African Civilizations1500 BC – 700 AD

Section 2 – Bantu Migration

Causes of Migration Three categories

Environment Economic Political

Reasons Push-Pull Factors

Jordan/Syria = -4% Qatar = +4%

Effects Population density =

overcrowding Ideas/technology

improved Quality of life improves Cultural clashes Environmental damage Lowering Employment Cultural blending –

languages are one of the easiest ways to trace migrations

Bantu Migrations: Origins Bantu, which literally

means “the people,” refers to a cultural group

They used slash-and-burn farming, forcing them to have to move every few years

Bantu Migration: Causes Best guess: Farming

techniques led to population growth that the land could not sustain. People moved to get their own land No choice but to go

south or southeast because the Sahara was to the north

As they moved, they settled near lakes and rivers for irrigation

Bantu Migrations: Effects Territorial wars often broke

out with hunter-gatherers Bantu had iron weapons, far

superior to the other groups Passed on their culture to

new groups Farming techniques (settled

agriculture) Ironworking Social/political organization Created a language family

in sub-saharan Africa

And now… Finish your Chapter 8/15 Vocabulary

Crossword Quiz Tuesday @ the beginning of class

Complete the Chapter 8 – Section 2 Worksheet Begins on Page 220

Warm-up #9.1 (8.2)1. For irrigation purposes,

the Bantu settled near ______ and ______

2. What 3000 year old event led to the spread of culture in Africa?

3. Why did the Bantu move South instead of North?

4. What did the Bantu bring to the people they conquered?

1. Rivers; lakes2. Bantu

migration3. The Sahara4. Iron and

farming

Section 3: The Kingdom of Aksum

Origins of Aksum Blending of Arabs (Middle East) and Kushites

(African) Kushites had prospered for nearly 1000 years

after fleeing Egypt but are eventually replaced by Aksum

Controlling Trade Location made it a

center for trade routes Adulis became a

center of trade for people from Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India, and Rome

Between 325 and 360, Aksum reached it’s peak under Ezana

Aksumite Religion Diverse culture from the

beginning Especially Adulis

Believed in one god The king was a

descendent Also animists that

offered sacrifices Eventually Christianity

will gather some East African followers

Becoming Christian Ezana was educated

by a Christian captive When Ezana takes

power, he will convert to Christianity and make it the official religion There are still

millions of Christians in East Africa

Aksum Innovations One of only a few African

kingdoms that had a written language

Stone Architecture Minted coins Ethiopian Orthodox

Christianity Agricultural developments

Terraced farming Canals Dams and cisterns

(tanks)

Fall of Aksum Lasted 800 years, then

Islam began Initially maintained

control by protecting Muhammad’s family

Eventually the Muslims destroyed Adulis (710), cutting Aksum off from the Christian world Trade and environment

were both affected

Syncretism(at the end of 15.2 in notes)

Refers to a mixture of beliefs or religious practices

As Africans were exposed to foreign merchants, they found a way to blend new religions with their old religions Voodoo (Vodun) is

one of the best examples

Syncretism Project With a partner, create a religion that blends

at least 5 different religions You will upload a PowerPoint and create a

poster “advertising” your religion Things to think about

Religious symbols Founder(s) Text(s) Practices

Holidays, meetings (days/times), prayer, etc. Beliefs

Warm-up #9.2 (8.3)5. What led to the fall of

Aksum?6. What city was the center of

Aksum? What made it so important?

7. A _______ religion is one that incorporates beliefs from multiple religions.

8. A good example of #7 is the Caribbean religion of ________, which blends Christianity and West African belief systems.

