DEVELOPED BY MAILE E. CHOWGrade Level(s): 9-12Subject(s): English/Language Arts, Journalism, Social StudiesCemetery Connection: Normandy American Cemetery

Lorraine American Cemetery Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery Ardennes American Cemetery

Fallen Hero Connection: No specific connection

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens

Guiding question: How can we reconcile the larger events of World War II in Northern Europe with the more personal stories and experiences of those who reported on it firsthand?

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 1

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

OverviewIn this lesson students will use ABMC and other available resources to research and gather information regarding World War II news correspondents who made significant con-tributions to the field of journalism during the war. Students will read and listen to historical news items (articles, cartoons, photographs, radio broadcasts, etc.) from the time period and analyze and interpret them. Following this research, students will write a multi-genre research paper, based on the histori-cal facts of their correspondent’s experience. Follow up will include a written editorial, wherein students will take a posi-tion on a current war, and write commentary for publication in the school newspaper’s op/ed page regarding the risks undertaken by journalists who cover war.

Historical ContextWar correspondents have existed as long as journalism. However, as World War II began, new technology made it possible for news of the war to be communicated in increasingly modern ways, for the time. War correspondents of World War II were courageous, often controversial men and women who communicated the chaos and brutality of the battlefield to their fellow citizens on the homefront. Their experiences offer a fresh and compelling perspective on World War II, and raise questions about the rights and responsibilities of a free press in times of war. This lesson will delve into the history of those who served their country in a journalistic capacity during the war. There are 11 civilian war correspondents buried in American Battle Monuments Commission cemeteries abroad, including Brittany American Cemetery, Cambridge American Cemetery, Epinal American Cemetery, Florence American Cemetery, Henri-Chapelle American Cemetery, Manila American Cemetery, Normandy American Cemetery, and Rome-Sicily American Cemetery.

ObjectivesAt the conclusion of this lesson, students will be able to

• Understand, interpret, and synthesize information about the role of journalism in World War II;

• Write in a variety of genres on the topic; and

• Make conscious decisions about what information should be presented to the reader.

“World War II was the first well-documented conflict. This war saw greater press

coverage and more advanced technology in the fields of

film and photography which led to a rich trove of primary

documents and artifacts. These documents, and the brave

reporters who fought and died to create them, are the impetus

for my lesson plan.”—Maile E. Chow

Chow teaches at the Mid-Pacific Institute in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 2

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Standards Connections

Connections to Common Core CCSS.ELA-Literacy.W.11-12.2.A Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension.

CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.B Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most signifi-cant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other informa-tion and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.

CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.C Use appropriate and varied transitions and syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among complex ideas and concepts.

CCSS.ELA- Literacy.W.11-12.2.D Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary, and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage the complexity of the topic.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.6-8.2 Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or second-ary source; provide an accurate summary of the source distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.

Connections to C3 Framework D2.His.1.6-8 Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

D2.His.6.6-8 Analyze how people’s perspectives influenced what information is available in the historical sources they created.

D2.His.6.9-12 Analyze the ways in which the perspectives of those writing history shaped the history that they produced.

D2.His.4.9-12 Analyze complex and interacting factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.

D2.His.11.9-12 Critique the usefulness of historical sources for a specific historical inquiry based on their maker, date, place of origin, intended audience, and purpose.

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 3

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Documents Used ★ indicates an ABMC source

Primary Sources Art and editorial cartoons by Ugo Giannini and Bill MauldinPBShttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/photo-gallery/warletters-cartoons/

Assorted World War II Radio BroadcastsOld Radio Worldhttp://www.oldradioworld.com/shows/World_War_II_News_Broadcasts.php

Bill Mauldin: Beyond Willie and JoeLibrary of Congresshttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/swann/mauldin/mauldin-atwar.html

“I Can Hear it Now” with Edward R. MurrowYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ge1S1syNY

Radio Broadcasts by Edward R. MurrowInternet Archivehttps://archive.org/details/EdwardR.Murrow-LondonBlitz1940

Richard C. Hottelet on D-Day Radio BroadcastYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8xkQ05VT_k

Robert Trout and others on D-Day Radio BroadcastYouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PcZ1qO8DsE

World War II Cartoonshttp://ww2cartoons.org

Secondary SourcesAbout America: Edward R. MurrowU.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programshttp://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/media/pdf/books/murrow.pdf

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 4

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Cloud, Stanley and Lynne Olson. The Murrow Boys, Pioneers on the Front Lines of Broadcast Journalism. New York: Mariner Books, 1997.

Letters Film ★American Battle Monuments Commission https://www.abmc.gov/multimedia/videos/letters

Mauldin, Bill. Up Front. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.

National World War II Museum, New Orleans, Louisianahttp://nationalww2museum.org

Normandy American Cemetery Visitors Brochure  ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Normandy_Booklet_4-8-2014_508.pdf

The Normandy Campaign Interactive ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/interactive/interactive_files/normandy/index.html

OK, Let’s Go Film ★American Battle Monuments Commission https://www.abmc.gov/multimedia/videos/ok-lets-go

Pyle, Ernie. Brave Men. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.

Reporting World War II: American Journalism 1938-1946. New York: Library of America, 2001.

Romano, Tom. 2000. Blending Genre, Altering Style: Writing Multigenre Papers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Search ABMC Burials and Memorializations ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttps://www.abmc.gov/search-abmc-burials-and-memorializations

World War II Interactive Timeline ★American Battle Monuments Commissionhttp://www.abmc.gov/sites/default/files/interactive/interactive_files/WW2/index.html

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 5

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Materials• Murrow’s Boys Handout

• Multi-Genre Research Paper Handout

• Multi-Genre Research Paper Rubric

• Paper, pens, colored pencils, etc., to create art projects in the multi-genre form

• Internet access for student research

Lesson Preparation• Copy the list of reporters in the “Murrow’s Boys” group. Share information with class as an

introduction to this lesson.

• Collect audio recording of World War II radio broadcast to play for class.

• Print one copy of the Multi-Genre Explanation Handout and Rubric for each student.

ProcedureActivity One: Introduce the concept of embedded journalism (45-60 minutes)

• Embedded journalism is the practice of placing journalists within and under the control of one side’s military during an armed conflict. Embedded reporters and photographers are attached to a specific military unit and permitted to accompany troops into combat zones.

• Discuss the “Murrow’s Boys” with students

◦ Play recordings of radio broadcasts created by the “Murrow’s Boys”

◦ Richard C. Hottelet on D-Day

◦ Robert Trout and others on D-Day

Activity Two: Multi-Genre Project Introduction (45-60 minutes)• A multi-genre research paper is a collection of pieces written in a variety of genres, informed

by a student’s research on a particular subject that presents one or more perspectives on a research question. A primary goal of such a paper is to “experiment” with genres to represent key learnings and understandings.  

• In the multi-genre research project, the student completes research as if completing a traditional research paper: collecting information and recording it, synthesizing the information and then presenting it through writing. Instead of the single, extended prose piece of the traditional research paper, however, the multi-genre paper consists of a number of creative

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens 6

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

pieces—poetry, journal entries, news articles, lists, artwork, graphics, one-act plays, comic books, and etc.  It is imaginative writing based on fact.  

• Unlike the research conducted for a traditional paper, research for a multi-genre paper often does not begin with a working thesis. Rather, the multi-genre researcher begins with an interest and discovers a unifying element along the way. This emergent theme often suggests a thread with which the writer may create cohesion among the separate pieces of writing.  

• Students will complete a multi-genre project with information regarding one of the journalists in the “Murrow’s Boys” group.  

Assessment Materials• Following completion of the multi-genre project (which can be completed inside or outside of

class at teacher’s discretion), students will write an editorial piece for publication in the school newspaper. This written piece will encourage students to take a stand on a current or historical conflict, commenting on a correspondent’s responsibility to report from the field, actions of valor, and risks undertaken.  

• Students can assess themselves and teachers can evaluate the project using this rubric.

• Teachers can check multi-genre projects and observe and note student participation and accomplishment in group discussion.

