AgricolaStage 26

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!adventus Agricolaemīlitēs legiōnis secundae, quī Devae in castrīs erant, diū et strēnuēlabōrābant. nam Gāius Iūlius Sīlānus, lēgātus legiōnis, adventumAgricolae exspectābat. mīlitēs, ā centuriōnibus iussī, multa et variafaciēbant. aliī arma poliēbant; aliī aedificia pūrgābant; aliī plaustrareficiēbant. Sīlānus neque quiētem neque commeātum mīlitibusdedit.

mīlitēs, ignārī adventūs Agricolae, rem graviter ferēbant. trēscontinuōs diēs labōrābant; quārtō diē Sīlānus adventum Agricolaenūntiāvit. mīlitēs, cum hoc audīvissent, maximē gaudēbant quodAgricolam dīligēbant.

tertiā hōrā Sīlānus mīlitēs in ōrdinēs longōs īnstrūxit, utAgricolam salūtārent. mīlitēs, cum Agricolam castra intrantemvīdissent, magnum clāmōrem sustulērunt.

“iō, Agricola! iō, iō, Agricola!”tantus erat clāmor ut nēmō iussa centuriōnum audīret.Agricola ad tribūnal prōcessit ut pauca dīceret. omnēs statim

tacuērunt ut contiōnem Agricolae audīrent.“gaudeō,” inquit, “quod hodiē vōs rūrsus videō. nūllam

legiōnem fidēliōrem habeō, nūllam fortiōrem. disciplīnamstudiumque vestrum valdē laudō.”

mīlitēs ita hortātus, per ōrdinēs prōcessit ut eōs īnspiceret.deinde prīncipia intrāvit ut colloquium cum Sīlānō habēret.

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adventus arrival gaudēbant: be pleased,Devae at Deva gaudēre rejoicestrēnuē hard, tertiā hōrā at the third hour

energetically iō! hurrah!aliī ... aliī ... some ... tribūnal: aliī others ... tribūnal platform

others contiōnem:arma: arma arms, weapons contiō speechpoliēbant: polīre polish disciplīnam: discipline,pūrgābant: pūrgāre clean disciplīna orderlinessquiētem: quiēs rest studium: enthusiasm,commeātum: (military) studium zeal commeātus leave vestrum: vester yourtrēs ... diēs for three days hortātus havingcontinuōs: continuous, encouraged continuus in a row prīncipia:quārtō diē on the fourth day prīncipia headquarters

in prīncipiīsWhen you have read this story, answer the questions at the end.

Salvius ipse paulō prius ad castra advēnerat. iam in legiōnissecundae prīncipiīs sedēbat, Agricolam anxius exspectāns.sollicitus erat quod in epistulā, quam ad Agricolam mīserat, multafalsa scrīpserat. in prīmīs Cogidubnum sēditiōnis accūsāverat. inanimō volvēbat num Agricola sibi crēditūrus esset. Belimicumsēcum dūxerat ut testis esset.

subitō Salvius, Agricolam intrantem cōnspicātus, ad eumfestīnāvit ut salūtāret. deinde renovāvit ea quae in epistulāscrīpserat. Agricola, cum haec audīvisset, diū tacēbat. dēniquemaximē commōtus,

“quanta perfidia!” inquit. “quanta īnsānia! id quod mihipatefēcistī, vix intellegere possum. īnsānīvit Cogidubnus.

paulō prius a little earlierin prīmīs in particularsēditiōnis: sēditiō rebellionin animō volvēbat: in animō volvere wonder, turn over in the mindnum whethercrēditūrus going to believerenovāvit: renovāre repeat, renewīnsānia insanity, madness

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īnsānīvērunt prīncipēs Rēgnēnsium. numquam nōs oportetbarbarīs crēdere; tūtius est eōs omnēs prō hostibus habēre. nuncmihi necesse est rēgem opprimere quem quīnque annōs prō amīcōhabeō.”

haec locūtus, ad Sīlānum, lēgātum legiōnis, sē vertit.“Sīlāne,” inquit, “nōs oportet rēgem prīncipēsque Rēgnēnsium

quam celerrimē opprimere. tibi statim cum duābus cohortibusproficīscendum est.”

