AE301 Process and Procedures

8/11/2019 AE301 Process and Procedures

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PUAN.MASELAMAH

PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES

SURESH KUMAR

MOHD FAISAL

AE301:COMMUNICATIVE

ENGLISH 2


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GLASS BOTTLES


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PROCESS AND PROCEDURESAlthough traditional glass-blowing and blow-

molding methods are still used by artists and forcustom applications, most bottle manufacturing isan automated process.

The development of glass bottle machiningpeaked with the advent of feed and flowmachines, which enabled manufacturers togenerate larger production runs than waspreviously possible. Glass production is brokendown into two general categories: containerproduction and sheet production. BOTTLEMACHININg is part of glass container production.


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Bottle manufacturing takes place at a glasscontainer factory in multiple steps. The first stage

of glass-container making begins with the hot

end processes, which typically employ high

amounts of heat to produce and shape a glasscontainer. A furnaceis first used to mold molten

glass, which fed to the furnace as glass feed

stock. Soda-lime glass stock accounts for the

majority (around 90 percent) of glass products,and is typically largely comprised of silica, with

about 10 percent each of calcium oxide and lime


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. Small amounts of aluminum oxide, ferric oxide,barium oxide, sulfur trioxide, and magnesia also

account for about 5 percent of soda-lime glass.

Before melting, cullet (recycled glass) is added to

the stock, accounting for anywhere between 15and 50 percent of the final glass composition.

Once the stock has been fed into the furnace,

temperatures inside can be as high as 1675

degrees Fahrenheit. Next, one of two method

forming methods is applied: press-and-blow or

blow-and-blow.


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Press-and-Blow Press-and-blow formation takes place in an individual

section (IS) machine and is the morecommonly usedmethod in glass-container production. IS machineshave between five and 20 sections, all identical, whichcan each carry out the glass-container forming

process simultaneously and completely. The result isthat five to 20 containers can be produced with onemachine at the same time.

When the molten glass reaches between 1050

and 1200 degrees Celsius it is said to be in itsplastic stage, and it is during this phase thatpress-and-blow formation begins. A shearingblade is used to cut and shape the glass into acylindrical shape, called a gob


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. The cut gob falls, and using gravitational force,rolls through the appropriate passage to reach

the moulds. A metal plunger presses the gob into

the blank mold, where it assumes the moulds

shape and is then termed a parison. Next, theparison is moved into a final mold, where it is

blown into the mould to assume its final

dimensions. This process is typically used for

wide-mouthed glass containers, but can also beused to manufacture thin-necked bottles.


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Blow-and-Blow

Like press-and-blow formation, blow-and-blowtakes place in an IS machine, where a gob is

released during the plastic stage and moved

along to the moulds. However, in blow-and-blow

formation, the gob is forced into the blank mouldusing compressed air to push the gob into place.

The gob, now a parison, is then flipped into a

corresponding final mould where it is blown

again, to form the interior side of the glasscontainer. Glass bottlesof varying neck

thickness can be made using blow-and-blow

formation


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After formation, bottles often undergo internaltreatment, a process which makes the inside of

the bottle more chemically-resistant, an important

factor if the bottles are intended to

hold ALCOHOL or other degrading substances.Internal treatment can take place during formation

or directly after, and typically involves treating the

bottles with a gas mixture of fluorocarbon. Glass

containers can also be treated externally, tostrengthen the surface or reduce surface friction.


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Annealing

Once formation is complete, some bottles maysuffer from stress as a result of unequal cooling

rates. Anannealingoven can be used to reheat

and cool glass containers to rectify stress and

make the bottle stronger.


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Cold End Processes

At this stage in glass production, the bottles orglass containers are inspected and packaged.

Inspection is often done by a combination of

automated and mechanical inspection, to ensure

the integrity of the final product. Common faultsincludechecks (cracks in the glass)

and stones (pieces of the furnace that melt off

and are subsequently worked into the final

container), which are important to catch becausethey can compromise the component. Packaging

methods will vary from factory to factory

depending on the specific type of bottle and the

size of the production run.


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THANK

YOU

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AE301 Process and Procedures