABB) were subjected to several pretreatments such as 1% Ascorbic acid, 1% Citric acid, 1% Ascorbic acid + 1% Citric acid combined treatment and untreated control. Based on the degree of brown color development (lightness: L value) measured via Chroma meter, 1% Ascorbic acid + 1% Citric Acid combination was selected as best pretreatment for ash plantain flesh and peel while 1% Citric acid was selected for banana blossom. After several trials 30C and 70C storage temperatures and 200 gauge polythene and 150 gauge polythene packaging materials were selected for ash plantain flesh and peel respectively. For banana blossom suitable temperature was identified as 30C and packaging, 150 gauge polythene. Estimated shelf life for all products were 7 days. Effect of selected pretreatment on physico-chemical (Color, pH, TSS, Texture), sensory and microbiological (APC, Yeast & mold, Coliform test) properties were evaluated to confirm the quality of products. No significant difference was observed on physico-chemical and microbiological properties during the storage within selected pretreatments while sensory properties of all three products were significantly different. This study revealed that pretreated minimally processed ash plantain and banana blossom can be successfully marketed on the low temperature conditions for 7 days. Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Ash plantain, Banana blossom, Citric acid, Minimal

processing,



Page | 13

Removal of Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb, Cd) in Synthetic Greywater using Water Hyacinth

(Erchhornia crassipes), Pothos Plant (Epipremnum aureum) and Coconut Husk

W.M.A.M. Karunarathne1*, S. Wijetunga1 and M.I.M. Mowjood2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Uncontrolled discharge of greywater into the environment and surface water resources pollutes the environment due to presence of various pollutants such as heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd). Phytoremediation is a good option for the removal of heavy metals in greywater. This study was conducted to assess the removal of Cu, Pb and Cd in synthetic greywater using Water hyacinth (WH) and Pothos plant (PP) with Coconut husk-based (CH) system and to find the relationship between heavy metal removal rate with root length of WH and PP. Experiment was conducted under protected house in vertical A-frame hydroponic system. Experiment performed in two sessions (batch and continuous flow). Synthetic greywater was applied at the rate of 0.02 L s-1. Hydraulic retention time was 3days for batch system and 1day for continuous system. Water quality and plant growth parameters were measured in batch system for 25 days and 16days in continuous system. Data was statistically analysed using t-test and regression. In the batch experiment Cu removal rate was higher in PP (77.6±11.2%) than WH (67.5±12.0%). However, Pb and Cd removal rates were significantly higher in WH (62.7±12.4% and 29.9±10.5%). A significant positive relationship was observed in between ion removal rates and root lengths (P <0.05). In continuous flow system, Cu removal rate (54.0±7.6%) was significantly high in PP. However, Pb and Cd removal rates were significantly high in WH (41.7±5.2%, 11.5±2.1%). Further, it was revealed that significant relationship in between Pb and Cd removal rates and root length (R2=0.74). Heavy metal removal rate of coconut husk in two systems (batch and continuous) were not significant. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Water hyacinth with coconut husk-based hydroponic system can be used as a reliable treatment method for the removal of heavy metals in grey water.

Keywords: Greywater, Heavy metals, Phytoremediation, Pothos Plant, Water

Hyacinth



Page | 14

Evaluation of Kaolin Clay and Palm Oil Boiler Fly Ash as an Adsorbent for Dye

Removal– Methylene Blue

U.J. Jayasinghe and S. Wijetunga* Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Removal of color in wastewater that cause for water pollution, using adsorbents prepared from waste materials is one of the major treatment options. In this study, we attempted to develop adsorbents using waste materials generation from palm oil industry for color removal. The objectives of this study were to prepare adsorbent using kaolin clay (KC) with palm oil boiler fly ash (POBA), evaluate its adsorption potential using methylene blue (MB), and modeling of its dye removal. Two types of kaolin clay were used to prepare adsorbents (KC1 and KC2). Four different adsorbents were prepared by mixing of KC with POBA in two different ratios (1:1 and 1:2) and, then they were heated up 1200ºC for 1 h in muffle furnace. Adsorption studies were conducted as a batch study using four dye concentrations (15, 30, 50 and 100ppm) with four different adsorbents (5 g of each) in room temperature. The conical flasks with dye and adsorbents were shaken 1 h and then samples were taken at predetermined intervals (5, 15, 30, 90, 270 min). Adsorption studies under different pH (4, 7 and 10) were also conducted. The results showed that dye adsorption increases with increasing initial concentration, contact time and also initial pH. Maximum color removal was observed in absorbents prepared using KC2 with POBA (1:1 ratio). Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms revealed that dye adsorption on to adsorbents can easily be explained by the Langmuir isotherm than the Freundlich isotherm model, thus the equilibrium data was best represent the monolayer coverage of MB on to the prepared adsorbents. The maximum adsorption capacity (𝑞𝑚) of KC2: POBA (1:1), KC2: POBA (1:2), KC1: POBA (1:1) and KC1: POBA (1:2) were found 0.5072 mgg-1, 0.3286 mgg-1, 0.4699 mgg-1 and 0.2816 mgg-1, respectively and they were significantly different (Probability =0.0001). The adsorbent KC1: POBA in 1:1 ratio is a good adsorbent for MB removal. However, further adsorption studies are suggested to evaluate the adsorbents using real dying wastewater before large scale applications. Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Isotherms, Kaolin clay, Methylene blue



Page | 15

Design and Development of a Self-Propel Liquid Fertilizer Distributor with Organic

Slurry Maker

N.G.M. Wickramasinghe* and P.L.A.G. Alwis Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Organic farming methods are appropriate and adaptable to many types of landuse in any part of Sri Lanka. It could support paddy, vegetable, fruits and some other tree crops, such as Tea, Cinnamon, and Coconut, etc. A major task of organic farming is distributing of organic material in the soil near to the plant. Due to high variability of physical characteristics of organic materials, several technical problems can be observed during its handling and application under field conditions. Use of manpower for the application of organic materials is uneconomical due to high labor cost. Therefore, small engine operated fertilizer distributor with organic slurry maker was designed and constructed. This machine was not only useful to distribute organic materials, but also to chop and mix solid organic materials to prepare slurry. The machine consists of an engine, Power transmission unit with the friction belt system, slurry making unit and pumping unit. Discharge rate kg s-1, chopping rate kg s-1and mixing rate kg s-1 were considered as criteria in the performance evaluation. The test results show that the maximum volume of the machine per batch was 0.04 m3 and the slurry pumping head, Pump discharge rate, Leaf chopping rate, mixing rate were 2.09 m, 4.4*10-4m3 s-1, 112 kg s-1, 6 kg s-1 respectively. The cost of production of the machine is LKR 30000. Keywords: Engine driven, Farming, Liquid fertilizer, Organic



Page | 16

Identification of Joint Efficiencies in 25 mm Finger Jointed Wood Products in Sri

Lanka

K.D.A. Abeysekara1*, C.K. Muthumala2 and P.L.A.G. Alwis1 1Department of Agric. Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Research Developments and Training Division, State Timber Corporation, Sri Lanka *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Timber is a renewable resource and widely used to furniture manufacture and construction industry in Sri Lanka. Finger Joint is an effective method to minimize the timber wastage arising in the timber related industries. This study was undertaken to determine the strength performance and joint efficiencies of seven timber species of both un-jointed (clear) and finger- jointed samples with 25 mm finger length. For bonding purposes, SWR adhesive (PVAc) glue type was used at normal exposure conditions. Well-seasoned (MC 12 %) defects free mature wood materials from seven species (Grandis, Jack, Kumbuk, Mahogany, Pine, Satin and Teak) which were dumped by saw mills were selected for this study. BS 373:1957 was used as standard for tests. Mechanical properties were performed by Universal Testing Machine (UTM 100). Loading plate moving speed of 2 mm min-1 was used for three point bending test and 0.5 mm min-1 speed was used for the compression tests. Results were analyzed using ANOVA. It was observed that highest modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity; compression perpendicular to grain and compression parallel to grain values were obtained from clear samples than finger- jointed specimens with 25 mm finger length. The highest mean finger joint efficiency for modulus of rupture, bending strength and compression parallel to grain at ultimate limit was recorded in Mahogany and least was recorded in Satin. These results can be used in industrial applications in effective way. Keywords: Finger joint, Joint efficiencies, Mechanical properties, Wood



Page | 17

Design and Testing of Centrifugal Type Mechanical Seed Decorticator for Cinnamon

R.T.J. Akalanka* and P.L.A.G. Alwis Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is native to Sri Lanka and it is occupying an exalted position among the spices. The Cinnamon seed viability is rapidly decreasing and germination percentage falls at around seven weeks of storage. Existing traditional manual seed decortication method is time and labor consuming. Therefore, objective of this study was to design and testing of centrifugal type mechanical seed decorticator to reduce labor cost and preparation time. The fabricated new decorticator consists of a frame, a seed reflecting disk, a pressure plate, a decorticating metal mesh and an electrical motor. The total number of decorticated, un-decorticated and damage seeds were counted and considered as the evaluation criteria. The machine was tested using three speeds, such as 862.5 rpm, 575 and 492.85 rpm. The three-time slots used with three replications such as 30 s, 60 s, and 90 s. The Speed variation was achieved by the use of step turned pulley on the motor and speed confirmed by the use of a tachometer. A known mass of cinnamon seeds was poured into the seed holding device and the decorticating time recorded using a stopwatch. The decorticated product from the seed outlet was collected separately and each sample separated manually into decorticated, un-decorticated, damage and their amount of seed taken by the count of seed. The mean decorticating efficiency ranged from 17.20 to 82.14% and the overall average mean decorticating efficiency was 56.04%. The un- decorticating efficiency ranges from 4.66 to 82.82 % with an average mean of 36.41%. The damage efficiency ranges from 0 to 39.89 % with an average mean of 7.55%. The maximum obtained decorticating efficiency of the machine was 80%. Generally, the machine decorticating efficiency, percentage of seed damage increased and the percentage of un-decorticate efficiency decreased with an increase in machine speed and time period. Keywords: Cinnamon seed, Decortication, Machine efficiency, Machine speed



Page | 18

Study of Intrinsic Anatomical and Physical Properties and their Relationships of

Selected Endemic Tree Species in Wet zone, Sri Lanka

R.W.O. Kaushalya1*, P.L.A.G. Alwis1 and N. Ruwanpathirana2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2Research, Development and Training Division, State Timer Corporation, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Wood is one of the valuable natural resource and ecological friendly building material which was highly available in ancient time with less construction energy requirements. Even though there are many tree species available in Sri Lanka, only a few of them are endemic. Proper understanding of physical and the anatomical properties of wood is a must for effective timber utilization. Physical and anatomical properties and their relationships of endemic tree species in Sri Lanka have not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study was to find out the physical and anatomical properties and their relationships in selected endemic tree species. Nineteen species were observed for their variations in the anatomical and physical features. Three samples were taken from each species (radial, tangential, transverse sections of the wood) were used in microscopic observations. Micrometrics SE Premium 4 software was used to analysis the anatomical features. Physical properties also were studied. The dimensions of timber samples were measured in green to air dry and then the percentage of shrinkage was calculated. Movement of timber was calculated at 250c temperature and 60% RH condition. Boron retention was calculated in kilograms per cubic meter. Yakahalu dun had the highest absorption (13.77 kg m-3) while the Pathkela had the lowest (1.69 kg m-3). There was a significant correlation between boron absorption and ray height (P=0.019) while negative correlations were observed in shrinkage and vessel diameter, shrinkage and ray height, shrinkage and ray width, movement and vessel diameter, movement and ray height, movement and ray width, boron absorption and ray width, boron absorption with vessel diameter. Keywords: Anatomical properties, Endemic timber species, Physical properties



