Alternative rootings

Mammalian Diversity: Eutheria

Almost all have first fossil occurrences in Africa.

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Proboscidea, Family Elephantidae

Elephas - Asian elephant Loxodonta - African elephants

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Sirenia, Family Trichechidae

Trichechus

Tooth replacement

Elephas

Trichechus manatus- West Indian manatee

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Hyracoidea, Family Procaviidae

Procavia - rock hyrax

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Macroscelidea, Family Macroscelididae

Macroscelides - elephant shrew

New species of desert shrew is more elephant than mouseThe DNA of a long-nosed desert shrew newly discovered in Namibia

reveals it as more closely related to elephants than mice. (The Star)

Is it a mouse? A miniscule elephant? New mammal discovered in Africa (Tech Times)

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Tubilindentata, Family Orycteropidae

Orycteropus - aardvarkmyrmecophagous

The cheek teeth: numerous hexagonal prisms of dentin

(perpendicular to the occlusal surface)

Afrotherian OrdersOrder Afrosoricida, Family Tenrecidae

Echinops - hedgehog tenrec Tenrec - tailless tenrec

(Pilosa + Cingulata)

Order Xenarthra (Pilosa + Cingulata)

Order Xenarthra (Pilosa), Family MyrmecophagidaeMyrmecophaga - giant anteater

Order Xenarthra (Pilosa), Family BradypodidaeBradypus - three-toed sloth

Arboreal foliavores 8-9 cervical vertebrae

Order Rodentia

Five suborders are typically recognized, and can be diagnosed by jawand zygomasseteric conditions.

Jaw morphologies

diastema

Ever-growing chisel-like incisorsGrinding cheek-teeth

Zygomasseteric conditions

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaHystricomorpha, Family Erethizontidae

Coendu - prehensile-tailed porcupineErethizon - North American porcupine

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaHystricomorpha, Family Hydrochaeridae

Hydrochaeris - capybara

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaHystricomorpha, Family Bathyergidae

Heterocephalus glaber - naked mole ratThe only eusocial vertebrate

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaSciuromorpha, Family Sciuridae

Urocitellus beldingiBelding’s ground squirrel

Sciurus nigereastern fox squirrel

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaCastorimorpha, Family Heteromyidae

Microdipodops megacephalus - kangaroo mouse

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaCastorimorpha, Family Geomyidae

Thomomys talpoides - northern pocket gopher

Fossorial Adaptations Small eyes and small pinnae Fur is velvety – doesn’t lie in one direction Fusiform body with a short, tactorial tail Forelimbs modified for digging Procumbent incisors

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaMyomorpha, Family Cricetidae

Subfamily Neotominae, Reithrodontomys megalotis - western harvest mouse

Euarchontoglires,Order RodentiaMyomorpha, Family Cricetidae

Subfamily Arvicolinae, Microtus longicaudus - long-tailed vole

semi-fossorial

EuarchontogliresOrder Lagomorpha, Family Leporidae

chisel-like1st incisorssmall peg-like 2nd upper incisorsdiastemafenestrated rostrum

Lepus townsendii white-tailed jackrabbit

Euarchontoglires Order PrimatesStrepsirhini, Family Lemuridae

Lemur catta - ring-tailed lemurDental comb Diagnostic for strepsirhines

Euarchontoglires Order PrimatesHaplorhini, Family Callithricidae

Leontopithecus rosalia - golden lion tamarin

Euarchontoglires Order PrimatesHaplorhini, Family Hominidae

Pan troglodytesGorilla gorilla

Homo & Pongo

Euarchontoglires Order Dermoptera Family Cynocephalidae

Cynocephalus - colugoPectinate lower incisors

Euarchontoglires Order Scandentia Family Tupaiidae

Tupaia glis - common tree shrew

Laurasiatheria Order Insectivora Family Soricidae

Blarina brevicauda northern short-tailed shrew

venomous saliva

Sorex palustriswater shrew

Laurasiatheria Order Chiroptera

Rousettus - rousette bats

Megachiropteran Family Pteropodidae

Laurasiatheria Order ChiropteraMicrochiropteran Family Phyllostomidae

Desmodus - sanguinivorous

Laurasiatheria Order ChiropteraMicrochiropteran Family Phyllostomidae

Cheoronycteris - Nectarivorous

Laurasiatheria Order ChiropteraMicrochiropteran Family Phyllostomidae

Frugivorous forms

Centrurio – wrinkle-faced batsArtibeus – New World fruit bat

Laurasiatheria Order ChiropteraMicrochiropteran Family Phyllostomidae

Trachops – frog-eating bathttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SW-2TYX8Sg

Laurasiatheria Order ChiropteraMicrochiropteran Family Vespertilionidae

Euderma maculatumspotted bat

Laurasiatheria Order CarnivoraFamily Phocidae

Mirounga angustirostris - northern elephant seal

Laurasiatheria Order CarnivoraFamily Procyonidae

Bassariscus astutus - ringtail

Procyon lotor northern raccoon

Laurasiatheria Order PholidotaFamily Manidae

Manis - pangolinsScales are Keratinized

Laurasiatheria Order Cetartiodactyla(Includes cetaceans and artiodactyls)

Family Suidae

Sus scrofa - boar Phacochoerus - wart hog

Laurasiatheria Order CetartiodactylaFamily Giraffidae

Giraffa

Laurasiatheria Order CetartiodactylaFamily Balaenopteridae

Megaptera - humpbacked whale

Laurasiatheria Order CetartiodactylaFamily Delphinidae

Orcinus orca - orca

Laurasiatheria Order PerissodactylaFamily Rhinocerotidae

Ceratotherium - white rhinoceros

Laurasiatheria Order PerissodactylaFamily Equidae

Equus grevyi - Grevy’s zebra