Sīlānus, ē prīncipiīs ēgressus, centuriōnibus mandāta dedit. eōsiussit cohortēs parāre. intereā Agricola plūra dē rēgis perfidiārogāre coepit. Salvius eī respondit,

“ecce Belimicus, vir ingeniī optimī summaeque fideī, quem isteCogidubnus corrumpere temptābat. Belimicus autem, quīblanditiās rēgis spernēbat, omnia mihi patefēcit.”

“id quod Salvius dīxit vērum est,” inquit Belimicus. “rēxRōmānōs ōdit. Rōmānōs ē Britanniā expellere tōtamque īnsulamoccupāre cupit. nāvēs igitur comparat. mīlitēs exercet. etiambēstiās saevās colligit. nūper bēstiam in mē impulit ut mēinterficeret.”

Agricola tamen hīs verbīs diffīsus, Salvium dīligentius rogāvitquae indicia sēditiōnis vīdisset. cognōscere voluit quot essentarmātī, num Britannī cīvēs Rōmānōs interfēcissent, quās urbēsdēlēvissent.

subitō magnum clāmōrem omnēs audīvērunt. per iānuamprīncipiōrum perrūpit homō squālidus. ad Agricolam praecepscucurrit genibusque eius haesit.

“cīvis Rōmānus sum,” inquit. “Quīntum Caecilium Iūcundummē vocant. ego multās iniūriās passus hūc tandem advēnī. hocūnum dīcere volō. Cogidubnus est innocēns.”

haec locūtus humī prōcubuit exanimātus.

nōs oportet we mustprō hostibus habēre consider as enemiesopprimere crushtibi ... proficīscendum est you must set outcohortibus: cohors cohortcorrumpere corruptblanditiās: blanditiae flatteriesspernēbat: spernere despise, rejectdiffīsus having distrustedindicia: indicium sign, evidenceperrūpit: perrumpere burst through, burst insquālidus covered with dirt, filthy

Questions

1 Why was Salvius in the headquarters?2 Why is he described as sollicitus (lines 3–4)?

3 What particular accusation had he made?4 Why had he brought Belimicus with him?5 Agricola ... diū tacēbat (line 9). What is there in his subsequent comments

which would explain his hesitation?

6 What conclusion did he come to about the proper treatment for barbarians?7 What did Agricola tell Silanus they had to do? What order was Silanus given?

8 After Silanus left, what did Agricola try to find out?9 How did Salvius describe Belimicus’ character? According to Salvius, how

had Belimicus helped him?10 From Belimicus’ information in lines 27–31, find one thing that Agricola might

have believed and one thing about which he might have had doubts.

11 In lines 32–35 Agricola asked Salvius for evidence of the rebellion. What threedetails did he want to find out? What do you think of Agricola for not askingthese questions before sending out the cohorts?

12 What happened before Salvius could answer Agricola?

13 What two things did the homō squālidus do (lines 37–38)?14 What did he say first? Why? What were his final words?15 haec locūtus humī prōcubuit exanimātus (line 42). Which three Latin

words in his speech explain why he suddenly collapsed?

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About the Language I: Purpose ClausesA Study the following examples:

mīlitēs ad prīncipia convēnērunt ut Agricolam audīrent.The soldiers gathered at the headquarters in order that they might hearAgricola.

per tōtam noctem labōrābat medicus ut vulnera mīlitum sānāret.The doctor worked all night in order that he might treat the soldiers’wounds.

The groups of words in boldface are known as purpose clauses, becausethey indicate the purpose for which an action was done. The verb in apurpose clause in Latin is always subjunctive.

B Instead of translating ut and the subjunctive as in order that I (you, s/he, etc.)might ..., it is often possible to use a simpler form of words:

mīlitēs ad prīncipia convēnērunt ut Agricolam audīrent.The soldiers gathered at the headquarters in order to hear Agricola.

Or, simpler still:

The soldiers gathered at the headquarters to hear Agricola..

C Further examples:1 omnēs cīvēs ad silvam contendērunt ut leōnem mortuum spectārent.

2 dominus stilum et cērās poposcit ut epistulam scrīberet.3 dēnique ego ad patrem rediī ut rem explicārem.4 rēx iter ad fontem fēcit ut aquam sacram biberet.

5 equōs celeriter cōnscendimus ut ex oppidō fugerēmus.6 vīllam intrāvistī ut pecūniam nostram caperēs.

