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10/6/2014 1 Acute Stroke M Management LUKE BRADBURY, MD 10/8/14 FALL WAPA CONFERENCE Objectives Recognize the clinical signs of acute stroke Differentiate between stroke and some of the more common stroke mimics Review the NIH Stroke Scale Understand the basics of acute stroke imaging and pertinent findings Discuss tPA Stroke in Clinic, TIA Review emerging endovascular treatments for stroke and some of the recent literature regarding these techniques Case 1 A 66yearold man was admitted to the MICU at an outside hospital for a COPD exacerbation. She improved over the first 12 hours, but at 7:30AM then next morning her nurse noted an exam change: now with left lower face droop, left arm and leg weakness, and dysarthria. arm and leg weakness, and dysarthria. What do you want to know? Case 1 Questions Is this an acute stroke? Could this be a stroke mimic? What needs to be done immediately? Signs and Symptoms of Stroke Sudden onset of focal neurological deficits Weakness Numbness Speech/Language difficulties Speech/Language difficulties Vision abnormalities (double vision, field cuts) Ataxia/dysmetria Dysphagia/dysarthria/aphasia Symptoms should be localizable to a vascular territory Signs and Symptoms of Stroke Cortical Signs Aphasia Neglect/extinction Homonymous visual field deficits

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Page 1: Acute Stroke Management - c.ymcdn.comc.ymcdn.com/sites/ · Acute Stroke Management LUKE ... NIH stroke scale obtained at bedside was 5 Head CT ordered ... disorder, malingering, Munchausen’s,

10/6/2014

1

Acute Stroke MManagementLUKE  BRADBURY,  MD

10/8/14  FALL  WAPA  CONFERENCE

Objectives

Recognize the clinical signs of acute stroke

Differentiate between stroke and some of the more common stroke mimics

Review the NIH Stroke Scale

Understand the basics of acute stroke imaging and pertinent findings

Discuss tPA

Stroke in Clinic, TIA

Review emerging endovascular treatments for stroke and some of the recent literature regarding these techniques

Case 1A 66‐year‐old man was admitted to the MICU at an outside hospital for a COPD exacerbation.  She improved over the first 12 hours, but at 7:30AM then next morning her nurse noted an exam change: now with left lower face droop, left arm and leg weakness, and dysarthria.arm and leg weakness, and dysarthria.

What do you want to know?

Case 1 QuestionsIs this an acute stroke?◦ Could this be a stroke mimic?

What needs to be done immediately?

Signs and Symptoms of StrokeSudden onset of focal neurological deficits

◦Weakness

◦ Numbness

◦ Speech/Language difficultiesSpeech/Language difficulties

◦ Vision abnormalities (double vision, field cuts)

◦ Ataxia/dysmetria

◦ Dysphagia/dysarthria/aphasia

Symptoms should be localizable to a vascular territory

Signs and Symptoms of StrokeCortical Signs◦ Aphasia

◦ Neglect/extinction

◦ Homonymous visual field deficits

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Signs and Symptoms of StrokeLacunar Signs◦ Pure sensory (thalamic strokes, VPL)

◦ Pure motor (posterior limb of internal capsule, pons, cerebral peduncles)

Lacunar Stroke

◦ Not considered “embolic”,  due to small vessel disease

◦ Risks: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, age

Back to Case #1Symptoms consistent with acute stroke, what next?◦ Know the last time normal!

◦ Labs

◦ Glucose

◦ INR

◦ Platelets

◦ Imaging

◦ Noncontrast head CT vs. CTA/P vs. MRI

Case #1◦ Unfortunately her last normal was 10 PM the night before, no tPA was administered (but still had a very good recovery)

Case 256 yo man s/p colonoscopy 2 hours prior; was in recovery room when he had difficulty with slurred speech, right lower facial droop (mild), and altered mental status

Case 2Stroke?◦Maybe, some of the symptoms lateralize

◦ Go ahead with workup as with case 1

◦ NIH stroke scale obtained at bedside was 5

◦ Head CT ordered

◦ CBC sent, INR from that morning was 1.1

◦ Bedside blood glucose was 45

◦ Given an amp of D50, within 5‐6 minutes was back to his neurological baseline

Stroke MimicsThe evaluation for tPA is designed to try and rule out several stroke mimics by labs, exam, or history

◦ History of seizure at onset of symptoms

◦ Todd’s paralysis

◦ Postictal confusion

◦ Hypoglycemia (and much less commonly hyperglycemia)