Page | 19

Determination of the Effect of Biochar on Nitrate and Ammonium Ion Retention in

Paddy Soil Columns

S.R. Mannapperuma and S. Wijetunga* Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

In the Sri Lankan agriculture sector, paddy farming takes a vital place. However, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers to agricultural land is regarded as a major contributor to various ecological problems. In addition, nitrogen leaching is considered as the main limitation of nutrient utilization during cultivation. This research was conducted to find out the effect of biochar on nutrient retention of paddy soils. The objectives of this study were to determine the nitrogen loss by leaching in paddy soils at different biochar levels and at different nitrogen fertilizer application levels. The laboratory experiment was conducted using PVC columns (dianmter-15 cm, lenth-55 cm). Four levels of biochar (0, 1, 2.5, 5% w/w) and four levels of fertilizer (0, 225 mg/L, 405 mg/L, 585 mg/L) were used in the study. The paddy soil samples were collected in Mapalana area (pH 6.25; EC 672 µS cm-1; carbon percentage 4%) and biochar prepared from cinnamon wood sticks was used. Soil and biochar were properly mixed and filled to the columns. Three days after nitrogen application (urea), the leachate was collected and nitrate and ammonia concentrations were determined. Nitrate concentration in leachate was being reduced with the increasing of biochar levels of the soil columns. However, no significant difference in nitrate concentration in leachate were found at 2.5 and 5% biochar levels at 405 mg/L nitrogen levels (recommended nitrogen application rate for paddy). At 2.5 % biochar level, nitrate in leachate was being increased when increasing the nitrogen applications. Ammonia nitrogen levels in leachate also showed the same pattern of behavior during the study. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the application of biochar at a rate of 2.5% (w/w) can reduce the leaching of nitrogen when the application rate of nitrogen is 405 mg/L. Keywords: Ammonium Leachate, Biochar, Nitrate leachate, Paddy Farming



Page | 20

Design and Testing of a Cinnamon Polybags Seeder with Coir Dust Mulching Device

S.A.D. Nuwan* and P.L.A.G. Alwis Department of agricultural engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

The Spacing of plants is an important aspect that needs to be carefully considered and properly addressed for a successful cultivation system. If the plants are grown too close to one another, they will receive less than the required amount of light and space. The right plant spacing reduce competition for the sun light that is vital to grow, conserve water around the plant, ensure each plant gets the maximum amount of available nutrients and reduce the space for weeds. The existing conventional manual practicing of nursery seeding maintaining of uneven distribution of cinnamon seeds in nursery poly bags causes serious difficulties. Lack of proper seeder in this particular work has been identified as one of the serious drawbacks in the cinnamon nurseries. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a cinnamon nursery poly bag seeder with a variable seed pattern. In addition to that optional seed covering device was designed and constructed. The cinnamon nursery poly bag seeder consists of a transport trolley cart, seed hopper, seed pattern cup, vacuum generating unit, vacuum controlling unit and seed covering cup. The time required to seeding one polybag, seed spacing and seed distribution pattern were considered as criteria in the performance evaluation. The field test was conducted with the participation of local nursery farmers at registered cinnamon nursery. Fifty nursery polybags were seeded by using a new seeder and conventional manual procedures. Uniformity of the seed spacing in polybag was taken into account as visual observation and space measuring. The results revealed that the average time taken for seeding a single nursery polybag by the conventional manual seeding and the developed seeder were 13 s and 3 s respectively. The time saving by using a new seeder was 76% . Even seed distribution represented 88% of designed seeder when compared to 18% of conventional manual seeding. This reflects an explicit indication on the applicability of designed and developed nursery poly bag seeder for a cinnamon seeding process that helps to reduce uneven distribution by 85.36% compared to conventional method. The probability associated with the chi-square value of 49 represented a probability value of less than 0.001 indicating that there is a strong relationship between the seeding method and uniformity of seed in the polybag.

Keywords: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeyalanicum), Cinnamon nursery, Seeder,

Seeding method



Page | 21

Study on Relationship in between the Fiber Parameters and Strength Properties of

Selected Endemic Tree Species in Wet Zone Sri Lanka

V.K. Edirisinghe1*, P.L.A.G. Alwis1, and Nimal Ruwanpathirana2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Research, Development and Training, State Timber Corporation, Battaramulla. Sri Lanka


Abstract

Wooden products select naturally grown timber for most of their timber requirements. But the strength parameters of locally available endemic timber species are not available. In this study main objectives were to determine strength properties and find out the relationship in between the strength property and some fiber parameters of selected timber species. Different strength parameter tests were conducted in three point bending test, compression parallel to grain and also fiber parameter tests such as fiber length, runkel ratio tests were carrying out. In addition, physical property such as density was conducted. Wood samples of selected timber species were trimmed to prepare standard size and longitudinal, radial tangential axes were measured with a venire caliper. Using universal Testing machine, the samples were subjected to three point bending test and compression parallel to grain test. The fibers were extracted using the equal volume of the glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, boiling with the match sticks sized wood samples. The slides containing the cross section of the fibers and extracted fibers were prepared and observed. The microscopic images were taken and the dimensions were measured using a micro visible computer software program. The fiber dimensions as fiber wall thickness, fiber cell thickness, lumen diameter, fiber length were measured. Factor analysis was performed and from which three factors were identified to determine the strength index for selected samples. There is a significant correlation (p value = 0.031) between the strength index and density. Strength index and the timber density have a positive relationship except in few species which are having some special anatomical properties. Keywords: Density, Fiber parameters, Strength property

Soil, Water & Environment

URSAE 2020



Page | 22

Community Participation in Village Scale Groundwater Monitoring and

Management: A Case Study in Karainagar Island of Jaffna

S.R. Anojan1*, S. Wijetunga1 and N. Sriskandarajah2 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

2 Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden


Abstract

The study is done to examine the feasibility of making specific policy structure, functions and management of groundwater user group – Karainagar island in one of the tribal Islands of Jaffna peninsula (in Jaffna district, Sri Lanka). This paper reports the findings of the collective action undertaken by the villagers of Karainagar island in the monitoring of water resources for agricultural and domesticable uses and the outlook of their sense on sustainable water resource management. This study was conducted based on public participatory and citizen science approach, using standard fieldwork research techniques like water table monitoring, convergent interviews, and focused group discussions among the experimental (20 households of Karainagar) and controlled (Agrarian Service Centre and Young Farmers Club) groups of the study area. Selected water quality parameters (EC, pH and Nitrate) were recorded in selected wells (represent the area) for three months (November to February). According to the EC measurement, most of wells showed high EC that is not suitable for drinking. However, during rainy periods, EC of several wells was reduced. According to the pH, water in wells are suitable for drinking (except well K5). Nitrate levels in agricultural areas showed high level of nitrate. However, discussions with the residents revealed that there is the possibility to make a significant change in the quality of life of the water user group by a participatory approach in the study area. It may be concluded that such introduced citizen science approach is needed to strengthen capacity building for providing a scientific basis for village level groundwater dialogue and assist village communities and other stakeholders to improve their decision-making regarding groundwater use, crop selection, agronomy, recharge strategies and other aspects of sustainable groundwater management.

Keywords: Capacity building, Citizen science, Groundwater, Participatory approach



Page | 23

Development of Biochar Using Hotel Sewage Sludge and Its Application for Aqueous

Cadmium Removal

R.M.A.D. Buddhika1*, M.M.M.G.P.G. Mantilaka2, D.D.T.T.D. Senarathna3, K.H.D.N.

Abeysooriya3 and S. Wijetunga1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2 Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

The hotel industry is considered to be one of the main sources of sewage generation. Sewage sludge or the by-products of wastewater treatment is a mixture of water, inorganic and organic materials removed from wastewater coming from various sources through physical, biological, and/or chemical treatments. Cadmium is a non-essential heavy metal available in water sources accumulated through both natural phenomenon and anthropogenic activities. In this study, we developed a biochar from hotel sewage sludge and evaluated its applicability to remove aqueous cadmium ions. The biochar was synthesized by pyrolyzing the sewage sludge in oxygen free environment, and then, it was first characterized to identify the pH, EC, total solid, Total fixed solid (TFS) and total volatile solid (TVS). Furthermore, characterization of the synthesized biochar was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), particle size analyser, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX) to identify the adsorption properties. The cadmium removal efficiency of synthesized nanoparticles was tested with different concentrations of cadmium solutions, pH levels, adsorbent dosages, and contact times. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy was used to analyse the cadmium concentrations in water samples. The results were pH (5.46), EC (1270µs/cm), Total solid (55mg/ml), TFS (14mg/ml), and TVS (41mg/ml). The maximum cadmium removal percentage of 100% was obtained with 50 mL of 25 mgL-1 cadmium solutions at 0.15 g of the synthesized biochar. It can be concluded that produced biochar can be used for removing cadmium ions in water to desirable levels as a means for controlling cadmium related health issues while controlling the sewage sludge in a sustainable manner. Keywords: Adsorption, Biochar, Heavy metal, Sewage sludge




Page | 24

Evaluating the Properties of Commercially Available Antiscalants and Their Impacts

on Reverse Osmosis Discharge Water

S. Sivasubramaniyam1*, S. Sayanthan2, P. Kunasingam2, C.P. Rupasinghe1 and B.

Ketheesan3 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka 3Department of Civil Engineering. Faculty of Engineering, University of Jaffna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Usage of antiscalant is highly common in reverse osmosis plant as it has great

advantage in preventing the scale occurrence thus it improves the performance of

operation. However, studies evaluating the properties and impact of antiscalants on

environment and living organisms not much inaugurated. From the reverse osmosis

process, only 50 to 80 % of water can be converted into drinkable quality and excess

20 to 30 % of water containing antiscalants and other chemicals are discharged to the

environment. This study was to analyze the physical and chemical properties of

various commercially available antiscalants and to assess their impact on ecosystem

when discharge into the environment. Most of the commercially available

antiscalants are acidic with values vary from 2 to 4 but antiscalants with alkaline

property also can be found such as antiscalant B with 10.8 pH. When release the

antiscalants into the environment, antiscalant A, C and D contain respectively 19.1 X

10-6 kg m-3 of nitrate, 1.5 X 10-3 kg m-3 of sulphate and 1.40 X 10-6 kg m-3 of phosphate.

These amounts are alarmingly high in compare with International Water Quality

Standards. Bioassay test was conducted using Azolla pinnata in synthetically produced

discharge water contaminated with antiscalant. Azolla pinnata absorption value was

measured by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. When the concentration of the antiscalants

is increasing, absorption value of chlorophyll that extracted by 80 % of acetone was

continuously fallen, thus it shows that chlorophyll content will reduce with the

increment of concentration of the antiscalants. Percentage of absorption reduction

observed from antiscalants type A, B, C and D respectively 46.54%, 26.21%, 31.08%

and 30.22%. Absorption reduction of acidic antiscalants A and C are comparatively

high with other two antiscalants. The absorption rate was decreasing throughout the

observation period of four weeks, which proves that antiscalants are persistence for

long time in waterbody. Though negative impacts of antiscalants on environment and

living organisms are significantly high, need of antiscalants in reverse osmosis

operation is inevitable. Therefore, impacts of antiscalants on reverse osmosis

membrane and discharged water should be assessed further.