Methods for Extension• Older or advanced students may choose to include more genres, or more in-depth information

about the conflicts discussed.

• Students can pair a print journalist with a radio journalist and compare how the two covered the same event.

• The American Battle Monuments Commission maintains U.S. military cemeteries overseas. These cemeteries are permanent memorials to the fallen, but it is important that students know the stories of those who rest here. To learn more about the stories of some of the men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice, visit www.abmceducation.org/understandingsacrifice/abmc-sites.

Adaptations• Teachers can simplify the requirements of this project to make it more accessible to younger

learners. Younger students can be assigned genres (such as one poem, one news article and one graphic element), rather than being allowed to choose their own genres.

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

“Murrow’s Boys”• Edward R. Murrow - covered the Blitz in London and the European Theater during World War II

for CBS News; hired a team of foreign correspondents for CBS News who became known as “Murrow’s Boys”

• William L. Shirer - hired in August 1937, working from Berlin, Vienna, and Geneva

• Thomas Grandin - hired spring 1939 to cover Paris

• Larry LeSueur - hired late in the summer of 1939 to cover Rheims, France

• Eric Sevareid - hired in the summer of 1939 to cover Paris

• Mary Marvin Breckinridge - hired in fall 1939 covering Northern Europe

• Cecil Brown - hired February 1940 to cover Italy

• Winston Burdett - hired by Betty Wason in spring 1940 to replace Wason and to cover Scandinavia

• Howard K. Smith - hired in spring of 1941

• Charles Collingwood - hired in the winter 1941 to replace Eric Sevareid in Paris

• William Downs - hired in September 1942 to cover Moscow

• Richard C. Hottelet - the last of the Murrow Boys, hired in 1944 to cover the invasion of Normandy

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

The Reporters of World War II: A Multi-Genre Research PaperA multi-genre research paper is a collection of pieces written in a variety of genres that is based on research and presents one or more perspectives on a research question. A pri-mary goal of such a paper is to “experiment” with genres to represent key learnings and understandings.  

Multi-genre writing promotes active learning on the part of the student for several reasons:  

• Students make conscious decisions about the genres they choose;

• Students explain why they chose a particular genre; and

• Students incorporate research findings and information in a creative way.  

In the multi-genre research project, you will complete the research as if completing a tradi-tional research paper: collecting information and recording it, synthesizing the information and then presenting it through writing. Instead of the single, extended prose piece of the traditional research paper, however, the multi-genre paper consists of a number of creative pieces—poetry, journal entries, news articles, lists, artwork, graphics, one-act plays, comic books, etc. It is imaginative writing based on fact.  

Unlike the research conducted for a traditional paper, research for a multi-genre paper often does not begin with a working thesis.  Rather, the multi-genre researcher begins with an interest and discovers a unifying element along the way.  This emergent theme often suggests a thread with which the writer may create cohesion among the separate pieces of writing.  

Project SpecificsYou will complete a multi-genre project with information regarding one of the journal-ists in the “Murrow’s Boys” group or a journalist who covered the events of the Normandy Invasion.  This project will contain the following:

• a title page with the war correspondent’s name, date of birth/death, dates of his/her life, and photograph of the correspondent.

• a table of contents

• a map delineating war zone and general location where the correspondent was assigned

• a collage page of five headlines (with dates and sources identified) from this specific time period

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

• a two-page factual summary of war correspondent’s contributions to the field of journalism, describing the particular risks undertaken in this specific assignment, the dedication and accuracy the correspondent showed, and the outcome of his/her efforts (if the information was accurately relayed; where or in what publication the dispatches were published, edited, withheld or censored).

• three examples of multi-genre writing of the student’s choice.  This could include creative journaling, poetry, reports from the field, interviews with soldiers, editorial cartoons, etc.

• a brief one-page biography or timeline indicating major events in the war correspondent’s journalistic career.

• a one-page self-assessment that addresses the following:

◦ What surprised you during the process of writing your Multi-Genre paper?

◦ What aspect of this paper would you like advice on?

◦ What did you learn about writing in different genres as a way of inquiring into your topic and communicating what you know?

◦ Describe the strongest and weakest parts of your paper and explain why you categorize those parts as strongest/weakest.

◦ What grade do you feel you deserve on this paper and why?

Wrap-UpFollowing completion of the multi-genre project, you will each write an editorial piece, for publication in the school newspaper.  This written piece will encourage you to take a stand on a current or historical conflict, commenting on a correspondent’s responsibility to report from the field, actions of valor and risks undertaken.  

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Multi-Genre Research Paper Rubric

Holistic impact of the paper

Advanced Knocks me off my feet, bowls me over, so informative and emotionally moving is the paper. There is evidence of original thinking, depth, specificity of detail, delights of language or insight. This multi-genre paper has excellent writing that includes attention to a pleasing visage of the page, action verbs, varied sentence length, effective word choice, skilled placement of information, strong leads and endings, visual and other sensory imagery. Research is interesting, surprising, and cleverly and creatively incorporated into the paper with properly formatted in‐text citations (multiple sources are used for the informational pieces). Paper is at least 2000 words.

Highlyproficient

A good paper. I am upbeat because of some of the solid moves the writer pays attention to that are mentioned above. I learn things about the topic. While the paper didn’t blow me away, I am happy with its competent execution. Research is good; there may be some problems with in‐text citations.

Proficient This paper is complete but the writing did not make use of those qualities that make writing sing. There is a feeling of middle of the road about it. There are likely problems with in‐text citations.

Basic This is a below average paper. The writing shows almost few of the skills mentioned above. Some pieces seem careless, as if written hastily and never revised. Content shows little depth or insight. More telling than showing. In‐text citations are incorrect or not present

Emerging Project seems careless. Some or all pieces contain plagiarized information. No resources are cited in the paper. An insult to turn in, an insult to the teacher, to the disciplined, creative act of writing, and to your own mind.

*Rubric adapted from Tom Romano’s work

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Required ElementsAdvanced Proficient Basic Emerging Not present

The paper contains an original, illustrative title and Table of Contents

Original, surprising, piques a reader’s interest, imaginative, maybe a subtitle

Functional, some imagination

Title simply names the subject

Title dull, something like “WWII Multi-Genre Paper”

Title missing

Paper contains map delineating war zone and general location correspondent was assigned

Map is clear and definitive, outlines areas well

Functional map Map simply shows general area

Map unclear Map missing

Collage of headlines from time period

Headlines are thoughtful and thought-provoking, clear research invested in finding them

Functional, some imagination

Headlines are unrelated to time period, seem cobbled together

Headlines dull or completely unrelated to project

Headlines missing

Two-page factual summary of war correspondent’s contributions to the field of journalism

Reader wants to read on, so compelling and interesting is the relevant information and voice. Sets the reader up well for what is ahead.

Discusses the importance of your topic, how it was chosen, and includes a thesis statement that gives the paper direction

Provides useful information, not too brief or too long. May be missing some of the elements

Provides little useful information, is too long or too brief

Absent or so brief that it may as well be absent

Copy Editing Contains few errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling

Contains more than a few errors but meaning is not seriously affected

Contains enough errors to make reader wonder if the writer proofread carefully.

Contains errors to the point of confusion

Contains many errors to the point of distraction

Fact‐based genre #1 (at least 400 words)

Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally

Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed

Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened

Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing

No in‐text citations present.

Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Rubric

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

Advanced Proficient Basic Emerging Not present

Fact‐based genre #2 (at least 400 words)

Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally

Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed

Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened

Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing

No in‐text citations present.

Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)

Fact‐based genre #3 (at least 400 words)

Vivid, interesting information. Adds insight and depth to the overall paper, is well written with active verbs, specificity, and few wasted words. Several resources are cited throughout the text so the information flows naturally

Interesting, though not particularly vivid writing. More research needed

Little interesting information. Writing could be tightened and sharpened

Rambling, unfocused, fuzzy focus, ho‐hum writing

No in‐text citations present.