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Stroke Mimics◦ History of headache (complicated migraine, hemiplegic migraine)

◦ Exam (not necessarily NIH stroke scale)

◦ Signs of “nonorganic” or “nonphysiologic” neurological d fi i i di h i ( ideficits may indicate a psychogenic cause (conversion disorder, malingering, Munchausen’s, etc.)

tPA Safety in Stroke MimicsStudy of 5581 patients treated with IV tPA showed 1.8% were stroke mimics

◦ Seizure (41%); Psychogenic (28%); Migraine (12%); Demyelination (5%); Encephalitis (3%); Brain tumor (2%); Peripheral vestibulopathy (1%); PRES (1%); HypoglycemiaPeripheral vestibulopathy (1%); PRES (1%); Hypoglycemia (1%)

◦ Of the 100 patients with stroke mimics, only 1 had a symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and he recovered completely

◦ Zinkstok, SM et al; Stroke. 2013;44:1080‐1084

Case 3A 24‐year‐old man is taking his final exams at the end of his first year of law school when he collapsed in the bathroom between tests.  EMS is called immediately and he arrives in the emergency department only 20 minutes after he fell.

Case 3 Exam Positive FindingsEyes deviated to the right

Does not move his left arm or leg at all

Does not respond to pain on the left

Left lower face is not moving

Will not respond to examiners on the left

The NIH Stroke Scale: 11 separate categories with points given for deficits

Level of Consciousness, Orientation, Commands

Gaze

Visual Fields

Facial Palsy

Motor Arm (L/R)

Motor Leg (L/R)

The NIH Stroke Scale: 11 separate categories with points given for deficits

Limb Ataxia

Sensory

Language

Dysarthria

Extinction/Inattention

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NIHSSTotal possible score 42

Mild strokes generally 1‐4; moderate 5‐9; severe >10

Limits

◦ Low score does not necessarily indicate little or no◦ Low score does not necessarily indicate little or no disability

◦ Large areas of brain can be missed (right temporal lobe, for example)

Case 3 NIHSSGaze= 2

Visual Fields= 2

Facial Palsy= 2

Total= 19

More on Case 3 later…

Motor arm left= 4

Motor leg left= 4

Sensory= 2

Dysarthria= 1

Extinction= 2

Case 481yo woman presents to the ED via EMS from an OSH after being found down by neighbors.  She always opens her curtains by a certain time every morning and when her neighbors saw that they were still closed in the early afternoon they called 911. Her family had spoken with herafternoon they called 911.  Her family had spoken with her at 9:30PM the night before, it is now 2:30PM.◦ Right‐sided weakness, aphasia, left gaze deviation

Case 4 DiscussiontPA candidate?◦ No, outside of time window

How does this change the evaluation?

◦ Imaging?Imaging?

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Acute Stroke ImagingNoncontrasted Head CT

Standard since the 1996 NINDS tPA study (NINDS tPA study group, N Engl J Med 1995;333:1581‐7)

More ImagingCT angiogram◦ Can be done quickly with noncon head CT

◦May show vessel obstruction

CT PerfusionCT Perfusion

◦ Blood Volume: how much blood is in that region at a given time (ml/100g)

◦Mean Transit Time: how long it takes contrast (blood) to get in and out of a region of brain (seconds)

◦ Blood Flow: how quickly the blood is flowing (ml/100g/sec)

CTA CTP

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MRISome institutions use acute MRI scans for stroke◦ Shown to be just as effective in ruling out hemorrhage (Chalela et al, Lancet. 2007 Jan 27;369(9558):293‐8)

MRI Diffusion/ADC

DWI ADC

Tissue Plasminogen ActivatorThe only FDA approved therapy for acute stroke◦ Binds to fibrin and helps convert plasminogen to plasmin

Timing is crucial, the earlier the better◦ 3 hours after last known normal◦ “golden hour” is the goal for most hospitals now◦ Only 1‐7% of patients with ischemic strokes get tPA, most miss the time window

Dose: 0.9mg/kg with a maximum of 90mg◦ First 10% is given over 1 minute, the remaining 90% over 1 hour

Pooled analysis of ECASS, ATLANTIS, NINDS, EPITHET

tPAAbsolute Contraindications◦ Intracranial hemorrhage (or suspected subarachnoid hemorrhage even if imaging is negative)