Keywords: Antiscalant, Azolla pinnata, Discharge water, Property test



Page | 25

Appraising the impact of Energy Poverty on Thermal Comfort of Internally Displaced

Persons’ (IDP) Houses in Sri Lanka

Keerththana Kumareswaran1*, I. Rajapaksha2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agric. Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Department of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Global temperature is to rise by 2 oC producing millions of climate migrants and destitute by 2050. Massive rehabilitation programme are running ahead over a decade without prioritizing climate change and thermal comfort. Synchronized energy poverty and thermal comfort are making the life questioned for the IDPs around the world. Sri Lanka, an emerging heat island ranking second in the Global Climate Risk Index in 2019 not yet prioritized the health and wellbeing of the households in building designing. An enormous proportion of 41.3 million IDPs are recorded by the end of 2018. Such vulnerable, socially deprived human groups are more susceptive to the impacts of the extreme temperatures and are not prioritizing physical comfort over the other. Thus, they perceive overheated environments as thermally comfortable. IDP is a less interested area in South Asia. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the presence of thermal comfort, energy poverty and associated adaptive behaviors for cooling in naturally ventilated residences in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Onsite field studies are consisting of personal monitoring, questionnaire surveys and physical measurements in four clusters of rehabilitation programme in four regions. Results explicitly prove the presence of overheated interiors. Mean thermal sensation of 0.86 with a mean thermal preference of - 0.6 informs the need for cooler interiors. Mean neutral temperature of residents is 28.19°C. The severity of heat stress is shown using simple direct and complex indices and agreed with the limitation in the application of PMV model in free running residences in tropics. WBGT index portrayed 90% (28-31oC) of the households as facing a higher risk of heat stress while remaining 10% (>31oC) are in hazardous situation. Further demonstrates the presence of hidden energy poverty condition, determining 52 kWh household-1 month-1 as mean electricity consumption which is significantly lower than the national mean and set threshold level. Though electricity has a low impact in their budget (2%) majority of (86.4%) of households consume less than 90 kWh while 58.8% consume less than 60 kWh. Access to clean cooking fuel is only 29%. Thus, the study evidenced the presence of overheated interiors and energy poverty in the IDPs households in hot and humid tropics of Sri Lanka. Keywords: Adaptive behaviour, Energy poverty, Heat stress, Internally displaced

person, Thermal comfort



Page | 26

A Study on Shrinkage Reduction of Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as a

Construction Material

I.U. Wedage1*, G.Y. Jayasinghe1, R.U. Halwathura2 and G.A.H.H. Galkanda2 1Department of Agric. Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Mapalana, Sri Lanka 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Drinking water treatment plant sludge which contains suspended solids, coagulants and process control chemicals is an inevitable waste product from drinking water purification process. Generation rate of sludge is escalating in larger volumes with ever increasing potable water demand due to rapid population growth and urbanization which creates an alarming concern among general public. Several environmentally friendly alternative disposal options have been introduced by researchers in civil and environmental engineering as opposed to current practice, landfilling. But higher shrinkage potential has been identified as the main obstacle to direct utilization of this sludge. This study was conducted to determine mixing ratios which show the optimum shrinkage reduction by using sand and natural fibers separately as physical additives. Coir fiber, bagasse fiber, banana fiber and fine sand (≤300µm) were selected for the study. Sand percentages were varied between 5%-70% for sludge and sand mixtures. Natural fibers were mixed from 1% to 10% by total weight. Mixtures were poured into 7 cm × 7 cm × 7 cm steel moulds and cubes were unmolded after 7 days. Three dimensional measurements were taken and volumetric shrinkage was calculated until constant value was obtained. According to the results volumetric shrinkage significantly decreased with increasing sand and natural fiber percentages. Mixing ratios which show minimum shrinkage of sludge can be used to further develop it as a value-added raw material in order to produce a construction material which will be an environmentally sustainable solution for sludge disposal.

Keywords: Drinking water treatment sludge, Natural fiber, Shrinkage, Sustainability,

Waste disposal



Page | 27

Development of University-Industry Platform Towards Resilience on Tropical-

Agroecosystem: Consortium Perspectives on Impediments and Expectations

I.U Rodrigo1*, G.Y. Jayasinghe1, C. Liyanage2 and H.A.C. Priyankara1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2School of Engineering, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom


Abstract

Agroecosystems play a vital role in fulfilling the food demand and ensuring food security of the growing population. The functionality and the stability of agroecosystems are frequently subjected to the effects of climate change, global warming, natural disasters, and pest and disease attacks and by poor farming practices. These impacts are highly affected on tropical agroecosystems, when compared to other climatic regions in the world. Universities have the responsibility to address this issue by conducting research and development activities and through innovations, when considering the current scenario; the involvement is not satisfactory to make such transformations. Developing university-industry platform is an essential path towards building resilience in tropical agroecosystem. Hence the present research was undertaken to identify the essentials needed to develop a strong University-Industry platform where both parties can engage in activities towards building resilience on tropical agroecosystems. Sri Lankan universities which have given prominence to agricultural subjects and industries relate to agriculture, food and beverage, consumer goods manufacturing and construction were purposively selected for the study. Primary data were collected from 55 academics from 5 universities and 30 industry representatives from 14 industries with the use of two different questionnaires. Wilcoxon signed rank test, mean rankings and descriptive statistical tools were employed to analyse the data. More than 50% of academics and industry representatives are participated in collaborative activities towards building resilience on tropical agroecosystems, but both universities and industries are not satisfied with the priorities given and strategies implemented by them to develop university-Industry Collaboration (UIC) towards agroecosystem-based resilience. The study reveals that the availability of policies, resources and involvement of the government is lacking to strengthen the UIC and also provides the recommendations and suggestions to the top hierarchy of the university and industry to develop UIC towards building resilience on tropical agroecosystems.

Keywords: Resilience, Tropical agroecosystems, University-Industry collaboration




Page | 28

Tertiary Treatment of Hotel Wastewater by Reverse Osmosis for Water Reuse;

A Case Study at Le Grand Hotel, Galle

K.D. Nilakshi1*, S. Wijethunga1 and A.P.P. Senevirathna2 1Departmentof Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Sri Lanka 2Enviroplus Engineers (Pvt) Ltd, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Demand for city water supply by industrial sector is rising drastically. Hotels consume a huge amount of water for their operational and recreational practices. Thus, the demand for water in the hotels is difficult to achieve by the city water supply. Hence, the reuse of treated wastewater (WW) after tertiary treatment can reduce the fresh water demand and this treated WW can be used for non-potable water consumption. In this study we attempted to evaluate a reverse osmosis (RO) system for the treatment of secondary treated wastewater (after rotating biological contactor) to reuse in boilers and cooling towers in Le Grand Hotel, Galle. Based on the flow rate and total dissolved solids (TDS) of secondary treated water, the RO plant was designed using Hydranautics Nitto software. Designed RO plant was installed and evaluated the treatment efficiency for three months. Samples were taken after RBC and RO and they analysed for COD and TDS. According to the results, COD removal was 100% by the RO while TDS removal was 95%. The statistical analysis showed that the quality of tertiary treated water (COD and TDS) significantly lower than the reference values given by the central environmental authority. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the tertiary treated water through reverse osmosis can easily be used for boilers and cooling towers for steam-making and chilling processes reducing the demand for fresh water.

Key words: Reverse osmosis, Tertiary Treatment, Total dissolved solids, Wastewater



Page | 29

Development of Capacity Building Framework to Integrate Education on

Agroecosystem Based Resilience at Higher Educational Institutes in Sri Lanka

D.H. Hettiarachchi*, H.A.C. Priyankara and G.Y. Jayasinghe Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Hundreds of millions of farmers all over the world are confronted with growing uncertainty due to gradual changes and instant fluctuations in external drivers associated with demography, climate, market values for inputs and products, policies, and geo-political conflicts. Among all, climate change poses a remarkable challenge on agricultural systems functioning across the globe. Sri Lanka, being a developing island nation experiencing tropical climate patterns is highly susceptible to climate change impacts. In such a scenario, integrating education on agroecosystem-based resilience at higher educational institutes could provide an outstanding contribution towards building up resilience in agroecosystems of Sri Lanka. Therefore a semi-structured questionnaire was prepared in order to investigate the current extent of integration of education at higher educational institutes about ecological resilience building, to explore the prevailing policies and legislation, to evaluate the impact of socio-cultural factors, to identify the gaps and needs and finally to develop a “Capacity Building Framework” to integrate education on agroecosystem based resilience at higher educational institutes in Sri Lanka. Data collection was done covering both government and private higher educational institutes which already had agriculture-based background. 53 questionnaires were collected from direct interviewing members of academic staff using purposive sampling method. Collected data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that the current extent of integration of education, priorities given and strategies implemented so far, available infrastructure and funding at higher educational institutes are not providing sufficient capacity to build up resilience in agroecosystems in Sri Lanka. Besides, it emphasized that even there is a moderate impact of policies towards this issue; the real challenge was lack of implementation of the existing policies relevant to capacity building. Moreover, it was evident from the results, that there was a kind of unfamiliarity about the existing policies pertinent to capacity building even among the professionals of academic staff at higher educational institutes and it was highly recommended to raise awareness about the prevailing policies, so that higher educational institutes could pose a greater involvement for the relevant issue and could render a significant contribution. Keywords: Agroecosystems, Capacity Building, Framework, Higher Education,

Resilience



Page | 30

Review of Existing Green Building Criteria Towards Sustainability: A Case Study in a

Middle Scale Apparel Industry

K.F.R.V. Nishshanka1*, C.P. Rupasinghe1 and T. Chaminda2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract

The green building (GB) concept is gradually gaining momentum in Sri Lanka. Green Building Council of Sri Lanka (GBCSL) is the Sri Lanka’s leading authority on implementing the green concept and GB practices. GBCSL has set a green rating system to evaluate newly constructed GB and to evaluate existing GB. There is no doubt, new GBs perform sustainability at every endeavor, because they are inherently taking shape for sustainability such as planning level. But the existing GB there is no pre-decided plan and there are only green strategies are applied to an existing building. Therefore, building owners are hesitate go for existing GB. Therefore, this study provides certain guidance for building owners to choose green building concept for the improvements of their existing buildings. Hence middle scale apparel industry which was certified under GBCSL for existing GB category was selected. The tasks they were practiced under GBCSL rating system was reviewed to find out whether they could be achieved sustainability or not. Here incremental cost was evaluated and incremental benefits were evaluated relevant with environmental approach, social approach and economical approach. Data were collected through field surveys, interviews, literature reviews and using questionnaires. The company was able to save 50% of the water through the green applications yet they could not be able save energy by following criteria of GBCSL. Hence, I recommend establishing roof solar panel for efficient energy usage. There is about 0.0018 KgCO2e Earned Minute-1, CO2 emission has been reduced with the green retrofitting. There is no considerable economic benefit to compute at this factory. The findings show that having a correct vision is very important rather than doing sudden arrangements, for getting this kind of certificates. Employees of this industry were satisfied with most retrofit activities and they had drawback about the non-visibility of the outdoor environment while working. Employee questionnaire survey results and comment session show that there is no substantial awareness among employees about the GB concept.

Keywords: Green Building, Green rating system, Sustainability



Page | 31

Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature in Colombo in the Context of Climate Change

R. Shahana1*, C.M. Navaratne1, M. Rajendran2 and Jeyawardena3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Srilanka. 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Batticaloa, Sri Lanka 3Department of Meteorology, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Climate change affects every country in positive or negative, depending on the

geographical region. Analysis of climate variables becomes vital to assess climate

induced changes and to suggest feasible adaptation strategies, particularly and to

mitigate the impacts of extreme weather hazards. Colombo is one of the major city in

Sri Lanka. Managing the water for sustainable development has become great

challenge to the water managers due to erratic rainfall distribution in Colombo which

is the capital city of Sri Lanka. In the above context, the present study was aimed to

analysis the spatio-temporal variations in rainfall distribution in Colombo district.