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tribūnus tribune (high-ranking officer)adstābat: adstāre stand byprūdentissimus: prūdēns shrewd, intelligenttempus terimus: tempus terere waste timeopēs: opēs money, wealthdēvorāns: dēvorāre devour, eat upmultō perfidior much more

treacheroustālia such thingsprō certō habeō: prō certō habēre know for certaindētestātus having cursed

tribūnusAgricola, ubi hoc vīdit, custōdēs iussit Quīntum auferremedicumque arcessere. tum ad tribūnum mīlitum, quī adstābat, sēvertit.

“mī Rūfe,” inquit, “prūdentissimus es omnium tribūnōrumquōs habeō. tē iubeō hunc hominem summā cum cūrāinterrogāre.”

Salvius, cum Rūfus exiisset, valdē commōtus,“cūr tempus terimus?” inquit. “omnia explicāre possum. nōtus

est mihi hic homō. nūper in vīllā mē vīsitāvit, quamquam nōninvītāveram. trēs mēnsēs apud mē manēbat, opēs meās dēvorāns.duōs tripodas argenteōs habēbam, quōs abstulit ut Cogidubnōdaret. sed eum nōn accūsāvī, quod hospes erat. ubi tamen AquāsSūlis mēcum advēnit, facinus scelestum committere temptāvit.venēnum parāvit ut Memorem, haruspicem Rōmānum, necāret.postquam rem nōn effēcit, mē ipsum accūsāvit. nōlī eī crēdere.multō perfidior est quam Britannī.”

haec cum audīvisset, Agricola respondit,“sī tālia fēcit, eī moriendum est.”mox revēnit Rūfus valdē attonitus.“Quīntus Caecilius,” inquit, “est iuvenis summae fideī. patrem

meum, quem Alexandrīae relīquī, bene nōverat. hoc prō certōhabeō quod Quīntus hanc epistulam mihi ostendit, ā patre ipsōscrīptam.”

Agricola statim Quīntum ad sē vocāvit, cēterōsque dīmīsit.Salvius, Quīntum dētestātus, anxius exiit. Agricola cum Quīntōcolloquium trēs hōrās habēbat.

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Agricola, cum Quīntum audīvisset, Salvium furēns arcessīvit. quī,simulatque intrāvit, aliquid dīcere coepit. Agricola tamen, cumsilentium iussisset, Salvium vehementer accūsāvit.

“dī immortālēs! Cogidubnus est innocēns, tū perfidus. cūr tamīnsānus eram ut tibi crēderem? quīnque annōs hanc prōvinciamiam administrō. rēgem Cogidubnum bene cognōvī. saepe rēx mihiauxiliō fuit. neque perfidum neque mendācem umquam sēpraestitit. cūr tū crīmen falsum in eum intulistī? accūsāvistīne eumut potentiam tuam augērēs? simulatque ad hanc prōvinciamvēnistī, amīcī mē monuērunt ut tē cavērem. aliī calliditātem tuamcommemorāvērunt, aliī superbiam. nunc rēs ipsa mē docuit. numImperātor Domitiānus hanc tantam perfidiam ferre potest? egosānē nōn possum. in hāc prōvinciā summam potestātem habeō.iubeō tē hās inimīcitiās dēpōnere. iubeō tē ad Cogidubnī aulam īre,veniamque ab eō petere. praetereā tē oportet Imperātōrī ipsī remexplicāre.”

haec ubi dīxit Agricola, Salvius respondit īrātus,“quam caecus es! quam longē errās! tē ipsum oportet Imperātōrī

id quod in Britanniā fēcistī explicāre. quīnque annōs hancprōvinciam pessimē administrās. tū enim in ultimīs Britanniaepartibus bellum geris et victōriās inānēs ē Calēdoniā refers; sedImperātor pecūniās opēsque accipere cupit. itaque rēgnum

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Cogidubnī occupāre cōnstituit; Calēdoniam floccī nōn facit. tūsānē hoc nescīs. in magnō perīculō es, quod cōnsilium meumspernis. nōn sōlum mihi sed Imperātōrī ipsī obstās.”

cum hanc contentiōnem inter sē habērent, subitō nūntiusprīncipia ingressus exclāmāvit,

“mortuus est Cogidubnus!”

auxiliō fuit was a help, tē oportet you must was helpful caecus blind

potentiam: potentia power victōriās: victōria victoryaugērēs: augēre increase inānēs: inānis empty,cavērem: cavēre beware of meaninglesssuperbiam: superbia arrogance Calēdoniā:Imperātor the Emperor Calēdonia Scotland Domitiānus Domitian cōnstituit:inimīcitiās: inimīcitia feud, dispute cōnstituere decide

About the Language II: GerundivesA From Stage 14 onwards you have met sentences of this kind:

necesse est mihi ad castra contendere.I must hurry to the camp.

necesse est vōbīs labōrāre.You must work.