Absent or plagiarized (some or all of the piece obviously plagiarized from one or more sources)

Works Cited Complete with at least eight properly formatted sources, listed in alphabetical order

May contain seven sources. Possibly one or two minor errors with formatting

May contain five or six sources. Brief, incomplete, bibliographic style inconsistent

May contain three or four sources. Brief, incomplete, bibliographic style inconsistent

not submitted

Self-assessment Thorough, detailed answers to all of the questions

Thorough, detailed answers to all of the questions

Self‐assessment needs to be more detailed

Self‐assessment rambles or is off-task

not submitted

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

About America: Edward R. Murrow

EDWA

RD R

. A

BO

UT

A

ME

RI

CA

JOU

RN

ALI

SM

AT

ITS

BES

T

MUR

ROW

1

Ph

oto

Cre

dit

s:

Fron

t cov

er: ©

CBS

New

s A

rchi

vePa

ge

1: C

BS, I

nc.

, AP/

WW

P.2:

top

left

& ri

ght

, Dig

ital C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Arc

hive

s,

Tuft

s U

nive

rsit

y; b

otto

m, A

P/W

WP.

4: L

ouis

Lan

zan

o, A

P/W

WP.

5

: lef

t, N

orth

Win

d P

ictu

re A

rchi

ves;

rig

ht, T

im R

oske

, AP/

WW

P.7:

Dig

ital C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Arc

hive

s, T

ufts

U

nive

rsit

y.8:

top

left

, U.S

. Inf

orm

atio

n A

gen

cy, A

P/W

WP;

rig

ht, A

P/W

WP;

bot

tom

left

, Dig

ital C

olle

ctio

ns

and

Arc

hive

s, T

ufts

Uni

vers

ity.

10:

Dig

ital C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Arc

hive

s, T

ufts

U

nive

rsit

y.11

: le

ft, L

ibra

ry o

f Am

eric

an B

road

cast

ing

,

Uni

vers

ity

of M

aryl

and

; rig

ht, D

igita

l C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Arc

hive

s, T

ufts

Uni

vers

ity.

12:

Joe

Barr

entin

e, A

P/W

WP.

13:

Dig

ital C

olle

ctio

ns a

nd

Arc

hive

s,

Tuft

s U

nive

rsit

y.14

: to

p, T

ime

Life

Pic

ture

s/G

etty

Imag

es;

bot

tom

, AP/

WW

P. Ex

ecut

ive

Edito

r: G

eorg

e C

lack

Man

agin

g E

dito

r: M

ildre

d S

olá

Nee

lyA

rt D

irect

or/D

esig

n:

Min

-Ch

ih Y

aoC

ontr

ibut

ing

ed

itors

: C

hri

s La

rso

n,

Ch

and

ley

McD

on

ald

Phot

o Re

sear

ch:

An

n M

on

roe

Jaco

bs

Refe

ren

ce S

pec

ialis

t: A

nit

a N

. Gre

en

TA

BL

E O

F C

ON

TE

NT

S

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w: A

Lif

e...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....1

Free

dom

’s W

atch

dog:

The

Pre

ss in

the

U.S

......

......

......

......

......

......

.4

Mur

row

: Fou

nder

of A

mer

ican

Bro

adca

st J

ourn

alis

m...

......

......

.....7

Har

ness

ing

“New

” M

edia

for

Qua

lity

Rep

orti

ng...

......

......

......

....1

0

“See

It N

ow”:

Mur

row

vs.

McC

arth

y...

......

......

......

......

......

......

....1

3

Mur

row

’s L

egac

y...

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....1

6

Bib

liog

raph

y....

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

17

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

About America: Edward R. Murrow

1

On

a co

ol S

epte

mbe

r ev

enin

g so

mew

here

in

Am

eric

a in

194

0, a

fa

mil

y ga

ther

s ar

ound

a v

acuu

m-

tube

rad

io. A

s so

meo

ne a

djus

ts

the

tuni

ng k

nob,

a d

isti

nct a

nd

seri

ous

voic

e cu

ts th

roug

h th

e ai

rwav

es: “

Thi

s …

is L

ondo

n.”

And

so

begi

ns a

riv

etin

g fi

rst-

hand

acc

ount

of

the

infa

mou

s “L

ondo

n B

litz

,” th

e w

hole

sale

bo

mbi

ng o

f th

at c

ity

by th

e G

erm

an a

ir f

orce

in W

orld

War

II

. Beh

ind

the

mic

roph

one,

sit

ting

at

op a

Lon

don

roof

top

thou

sand

s of

mil

es f

rom

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es,

sits

a y

oung

jour

nali

st, E

dwar

d R

. Mur

row

. Wit

h th

is a

nd o

ther

w

arti

me

broa

dcas

ts, M

urro

w

wou

ld s

pear

head

the

use

of r

adio

-ba

sed

repo

rtin

g an

d al

mos

t sin

gle-

hand

edly

cre

ate

the

conc

ept o

f “b

road

cast

jour

nali

sm.”

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w’s

rep

utat

ion

as o

ne o

f A

mer

ica’

s m

ost

cele

brat

ed jo

urna

list

s en

dure

s lo

ng

afte

r hi

s li

fe w

as e

nded

by

lung

ca

ncer

at t

he a

ge o

f 57

. Mur

row

w

ould

bri

ng to

Am

eric

an r

adio

li

sten

ers

— a

nd la

ter

tele

visi

on

view

ers

— c

ompe

llin

g st

orie

s th

at

wou

ld c

ome

aliv

e th

roug

h w

ords

an

d pi

ctur

es; h

e w

ould

des

crib

e th

e ho

rror

s of

war

bot

h on

and

off

th

e ba

ttle

fiel

d; h

e w

ould

cha

llen

ge

a po

wer

ful m

embe

r of

the

U.S

. C

ongr

ess

in th

e m

idst

of

the

“Red

S

care

” of

the

1950

s; a

nd, n

ear

the

end

of h

is li

fe, h

e w

ould

be

call

ed

on b

y th

e pr

esid

ent o

f th

e U

nite

d St

ates

to le

ad th

e na

tion

’s e

ffor

t to

“tel

l Am

eric

a’s

stor

y to

the

wor

ld.”

Fro

m P

ole

cat

Cre

ek to

Lo

nd

on

Bor

n in

190

8 in

Pol

ecat

Cre

ek,

Nor

th C

arol

ina,

Mur

row

was

ra

ised

in a

fam

ily

of f

arm

ers

who

w

ere

Qua

kers

— a

Chr

isti

an

reli

giou

s de

nom

inat

ion

form

ally

kn

own

as th

e R

elig

ious

Soc

iety

of F

rien

ds. W

hen

he w

as a

boy

, th

e fa

mil

y m

oved

to W

ashi

ngto

n St

ate,

whe

re h

e gr

ew u

p an

d ev

entu

ally

att

ende

d W

ashi

ngto

n St

ate

Col

lege

, whe

re h

e m

ajor

ed in

sp

eech

. He

mov

ed a

fter

gra

duat

ion

in 1

930

to N

ew Y

ork

Cit

y to

run

th

e na

tion

al o

ffice

of

the

Nat

iona

l

Edw

ard

R. M

urr

ow b

road

cast

s el

ecti

on

res

ult

s fo

r C

BS-

TV

on

ele

ctio

n

nig

ht,

Nov

emb

er 7

, 195

6. M

urr

ow, b

orn

in a

fam

ily o

f po

or

farm

ers,

ro

se

to b

eco

me

on

e o

f th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s’ m

ost

fam

ou

s jo

urn

alis

ts.

By

MA

RK

BET

KA

ED

WA

RD

R. M

UR

RO

W:

A L

IFE

3

“ It h

as a

lway

s se

emed

to m

e th

e re

al a

rt in

this

bus

ines

s is

not

so

muc

h

mov

ing

info

rmat

ion

or

gui

dan

ce o

r p

olic

y fiv

e or

10,

000

mile

s. T

hat

is a

n

elec

tron

ic p

rob

lem

. Th

e re

al a

rt is

to m

ove

it th

e la

st th

ree

feet

in

face

to fa

ce c

onve

rsat

ion

.”