Historical rainfall data for 31years from three gauging stations; Colombo, Rathmalana

and Awissawella were subjected to both mathematical and statistical analysis. In

addition, annual trends of rainfall and temperature, meteorological drought

conditions and recent changes in rainfall distribution were studied. Rainfall

distribution in the study area showed high spatio-temporal variations. Awissawella

showed highest mean annual rainfall of 3696mm. Mean annual and monsoonal

rainfall of Colombo and Rathmalana were 2331 mm and 2451 mm, respectively.

Severe dry condition was observed in 2011 in Colombo, but Awissawella shows severe

dry such in 1994 and 2007. Extreme dry condition was observed at both Colombo

and Awissawella in 1986. Rainfall distribution showed cyclic pattern over the time in

all regions. However, amount of rainfall received in the recent years was higher than

immediate past decade in all regions. Taking proper management decisions based on

rainfall distribution pattern is necessary for efficient management of water while

ensuring sustainable development.

Keywords: Climate Change, Dry, Rainfall, Water



Page | 32

Investigate the Impacts of Effluent Water of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Plants on Soil

Chemical Parameters in Vavuniya District

V. Yathurshiga1*, G.Y. Jayasinghe1 and S. Saravanan2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2National Water Supply & Drainage board, Vavuniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Groundwater is used widely all over today's Sri Lanka. In present days ground water quality decreases due to many factors according to the estimations of previous studies. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the membrane treatment system. This system introduced in many places specially CKDu affected areas in Vavuniya District. But RO effluent water has high concentrations of ions. Effluent water is directly discharged on soil surface. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyse the impacts of RO effluent water on soil chemical parameters of selected RO plant sites in Vavuniya District. It is a timely requirement to find out the penetration and adding of chemical properties on soil and measure the change of soil chemical parameters in different depth and find out effluent water quality. This research was conducted on RO plant sites located Rajenthirankulam, Sooduventhapilavu and Periyaulukkulam GN Division in Vavuniya District. Samples were collected once a month from November 2019 to February 2020. Influent water, effluent water samples and soil samples in different depths (16.5 cm, 33 cm and 50 cm) were collected and corresponding pH, EC, Fluoride and Hardness were measured. The measured parameters were statistically analysed using ANOVA and paired t test. With time, there was a significant vertical wise change were observed in selected parameters of soil samples in three RO plant sites. Significant seasonal variations were observed in selected parameters of influent (ground) water. Effluent water also changes with influent water pattern of selected chemical parameters with the time. Long term disposal of effluent water may cause increase the level of EC, Fluoride and Hardness of soil. Effluent water of RO plants directly discharged on soil surface has a significant environmental consideration according to the estimation. High salt contents in effluent with elevated levels of ions can reduce the soil quality. Consequently, regulations and polices related to effluent water chemical composition and concentrate disposal must be implemented to remediate the impacts.

Key words: Effluent water, Influent water, Reverse osmosis, Soil and Water quality

parameters



Page | 33

Assessment and Improvement of Environmental Performances of Packaging in the

Sri Lankan Apparel Industry

I.G.H.M.K.D. Herath1*, D.G.G.P. Karunarathne2, V.R. Sena Pieris3, S.M.W.T.P.K.

Ariyarathne2 and C.P. Rupasinghe1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 3Business and Industry Development Services, Athurugiriya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Use of plastic and other non-renewable, non-biodegradable materials has resulted in many environmental and sustainability issues. Analysing their real impacts and identifying sustainability hotspots in the life cycle of the packaging material is one important step to identify possible solutions. This study focuses on the packaging waste generated from the apparel sector and studies their environmental impacts. Based on information obtained from three leading apparel companies in Sri Lanka, this study reflects the current packaging practices in the sector. The study is based on three types of packaging; primary, secondary and tertiary packaging used in these companies in 2019. The present situation was analysed based on the quantitative data obtained from the three companies and a simple Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the packaging bags of High-Density Polyethene (HDPE), Low-Density Polyethene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polylactide (PLA) and Corrugated cartons with the intention of analysing and assessing the environmental impacts of them. The production, transportation and disposal life cycle stages were considered for the LCA and SimaPro 9.0.0. software was used for the study. As Impact Assessment (IA) method of “ReCiPe 2016” represents the global scale instead of the European scale, this method was selected as the IA method and global warming (GW), ozone depletion (OD), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE) were the selected impact categories (IC). Normalization results indicate that the GW impact category stands as the highest environmental impact for the LDPE (2.7 kg CO2 eq), HDPE (2.81 kg CO2 eq) and PP (1.7 kg CO2 eq) while indicating negative impact in the FE. There is a positive impact on FE (4.08×10-2 kg PO4

3- eq) for the corrugated carton rather than the other impact categories as a result of 50% of cartons are assumed to be landfill at the End-of-Life. IA result of the bio-degradable packaging also accounts the highest impact for the FE as it uses fertilisers for the crop growing. According to the comparison made between the LDPE and bio-degradable packaging, OD, TA and FE values are high for the biodegradable packaging while GW and FE are high at LDPE packaging.

Keywords: Apparel industry, Lifecycle impact assessment, Sustainable packaging



Page | 34

Development of Greensl® Labelling System Version 2.0 for Sustainable Building

Materials and Products

R.M. Nayomi Madhushika1*, G.Y. Jayasinghe1 and Ranjith Dissanayake2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Green Building Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Building product manufacturing industry accounts for potential environmental impacts to certain extent in each and every stage. Those environmental impacts could be able to reduce up to certain extent by encouraging relevant manufacturers to qualify their product with an “eco-label” which assesses products’ environmental, social, and economical performance under a set of pre-determined criteria. The purpose of this research was to update and develop a framework for sustainable building materials and products under GREENSL® Labelling System (GLS). As a country, we should have our own labelling for building products, though criteria given in eco-labelling systems which are from other countries, due to they may not comply with local conditions. Suitable criteria to achieve this goal has been developed by following steps; (a) development of sub criteria, (b) identification of supportive documents that could be submitted as evidences and (c) allocated points for each criterion. Identification of those criteria based on information obtained from other eco labelling schemes such as Blue Angel, Green Pro, Hong Kong etc. and reviewing the literature on building materials. The developed set of criteria included 10 main criteria with 25 sub criteria and 6 mandatory requirements. Ten main criteria developed were; management, raw materials and chemicals, manufacturing process, product characteristics, waste management and emission control, life cycle approach, GHG management, product stewardship, health and safety and eco-innovation and awards. Each and every criteria and sub-criteria have been provided points out of 100. Applicants could be rated their products as certified if they obtained 40-49 points, silver for 50-59, gold for 60-69 or platinum for 70 or above. Finally, an evaluation was conducted for Nippon paints (PVT) Ltd and Macsons paints (PVT) Ltd using developed framework by considering only common processes practiced by both. It was revealed that Nippon paints could get higher marks than Macsons paints. The major reason was Nippon paints have proper waste management system and proactive approaches for energy efficiency improvements. Therefore, the newly developed system will provide a decision support for the customers for selecting more sustainable construction products at the market without any doubt.

Keywords: Criteria, Eco Label, Sustainable building materials and products




Page | 35

Study the Impacts of Land Use Changes on Inundation Occurrence in Bolgoda Basin

B.L.N. Nadeeshani1*, C.M. Navarathne1, S.D. Herath2 and R.U.K. Piyadasa2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Mathara, Sri Lanka 2Department of Environmental Technology, University of Colombo, Malabe, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Flood or inundation is the most frequent natural hazard in Sri Lanka. It influences hugely on social, economic and environmental sustainability of country, altering urban land use. Land use changes are unavoidable but the consequent impacts can be minimized by managing it properly. The study was conducted to determine land use changes during last few decades in Bolgoda Basin. Community perceptions towards the influence of land use changes on inundation frequency, duration, area and depth along with overall environmental and socio-economic aspects of inundation and other environmental issues related to the area also were investigated. Classified NDVI (Normalized-Difference-Vegetation-Index) maps using GIS (Geographical-Information-System), community workshops and pocket meetings using a questionnaire prepared by ODK (Open-Data-Kit) Build and ODK Collect tools were utilized for data collection. Maps were prepared to examine land use changes and field surveys to investigate inundation changes and other related matters in all affected Grama-Niladhari Divisions. According to the results, built-up areas were increased by 5671 ha while total vegetation cover (including forest, agriculture and grassland), barren lands and water body were decreased by 4345 ha, 1113 ha and 212 ha respectively during 1989-2019. Inundation frequency, duration and area were increased with the time gradually while depth is not showing gradual increase. Water stagnation level is high around South Lake and inundation is highly forced by accumulation of storm water than stream overflows. Inundation frequency, duration and area have increased gradually when increasing built-up areas by compromising vegetation cover. Inundation depth has not increased gradually when increasing built-up areas. Inundation frequency, duration and area have shown strong positive correlation (r=0.981) with built-up areas meanwhile inundation depth is showing weak positive correlation (r=0.254). These findings will be emphasized the need of public awareness and land use plans relating to urban planning in order to achieve sustainable development. Keywords: Built-up areas, Community perceptions, Inundation, Vegetation cover



Page | 36

Investigation of Students’ Sustainable Consumption, Green Behaviour and

Environmental Education Towards Building Sustainable Environment: A Case Study

in Secondary Education in Matara District, Sri Lanka

S.P.P.A.M. Rathnayake1*, C. Priyankara1, C.M. Nawarathne1 and S.B. Nawartahne2 1Department of Agric. Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Mathara, SriLanaka 2Department of Food science and Technology, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Global warming, pollution and climate change are interrelated global environmental issues that give more adverse impacts to the world. In order to overcome such impacts at school level environmental education has been introduced to school syllabus to enhance the pleasant attitudes towards the environment by students. The present research was undertaken to investigate the current context of syllabus, students’ behaviour and their influencing factors to conserve the environment. Two structured questionnaires were used to conduct the survey research.120 students and 30 teachers which were randomly selected from three schools in Matara district, Sri Lanka. Standard statistical tools such as Wilcoxon- signed rank test, Chi-Square Test and weighted average method were used to analyse data. The results of the study showed that students like to study environmental related subjects and they were aware of environmentally friendly matters. The relationship between students’ environmental knowledge and the green behavior was also investigated. The results showed that students’ main sources of environmental information were social media, electronic media, parents and text books. The research is focused on improving environmental education of students. By increasing student participation in environment friendly will help to activities to develop their attitude and behaviors on environment. Keywords: Environmental education, Environmental knowledge, Green attitude,

Green behaviors, Sustainable consumption



Page | 37

Analysis of Rainfall Variation, and Drought Occurrence in Ampara District using

Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)

M.M.F. Sharafa* and C.M. Navaratne Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Richness of water decides the survival of all living creatures on the earth. Rainfall is the significant weather parameter that influences the economy especially to a country like Sri Lanka which is an agriculture-based economy. Ampara is an agriculture related district particularly paddy cultivation is prominent so that this study targets the Analysis of rainfall variation, and drought occurrence in Ampara district using Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). In present days annual average rainfall fluctuates from year to year. According to the seasonal rainfall analysis, the contribution of North East monsoon, South West monsoon, first inter monsoon and second inter monsoon to total rainfall were determined. For this study, thirty-nine years (1980-2018) of daily rainfall data and paddy production data were collected from the Department of Meteorology in Colombo and Agrarian Service centers and department of irrigation in Ampara district respectively. For the drought analysis, Monthly rainfall data were derived from the daily rainfall records. Standard formulas used to analyse the data in excel worksheet. Extracted data from January to December for a period of six years (2014-2019) continuously, used to compute Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for one month, three months, six months, nine months and 12 months scale. According to the seasonal rainfall analysis, North East monsoon and second inter monsoon fulfil the 77.43% and first inter monsoon and South West monsoon provide 22.57% from the total rainfall. According to the SPI values, drought occurrence and wet periods were determined in the study area. With the help of SPI values selected study area is ranging from slightly dry to slightly wet (-0.99 to 0.99). According to the analysis of relationship between drought and paddy production, Drought do not severely affect the paddy production in Ampara district due to the supplementary irrigation. Keywords: Monsoon, Rainfall variation, SPI