B You have now met another way of expressing the same idea:necesse est nōbīs currere. necesse est eī revenīre.nōbīs currendum est. eī reveniendum est.We must run. He must come back.

The word in boldface is known as the gerundive.

C Further examples:1 mihi fugiendum est.

2 nōbīs ambulandum est.3 tibi hīc manendum est.4 servīs dīligenter labōrandum est.

5 omnibus cīvibus tacendum est quod sacerdōtēs appropinquant.6 sī Imperātōrem vidēre volunt, eīs festīnandum est.

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Word Patterns: Verbs and NounsA Some verbs and nouns are closely connected. For example:

VERBS NOUNS

amāre to love amor loveclāmāre to shout clāmor a shout, shoutingterrēre to terrify terror terror

B Now complete the table below:

timēre to fear timor . . . . .dolēre (1) to hurt, to be in pain dolor (1) . . . . .dolēre (2) to grieve dolor (2) . . . . .favēre . . . . . favor favorfurere . . . . . furor ragelabōrāre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C Work out the meanings of the following words:ardor, error, fulgor, pallor, sudor

Practicing the LanguageA Complete each sentence with the most suitable word from the list below, and

then translate.epistulam, audīvisset, ēgressus, invēnērunt, equīs, captī

1 Salvius, ē prīncipiīs . . . . ., Belimicum quaesīvit.2 Agricola, cum haec verba . . . . ., ad Rūfum sē vertit.

3 dominus . . . . . ē manibus servī impatiēns rapuit.4 custōdēs nūntium humī iacentem . . . . . .5 quattuor Britannī, in pugnā . . . . ., vītam miserrimam in carcere agēbant.

6 aliī mīlitēs . . . . . aquam dabant, aliī frūmentum in horrea īnferēbant.

B Complete each sentence with the correct form of the noun and then translate.1 Agricola, ubi verba (Quīntum, Quīntī, Quīntō) audīvit, Salvium arcessīvit.

2 omnēs hospitēs (artem, artis, arte) saltātrīcis laudāvērunt.3 iter nostrum difficile erat, quod tot cīvēs (viās, viārum, viīs) complēbant.

4 post mortem Dumnorigis Quīntus sine (comitem, comitis, comite)prōcessit.

5 prō prīncipiīs stābat magna turba (mīlitēs, mīlitum, mīlitibus).6 lēgātus, postquam mandāta (centuriōnes, centuriōnum, centuriōnibus)

dedit, legiōnem ad montem proximum dūxit.

7 Quīntus, ab (equitēs, equitum, equitibus) vulnerātus, Agricolam petīvit.8 iūdex, quī (puerōs, puerōrum, puerīs) nōn crēdēbat, īrātissimus fīēbat.

C Complete each sentence with the right form of the subjunctive. Then translatethe sentence.1 cum Sīlānus legiōnem (īnstrūxisset, īnstrūxissent), Agricola ē prīncipiīs

prōcessit.2 mīlitēs in flūmen dēsiluērunt ut hostēs (vītāret, vītārent).

3 senātor scīre voluit num pater meus Imperātōrī (fāvisset, fāvissent).4 cum senex (dormīret, dormīrent), fūrēs per fenestram tacitē intrāvērunt.5 nōs, cum in Britanniā (essem, essēmus), barbarōs saepe vīcimus.

6 intellegere nōn poteram cūr cīvēs istum hominem (laudāvisset,laudāvissent).

7 latrōnem interfēcī ut īnfantem (servārem, servārēmus).

8 māter tua mē rogāvit quid in tabernā (fēcissēs, fēcissētis).

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The Legionary Soldier

KeyT = tesserariusS = signiferC = cornicen (horn player)Each cohort had one of each of these.Each century had a centurion and an optio.