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, ABC

TV

’s “I

ssue

s an

d A

nsw

ers,

” A

ugus

t 4, 1

963

Pres

iden

t Jo

hn

F. K

enn

edy

(cen

ter)

wel

com

es

Mu

rrow

, Mu

rrow

’s s

on

C

har

les

Cas

ey, a

nd

his

w

ife,

Jan

et, o

n th

e d

ay

the

CB

S b

road

cast

er w

as

swo

rn in

as

hea

d o

f th

e U

.S. I

nfo

rmat

ion

Ag

ency

.

2

This

was

Mu

rrow

’s p

ort

rait

as

a m

emb

er o

f th

e 19

30 g

rad

uat

ing

cla

ss o

f Was

hin

gto

n

Stat

e C

olle

ge.

Mu

rrow

, lef

t, w

on

the

1956

Em

my

for

Bes

t New

s C

om

men

tary

. Wit

h h

im a

re

fello

w w

inn

ers

Nan

ette

Fa

bra

y, S

id C

aesa

r, a

nd

Ph

il Si

lver

s. In

ad

dit

ion

to n

ine

Emm

ys fo

r h

is b

road

cast

ing

ac

hie

vem

ents

, Mu

rrow

re

ceiv

ed th

e Pr

esid

enti

al

Med

al o

f Fre

edo

m in

196

4.

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

3

Stud

ent F

eder

atio

n of

Am

eric

a. I

n 19

32, h

e be

cam

e as

sist

ant d

irec

tor

of th

e In

stit

ute

for

Inte

rnat

iona

l E

duca

tion

, a n

onpr

ofit g

roup

that

or

gani

zed

stud

ent c

onfe

renc

es

arou

nd th

e w

orld

. He

mar

ried

Ja

net H

unti

ngto

n B

rew

ster

in 1

934

and

they

had

one

son

. In

1935

, the

C

olum

bia

Bro

adca

stin

g C

ompa

ny

(CB

S)

hire

d hi

m a

s di

rect

or o

f “t

alks

and

edu

cati

on.”

In 1

937,

CB

S d

ecid

ed to

sen

d M

urro

w to

Eur

ope

to m

onit

or th

e in

crea

sing

tens

ion

on th

e E

urop

ean

cont

inen

t. A

s w

ar lo

omed

, Mur

row

sa

w th

e ne

ed to

ass

embl

e a

cadr

e of

qua

lifi

ed r

epor

ters

to c

over

th

e st

orie

s as

they

unf

olde

d —

a

grou

p fo

reve

r kn

own

as “

Mur

row

’s

Boy

s.”

Whe

n W

orld

War

II

brok

e ou

t in

1939

, Mur

row

and

his

“bo

ys”

wer

e re

ady

to r

epor

t on

the

bigg

est

stor

y th

e w

orld

had

kno

wn.

War

: A F

irst

-Han

d A

cco

un

t

The

bro

adca

sts

Mur

row

mad

e fr

om th

ose

roof

tops

in L

ondo

n du

ring

the

ragi

ng a

ir b

attle

s w

ould

m

ake

his

nam

e an

d hi

s vo

ice

wel

l kn

own

back

in A

mer

ica.

Mur

row

br

ough

t jou

rnal

ism

to n

ew h

eigh

ts

whe

n he

rod

e al

ong

wit

h U

.S. fl

yers

on

sev

eral

bom

bing

mis

sion

s ov

er

Eur

ope,

ris

king

his

life

to g

ive

Am

eric

an li

sten

ers

a be

tter

sen

se

of w

hat t

he w

ar w

as r

eall

y li

ke a

nd

how

U.S

. sol

dier

s w

ere

figh

ting

it.

But

it w

as f

rom

the

Buc

henw

ald

conc

entr

atio

n ca

mp

in G

erm

any

whe

re h

e pa

inte

d hi

s da

rkes

t pi

ctur

e, o

f th

e un

spea

kabl

e ho

rror

of

mur

der

on a

n in

dust

rial

sca

le:

The

re w

ere

two

row

s of

bod

ies

stac

ked

up li

ke c

ordw

ood.

The

y w

ere

thin

and

ver

y w

hite

. …

Som

e of

the

bodi

es w

ere

terr

ibly

br

uise

d, th

ough

ther

e se

emed

to

be

litt

le fl

esh

to b

ruis

e. S

ome

had

been

sho

t thr

ough

the

head

, but

they

ble

d bu

t lit

tle.

All

ex

cept

tw

o w

ere

nake

d. I

tri

ed

to c

ount

them

as

best

as

I co

uld

and

arri

ved

at th

e co

nclu

sion

th

at a

ll th

at w

as m

orta

l of m

ore

than

500

men

and

boy

s la

y th

ere

in t

wo

neat

pil

es.

Yea

rs la

ter,

in a

tal

k pu

blis

hed

by N

iem

an R

epor

ts, M

urro

w’s

fr

iend

and

pro

duce

r at

CB

S F

red

W. F

rien

dly,

rec

alle

d th

e 24

-m

inut

e ac

coun

t fro

m th

e li

bera

ted

Naz

i cam

p: “

Mur

row

… f

ollo

ws

the

Thi

rd A

rmy

into

Buc

henw

ald,

se

es w

hat y

ou k

now

was

see

n th

ere,

w

as p

rofo

undl

y m

oved

, dep

ress

ed,

ange

red.

His

ang

er w

as h

is g

reat

est

wea

pon,

but

he

knew

how

to

cont

rol i

t. …

No

adje

ctiv

es, I

don

’t

thin

k I

ever

hea

rd h

im u

se a

n ad

ject

ive.

Peo

ple

pile

d up

like

cor

ds

of w

ood,

10

deep

, and

the

smel

l. W

itho

ut s

ayin

g th

at h

e vo

mit

ed,

you

knew

that

he

had.

… T

here

was

a

qual

ity

in M

urro

w a

nd in

tens

ity

of p

urpo

se, a

con

scio

usne

ss h

e w

as

an A

mer

ican

con

scie

nce.

”

Mu

rro

w a

nd

th

e G

reat

T

V B

road

cast

s

Aft

er th

e w

ar, M

urro

w c

ame

back

to

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es, w

orki

ng w

ith

Frie

ndly

in h

is r

adio

pro

gram

, “H

ear

It N

ow.”

In

1954

, thi

s pr

o-

gram

bec

ame

the

TV

new

s an

d pu

blic

aff

airs

pro

gram

“Se

e It

Now

.”

In o

ne c

ase

Mur

row

use

d hi

s pr

ogra

m to

hig

hlig

ht a

nd d

ispu

te

the

U.S

. Air

For

ce’s

195

3 de

cisi

on

to d

ism

iss

from

ser

vice

an

offi

cer

who

se r

elat

ives

wer

e su

spec

ted

of s

ympa

thie

s to

Com

mun

ist

ideo

logy

or

orga

niza

tion

s. T

he A

ir

Forc

e w

ould

eve

ntua

lly

reve

rse

its

deci

sion

. “S

ee I

t Now

,” o

f co

urse

, als

o w

as th

e ve

hicl

e fo

r M

urro

w’s

gre

ates

t con

fron

tati

on,

whe

re h

e ch

alle

nged

Wis

cons

in

Sen

ator

Jos

eph

McC

arth

y. (

See

ar

ticl

e on

pag

e 13

.) A

noth

er

Mur

row

pro

gram

, “C

BS

Rep

orts

,”

aire

d “H

arve

st o

f Sh

ame,

” a

repo

rt c

riti

cal o

f th

e tr

eatm

ent

of m

igra

nt w

orke

rs in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es. T

hese

and

oth

er p

rogr

ams

earn

ed h

im s

ever

al E

mm

ys, t

he

U.S

. aw

ards

for

out

stan

ding

TV

ac

hiev

emen

ts.