Page | 38

Air Quality Assessment and Relationship Between Ambient Air Pollution with Socio-

economic and Metrological Attributes in Galle Urban Area

D.S. Gunasekara1*, H.D.S. Premasiri2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Environmental studies and Services Division, National Building Research Organization, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Air pollution is a crucial problem all around the world due to its silent and invisible nature of spreading. Even though air pollution is a common problem for both developed and developing countries, it has become more critical in case of developing countries due to their unplanned urbanization and industrialization. Hence Air Quality (AQ) monitoring programs have emerged worldwide. In this research study AQ status of Galle urban area which is a popular tourist destination in Sri Lanka, was revealed and an online air quality monitoring system was introduced to the area. For AQ assessment both passive and active monitoring protocols were utilized. Monthly Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide levels were determined with the use of Ogawa passive samplers for a period of three months and particulate matter levels (PM2.5 and PM10) were measured by using a real time air quality monitoring sensor unit for a period of 14 days. Monthly average SO2 levels of the area did not exceed the WHO SO2 guideline level of 20 µg m-3. But monthly average level of NO2 in December exceeded the WHO guideline value of NO2 (40 µgm-3) showing a higher NO2 level of 48.5 µg m-3. Average daily PM2.5 level was higher than the WHO recommended standard value of 25 µgm-3 throughout the study period. PM10 concentrations were exceeding the WHO reference level of 50 µg m-3 in the first (53.86 µg m-3), third (53.02 µgm-3), eleventh (59.75 µgm-3) and twelfth (50.81 µgm-3) days. The relationships of PM2.5 and PM10 with temperature and relative humidity (RH) were not statistically significant. But the relationships between hourly vehicular flow with PM2.5 and PM10 were statistically significant (α=0.05). It was concluded that the prevailing PM2.5 value of the area was not within the safe range and the increased number of vehicles in the fleet exacerbate the PM levels in the atmosphere.

Keywords: Air Quality (AQ), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2)




Page | 39

A Study of Land Suitability Assessment for Agricultural Development in Waikkaala

Area

J.A.C.J. Thillakarathne1*, R.U.K. Piyadasa2, H.M.M.S.D. Herath2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agric Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Environmental Technology Faculty of Technology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Degradation of Agricultural suitable land is one of the major critical problems affecting the future economic development of Sri Lanka. This study was conducted to assess land suitability for agricultural development in Waikkaala area. The study was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020. Eighteen ground water samples were collected monthly at selected points which selected according to the systematic sampling method. Soil samples were collected at 8 sample points which selected according to the systematic sampling method at different depths. Surface water samples were collected at purposely selected 7 sampling points. In situ field testing of electron conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved soil (TDS) in water samples were carried out and laboratory tests were performed for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3

2-

. Testing of pH, EC, organic matter content, moisture content and soil texture of soil samples were carried out in laboratory. ArcGIS was used to analysis and prepare spatial distribution maps of water and soil. Semi structured questionnaire survey was conducted in research area for people’s perception for agriculture, soil, and water in this area. In order to appraise the level of ground water and surface water stress for agriculture, water quality index was implemented .The result of the study revealed that unsuitable (WQI>100) surface water quality for agriculture purposes can be observed in all sample points and suitable but poor (100>WQI>50) ground water quality can be observed in more than 85% land areas. Upper part of the study area was affected with soil acidity condition. Salinity affect was responsible for the degradation of agricultural lands. However, the study area had higher potential to cultivate various fruit varieties for agricultural development.

Keywords: GIS, Soil quality, Water quality



Page | 40

A Study of Flood Vulnerability Related to Rapid Urbanization in Kalu Oya Region

M.T.D.A.L. Perera1*, R.U.K. Piyadasa2, H.M.M.S.D. Herath2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Sri Lanka has been experiencing negative effects of flood disaster which effect to social, economic, and environmental sectors during the past decade. According to previous statistical records, individuals who live in urbanized areas are highly vulnerable to flood and faced with flood disasters once a year or many times in some years. Liable authorities face many difficulties when identifying communities susceptible to flood that would cause to make complications to implement resettlement programs and flood mitigation programs. Hence, the main purpose of this research was to develop a flood model to identify flood-prone areas, in the Kalu Oya region. GIS-based approaches to identify inundation locations and consider effects based on different flooding scenarios was employed during this study. To find out the flooding extent and inundation depth, flood frequency analysis was done by using annual maximum water level from the river gauges in the Kalu Oya region. By using the derived water levels for the different return periods, inundation locations in the Kalu Oya region were identified through the GIS-based terrain analysis based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) along with a set of raster analysis tools. To verify the results of the analysis questionnaire survey was employed. This approach collects information on the frequency of flood, the extent of inundation and flood levels through the Open Data Kit (ODK) software. The result of each method was revealed through series of detailed maps (as GIS layers) and summarized tables, that showing the inundation locations according to the different return periods and detail analysis of flood effect considering different criteria.

Keywords: Flood, Kalu Oya region, Urbanization.




Page | 41

Public Perception and Spatial Variation on Ambient Air Quality Levels in Kurunegala

Municipal Council Area

S.K. Keshani1*, H.D.S. Premasiri2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agriculture Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Environmental Studies and Services Division, National Building Research Organization, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Air quality has become a global issue due to its critical health and environmental hazards. Vehicular emissions, rapid industrialization and urbanization are known to be the main contributing factors for the air pollution. Air quality monitoring is essential for detecting air pollution levels in urban areas. Kurunegala is one of the major cities in Sri Lanka, which links several main roads of the country and leads to vulnerable conditions to increase air pollution. Therefore, objectives of this study were (a) to evaluate the SO2, NO2 and particulate matter (PM) concentrations on ambient air in selected locations in Kurunegala municipal council area, (b) to calculate Air Quality Index (AQI) to identify the pollutant level of ambient air in selected study sites and (c) to identify public perception and awareness regarding the air pollution. In this research, ambient NO2 and SO2 concentrations were measured by passive air sampling techniques and particle matter concentrations were measured by installation of real-time air quality monitoring sensors at selected locations in Kurunegala municipal council area. Evaluation and comparison of PM, SO2, NO2 concentrations and questionnaire survey were analysed by using suitable statistical approaches and software. Results of the study indicated that main bus stand of Kurunegala having significantly high concentrations of SO2 and NO2, while other areas having low concentrations. Relatively high PM concentration observed at Dambullu road area and low concentrations of PM could observed at Puttlam road and Colombo road area. AQI was calculated by using mean PM concentration values in air sampling locations indicated through Puttlam road and Colombo road areas with good air quality levels under the AQI category of below 50 and Dambullu road area with moderate air quality level under the AQI category of 51-100. Public awareness on the air pollution was considerably low and majority of the people were affected with headaches after visit to Kurunegala town. According to public perception, vehicular emissions originating in urban areas are the main emission source in Kurunegala area.

Keywords: Air quality, Nitrogen dioxide, Particle matter, Public perception, Sulfur

dioxide


Precision Farming & SMART Agriculture

URSAE 2020



Page | 42

Design and Development of a Smart Camera Tool for Detecting Agro-Chemical Droplet Count in Plant Canopies W.M.R.H. Wickramasinghe1, L.H.M.C. Gunathilaka2 and B.M.S. Jinendra1* 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. 2Ministry of Agriculture, Monaragala, Sri Lanka


Abstract Detection of agro-chemical applied efficiency i.e. delivering of the correct dose of agro-chemicals to the target canopies, is done by droplet count and has become a vitally important aspect in smart farming systems to achieve cost effectiveness and the environmental benefits. There available techniques are expensive, sophisticated and come as integrated systems coupled into large machineries which are not viable solution for the Sri Lankan contest. Therefore, the present research attempted to design and develop smart handheld tool for the said purpose. A device was invented to perform data acquisition, storing, image processing and interpretation of data to yield the efficiency data to display the results. A Raspberry pi microprocessor and camera (8MP) which are connected to Arduino nano microcontroller through serial communication. Neo 6M GPS module was used to record GPS coordinates relevant to the respective image data. The system also with the user-friendly data uploading facility to local database including high capacity of sampling rates. Field test was performed by a banana plantation Kamburupitiya (6.066° N, 80.561° E) and potato plantation in Rathkarawuwa (6.798° N,80.896° E). Daconil and Mancozeb chemical were sprayed into banana and potato plant canopies by knapsack sprayers. Chemical droplets count on banana leaves were measured from 50 random sampling locations for each by using the both manual and developed smart camera device. Nearest-neighbor interpolation method was used to generate the map to identify the uniform chemical droplet distribution of the selected area. Paired T test was performed to assess the statistical significance. Results revealed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) of droplet count between manual and the developed smart device method. Highly significant positive linear relationship was observed for both Banana (R2=0.988) potato ((R2=0.967) according to the correlation analysis. Therefore, this study conclude that the potential possibility of using the developed smart camera tool for successful detection of agro-chemical droplet count from plant canopies. Keywords: Image processing, Nearest-neighbor interpolation, Raspberry pi, Smart farming



Page | 43

Design and Evaluation of UF System for the Treatment of Rubber Gloves Industry Wastewater- Case Study at Lalan Rubber (Pvt) Ltd in Seethawaka H.R.W.P. Bandara1, S. Wijethunga1* and S.P. Ranathunga2 1Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2S & I Water solution (Pvt) Ltd, Biyagama, Sri Lanka


Abstract Water is a limited natural resource that is crucial to the world’s social and economic growth. Lalan Rubber (Pvt) Ltd which is located in the Seethawaka Export Processing Zone requires a large volume of water for the production of latex-based gloves. The production capacity of the company cannot be increased due to the lack of available freshwater. The reuse of wastewater is one of the alternative solutions to improvement the production capacity. In this study, we attempted to reuse the wastewater generated from the second rinsing of rubber products after filtrations. The objectives of this study were to design and evaluate the ultrafiltration (UF) system, and to perform a cost-benefit analysis after installation of the plant. The flow rate and the selected properties (COD and TSS) of second rise water were measured and then the UF system was designed using a software (DOW Water Application Value Engine). The installed UF system was evaluated for three months using selected wastewater properties (BOD5, COD, TSS, pH, and turbidity). The cost and benefits were also determined. A two-sample paired T-test was done to check if there is a significant difference between raw and treated wastewater, and then water parameters were compared with reference values using a one-sample T-Test. The results showed that the UF system reduced BOD5, COD, TSS, and turbidity to 76.08%, 66.16%, 98.4%, and 97.24%, respectively. The treated water parameters were in the acceptable range for the glove manufacturing process. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that the cost of production of the UF plant was Rs 2,445,000 and it can be recovered within 186 days using the treated wastewater as inputs. It can be concluded that UF systems can be used as a treatment system for wastewater generated from rubber industries while using the treated water for the production lines (chlorination section) as freshwater. Keywords: Rubber gloves, Ultrafiltration, Wastewater, Wastewater treatment, Water quality