Organization of the LegionEach legion was made up of ten cohorts. Nine of these, cohorts two to ten, werecomposed of six centuries, each commanded by a centurion and containing about 80men. The first cohort was the most prestigious unit and consisted of five double-sized centuries commanded by five senior centurions known as prīmī ōrdinēs (firstrank).

Each centurion was assisted by an optiō or deputy who would take control ofthe century if the centurion were absent or lost in battle. There was also in eachcentury a signifer (standard-bearer) and a tesserārius, who organized the guardsand distributed the passwords, and one or two clerks. The centurions were thebackbone of the legion. Most of them had long experience in the army and had risenfrom the ranks because of their courage and ability. There were sixty of them, eachresponsible for the training and discipline of a century. As a symbol of rank, eachcenturion carried a vītis or cane with which he could punish his soldiers. Theimportance of the centurions was reflected in their pay, which was probably about1,500 denarii per annum. The most senior centurion of the legion was the prīmuspīlus, a highly respected figure; he was at least fifty years old and had worked hisway up through the various grades of centurion. He held office for one year, thenreceived a large payment and was allowed to retire; or he might go on still further tobecome the praefectus castrōrum (the commander of the camp), the highest-ranking officer to serve his entire career in the army.

The Senior Officers

The officer commanding a legion was called a lēgātus. He was a member of theSenate in Rome and usually in his middle thirties. He was assisted by six militarytribunes. Of these, one was the tribūnus lāticlāvius (senior tribune with a broadstripe) who was usually a young man of noble birth, serving his militaryapprenticeship before starting a political career. After holding civilian posts in Romeor one of the provinces, he might be appointed as legatus and spend three or fouryears commanding his legion. Then he would usually resume his civilian career.

The other five tribunes, the tribūnī angusticlāviī (tribunes with the narrowstripe), were members of a slightly lower social class (equitēs), and they wouldalso be in their thirties. They were generally able, wealthy, and educated men, oftenaiming at important posts in the imperial administration. Some of them returned tothe army later to command auxiliary cavalry units.

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How We Know About AgricolaThe two inscriptions below both contain the name of Gnaeus Iulius Agricola.Thefirst is on a lead water pipe found at Chester.

With the abbreviated words written out, this reads:

imperatore Vespasiano VIIII Tito imperatore VII consulibus CnaeoIulio Agricola legato Augusti propraetore

This shows that the pipe was made in A.D. 79, when Vespasian and Titus wereconsuls and Agricola was governor of Britain. The inscription drawn below was found in the forum of Verulamium (see mappage 2). Only fragments have survived, giving us the letters in red. But it ispossible to guess at the rest of the first five lines because they contain only thenames and titles of the emperor Titus, his brother and successor Domitian, andAgricola. There is not enough left to reconstruct the last line.

These inscriptions might have been virtually all that we knew about Agricola ifhis life-story had not been written by his son-in-law, the historian Tacitus.

The senior officers usually spent only short periods in the army, unlike thecenturions and the legionaries who served for the whole of their working lives. Theyhad therefore to rely heavily on the expertise and experience of the centurions foradvice. Because the army was highly trained and well organized, the appointment ofrelatively inexperienced officers rarely affected the success of its operations.

Some officers like Agricola proved themselves to be extremely competent andwere promoted to become governors of provinces like Britain where military skilland powers of leadership were required.

Agricola, Governor of BritainAgricola was born in A.D. 40 in the Roman colony of Forum Iulii (modern Frejus) insoutheast Gaul. His father had been made a senator by the Emperor Tiberius, butlater fell out of favor with the Emperor Gaius Caligula and was executed shortlyafter Agricola was born.

Agricola went to school at Massilia (Marseille), which was the cultural andeducational center of southern Gaul. He followed the normal curriculum for theyoung sons of upper-class Roman families: public speaking and philosophy. Heenjoyed the latter, but the historian Tacitus, Agricola’s son-in-law and biographer,records his mother’s reaction:

I remember that Agricola often told us that in his youth he was moreenthusiastic about philosophy than a Roman and a senator was expected tobe and that his mother thought it wise to restrain such a passionateinterest.

At the age of eighteen, Agricola served in the Roman army in Britain with therank of tribūnus. He used this opportunity to become familiar with the province.The soldiers under his command had a similar opportunity to get to know him. Twoyears later, during the revolt of Boudica in A.D. 60, he witnessed the grim realities ofwarfare. Agricola was by now very knowledgeable about the province of Britain andthis knowledge was very useful during his governorship some eighteen years later.