Cal

l to

Du

ty: P

ub

lic

Dip

lom

acy

and

th

e “L

ast T

hre

e Fe

et”

Aft

er C

BS

, wea

ry o

f co

ntro

vers

y,

canc

elle

d “S

ee I

t Now

,” M

urro

w

grew

incr

easi

ngly

dis

illu

sion

ed

wit

h th

e m

ediu

m. H

e co

ntin

ued

at

CB

S u

ntil

196

1, w

hen

Pre

side

nt

John

F. K

enne

dy a

ppoi

nted

him

he

ad o

f th

e U

.S. I

nfor

mat

ion

Age

ncy

(USI

A).

Sin

ce 1

953,

USI

A,

the

U.S

. gov

ernm

ent a

genc

y w

ag-

ing

the

“war

of

idea

s” a

gain

st th

e S

ovie

t Uni

on, h

ad b

een

char

ged

wit

h “t

elli

ng A

mer

ica’

s st

ory

to

the

wor

ld”

thro

ugh

educ

atio

nal

exch

ange

s, b

ooks

and

pub

lica

tion

s,

radi

o br

oadc

asts

thro

ugh

the

Voi

ce

of A

mer

ica,

and

libr

arie

s an

d in

form

atio

n ce

nter

s ru

n by

U.S

. E

mba

ssie

s ar

ound

the

wor

ld.

Mur

row

’s g

oal w

as to

mak

e th

e ag

ency

mor

e re

sult

s-or

ient

ed,

and

he w

orke

d ha

rd t

ryin

g to

rei

nvig

orat

e U

SIA

, sec

ure

adeq

uate

fun

ding

fro

m C

ongr

ess,

an

d tr

ansf

orm

its

offi

cers

in

to “

pers

uade

rs”

as w

ell a

s di

ssem

inat

ors

of in

form

atio

n.

Mur

row

’s te

nure

at t

he h

elm

of

USI

A c

oinc

ided

wit

h im

port

ant

even

ts o

f th

e ea

rly

1960

s: S

ovie

t re

sum

ptio

n of

nuc

lear

test

ing,

th

e C

uban

mis

sile

cri

sis,

and

the

Ken

nedy

ass

assi

nati

on. N

ot lo

ng

afte

r K

enne

dy’s

dea

th, M

urro

w,

ill f

ollo

win

g ca

ncer

sur

gery

, lef

t U

SIA

. He

died

in N

ew Y

ork,

on

Apr

il 2

7, 1

965.

Mar

k Be

tka

is a

staff

writ

er in

the

Bure

au o

f Int

erna

tiona

l Inf

orm

atio

n Pr

ogra

ms o

f the

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f St

ate.

45

Whe

n E

dwar

d R

. Mur

row

, in

his

land

mar

k br

oadc

ast,

high

ligh

ted

noto

riou

s pe

rson

al a

ttac

ks b

y S

enat

or J

osep

h M

cCar

thy,

the

vete

ran

CB

S n

ewsm

an w

as a

ddin

g hi

s ow

n vo

ice

to t

wo

cent

urie

s of

Am

eric

an t

radi

tion

uph

oldi

ng

free

dom

of

the

pres

s. M

cCar

thy’

s in

quir

ies

agai

nst p

eopl

e su

spec

ted

of b

eing

Com

mun

ists

or

supp

orti

ng

Com

mun

ism

— c

alle

d “w

itch

hu

nts”

by

oppo

nent

s —

wer

e co

ntri

buti

ng to

an

atm

osph

ere

of f

ear

and

to w

hat M

urro

w a

nd

othe

rs f

elt w

as a

ser

ious

thre

at

to c

heri

shed

civ

il li

bert

ies.

(S

ee

arti

cle

on p

age

13).

The

Pre

ced

ent

and

th

e La

w

Pro

tect

ing

a F

ree

Pre

ss

The

Joh

n Pe

ter

Zen

ger

case

of

1735

se

t the

pre

cede

nt f

or A

mer

ican

pr

ess

free

dom

as

a w

atch

dog

agai

nst o

ppre

ssiv

e go

vern

men

t. In

the

case

, a C

olon

ial j

ury

brok

e w

ith

the

Eng

lish

lega

l tra

diti

on,

whi

ch o

utla

wed

as

“sed

itio

us

libe

l” a

ll p

ubli

shed

cri

tici

sm o

f th

e go

vern

men

t — in

clud

ing

true

an

d ac

cura

te c

riti

cism

— th

at

mig

ht c

ause

pub

lic

unre

st. T

he

jury

dec

ided

that

Zen

ger,

a p

rint

er,

coul

d no

t be

guil

ty o

f se

diti

on

beca

use

his

new

spap

er’s

cri

tici

sm

of th

e B

riti

sh g

over

nmen

t was

, in

fact

, tru

e. T

his

find

ing

esta

blis

hed

trut

h as

a le

gal d

efen

se f

or c

harg

es

of li

bel,

and

wou

ld e

vent

uall

y be

com

e pa

rt o

f th

e fo

unda

tion

of

U.S

. lib

el la

w.

The

Am

eric

an R

evol

utio

nary

W

ar w

as t

rigg

ered

in

no s

mal

l par

t by

the

Stam

p A

ct o

f 17

65, i

nten

ded

to t

ax i

ndep

ende

nt n

ewsp

aper

s ou

t of

exis

tenc

e. I

n an

era

whe

n ne

ws

trav

eled

no

fast

er th

an h

orse

s co

uld

run

or s

hips

cou

ld s

ail,

whe

n op

inio

ns c

ould

be

broa

dcas

t onl

y as

loud

as

a m

an c

ould

sho

ut,

new

spap

ers

wer

e th

e pr

imar

y w

ay

for

revo

luti

onar

ies

and

roya

list

s to

get

thei

r m

essa

ges

to a

wid

er

audi

ence

.“C

ongr

ess

shal

l mak

e no

la

w …

abr

idgi

ng th

e fr

eedo

m

of s

peec

h, o

r of

the

pres

s.”

The

Firs

t Am

endm

ent o

f th

e U

.S.

Con

stit

utio

n (1

791)

, ele

gant

in

its

sim

plic

ity,

ens

hrin

ed o

ne

of th

e m

ost b

asic

bel

iefs

of

the

nati

on: t

he i

mpo

rtan

ce o

f th

e pr

ess

in n

urtu

ring

dem

ocra

tic

gove

rnm

ent.

To th

is d

ay, i

n th

e U

nite

d St

ates

and

in

all o

ther

fr

ee a

nd d

emoc

rati

c na

tion

s,

thes

e co

nvic

tion

s co

ntin

ue to

ap

ply:

a f

ree

and

inde

pend

ent

pres

s pr

ovid

es p

eopl

e w

ith

the

info

rmat

ion

they

nee

d to

pla

y an

ac

tive

rol

e in

the

gove

rnm

ent a

nd

life

of

thei

r co

untr

y, a

nd p

eopl

e m

ust h

ave

the

free

dom

to s

peak

th

eir

min

d an

d to

pub

lish

cri

tici

sm

of th

eir

gove

rnm

ent.

FR

EE

DO

M’S

WAT

CH

DO

G:

TH

E

PR

ESS

IN

TH

E U

.S.

By

Vin

ce C

raw

ley

Ori

gin

al ra

dio

scr

ipts

wri

tten

by

Mu

rrow

an

d n

ewsp

aper

clip

pin

gs

abo

ut h

im fo

rm p

art o

f th

e Ed

war

d R

. Mu

rrow

Cen

ter

colle

ctio

n

at T

uft

s U

niv

ersi

ty.

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

45

The

Fir

st A

men

dmen

t its

elf

was

the

resu

lt of

a le

ngth

y po

liti

cal d

ebat

e co

nduc

ted

thro

ugh

new

spap

ers,

and

its

auth

ors

knew

ex

actl

y w

hat k

ind

of f

reed

om th

ey

wer

e le

ttin

g lo

ose.

The

pre

ss o

f th

eir

day

was

hig

hly

opin

iona

ted,

pa

rtis

an, a

nd fi

lled

wit

h vi

ciou

s pe

rson

al a

ttac

ks.