Page | 44

Development of Modular Sloping Green Roof Drip Irrigation System for Urban Eco Space N.C. Perera1*, R.U. Halwathura2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Sri Lanka 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Sri Lanka


Abstract Escalating global population and rapid urbanization are responsible for the rapid depletion of green spaces as well as natural environment degradation. Green roofs can be considered as one of the sustainable solutions that acts as a platform to preserve the equilibrium between green spaces and city construction. In this context, roof is an underutilized area of a building that is capable of integrating vegetative space and it subsequently creates a natural environment on a manmade structure. A green roof has many paybacks at economic, ecological and societal levels. Green roofs are part of climate-proof construction. The objectives of this study were (a) to generate a green roof retrofit module, which can convert existing sloping roofs into a green roof using Centella asiatica, leafy vegetable and (b) to develop an artificial green roof drip irrigation system to enhance the quality and quantity of ultimate yield of the plants. Vegetative roof tile system comprised with properly designed roof covering tiles (500 mm x 1000 mm x 25 mm). Entire vegetated tiles cover an area of 5 m length and 1m width of 28⁰ inclined roof. Watering for plants was done by using a single drip irrigation line installed at the top of the roof. In order to prove that plant being succeeded on the roof, plant growth evaluation was done once in a two weeks. Feeding entire roofing area with a single drip line is not effective and it stimulates to apply consecutive next feeding line to enhance plant growth up to their optimum level. After irrigating known amount of water from the top, soil moisture contents were measured by taking soil samples at 30 cm intervals along the length of the vegetated area. Moisture content of soil varying along the slope between optimum moisture content and wilting point for plant growth. Results reflect that the next adjacent irrigation line is 3 m away from top irrigation line. Conclusively, single drip irrigation line on this green roof only can irrigate length of 3 m on slope effectively. Keywords: Centella asiatica, Drip irrigation, Green roof




Page | 45

Effects of Vegetation Cover under Polycrystalline Solar Panels on Its Efficiency K.G.A.L. Ranasinghe1, C.P. Rupasinghe1* and G.D.K. Mahanama2

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka


Abstract Solar energy is a great potential renewable energy source and becoming most important energy source in future. Most important application of solar energy is producing electricity using solar panels. But the efficiency of polycrystalline solar panels is around 11-14%. Temperature is one of factor that have negative correlation with efficiency of solar panels. This research was carried out to identify the effects of vegetation cover under the polycrystalline solar panels on their efficiency. Amaranthus gangeticus and Ipomoea aquatica were used for the research. RCBD statistical design was used. Output direct current (DC), DC voltage, ambient temperature and solar luminous flux were measured and efficiency and radiation were calculated using that data. Data were collected from 8.00 to 16.00 during one-hour time intervals and data were collected for 15 days. Results of the research showed that there is a significant difference of voltage among three treatments and Amaranthus and Ipomoea have supported to increase output voltage more than control panels by 2.64% and 0.74% respectively. Only Amaranthus have showed a significant difference on output current compare to other treatments and there was not a significant difference between Ipomoea and control. Efficiency of solar panels with Amaranthus was significantly increased by 3.7% compared to control. Keywords: Current, Efficiency, Polycrystalline solar panel, Vegetation cover, Voltage




Page | 46

Design and Development of Double Top User-fix Grow Tunnel Package for Low Country Dry Zone of Sri Lanka R.P.G.D. Chathuranga1, K.K.L.B. Adikaram2, S.D. Gunawardena3 and B.M.S. Jinendra1* 1Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Computer unit, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 3Dialog Axiata PLC-Group Sustainability, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract Protected houses are a solution for reducing negative impacts due to pest, diseases, and adverse weather. However, in Sri Lanka, the adaptability is retarded due to higher initial cost and construction complications. Moreover, existing high diurnal temperatures in the low country tropical environment causes extreme temperature hike: for instance, the most popular barrel shape protected house elevating up to 8 C° or even 12 C° from the ambient inducing diseases and physiological disorders. Though many design attempts are reported, almost all end up with increasing the cost of construction and added operational overheads to the farmer. As such, present work has finalized and presented a complete component package to be purchased and assembled by an average farmer while achieving four objectives named, (1) easily fixable, (2) reduced heat buildup, (3) low cost and (4) scalability. The package comprises with complete set of Galvanized Iron (GI) box bars and all the relevant fixers, nut and bolt, to be used for the assembling of special double top design which promotes passive air circulation through convection. In this novel design, the growing area cubical (12.1 m x 7.31 m x 2.75 m: approximate 8650 cubic feet), which is to be covered all its five sides (four side wall and the first roof top) by insect proof net. All the GI bars from the side walls are extending from the first roof level of the cubical to 0.5 height to hold the second roof top (saw tooth type roof covered by UV treated polythene) forming a good ventilation space between the two roofs. The presented design reduces the total cost of construction including material and the labor by 40% while the time of installation by 35%. The design has also met the expected temperature reduction by keeping only 2C° to 3C° elevated temperature to the ambient while the conventional top vent design measured it between 3C° to 6C°. Moreover, the design was found to be with further scale up or down facility being the primary units of the model consisting 144 square foot, which allows flexible best fit innovative solution for the customers. Keywords: Affordable Protected House, Double top, Temperature Reduction, User-fix Grow Tunnel



Page | 47

Effects of Colour and Intensity of Lights on Growth and Development of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Vertical Tower Aeroponics for Home Gardening H.M.I.M. Herath1, P.P. Ruwanpathirana1, S. Wijayakumara2 and B.M. Jinendra1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Dialog Axiata PLC-Group Sustainability, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract Vertical farming systems have attracted the most attention in recent times due to its possibility in intensifying the crop cultivation under sustainable platforms. Vertical towers are among the most popular vertical systems in urban and peri-urban dwells as home gardening package that work as high efficient Aeroponics principles. However, as most of the home gardening in the urban areas are kept in balconies and corridors, full or partial lighting is a requirement. As such, the objective of the study was to assess the effect of quality versus intensity of LED light sources for producing crops in vertical systems. The experiment compared the yield performance of Red Green Butterhead Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in vertical tower aeroponics system under Red and Blue LED spectrum with low light intensity (2.5 k Lux) and conventional cool white LED with high intensity (25 k Lux). Lettuce seeds were germinated in 2.5 cmx2.5cm synthetic sponge cubes and transferred to the vertical tower after two weeks and kept under indoor gardening conditions. Commercially available Albert solution was used as the nutrient source for the plants. The system with four replicates kept under the solution pH and EC between 5.8 - 6.6 and 1.5 to1.8 ds m-1 respectively. Yield parameters, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights and sensory properties were measured at the harvesting stage. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The results revealed that the Lettuce grown in cool white light giving the best yield performances with significant difference (p<0.05) when it is compared to the plants grown under red and blue colour. Parallel study conducted with the same colour light types but with their same light intensities reported that the red and blue light combination is doing better than the cool white. These findings conclude that only the quality of light is insufficient itself for better plant growth unless it provides the enough light intensity. It is recommended for the study to find the lowest required intensity of red and blue combination as they consume very low amount of electricity. Keywords: Aeroponics, Grow lights, Sustainable agriculture, Vertical farming, Vertical tower




Page | 48

Artificial Intelligence Powered Low Cost Automated Mobile Monitoring Module for Container Gardening in Urban Areas P.B.H. Madhusanka1*, Prasad Piyasena2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Sri Lanka 2Institute of Development Administration (SLIDA), Colombo 07, Sri Lanka

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In the global context, food and resource utilization have been significant interests in the ongoing sustainability discussion. Sri Lanka being a country where agricultural sector contributes to a significant proportion of its economy, it is very crucial to identify the ability to increase the productivity to cater to the increasing Sri Lankan population, especially in the urban areas. The limited space and climate variability have led to the emergence of urban agriculture. Despite leading busy lifestyles, the residents in urban areas not only expect the harvest but also the aesthetic value associated with their indoor plantation. This has turned urban gardens to be smart, autonomous, and efficient with the trend towards interconnected devices. The main objective of this study was to build an Artificial Intelligence (AI) powered low cost, automated, mobile monitoring module for container gardening in urban areas. In building the device, several sensors and a base station connecting the cloud to the whole network are used. The system will track plants on a mobile device which has the capability of providing real-time updates on crops via the internet (Thinkspeak site). Moreover, automated planting helps to reduce human involvement in care of the plant. This is capable of tracking plants and can use the sensor data to ensure plants are able to maintain optimal growth conditions. This system built with NodeMCU ESP-32 has been designed and successfully examined during the study. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, NodeMCU ESP-32, Sustainability




Page | 49

Evaluation of Fresh-Cut Processing Technologies to Reduce Post- Harvest Loss of Jackfruit S.A. Adikary1, I.G.N. Hewajulige2* and C.P. Rupasinghe1 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2 Modern Research and Development Complex (MRDC), Industrial Technology Institute (ITI), Malabe, Sri Lanka


Abstract Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the popular crops in Sri Lanka. The market for fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has grown rapidly in worldwide. However enzymatic browning is the major limiting factor in fresh-cut immature jackfruit commercialization. This study was focused to extend the shelf life of the minimally processed immature jackfruit by preventing browning reaction. Immature jackfruits were processed into cubes and small pieces (2 mm), dipped in solution of citric acid (1%), ascorbic acid (1%) and their combination (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%), packed in 150 and 200 gauge polyethylene bags and stored at 3°C and 7°C for 5 days. After selecting the best acid treatment and proper storage temperature, 150 gauge polyethylene bags were selected based on color of the product. The quality parameters such as color, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), microbial counts and sensory quality were determined at 7°C temperature during storage. Color parameters indicated combination of the acid were more effective than individual acid treatment. pH and TSS values decreased but not significantly different. Microbial counts were below the recommended level of food regulations. The results of sensory evaluation suggested that the 5% acid combination for cubes and 1 % acid combinations for small pieces were more beneficial as it was effectively inhibiting browning of fresh-cut immature jackfruit for 5 days. Keywords: Ascorbic acid, Citric acid, Enzymatic browning, Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables




Page | 50

Performance Assessments of [Lettuce] Lactuca sativa Grown in NFT Hydroponics under UV Visible and NIR Spectrum Configurations for Indoor Gardening D.T. Senanayaka1, S. Wijayakumara2, B.M.S. Jinendra1* 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2Dialog Axiata PLC-Group Sustainability, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract

The major problem associated with adopting up-country temperate vegetables into low country tropical environment is the accumulation of heat in the protected environment. This leads low yields and crop failures due to various diseases and physiological disorders. Indoor gardening with artificial lighting is an attractive solution to the issue provided that the best light configuration is chosen. As such, yield performances were evaluated for Lettuce grown under three different light spectrum configurations for indoor gardening. They are (a.) full spectrum Red (620--660nm); Blue (440-460 nm); and IR (730 nm);White (3500 K;6000 K) UV (380 nm), (b) Red (620-660 nm); Blue (440-460 nm) and (c) regular cool white Batten T5 (3500 K;6000 K), comes as light-emitting diode. Yield parameters were evaluated by two different Lettuce species Green coral and Red coral. The lettuce seeds were germinated in 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm synthetic sponge cubes under-protected house conditions and transferred to the NFT system at two leaves stage. Commercially available Albert solution was used as the nutrient source for the plants. The solution pH and EC were maintained at 5.8 to 6.2 and 1.8 dsm-1 during the growing period. The system was with four replicates per variety and the chamber was kept under 28-32°C temperature and 65- 80 % of RH. As results, out of three different spectrum configurations, the plants grown under (a) four colour combination light source and (b) two colour combination light sources both achieved significantly high yield performance compared to the light sources (c) having only the cool white T5 LED types. However, the difference between (a) and (b) was not significant at (p<0.05) probability level. Though the four colour combination spectrum light source achieved similar performance to the two colour combination, their electricity consumption and the light intensity is less (7 W and 18.8 k Lux) compared to the two colour combination (9 W and 22.23 kLux). Therefore, use of four colour combination with low electricity cost would be economically feasible solution for the indoor gardening. Further to that, from the above evidence, it is clear that the necessity of further research on investigating the influence of light intensity effect on plant growing when selecting colour combinations of light for better indoor gardening. Keywords: Indoor gardening, Lactuca sativa L., Light-emitting diode, Nutrient film technique




