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Aflatoxin Stakeholder Workshop, TFDA and Abt AssociatesDecember 3-4, Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Aflasafe in Africa: progress and prospects
for biocontrol in aflatoxin mitigation
R Bandyopadhyay, J Atehnkeng, J Augusto, F Beed, T Dubois, C Mutegi, S Boniface, V ManyongInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
D CassidyUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID)
P CottyUniversity of Arizona/USDA-ARS
O Hasson, P WarriorBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
K MashaDoreo Partners
M McDaniel, J SandahlUnited States Department of Agriculture (USDA-FAS)
J MignounaAfrican Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF)
Perfect aflatoxin storm in sub-Saharan Africa
susceptible crops
susceptible climate
suboptimal production
systems
35o N & S
Kenya
district samples total aflatoxin levels (ppb)
<20 21-99 100-1,000 >1,000
Makueni 91 35 13 40 12
Kitui 73 38 21 32 10
Machakos 102 49 25 23 3
Thika 76 66 17 13 4
Total 342 47% 19% 27% 7%
Aflatoxin levels in the market
CDC and Kenyan Ministry of Health 2004
B1 B2 G1 G2 total
mean 50.0 ppb 7.8 ppb 14.6 ppb 3.9 ppb 76.3 ppb
range 0–519 ppb 0–93 ppb 0–137 ppb 0–65 ppb
Mozambique Ministry of Health 2004
Mozambique
Human health effects in Africa
acuteacute hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma
chroniccarcinogenicanti-nutritionalimmune-suppressive
BBC 2004, Gong et al 2004, NIEHS 2010
underreported
unknown
Animal health effects in Africa
40% reduction in live weight (8 weeks)
aflatoxin-free diet
aflatoxin diet (500 ppb)
aflatoxin-free diet
aflatoxin diet (500 ppb)
aflatoxin level (ppb)
samples
< 20 (safe) 38 %
20 – 100 14 %
100 – 500 41 %
500 - 1000 7 %
aflatoxin levels in broiler feeds in Nigeria
IITA unpublished
Effect on trade
EC 2007
Malawi, Nigeria and Senegal groundnut exports to Europe decimated
Species/strain B aflatoxin (B1, B2) G aflatoxin (G1, G2)
A. flavus ‘L-strains’ +/- -
A. flavus ‘S-strains’ + -
A. flavus ‘SBG strains’ + +
A.Xparasiticus + +
A.Xnomius + +
A.xtamarii - -
Biocontrol of aflatoxins: principle
“competitive exclusion principle”:
field application of atoxigenic L strain that outcompetes the toxigenic ones
shift fungal community from toxigenic to atoxigenic
inci
den
ce
of
tox
ige
nic
str
ain
s (
%) 100
75
50
25
0
natural biocontrol
atox
tox
From Southern USA…
Registered and commercialized since 2004 in the US on maize, cotton, pistachio as AF36 and Aflaguard (Syngenta)
AF36 in Arizona: 590 ton in 2012 82,000 ha cotton and 100,000 ha pistachio in 2012
Routine agronomic practice across counties effective and carry-over in multiple crops over multiple years in various cropping systems
AF36 manufacturing facilityArizona Cotton Research & Protection Council
… to Africa
Nigeria2003
Senegal 2007
Burkina Faso 2009
Kenya 2004
Zambia 2011
Tanzania 2012
Mozambique 2013
Ghana 2013
biocontrol local field local production commercialization strain partners testing capacity distribution awareness
biocontrol local field strain partners testing
biocontrol local field strain partners testing
biocontrol local field strain partners testing
biocontrol localstrain partners
biocontrol localstrain partners
Mali 2013
Strain selection prior to field testing
isolation
toxin analysis genetic profiling (SSR)
sequencing (aflatoxin and CPA)
VCG profiling
competition bioassays
step 1 step 2 step 3
Pre-field selection criteria
does not produce aflatoxin
can genetically not produce aflatoxin
can genetically not produce CPA
outcompetes toxigenic strains
belongs to different clonal lineages (SSR)
VCG with wide geographic distribution in country
VCG does not contain a single toxigenic member
~12 native strains are tested in the field
Selection of 4 strains
selection criteria:
superior aflatoxin reduction
superior capacity to outcompete toxigenic ones
www.iita.org
4 native strains formulated into a registered product: 10 kg ha-1
village fields aflatoxin conc (ng/g) reductionAflasafe control
Diourbel 19 1.9 29.7 93%Nioro 19 4.4 17.6 75%Mean 87%
B-aflatoxin reduction in maize at harvest, Senegal (2010)
village fields aflatoxin conc (ng/g) reductionAflasafe control
Maigana 22 17 646 99%Pampaida 10 9 171 95%Lere 9 49 271 82%Birnin 10 14 96 85%Mean 90%
B-aflatoxin reduction in maize at storage, Nigeria (2010)
IITA unpublished
Performance of Aflasafe in farmers’ fields
Aflasafe plant in Nigeria
Develop cheaper, more effective formulations and manufacturing methods compatible with Africa that can be transferred to private sector
5 t h-1
strains: regional strains (PACA)
manufacturing: regional hubs
registration: regional protocols
Aflasafe-Nigeria
Aflasafe-Senegal
Aflasafe-Kenya
Aflasafe-Zambia
Aflasafe-Mozambique
Aflasafe-West
Aflasafe-East
Aflasafe-South
Regionalization
animal breeders
export-oriented aggregators
food processors
large commercial farmers
smallholder farmers
How to get Aflasafe to market?
incentives are present
aggregation market access
??mar
ket
dem
and
fo
r A
flas
afe
no regulation enforcement
no supply of aflatoxin-free maize
no awareness
no demand no demand for aflatoxin-for aflatoxin-free maizefree maize
AATFAbt AssociatesACDI/VOCAADAAg Dev Program, NigeriaAfrican UnionAnimal Care, NigeriaBill & Melinda Gates FoundationCOMESACrop Research Institute, GhanaDalberg AssociatesDoreo PartnersDPV, SenegalECOWASElephant Vert, MaroccoFEPASO, Burkina FasoGovernment of MozambiqueGIZICRISATIFA-Tulln, AustriaIFARINERA, Burkina FasoKARI, Kenya
KEPHIS, Kenya
KNUST, Ghana
Livestock Feed PLC, Nigeria
Maize Association of Nigeria
Manufacturers Association of Nigeria
Maslaha Seeds, Nigeria
Meridien Institute
Mikocheni, Tanzania
Millennium Village Program, Nigeria
Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya
Ministry of Agriculture, Tanzania
Ministry of Health, Nigeria
NAFDAC, Nigeria
NEARLS, Nigeria
NEPAD Business Group
Nestle
Nigerian Economic Summit Group
Nigerian Export Promotion Council
Asante sana:
Nigerian Mycotoxin Society
NISIR, Zambia
Obasanjo Farms, Nigeria
PASO, Burkina Faso
PCPB, Kenya
PQPS, Zambia
Sokoine University, Tanzania
Sylvain Bio, France
TFDA
TPRI
UNIDO
Université G Berger, Senegal
University of Arizona, USA
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
University of Bonn, Germany
USAID
USDA-ARS
USDA-FAS
US Embassy, Kenya
ZARI, Zambia
… and of course the farmers