Poli

tica

l Po

lari

zati

on

, Fro

m

Was

hin

gto

n to

Lin

coln

“He

that

is n

ot f

or u

s is

aga

inst

us

,” b

anne

red

the

Gaz

ette

of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es, b

acki

ng th

e go

vern

men

t of

the

firs

t pre

side

nt,

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

(178

9-9

7).

The

Gaz

ette

pro

clai

med

that

its

mis

sion

was

to o

ppos

e th

e “r

agin

g

mad

ness

” of

thos

e w

ho c

riti

cize

d ad

min

istr

atio

n po

lici

es, i

nclu

ding

“p

olit

icia

ns”

such

as

Tho

mas

Je

ffer

son.

The

opp

osit

ion

prin

ted

live

ly

new

spap

ers

of it

s ow

n, w

riti

ng

that

Pre

side

nt W

ashi

ngto

n w

as

“rev

elin

g in

neo

-mon

arch

ical

ce

rem

ony”

and

acc

usin

g hi

m

of “

inco

mpe

tent

sol

dier

ing,

”

“ W

e p

rocl

aim

our

selv

es —

as

ind

eed

we

are

— th

e d

efen

der

s of

free

dom

ab

road

. …B

ut w

e ca

nn

ot d

efen

d fr

eed

om a

bro

ad b

y

des

erti

ng

it a

t hom

e.”

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, CBS

TV

’s “S

ee It

Now

,” M

arch

9, 1

954

This

han

d-c

olo

red

hal

f-to

ne

dep

icts

pro

min

ent

Co

lon

ial l

awye

r A

nd

rew

Ham

ilto

n’s

def

ense

of p

rin

ter

Joh

n P

eter

Zen

ger

in 1

735.

In th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s, te

levi

sio

n n

etw

ork

s ow

ned

by

AB

C,

CB

S, a

nd

NB

C b

egan

reg

ula

r o

per

atio

n in

194

8. T

he

net

wo

rks

con

tro

lled

ab

ou

t 90

per

cen

t of t

ho

se w

atch

ing

te

levi

sio

n fo

r se

vera

l dec

ades

aft

er th

at, b

ut h

ave

lost

au

die

nce

sh

are

to n

ewer

tech

no

log

ies

— in

clu

din

g th

e In

tern

et —

in th

e p

ast 2

0 ye

ars.

67

acco

rdin

g to

Uni

vers

ity

of C

hica

go

Firs

t Am

endm

ent l

aw p

rofe

ssor

G

eoff

rey

R. S

tone

, who

se 2

004

book

Per

ilou

s T

imes

det

ails

the

hist

ory

of A

mer

ican

fre

e sp

eech

in

tim

e of

war

.T

hom

as J

effe

rson

str

ongl

y su

ppor

ted

pres

s fr

eedo

m, b

ut

he a

lso

had

few

kin

d w

ords

for

th

e ne

wsp

aper

s th

emse

lves

and

re

peat

edly

cal

led

for

pres

s re

form

s an

d ba

lanc

ed r

epor

ting

. “W

ere

it le

ft to

me

to d

ecid

e w

heth

er

we

shou

ld h

ave

a go

vern

men

t w

itho

ut n

ewsp

aper

s or

new

spap

ers

wit

hout

a g

over

nmen

t,” J

effe

rson

on

ce w

rote

, “I

shou

ld n

ot h

esit

ate

a m

omen

t to

pref

er th

e la

tter

.”

Yet

, he

also

sai

d, “

I de

plor

e …

th

e pu

trid

sta

te i

nto

whi

ch o

ur

new

spap

ers

have

pas

sed

and

the

mal

igni

ty, t

he v

ulga

rity

, and

m

enda

ciou

s sp

irit

of th

ose

who

w

rite

for

them

.”D

ecad

es la

ter,

pol

itic

al

pola

riza

tion

dur

ing

the

Civ

il

War

res

ulte

d in

a b

arra

ge o

f pr

ess

crit

icis

m a

gain

st P

resi

dent

A

brah

am L

inco

ln. I

n 18

63,

an e

dito

rial

in

the

Chi

cago

T

imes

sai

d U

nion

sol

dier

s w

ere

“ind

igna

nt a

t the

im

beci

lity

that

ha

s de

vote

d th

em to

sla

ught

er f

or

purp

oses

wit

h w

hich

they

hav

e no

sym

path

y.”

Whe

n an

ang

ry

Uni

on g

ener

al c

lose

d do

wn

the

new

spap

er, L

inco

ln o

rder

ed

it re

open

ed.

The

Go

vern

men

t an

d t

he

Pre

ss

U.S

. law

tw

ice

has

soug

ht f

orm

ally

to

lim

it fr

eedo

m o

f th

e pr

ess.

T

he S

edit

ion

Act

of

1798

was

pa

ssed

dur

ing

the

pres

iden

cy o

f Jo

hn A

dam

s, w

hen

the

nati

on

was

on

the

brin

k of

war

wit

h Fr

ance

. It w

as a

imed

at o

ppos

itio

n ne

wsp

aper

s bu

t had

a b

uilt

-in

exp

irat

ion

date

that

ela

psed

w

hen

Jeff

erso

n w

as e

lect

ed

in 1

800.

Pas

sed

duri

ng W

orld

War

I, t

he S

edit

ion

Act

of

1918

pr

ohib

ited

“fa

lse,

sca

ndal

ous,

and

m

alic

ious

wri

ting

” ag

ains

t the

U

.S. g

over

nmen

t or

Con

gres

s.

The

act

was

rep

eale

d in

192

1. A

n ac

com

pany

ing

law

, the

Esp

iona

ge

Act

of

1917

, rem

ains

in

forc

e an

d m

akes

it il

lega

l to

inte

rfer

e w

ith

the

arm

ed f

orce

s or

to a

id

an e

nem

y of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

Dur

ing

Wor

ld W

ar I

, the

U.S

. po

stm

aste

r ge

nera

l int

erpr

eted

th

e pr

ovis

ion

broa

dly

to p

rohi

bit

anti

-war

new

spap

ers

from

bei

ng

deli

vere

d th

roug

h th

e m

ail.

In 1

971,

dur

ing

the

Vie

tnam

W

ar, t

he U

.S. g

over

nmen

t obt

aine

d on

nat

iona

l sec

urit

y gr

ound

s a

fede

ral c

ourt

ord

er to

hal

t the

N

ew Y

ork

Tim

es f

rom

its

ongo

ing

publ

icat

ion

of th

e P

enta

gon

Pap

ers.

The

se d

ocum

ents

, pr

epar

ed b

y th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Def

ense

, ana

lyze

d th

e hi

stor

y of

U.S

. inv

olve

men

t in

Vie

tnam

an

d ha

d be

en c

lass

ified

as

top

secr

et. W

hen

the

Was

hing

ton

Pos

t th

en b

egan

pub

lish

ing

the

sam

e m

ater

ial,

a ju

dge

in a

dif

fere

nt

fede

ral d

istr

ict r

efus

ed to

hal

t the

ir

publ

icat

ion.

Wit

hin

days

the

case

re

ache

d th

e Su

prem

e C

ourt

, whi

ch

rule

d in

fav

or o

f th

e ne

wsp

aper

s.

The

Cou

rt f

ound

that

the

Firs

t A

men

dmen

t’s g

uara

ntee

of

free

sp

eech

mea

nt th

at th

e go

vern

men

t co

uld

not e

xerc

ise

“pri

or r

estr

aint

” on

the

cont

ent n

ewsp

aper

s ch

ose

to p

ubli

sh.

Toda

y, w

hile

gov

ernm

ent

offi

cial

s so

met

imes

see

k to

pre

vent

se

nsit

ive

info

rmat

ion

from

bei

ng

disc

over

ed b

y th

e pr

ess,

ther

e ar

e no

lega

l res

trai

nts

on n

ewsp

aper

s or

bro

adca

ster

s on

nat

iona

l se

curi

ty g

roun

ds. F

orei

gn v

isit

ors

ofte

n ar

e su

rpri

sed

to d

isco

ver

that

mor

e th

an 1

00 a

ccre

dite

d jo

urna

list

s fr

eely

roa

m th

e co

rrid

ors

of th

e Pe

ntag

on i

n se

arch

of

new

s, u

nesc

orte

d ev

en i

n ti

me

of w

ar.