Page | 51

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Preparation of Groundwater Map in Waste Management Complex in Kotavila, Matara K.M.C. Tharupath and S. Wijetunga* Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka


Abstract Open dumping is the most common way of disposing municipal solid wastes in developing countries. Municipal solid waste of Matara town is disposed into an open dumping site in Kotavila waste management complex (WMC), threating to ground water pollution. In this study, it was attempted to evaluate the ground water quality around the waste management complex. The objectives of this study were; to determine the water quality parameters in the groundwater (pH, Electric Conductivity, Hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Dissolve Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand)), the temporal variation of above and prepare the ground water quality maps. Ground water samples were collected from wells, natural ponds and paddy fields (12 sampling points) near WMC within the radius of 1 km. These parameters were measured for 4 months (November 2019 - February 2020). Water quality maps were prepared using ArcGIS (10.6 version) and kriging method was used for interpolation. The study revealed that the ground water pH was 4.1 to 6.6, EC was 98 µS cm-1 to 1556 µS cm-1, dissolve oxygen was 7.1 mg l-1 to 7.7 mg l-1, nitrate was 51 mg l-1 to 86 mg l-1, Sulphate was 2 mg l-1 to 121 mg l-1 , chloride was 21 mg l-1 to 471 mg l-1, total hardness was 6 ppm as CaCO3 to 136 ppm as CaCO3, calcium was 1.6 mg l-1 to 44.1 mg l-1, magnesium was 0.21 mg l-1 to 16.6 mg l-1 and COD 1.7 mg l-1 to 124.8 mg l-1. Temporal variations of the parameters were noted in several months. The spatial distribution reveals that sampling point 7 showed the lowest ground water level. Further, the water quality parameters recorded in sampling point 7 were poor. According to the results of this study, the measured water quality parameters were within the recommended limit. No indication of pollution was noted. However, heavy metal contents of well water are essential to be measured to reach a firm conclusion about water pollution due to open dumping. Keywords: GIS, Ground water quality, Open dumping




Page | 52

Assessment of Moisture Content of Coir Dust using Contact and Non-Contact Sensors in Protected House for Cucumis Sativus T.D. Anupama1*, C.P. Rupasinghe1, S. Wijayakumara2 and K.K.L.B. Adhikaram1

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Dialog Axiata Plc-Group sustainability, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstracts Smart agricultural protected houses have been expanded to increase agricultural crop production with the intensifying of global food demand for higher growth of population. Using Internet of Things (IoT) to control micro climatic conditions in protected houses increase the crop productivity. Irrigation management directly affects crop performance, and efficient irrigation practices can lead to qualitative and quantitative improvements in vegetable production. Sensors are used in IoT based system for efficient monitoring of irrigation. Objectives of the study were to assess the applicability of different sensors for moisture measuring and to decide the suitability and durability of different sensors. Capacitive moisture sensors were used as the contact sensor and DHT22 humidity sensors and Load beam cell sensors were used as non-contact sensors. The experiment was carried out in automated protected house at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna. Cucumis sativus (Var. Efdal) plants were established in protected house in bags (12×12×16 inches) with coir dust media. Drip irrigation system was used to irrigate the crop. Ten bags were randomly selected and each bag was monitored using three types of sensors. Data of each sensor were calibrated using gravimetric method. The correlation of the used sensors with the reference data were analyzed. The effect of the fruit weights on the data of load beam cell sensor was analyzed. Strong positive linear correlation was observed in Load beam cell sensor. The data of the capacitive moisture sensor were moderately correlated and the data of the DHT22 sensor were weakly correlated. There was no significantly different of weights of the fruits for the data of the load beam cell sensor (p-value>0.05). The load beam cell sensor can be used for monitoring soil moisture accurately. The durability of the capacitive moisture sensors is comparatively lower than others. Keywords: Capacitive moisture sensor, Coir dust, DHT22 humidity sensor, Load beam cell sensor, Protected house




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A Study on the Methods for Reducing Pesticide Residues in Tomato and Gotukola G.M.S.A. Sarada1, C. Magamage2 and C.P. Rupasinghe1 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka 2Horticultural Crop Research and Development Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract Pesticides are widely used by the farmers in agriculture to increase the yield. Residues of pesticides can remain in fruits and vegetables as a result of neglecting the prescribed pre-harvest intervals for application of pesticides. It is important to identify methods for reducing pesticide residues in order to ensure food safety. This study was conducted to identify the methods to reduce the pesticide residue levels in vegetables, to evaluate the effectiveness of those methods and to suggest the most appropriate method among them. tomato and Gotukola were selected for the experiment as they have contained highest amounts of pesticide residues according to literature. Samples were collected from Central Market, Kandy. Existing residual levels in the market sample were estimated for Fipronil, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid and Pymetrozine as they were the recommended pesticides for tomato and Gotukola. Standard solutions of above pesticides in 1000 ppm concentration were prepared and a homogeneous mixture of them was spiked in 1 ppm concentration for another sample of same product. The 1000 ppm Fipronil was spiked for tomato and 1000 ppm Pymetrozine was spiked for Gotukola individually in 2 ppm concentration. A control was kept for initial residual analysis and rest of the samples were subjected to decontamination methods; washing twice with tap water for 1 minute each time, dipping in 3% salt solution for 10 minutes and dipping in 4% vinegar solution for 10 minutes. The samples were extracted using QuEChERS, AOAC 2007.01 method. Residual analysis was carried out using Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). All the above pesticides were reduced by salt and vinegar in considerable amounts than by tap water. The highest residual reduction in tomato and Gotukola were observed with the pesticides of Fipronil and Pymetrozine, respectively. Vinegar treatment showed the greatest residual reduction of the pesticides in both cases, Fipronil by 85%-87% and Pymetrozine by 93%-97%. Dipping in 4% vinegar solution for 10 minutes was found more effective for reducing all the above mentioned water soluble pesticide residues in tomato and Gotukola. Keywords: Pesticides, QuEChERS, Reducing techniques, Residues, Vegetables




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Evaluation of Different Cooling Systems in Automated Protected House H.L.S. Kavindi*, C.P. Rupasinghe and K.K.L.B. Adhikaram Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Mathara, Sri Lanka


Abstract During the hot seasons solar radiations enter to the protected house and generate excessive heat. It mainly affects for the better crop production in protected house throughout the year. There are several methods to reduce the temperature in protected house. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cooling efficiency of each (exhaust fan, roof cooling and geo cooling) cooling system, to detect the maximum reduction of temperature of each cooling system and to investigate the best combination of the cooling system throughout the day. The study was conducted in two protected houses in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna. Temperature and relative humidity (RH) of the automated protected house monitored using sensors and manually. Three exhaust fans, foggers, roof cooling and geo cooling systems were evaluated in automated protected house and each cooling system was tested for one week. Inside temperature and RH was monitored in non-automated protected house as control. Cucumis sativus (var. Efdal F1) 200 plants were established in each protected house in bags with coir dust media. The obtained results showed that there was a significant difference of temperature reduction in geo cooling system (n=84, P<0.05) and with exhaust fans (n=84, P<0.05) in automated protected house compared to non-automated protected house. Efficiency of the geo cooling system, exhaust fans and roof cooling system were respectively 53.75%, 42.88%, 33.18%. To increasing the temperature reduction, combination of geo cooling with roof cooling system (P<0.05) or geo cooling with exhaust fans (P<0.05) or roof cooling with exhaust fans (P<0.05) can be used as the best combinations. Temperature in automated protected house can be reduced by 2.26 oC using the geo cooling system. Keywords: Automation system, Cooling systems, Microclimate control, Protected house, Temperature





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Influence of Indoor Plants to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Improve Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings W.H.M.D.P. Senadheera1*, P. Piyasena2 and G.Y. Jayasinghe1

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. 2Sri Lanka Institute of Development Administration, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.


Abstract Population growth in the world is currently increasing at a rapid rate per year and many anthropological activities causes serious environmental problems such as pollution of air, water, soil, deforestation etc. Consequently, modern countries strongly address indoor air quality (IAQ) issues in cities eco space as it effects human health and productivity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main contaminants when exalted at higher concentrations. Generally, plants, absorb CO2 through a process called photosynthesis. This study intended (a) to evaluate the percentage of CO2 change by five selected indoor plants (Dracaena trifasciata, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Zamioculcas zamiifolia, Chlorophytum comosum) and (b) to propose strategies to disseminate or develop indoor container gardening practices while enhancing aesthetic value and air quality in the Sri Lanka Institute of Development Administration (SLIDA) premises. The research was conducted in chambers (60 cm × 60 cm × 60 cm) with ambient temperature (26±1°C), existing lux intensity and relative humidity during day time (8.00 am-4.00 pm). A portable air quality measuring instrument was prepared by using MH-Z14 NDIR CO2 sensor, BH1750 Digital Light Sensor, AM2302 humidity/temperature sensor for data collection and all sensors were read by Arduino software. Before experiments were carried out, all selected plants assimilated with an indoor setting for performance purpose. The experiment was conducted in triplicates using Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical software SAS. Based on the results, Dracaena trifasciata was the most performed plant with 11.68% CO2 reduction. Meanwhile, only the Chlorophytum comosum was not able to absorb CO2 during the test but increased the CO2 concentration inside the test chamber. This study concluded that the light intensity and relative humidity play an important role to reduce indoor CO2 concentration in attaining sustainable way of enhancing air quality in pleasant workplaces. Key words: Air quality sensors, Container gardening, Indoor air quality, Indoor plants.




