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Actual developments in the field of solar
cooling5. Solartagung Rheinland-Pfalz, Umweltcampus Birkenfeld, September 2009
Wolfram Sparber
2Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Agenda
� Global cooling and solar market
� Solar cooling – an introduction
� Developments on system level
� Developments on chiller level
� Conclusions & Outlook
6Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
European Solar Thermal Market
development
Newly installed collector area, Source: ESTIF 2009
1999-2008
+23%
7Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Cooling systems
Electricity
source
Compression
chiller
Ambient
cooling
Heat
source
Thermal
cooling system
Ambient
cooling
8Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Thermal cooling systems
Heat
source
Absorption
chiller
Ambient
cooling
DEC
Adsorption
chiller
Thermal
cooling system
District /
waste heatFossil fuels
Solar
thermal
Ambient
cooling
…
9Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Solar combi+ systems
� Schematic design of a solar domestic hot water system,
combined with heating support plus cooling delivery.
E-2 E-4
M
M
M
M
M M
11Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Market - solar cooling systems
Data collected by Solarnext
12Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Recently presented thermally driven
chillers
� Historically mainly Asian companies produced and offered
absorption chillers with a cooling capacity over 30 kW
(Eg. Yazaki, Broad, Thermax, …)
� In the last years several European companies presented
new sorption chillers on the market especially with cooling
capacities from 5 kW – 20 kW (Eg. Sonnenklima, Sortech,
EAW, Rotartica, Climatewell, Pink, …)
13Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Present draw backs of the technology
System level:
1. No standardised systems are available
2. A centralized controlling unit is usually missing
3. The exact performance of the chiller under different
conditions is not known to planners
4. Systems are often complex and remain below their
potential
5. Many systems are the first system which a planner
installs and therefore the learning curve is still very
reduced
⇒ Market growth and specific R&D is needed
14Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
1.) Standard systems: Solar Combi+
project
� European project leaded by
Eurac including research and
industry partners
� Development of standardized
system configuration
� Through intensive numerical
simulation
� Identification of most
promising markets
& space cooling
& space heating
Solar thermal
domestic hot water
heating (DHW) DHW
Solar Combi
Solar Combi+& space cooling& space cooling
& space heating& space heating
Solar thermal
domestic hot water
heating (DHW)
Solar thermal
domestic hot water
heating (DHW) DHW
Solar Combi
Solar Combi+
Source: Solarcombi+, Eurac
15Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
� Residential buildings, cold distriubtion by
II. fan coils (10°C/15°C)
III. chilled ceiling (15°C/18°C)
� Two-storied building
� 140 m² cooled floor area
� Based on Task 32 reference buildings
� 2 building standards (60kWh/m² and 100kWh/m² in Zurich,
Switzerland)
� 2 locations (Toulouse and Naples)
Choice of exemplary buildings
Source: Solarcombi+, Fraunhofer ISE
16Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Toulouse 60 Toulouse 100 Naples 60 Naples 100
Ba
rs:A
nn
ua
l lo
ad
[k
Wh
/a]
/ Do
ts: p
ea
k lo
ad
[W
]
Heat_sens Heat_lat Cold_sens Cold_lat
Annual loads in the chosen cases
Source: Solarcombi+, Fraunhofer ISE
17Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Heating
DHW
Cooling
Chiller
heat rejection
Boiler
Collector
Loads
Source: Fraunhofer ISE
Choice of system configuration 1
Source: Solarcombi+, Fraunhofer ISE
18Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Heating
DHW
Cooling
Chiller
heat rejection
BoilerCollector
Loads
Source: Fraunhofer ISE
Choice of system configuration 2
Source: Solarcombi+, Fraunhofer ISE
19Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
•The increase of SF_cooling without boiler is between 12%÷26% depending on the application
Source: Solarcombi+, Eurac
Exemplary results
20Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Examples of system performance
� Slar Combi+ systems performance related to a residentiao
building in Napels; Chilled ceilings are used in this example
Coll.
type
H.R.
type
Coll. area
[m2/kW]
Storage
Vol.
[l/m2]
TOT. Solar
Fraction
[%]
PE
Saved
[%]
Gross Solar Yield
[(kWh/anno)/m2]
ET WCT 4.27 50 70 38 555
ET WCT 4.27 75 73 45 574
ET WCT 5.00 25 67 34 466
ET WCT 5.00 50 76 49 515
1
ET WCT 5.00 75 80 56 533
Source: Solarcombi+, Eurac
21Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
2.) System controller
� At present most solar cooling systems are an assembly of
single components
� These components in many cases have their own controll
unit. This leads in the system to the necessaty to connect
several single control units
� Within this connection there is a high probability not to
find an optimised control logic
� In order to enhance the system performance of future
systems, centralized system controllers are needed …
23Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Product development
� European research project within the 7th Research
Program
� Leaded by University of Firenze – CREAR, including several
research and industry partners
� Three demonstration systems in three European countries
are in planning including one central control unit
� A control unit is under development being able to control
(by soft- and hardware) the whole system and to be
flexible for different kind of installations
24Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Product development – EnergyBox
Source: Project Alone, CREAR, Eurac
25Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Case study - Bolzano
2525
� Multifamily social building realised in passive house
standard
� Including a biomass boiler, geothermal horizontal heat
exchanger and active ventilation
� A solar thermal collector field, a sorption chiller and a
prototype of the control unit will be installed in spring
2010
� The new system will be connected to the geothermal heat
exchanger, the boiler and the ventilation system
Source: Project Alone, IPES, Eurac
26Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Loadprofile of the case study
26
T set winter (°°°°C)
21
T set summer (°°°°C)
26
U set (%)
50%
Yearly sensible heating load
23.1 [kwh/m2]
Yearly sensible cooling demand
4.3 [kwh/m2]
Source: Project Alone, Eurac
27Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
3.) Chiller performance
� In order to be able to efficiently plan a solar cooling system, data for
system simulations are necessary
� Therefore the performance of the central components (collectros, heat
rejection, chiller) have to be known
� Especially the chiller performance, in off design and transient conditions
are in many cases un known to the planners, installers and customers
� In order to bridge this gap Eurac has established recently a dedicated test
facility
Source: Eurac
29Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Laboratory Photos
29
Test facility
Test facility for:
� Sorption machines (UNI EN 14511)
• Cooling Power: ≤20 kW• Heat Pump or Chiller Mode
� Heat Rejection Systems
Establishment of optimal
configurations, depending on:
� Climate zone
� Cooling loads
� Back ups
Source: Eurac
30Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Further developments and projects
� Application of Solar cooling to special industry sectors
-> European FP6 Project “Medisco”
� Application of solar cooling in countries with high solar
irradiation (Northern Africa)
-> European FP6 Project “REACT”
� Coupling of thermal cooling with small scale cogeneration
-> European FP7 Project
� Utilisation of facades of high rise buildings for solar active
systems -> European FP7 Projct “Cost Effective”
� Enhancement of the chillers and heat rejection
performance (advanced heat exchangers, research of new
materials, …), national or company projects
31Umwelt-Campus Birkenfeld [email protected]
Conclusions & Outlook
� Solar cooling and solar combi + systems are only at the
very beginning of the market introduction
� Leading to higher system costs and reduced experience in
the field compared to proven technologies
� A stepwise growth of the market is expected, at the
beginning especially in niche markets (waste heat
utilization, demonstration projects, large heat, DHW and
cooling demand, …)
� Several new products have been presented in the last years
� An overall systems optimisation seems important in order
to realise stable, high performing installations in this initial
market phase