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Chapter 2 Africa: Shaped by its History
Section 1African Beginnings
• Nile Civilizations
• Bantu Migrations
~Very Early History~
• The Sahara was once lush and fertile.
• African’s first farmers lived in the Sahara.
• Our Early human ancestors lived in East Africa 2 million years ago.
Early Farmers and Early Cro-magnon Man
Changing Survival Skills
• Hunting and gathering
• Followed the herds
• Used stone tools (known as the stone age)
Changing Survival Skills Continued…
Farmers and Herders
• Between 10,000 and 6,000 years ago people began to farm and herd animals.
• They domesticated plants and animals.
Domestication of Animals
The Beginnings of
Farming
Early Settlements
• With domestication came settlements.
• Settlements were established on fertile soil and near a water supply.
• A surplus of food production allowed for specialization and trading.
SpecializationTrading
Civilizations on the Nile
Civilization: A society with cities, a government, and social classes.
Note: Your occupation determined your social class.
Characteristics of a Civilization
• Has cities
• A government
• Social classes
• Form of architecture
• Type of writing
• Written records
• Forms of art
Ancient writing
Ancient city
Hammurabi’s Law
Architecture
Egypt•Around 5,000 B.C. people began farming along the Nile river’s banks.
•Villages grew into civilizations.
•Rulers of Egypt were called Pharaohs.
Pharaohs
• Were god/kings
• Believed in the after-life
• Buried in pyramids or the Valley of the Kings
Mummy
Pharaoh
PyramidsValley of the Kings
Egyptian Writing• Called hieroglyphics. (written
on papyrus or tomb walls)
• Mainly preserved on tombs.
• Rosetta Stone unlocked the language of the Egyptians.
Nubia♥ Area along the Nile, south of Egypt.
♥ Settled around 6,000 B.C.
♥ The Nubians of Napata conquered Egypt around 724 B.C. and ruled for 60 years.
Little Nubian Kingdom
• Meroe was farther south than Nubia.
• Meroe was conquered in A.D. 350 by invading forces from Ethiopia.
Nubia
Meroe
Bantu Migrations
• About 4,000 years ago the largest migration of people ever, took place in Africa.
• The reasons for the migration are unknown, but chances are that they had something to do with the food supply.