Mod

ern

broa

dcas

t jou

rnal

ism

be

gan

in th

e 19

20s

and

1930

s an

d ca

me

of a

ge i

n th

e 19

50s,

w

hen

tele

visi

on b

egan

to t

ake

over

fro

m p

rint

ed p

aper

s as

the

prim

ary

sour

ce o

f ne

ws

for

mos

t A

mer

ican

s. G

over

nmen

t bro

adca

st

lice

nses

at t

hat t

ime

requ

ired

fai

r an

d ba

lanc

ed r

epor

ting

thro

ugh

the

so-c

alle

d Fa

irne

ss D

octr

ine.

M

urro

w’s

Mar

ch 9

, 195

4, r

epor

t on

McC

arth

y ca

rrie

d su

ch i

mpa

ct

beca

use

it br

oke

the

stan

dard

fo

rmat

of

tell

ing

both

sid

es o

f a

stor

y in

the

sam

e br

oadc

ast a

nd

inst

ead

high

ligh

ted

McC

arth

y’s

tact

ics.

McC

arth

y re

spon

ded

at a

la

ter

date

on

the

Mur

row

pro

gram

. T

hose

who

saw

it th

ough

t he

look

ed il

l at e

ase

and

did

not

help

his

cau

se. T

he b

road

cast

al

so d

ispl

ayed

the

new

pow

er o

f te

levi

sion

. Man

y ne

wsp

aper

s ha

d be

en r

epor

ting

and

que

stio

ning

M

cCar

thy’

s ta

ctic

s, b

ut it

was

M

urro

w’s

“S

ee I

t Now

” M

arch

9

broa

dcas

t tha

t bro

ught

McC

arth

y’s

acti

ons

into

Am

eric

a’s

livi

ng

room

s.

“It i

s w

ell t

o re

mem

ber

that

fr

eedo

m th

roug

h th

e pr

ess

is th

e th

ing

that

com

es fi

rst,”

Mur

row

to

ld th

e N

ew Y

ork

Her

ald

Trib

une

in 1

958,

str

essi

ng h

is

own

beli

ef i

n a

grea

t dem

ocra

tic

inst

itut

ion.

“M

ost o

f us

pro

babl

y fe

el w

e co

uldn

’t b

e fr

ee w

itho

ut

new

spap

ers,

and

that

is th

e re

al

reas

on w

e w

ant t

he n

ewsp

aper

s to

be

fre

e.”

Vinc

e Cr

awle

y is

a st

aff w

riter

in th

e Bu

reau

of I

nter

natio

nal I

nfor

mat

ion

Prog

ram

s of t

he U

.S. D

epar

tmen

t of

Stat

e.

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

67

On

the

day

Ed

Mur

row

di

ed, E

ric

Sev

arei

d (C

BS

co

rres

pond

ent a

nd o

ne o

f “M

urro

w’s

Boy

s”)

eulo

gize

d hi

s ol

d fr

iend

and

col

leag

ue o

n “T

he

CB

S E

veni

ng N

ews.

” S

evar

eid

said

of

Mur

row

, “H

e w

as a

sho

otin

g st

ar a

nd w

e sh

all n

ot s

ee h

is li

ke

agai

n.”

It w

as b

oth

a tr

ibut

e an

d a

safe

pre

dict

ion.

The

fou

nder

onl

y pa

sses

by

once

. Mur

row

’s a

ccom

plis

hmen

ts

can’

t be

dupl

icat

ed b

ecau

se h

e w

as w

riti

ng o

n a

blan

k pa

ge. O

n a

sing

le d

ay in

193

8 he

pio

neer

ed

the

over

seas

net

wor

k re

port

ing

staf

f an

d th

e ro

undu

p ne

ws

form

at w

hile

rei

nven

ting

him

self

, tr

ansf

orm

ing

a ju

nior

exe

cuti

ve

into

a f

orei

gn c

orre

spon

dent

. T

hen

in 1

951,

he

mov

ed te

levi

sion

be

yond

its

func

tion

as

a he

adli

ne

serv

ice

and

esta

blis

hed

it as

an

ori

gina

l new

s so

urce

, not

a

med

ium

that

mer

ely

dupl

icat

ed

stor

ies

cull

ed f

rom

new

spap

ers.

H

e al

so g

ave

broa

dcas

t jou

rnal

ism

a

set o

f st

anda

rds

that

mat

ched

th

ose

of th

e be

st n

ewsp

aper

s in

te

rms

of w

hat s

tori

es to

cov

er

and

how

to c

over

them

. Fro

m

two

plat

form

s of

sho

w b

usin

ess

he c

arve

d ou

t spa

ce f

or s

erio

us

inve

stig

atio

n an

d di

scus

sion

of

publ

ic a

ffai

rs. A

ltho

ugh

he k

new

ho

w to

ent

erta

in, a

s sh

own

by th

e su

cces

s of

“Pe

rson

to P

erso

n” (

his

tele

visi

on s

how

fea

turi

ng c

eleb

rity

in

terv

iew

s), h

e w

as a

dam

ant a

bout

ke

epin

g en

tert

ainm

ent o

ut o

f br

oadc

ast j

ourn

alis

m.

If S

evar

eid

mea

nt w

e w

ould

no

t see

the

like

of

Mur

row

the

indi

vidu

al, h

is p

redi

ctio

n st

ill

hold

s. W

e al

l kno

w p

eopl

e w

ho

poss

ess

one

or m

ore

of M

urro

w’s

qu

alit

ies,

but

no

one

has

them

al

l to

the

degr

ee h

e di

d. H

e w

as

the

embo

dim

ent o

f th

e A

mer

ican

D

ream

. Bor

n am

ong

the

hard

-sc

rabb

le d

irt f

arm

ers

of P

olec

at

Cre

ek, N

orth

Car

olin

a, a

nd r

aise

d am

ong

the

mig

rant

labo

rers

and

lu

mbe

rjac

ks o

f ru

ral W

ashi

ngto

n,

he n

ever

lost

his

wor

king

-cla

ss

MU

RR

OW

: F

OU

ND

ER

OF

AM

ER

ICA

N

BR

OA

DC

AST

JO

UR

NA

LIS

M

By

Bob

Ed

war

ds

“See

It N

ow,”

in th

e p

erso

n o

f Mu

rrow

, to

ok

to th

e tr

ench

es in

195

3 to

in

terv

iew

U.S

. Mar

ines

fig

hti

ng

the

Ko

rean

War

.

9

“Th

is is

Lon

don

.”

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, beg

inni

ng in

194

0, th

e op

enin

g of

CBS

radi

o b

road

cast

s fr

om L

ondo

n

“Goo

d n

ight

, an

d g

ood

luck

.”

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, beg

inni

ng in

194

0, th

e cl

osin

g of

CBS

radi

o b

road

cast

s fr

om L

ondo

n

Mu

rrow

’s v

oic

e b

rou

gh

t th

e h

avo

c cr

eate

d b

y th

e G

erm

an B

litz

in

Lon

do

n to

Am

eric

an li

vin

g r

oo

ms

du

rin

g th

e fi

rst s

tag

es o

f Wo

rld

War

II.

Her

e, c

hild

ren

sit

nex

t to

the

rem

ain

s o

f th

eir

ho

me.

8

“Th

is is

Lo

nd

on”

cir

ca 1

940,

a c

ity

un

der

sie

ge,

an

d M

urr

ow w

as th

ere

to

chro

nic

le it

s st

rug

gle

ag

ain

st th

e N

azis

.

Mu

rrow

rea

ds

a sc

rip

t d

uri

ng

the

era

of t

he

gre

at d

ocu

men

tari

es

on

“Se

e It

Now

” an

d

“CB

S R

epo

rts.”