Back in Rome, he continued his political career. In A.D. 70, he returned to Britainto take command of the Twentieth Legion which was stationed at Viroconium(Wroxeter) in the west of England and had become undisciplined and troublesome.His success in handling this difficult task was rewarded by promotion to thegovernorship of Aquitania (the central region in modern France) in Gaul. He thenbecame consul in Rome and in A.D. 78 returned to Britain for a third time, aspropraetor (governor) of the province. The political experience and military skillwhich he had acquired by then equipped him to face an exciting and demandingsituation.

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A triumphant Romancavalryman.

Agricola rose to the challenge in many differentways. He completed the conquest of Wales and thenfought a series of successful campaigns in Scotland,culminating in a great victory at Mons Graupius inthe north of the Grampian mountains. He extendedthe network of roads and forts across northernBritain and established the legionary fortress at Deva(Chester).

In addition to his military exploits Agricola carriedout an extensive program of Romanization. Tacitustells us that he “encouraged individuals and helpedcommunities to build temples, fora, and houses in theRoman style” and that he made the people realize thatunder good laws it was better to live at peace withthe Romans than to rebel against them. Tacitus alsotells us of his plans to improve the education of theBritish:

Agricola arranged for the sons of British chiefs to receive a broadeducation. He made it clear that he preferred the natural abilities of theBritish to the skill and training of the Gauls. As a result, instead of hatingthe language of the Romans, they became very eager to learn it.

Agricola was governor of Britain for seven years, an unusual length of time andlonger than any other imperial Roman governor. During this time Britain wascircumnavigated and the area under direct Roman control was nearly doubled. Therapid expansion of urban life in Britain in the second century may have owed asmuch to Agricola’s civil policies and provincial sympathies as to his militarysuccesses. Agricola was recalled from Britain in A.D. 85, possibly because of thejealousy of Domitian. When he returned to Rome, Agricola was given the honorsdue to a successful general – a statue and a citation; but this was the end of hiscareer. He retired into the safety of private life. Any hopes he may have had of afurther governorship were not fulfilled, and he lived in retirement until his death inA.D. 93.

Model of principia.

Word StudyA Match the meaning to the following “-tion” words:

1 relation a knowledge given or taught

2 occupation b disturbance, uproar 3 ablation c business, employment; vocation

4 delegation d an accumulation; things gathered 5 commotion e a group sent to act for others 6 accusation f surgical removal of a body part

7 instruction g connection of persons by blood or marriage 8 collection h a charge of wrongdoing

B Give a derivative from a Vocabulary Checklist word which matches thefollowing definitions:1 limited in perspective; narrow-minded2 Latin case expressing direction from

3 a final offer or proposal4 treacherous

5 crazy6 an associate or colleague7 a person who has obtained the highest academic degree in a particular field

C Give a definition for the following English words based on your knowledge ofthe Stage 26 Vocabulary Checklist:1 quotient

2 reference3 belligerence4 diffidence

5 docent

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rēgnum, rēgnī, n. kingdomsaevus, saeva, saevum savage, cruelsānē obviouslysī iftribūnus, tribune (high- tribūnī, m. ranking officer)ultimus, ultima, ultimum furthestut that, in order that

A small figure of a teacher reading from a scroll.

Agricola encouraged the British to learn Latin.

Stage 26 Vocabulary Checklist

accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātus accuseauferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātus take away, stealbellum, bellī, n. war bellum gerere wage war, campaigncohors, cohortis, f. cohortcolligō, colligere, collēgī, collēctus gather, collectcommōtus, commōta, commōtum moved, excited, upsetdoceō, docēre, docuī, doctus teachfacinus, facinoris, n. crimefalsus, falsa, falsum false, dishonestfidēs, fideī, f. loyalty, trustworthinessīnsānus, īnsāna, īnsānum crazy, insaneīnstruō, īnstruere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus draw uplēgātus, lēgātī, m. commandernum whetheroccupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus seize, take overoportet it is right mē oportet I mustperfidia, perfidiae, f. treacherypraebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitus provideprīncipia, prīncipiōrum, n. pl. headquartersprōvincia, prōvinciae, f. provincequot? how many?referō, referre, rettulī, relātus bring back, deliver

122 Stage 26