5. Islamic invaders

6. Adulis; trade7. Syncretic8. Voodoo

Societies and Empires of AfricaChapter 15 – 800-1500

Section 2West African Civilizations

Ghana: Origins Camels made the

Sahara more navigable 10 days without water @

60 miles/day By 700, the region of

Ghana in the Sahel was growing rich by taxing traders that moved through the region

Most trade centered on gold and salt

Islamic Influences Spread through the

Sahara by trade Ghana’s rulers had

become Muslim by 1100

Conversion to Islam meant having to learn Arabic, creating a much more literate populace

The Almoravids will attack and leave Ghana too weak to recover

Mali: Origins New deposits of gold

were found further east, diminishing Ghana’s power

In 1235, Mali emerged, started by a group that had lived just south of Ghana Wealth still built on gold

Sundiata Sundiata will take

power from an unpopular leader and established peace and prosperity with his wise leadership What we know comes

from oral traditions He will be the

founder of the Mali Empire

Mansa Musa Mansa Musa will grow the

empire further and use a bureaucracy to govern

Mansa, meaning king, will be best known for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 Greatly increased the

influence of Islam in the region

Devastated the economies of everywhere he went (inflation)

Songhai: Origins As Mali declined (1400s), the

Songhai grew Took control of important

trade routes Two great leaders

Sunni Ali – expanded the empire

Askia Muhammad – replaced Sunni Alis son Taxes, delegated responsibility

Eventually fell because of invasions from Moroccan Muslim armies with better weapons

Other Groups of the West: Hausa

Named because of their language

Survived as middle-men of the traders

Constant power struggles between the city-states prevented them from uniting under one central government/expanding

The Yoruba Spoke a common

language but were not united

Leaders were descendants of the first ruler (sent by the creator of man)

Thrived on their artistry and crafts

Benin Grew on the Niger River

delta Similar to Yoruba

Lived in the forests Ruler was a descendant

of the first king Were one of the first

African groups to trade with the Europeans

And now…Vocabulary – I will be checking for

completion at the end of classQUIZ TOMORROW

Finish Chapter 8/15 WorksheetsSyncretism Project – at least 5

things from 5 different religionsRecruitment poster (on a sheet of

printer paper)

Warm-up #9.3 (15.2)9. Most of our knowledge of

emperor Sundiata comes from ______ _________.

10. For what is emperor Sundiata most well known?

11. What are the three great Sudanic (West African) kingdoms (in order)?

12. What led to the collapse of Songhai?

13. Mansa Musa is most well known for his _________ in 1324.

9. Oral traditions10. Founding the

Mali Empire11. Ghana, Mali,

Songhai12. Muslim

invasions13. Pilgrimage

Section 3East and South

East Coast Trade Cities Location made trade

the primary economy As Arabic speaking

people blended with the Bantu language, Swahili was created

Traders brought Indian finished goods and took African raw materials

The city of Kilwa became the wealthiest city-state in the region

Islamic Influences Most East African cities

had Muslim rulers and ruling class while the average people had their traditional religions

Arab Muslims will increase the African slave trade Relatively few sold and

used for home/military duties (not plantations)

Great Zimbabwe Developed in the south as

a result of the gold trade around 1000

Taxed neighbors and controlled trade routes to become the economic, political, and religious center of the South

Around 1450, Great Zimbabwe was abandoned for unknown reasons

Mutapa Empire Legend says it was started

just north of Great Zimbabwe around the same time Great Zimbabwe was abandoned

They will continue to thrive on the gold trade

When the Portuguese couldn’t beat them, they settled for controlling their leaders

And now…Study Vocabulary – QUIZ COMING UPTake Chapter 8/15 QuizFinish Chapter 8/15 WorksheetsSyncretism Project – 5-8 things from

at least 5 different religionsRecruitment poster (on a sheet of

printer paper)Example of Religious Syncretism

Coming up soon

Pizza

Followers of Gibsonism must eat pizza every day of the week.

This comes from Pizzaism

Days of Rest

Followers must not work for 3 days a week.

This comes from the religion of Lazyism

Behavior of Children Children are not

allowed to speak in public unless spoken to first. Also, children can never be more than 10 feet away from their parents.

This comes from Adolescentism

Convert to Gibsonism

Today!

Eat p

izza daily

! Shorter workweek!

Weekly meetings at

a theme park Etern

al Paradise

in

the afterlif

e!