◦ Intracranial, spinal, or “major” surgery within the last 3 thmonths

◦ History of previous intracranial hemorrhage

◦ Blood pressure >185/110

tPAAbsolute Contraindications Cont.◦ Seizure at onset

◦ Active internal bleeding

◦ Intracranial neoplasm or vascular malformation

◦ INR > 1.7

◦ Platelet count < 100,000

◦ Outside of the three hour time window*

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tPARelative contraindications◦ NIH stroke scale > 22

◦ Early signs of major infarct on CT scan (midline shift, substantial edema, mass effect)

◦ Age > 75

◦ Very small stroke scale or with rapidly improving symptoms

◦ Blood glucose < 50 or > 400

tPA 4.5 hour time windowThe European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study‐3 (ECASS‐3) study looked at given tPA within 4.5 hours and found it to be safe

◦ Not yet FDA approved but accepted practice in the US

F dditi l l i 80◦ Four additional exclusions: age > 80 years; any anticoagulant use regardless of INR; history of stroke AND diabetes; NIHSS > 25

tPAClinical judgment◦ Should tPA be delayed while waiting for an INR in a patient who is not taking warfarin?

◦ If their blood glucose goes from 40 to 220 with correction d f l l i l d fi it i h ld tPA till band focal neurological deficits remain should tPA still be 

considered?

◦What if the patient is at 4:31 minutes after last known normal?

Stroke in Clinic84 year old woman lives at home alone, performs all of her ADLs  (sort of)◦ Eldest daughter is her neighbor, checks on her several times most days, helps with shopping, does laundry, cleaning

◦ Eldest daughter is on vacation for 10 days and youngest daughter checks in on mom but also is dealing with her child’s graduationon mom, but also is dealing with her child s graduation

◦ On arriving back home, eldest daughter realizes that the patient has been falling and dragging her left leg for eight days

Stroke in ClinicThey call her primary care doctor, what to do?◦ Call the stroke clinic

◦ To the ED◦ Should she be admitted?

◦ Order imaging◦ CT vs MRI

◦ Vascular imaging

◦ Echocardiogram

◦ Cardiac monitoring

◦ Send labs

TIAs in ClinicTIA: Focal neurological deficits lasting less than 24 hours◦ Should be less than 20 minutes for many of us

This is a hospital admission as well◦ Carotid stenosis?

◦ PFO valve abnormality?◦ PFO, valve abnormality?

◦ Atrial fibrillation?

◦ BP control?

◦ Load with antiplatelet agent?

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Clinic After StrokeVaries depending on severity of the stroke◦ Large disability: possibly living in skilled facility with spasticity,  endogastric tube feeding, catheter care regimens, seizures, etc

◦ Moderate disability: Facility vs home; may need assistive devices for walking/driving, ongoing PT/OT needs, disability paperwork, home modificationsmodifications

◦ Minor/no disability: assistive devices, reassurance, surveillance for stroke prevention (carotid dopplers, echocardiograms, CT/MR angiograms)

◦ Everyone: lipids, glucose, blood pressure, ?anticoagulants, antiplatelet agent(s), smoking cessation

Endovascular Acute Stroke TreatmentSeveral devices on the market, most recent are the Solitaire and Trevo retrievable stents

EndovascularIMS III: compared IV tPA vs. IV tPA with endovascular therapy

◦ Stopped early due to futility, but (essentially) only the older devices were used

Back to Case 3 NIHSS is 19

CTA shows long clot in right ICA extending to his right MCA

Treated with tPA and send for endovascular intervention

Leaves hospital with NIHSS of 2, finishes law school only one semester later than previously scheduled

SummaryRecognize the clinical signs of acute stroke◦ Focal neurological deficits localizing to a vascular territory

Differentiate between stroke and some of the more common stroke mimics◦ Seizures; migraines; psychogenic; metabolicSeizures; migraines; psychogenic; metabolic

Review the basics of the NIH Stroke Scale◦ Limitations: does not necessarily indicate amount of brain affected or future disability

Understand the basics of acute stroke imaging and pertinent findings◦ Preferred is noncontrasted head CT in most institutions, some may also use CT angiograms and CT perfusion imaging to help guide treatment

SummaryReview issues in clinic with stroke, before and after

Know the important indications and contraindications for tPA and the dosing

Review emerging endovascular treatments for stroke and some of the t lit t di th t h irecent literature regarding these techniques

◦ Changing field, new devices are much faster and successful but still not standard of care

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