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Drying Kinetics and Quality Aspects of Heat Pump Dried Onion (Allium cepa) and Leeks (Allium ampeloprasum) K.S.P. Amaratunga1*, K.M.D.D. Ranaraja2, C.P. Rupasinghe1 and E.M.A.C. Ekanayake2 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract Heat pump dryers are known to be cost effective in many drying applications because it can extract and utilize the latent energy of the air and water vapor for product drying. Heat Pump Drying (HPD) is useful for materials with high initial moisture content and in regions with high humidity of ambient air. A HPD System was installed and evaluated for the drying characteristics and the quality of leeks and onion. HPD system with a capacity of 0.62 kW was fabricated inside an air-tight room (2.9 m x 2.85 m x 3.6 m) with data logging facilities for the experiment. The system is capable of drying materials in a deep bed with a height of 1.8m in a circular bin with a diameter of 0.11 m. Temperature and the humidity sensors were placed at the inlet of the air and the outlet of the deep bed and the data were logged at an interval of 1h. Leeks and onions were sliced (2 mm) and used for both deep-bed and thin layer drying trials. Drying rates of leeks and onion were calculated using the recorded weight data. The moisture content of leeks and onion were reduced from 92% to 0.2% (wet basis) within 70 hours and 85% to 1.5% (wet basis) within 85 hours respectively. The Specific Moisture Extraction Ratio (SMER) of the leeks and onion were 0.655 kg/kWh and 0.657 kg/kWh respectively. The color of the fresh and the dried materials were compared. The mean values of lightness (L) of the 10 samples were observed before drying and after drying as 48.6 and 44.3 for onion, 37.7 and 32.1 for leeks leaves and 54.6 and 44.4 for leeks stems respectively. Lightness values of fresh material were not significantly different compared to heat pump dried materials at a probability level of 0.05 (probability values were 0.54, 0.08, 0.09 respectively). According to the result, It can be concluded that the established HPD system can be effectively used in drying and maintaining the quality of the Onion and Leeks at industrial scale. Keywords: Dehumidification, Heat pump drying, Specific moisture extraction ratio



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Design, Development and Evaluation of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) Juice Extraction Equipment for Domestic Level A.G.D. Sandhamini 1*, C.P. Rupashinha1 and D.P. Senanayake2 1 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2 National Institute of Post-harvest Management, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka


Abstract Aloe Vera, (Aloe barbadensis Miller) is an effective herb use in food, cosmetic and herbal industries. Peeling and grinding is essential steps in value addition. This study was conducted for designing, development and evaluation of hand operated peeling tool (HOPT) and manual juice extractor (MJE) for small scale industries to reduce the post-harvest losses and production cost. HOPT was developed and comparatively assessed with knife to evaluate expulsion efficiency, gel recovery, peeling rate, residual gel percentage, input and output capacity. Data was analyzed by T-Test and chi-square test. The performance parameters of HOPT and knife were observed as gel recovery 62.13%, 57.62%, peeling rate 21.12, 10.51 mms-1, input capacity 43.33, 21.45 kg h-1 and output capacity 26.96, 12.32 kg h-1 respectively. The HOPT showed better performance compared to knife as 51.37% of time saving and 5% lower residual gel on leaves. The recommended leaf width was less than 6.5 cm and the leaf with more than 6.5 cm width should be longitudinally cut into two parts before peeling with HOPT. MJE was developed and performance was determined for two sieves diameters of 2 and 1mm for juice recovery, extraction efficiency, extraction loss, and extraction rate and input capacity. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The performances of sieve diameters of 2 and 1 mm were observed for juice recovery (80.89%, 86.03%), extraction efficiency (85.25%, 86.89%), extraction loss (8.98%, 4.7%), extraction rate (4.45 Lh-1, 3.49 Lh-1) and input capacity (10.57 kgh-1, 5.82 kgh-1) respectively. Estimated total juice extraction cost was Rs.37.96 per kg of gel and gel expulsion cost for HOPT and knife was calculated as Rs.2.18, 4.37 per kg respectively. Results revealed that MJE and HOPT are economically benefited for small scale entrepreneurs. Keywords: Aloe Vera, Manual juice extractor, Peeling tool, Small scale processors




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Testing and Evaluation of Four-Wheel Tractor Mounted Sugarcane Cutter Planter in Sri Lanka N.H.A. Iroshan1, P.L.A.G. Alwis1*, E.W.N.M. Perera2 and D.G.P.G.C. Senevirathna3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka 2 Browns Agriculture, Maradana, Sri Lanka 3 Agronomy Section, Gal-Oya Plantations, Ampara, Sri Lanka


Abstract Sugarcane planting involves labour intensive operations leading to labour fatigue. The labour scarcity during the planting leads to considerable loss in production. In Sri Lanka, conventional method is still used for planting instead of mechanical planting. This study was carried out to compare performance of K.K. Kasetkollakarn double row cutter planter with conventional planting and to identify the farmers’ willingness to pay on new sugarcane machineries. The actual field capacity of the double row cutter planter was 0.772 ha/day with the field efficiency of 70.35 % at second low gear in between 15000-20000 rpm. It required 8.02 tons of seed cane per hectare and 8 labours per hectare while conventional planting requires 7.2 tons of seed cane per hectare and 23 labours per hectare. As the results of one sample t-test, there is no significant difference in seed cane requirement per hectare, and plant density. But the amount of fertilizer added per hectare, and planting depth of cutter planter were significantly different from conventional planting. The cutter planter is more cost effective than conventional planting. To increase the machine performance, fertilizer application and planting depth should be modified as adjustable manner and if a marker can be attached to the machine to identify row space easily, it helps to increase the field capacity. A questionnaire survey has been conducted through 100 farmers in four sugarcane cultivating areas name as Gal-Oya, Athimale, Pelwatta, and Sevanagala. Purposive sampling method was used as a sampling technique. Five-point Likert scale was used to measure the satisfaction level regarding machinery usage in sugarcane cultivation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics tool. Respondents average cultivated land amount was 2.2ha. Majority 89% were cultivated SL 96 128 while only 11% were cultivated SL 98- 2524 or other variety. Related to machinery usage, higher level of machinery used in land preparation nevertheless lowest in planting. According to the findings, sugarcane farmers dissatisfied with income (r=0.1299, p=0.000), water availability, diseases. These ought to be taken into consideration by the top level authorities in order to increase machinery usage any sugarcane cultivation. Keywords: Cutter planter, Machinery usage, Sugarcane, Satisfaction



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Assessment of Light Effect on Growth and Development of Microgreens in Indoor Conditions D.R.N.E. Samarathunga and B.M.S. Jinendra* Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka


Abstract Edible plant parts harvested at very young stage (within 7-14 days) is called microgreen and has attracted the most attention in recent times due to its excellent nutrients composition and health benefits than their mature. However, the reports on growing conditions of Microgreens in Sri Lankan humid climatic conditions is scanty. As such, the study was carried out to assess the light effect on growth and development of microgreens in indoor artificial lighting conditions. The experiments were arranged to select the best color of light and their duration of incidence to select find the best performance of harvest density and sensory quality of Microgreens. Light emitting diodes LED bands of Red (620-630 nm); Blue(440-450nm) White (3500 K;6000 K) were installed in 0.04 m x 0.05 m x 1.4 m growth chamber which was divided into five compartments with dark walls. Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), Amaranth (Amaranth viridis), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) seeds were used for the research. Coir dust was used as the growing media for the plants. Four replicates of each seed variety were placed inside the growth chamber under 28-320C of temperature and 65- 80 % of RH. A tray was divided into three similar size parts for three species of seeds. Albert solution (pH 6.0 and EC 1.8 dsm-1) was used as nutrient source for plants. After 10 days, Plant height, Fresh weight, Dry weight and taste were evaluated for the growth performance. To evaluate the day length effect dark to light cycles were tested at 10:14, 12:12 and 14:10 hours respectively. The Duncan multiple comparisons analysis showed that the Red light is giving significant increase of fresh weight when compared to the growth under white and the blue light for all three varieties. It was revealed that the increase of light hours causing significant increase of dry mass for all three varieties. However, the extra elongation of stem at long day duration may results less attractive appearance to the Microgreens. Therefore, it is recommended to adjust the day duration to suit the variety as it was a variety dependent character. Key words: Artificial light, Growth and development, Indoor conditions, Microgreen




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Effects of Temperature Control Measures inside Tropical Protected House Environment on the Yield Performance of Lettuce in NFT Hydroponics M.L.D.D. Randimal1, K.M.W. Rajawatta2, S.D. Gunawardena3 and B.M.S. Jinendra1* 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 2Department of Biosystem Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 3Dialog Axiata PLC-Group Sustainability, Colombo, Sri Lanka


Abstract Growing temperate crops such as lettuce in the humid tropical climate of low country wet zone of Sri Lanka commonly results in heat-induced crop damage and precocious bolting. In this study, the effects of controlling ambient air temperature on the growth and development of Green-cos, Green-coral and Rocket lettuce varieties were studied in a NFT hydroponic system installed in a protected house. The total growing area of 1500 ft2 in the protected house was divided into two equal sections as one compartment to install temperature control measures to lower the temperature and the other half as the control. A fogging system:12 four way mild pressure nozzles with 0.5hp pump and two exhaust fans: 450W, 620 rpm belt driven operate as one combined setup was used to lower the ambient air temperature averagely by 3°C compared to the control. The ambient air temperature was measured near to the plant canopy and 1 m above the plant canopy in 2 h interval. According to the analysis of variance: number of leaves, canopy diameter, plant height and yield were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the lettuce under the lower temperature section at the end of the growth stage compared to the control plants. However, the plants haven’t maintained their standard potential weights of 50 g, 200 g and 250 g respectively for Rocket, Green-coral and Green-cos. However, they were with better morphology compared to the control plants which were in elongated appearance. Stem height which was taken as indirect measurement of bolting along with sensory evaluation indicated significant difference (p<0.05) within varieties and between two sections of the protected house. The Green-cos, which ranked best in sensory attributes with less bolting is most suitable variety for low country wet zone of Sri Lanka. This study also demonstrated the importance of optimizing ambient air temperature for growing lettuce under tropical climate. Keywords: Hydroponics, Lettuce, NFT, Tropical Climate




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Mapping Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity of Sugarcane (Saccharam officinarum) Fields of the Gal-Oya Plantations: Evaluation of Possible Influences on the Yield P.G.B. Priyadarshana1*, G.Y. Jayasinghe1, W.M.C.J. Wijekoon2, M.M.D.S. Perera3 and D.G.P.G.C. Senevirathna3 1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Matar, Sri Lanka 2Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka 3Gal Oya Plantations (Pvt) Limited, Siyambalanduwa-Damana-Ampara Hwy, Hingurana, Sri Lanka


Abstract Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is an economically important plantation crop which is mainly cultivated in Ampara, Monaragala and Badulla districts in Sri Lanka. Gal Oya plantation is one of the main sugarcane growers in Ampara district. The yield depends on several soil parameters in the cultivation area. Objective of this study were to evaluate and map the soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the fields of Gal Oya plantation and to examine the influence of pH and EC on crop yield. For the experiment, a total of 306 soil samples were collected at 15 cm and 40 cm depths from 49 blocks in the field based on the layout of irrigation channels and the other variations in the land. The GPS locations of the sample points were also recorded. Soil pH and EC values were measured by using pH and EC meter (OHAUS Model ST300) at the laboratory. Soil texture was analyzed using hydrometer method. Arc GIS 10.5 software and Google earth pro were used for spatial analysis. Using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation technique finally the maps were developed to represent the soil pH and EC distribution in the fields. The results showed that, the mean soil pH at 15 cm and 40 cm depths were in the range of 5.7 - 7.3 and 5.8 - 7.8, respectively. The mean soil EC at 15 cm and 40 cm depths were in the ranges of 13.7 – 81.2 µS/cm and 12.2 – 109.8 µS/cm, respectively. The average sugarcane yield per hectare was 64.62 tons according to the recent yield data. The soil pH and EC did not show any significant relationship (α = 0.05) with the sugarcane yield. It is concluded that, soil pH and EC do not have a significant influence on the sugarcane yield of Gal Oya plantation. Keywords: Mapping, Soil EC, Soil pH, Sugarcane




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URSAE 2020 – Organization Committees

Publication Committee & Editorial Board

Prof. S Wijetunga (Editor in Chief)

Prof. PLAG Alwis

Prof. CM Navaratne

Prof. GY Jayasinghe

Ms. CP Rupasinghe

Dr. BM Jinendra Siriwijaya

Ms. MGG Awanthi

Mr. KMTS Bandara

Mr. WBMAC Bandara

Mr. PP Ruwanpathirana

Registration and Inaugural Session

Ms. AHHT Sirisena

Ms. MASK Dias

Ms. DMNA Dissanayake

Mr. HAC Priyankara

Facilities Management

Mr. C Rathnayake

Ms. CK Welahetti

Ms. MMA Priyangika

Mr. KG Rayaston

Mr. Nuwan Kumarage

Mr. MG Wimaladasa

Mr. WH Rathna

Documents

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING & GREEN TECHNOLOGY 2020