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

9

valu

es. A

ltho

ugh

com

fort

able

in

the

com

pany

of

jani

tors

and

di

plom

ats,

he

coul

d al

so b

e sh

y an

d aw

kwar

d, s

omet

imes

eve

n w

ith

clos

e as

soci

ates

. Una

ble

to

mak

e sm

all t

alk

and

unw

illi

ng

to f

ake

it, h

e fe

lt no

gui

lt ab

out

subj

ecti

ng p

eopl

e to

long

si

lenc

es. H

e kn

ew a

wid

e ra

nge

of r

emar

kabl

e pe

ople

, gav

e aw

ay

a gr

eat d

eal o

f m

oney

, and

fou

nd

jobs

for

doz

ens

of a

cqua

inta

nces

, ye

t bel

ieve

d he

had

no

real

fri

ends

.M

urro

w w

as a

goo

d m

anag

er,

lead

ing

by e

xam

ple

rath

er th

an b

y m

eeti

ngs

and

mem

os, a

nd h

e w

as

a ne

ar-fl

awle

ss ju

dge

of t

alen

t. H

e w

as s

mar

t but

not

bri

llia

nt,

his

min

d w

orki

ng s

kill

full

y li

ke

the

deba

ter

he w

as in

col

lege

. H

is s

crip

ts p

rese

nted

his

cas

e in

an

ord

erly

, law

yerl

ike

man

ner.

Edu

cati

on w

as h

is fi

rst p

rofe

ssio

n an

d he

tru

ly w

as a

teac

her,

eve

r an

xiou

s to

lear

n so

met

hing

new

an

d to

pas

s it

on in

wha

t he

call

ed

the

bigg

est c

lass

room

in th

e w

orld

. H

e ha

d a

mor

al c

ode

root

ed in

po

puli

sm a

nd ju

stic

e, t

akin

g th

e si

de o

f th

e un

derd

og a

nd t

akin

g th

e st

arch

out

of

the

stuf

fed

shir

ts.

Mos

t of

all,

Mur

row

was

ab

solu

tely

fea

rles

s. H

is f

avor

ite

com

men

tato

r, E

lmer

Dav

is, u

sed

to s

ay, “

Don

’t le

t the

b —

sca

re

you.

” N

othi

ng s

care

d M

urro

w

— n

ot b

ombs

, dic

tato

rs, g

ener

als,

m

embe

rs o

f C

ongr

ess,

spo

nsor

s,

corp

orat

e ex

ecut

ives

, or

Jose

ph

McC

arth

y. M

urro

w c

ould

not

be

mus

cled

, bul

lied

, bou

ght,

corr

upte

d, o

r in

tim

idat

ed. H

e co

uld,

how

ever

, be

flaw

ed in

ju

dgm

ent,

as h

e w

as w

ith

Fran

k St

anto

n (C

BS

, Inc

. pre

side

nt).

It

was

con

veni

ent f

or M

urro

w to

se

e St

anto

n as

the

enem

y of

the

new

s. S

ix y

ears

aft

er M

urro

w’s

de

ath

Stan

ton

risk

ed a

pri

son

sent

ence

for

con

tem

pt b

y re

fusi

ng

to g

ive

a co

ngre

ssio

nal c

omm

itte

e ou

ttak

es f

rom

a “

CB

S R

epor

ts”

docu

men

tary

cal

led

“The

Sel

ling

of

the

Pent

agon

.” E

ven

Mur

row

w

ould

hav

e ha

d to

con

cede

th

at S

tant

on w

as a

cha

mpi

on o

f jo

urna

lism

that

day

.T

he r

eal r

easo

n w

e’ll

not

se

e M

urro

w’s

like

aga

in is

that

ev

eryt

hing

that

all

owed

Mur

row

to

be

Mur

row

has

cha

nged

dr

amat

ical

ly. M

urro

w b

enefi

ted

from

bei

ng th

e st

anda

rd to

w

hom

all

who

fol

low

sho

uld

be

com

pare

d. W

hen

you’

re th

e “fi

rst”

at

som

ethi

ng y

ou g

et to

wri

te a

lot

of y

our

own

rule

s. …

It’s

dif

ficu

lt to

imag

ine

Mur

row

la

stin

g ve

ry lo

ng in

bro

adca

st

jour

nali

sm to

day

beca

use

his

prog

ram

s w

ould

be

requ

ired

to

mak

e m

oney

. Non

broa

dcas

ters

ac

quir

ed th

e ne

twor

ks in

the

1980

s w

hen

the

FCC

(Fe

dera

l C

omm

unic

atio

ns C

omm

issi

on)

no

long

er m

anda

ted

publ

ic s

ervi

ce

prog

ram

min

g. T

he n

ew o

wne

rs,

prin

cipa

lly

conc

erne

d w

ith

profi

ts

and

shar

e pr

ices

, ord

ered

the

netw

ork

new

s di

visi

ons

to b

e pr

ofita

ble.

The

y sa

w n

o re

ason

w

hy th

e ne

ws

divi

sion

sho

uld

not

be a

pro

fit c

ente

r, ju

st li

ke th

e m

ovie

stu

dio,

pub

lish

ing

hous

e,

or o

ther

pro

pert

ies

they

ow

ned.

W

hen

new

s ha

s to

mak

e m

oney

, th

e su

bsta

nce,

cha

ract

er, a

nd lo

ok

of th

e ne

ws

chan

ges.

In

the

publ

ic

serv

ice

era,

the

netw

orks

pro

duce

d do

cum

enta

ries

. In

the

profi

t era

, do

cum

enta

ries

hav

e be

en r

epla

ced

by m

agaz

ine

prog

ram

s he

avy

on

crim

e, it

ems

abou

t cel

ebri

ties

, fee

l-go

od f

eatu

res,

and

the

late

st t

rend

y di

seas

e. T

hese

pro

gram

s ha

ve

to c

ompe

te w

ith

ente

rtai

nmen

t pr

ogra

ms

in p

rim

e ti

me.

The

onl

y w

ay a

new

s pr

ogra

m c

an c

ompe

te

in p

rim

e ti

me

is to

bec

ome

an

ente

rtai

nmen

t pro

gram

. …T

he f

act i

s th

at w

e ha

d M

urro

w

whe

n w

e ne

eded

him

mos

t —

at t

he b

egin

ning

of

broa

dcas

t jo

urna

lism

, bef

ore

ther

e w

as a

corr

upti

ng r

equi

rem

ent t

hat n

ews

mak

e m

oney

. The

pro

fess

ion

look

s so

bad

toda

y, in

par

t, be

caus

e M

urro

w s

et th

e st

anda

rd s

o hi

gh a

t it

s bi

rth.

We

see

a bi

t of

his

lega

cy

ever

y ti

me

ther

e is

an

impo

rtan

t st

ory

and

broa

dcas

t jou

rnal

ism

fu

ncti

ons

as it

’s s

uppo

sed

to. I

t’s

impo

rtan

t to

rem

embe

r th

at o

nce

upon

a ti

me

we

turn

ed to

rad

io

and

tele

visi

on to

ent

erta

in u

s an

d no

thin

g m

ore.

If

we

expe

ct th

e br

oadc

ast m

edia

to in

form

us,

ed

ucat

e us

, and

enl

ight

en u

s, it

’s

beca

use

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w le

d us

to

bel

ieve

that

they

wou

ld.

Broa

dcas

t jou

rnal

ist B

ob E

dwar

ds

host

s “Th

e Bo

b Ed

war

ds S

how

” on

XM

Sate

llite

Rad

io. H

e w

as th

e po

pula

r ho

st o

f Nat

iona

l Pub

lic R

adio

’s fla

gshi

p pr

ogra

m, “

Mor

ning

Edi

tion,

” for

25

year

s, b

egin

ning

in it

s deb

ut y

ear o

f 19

79. T

he se

gmen

t abo

ve is

exc

erpt

ed

with

per

mis

sion

of t

he p

ublis

her J

ohn

Wile

y &

Son

s, In

c., f

rom

Edw

ard

R.

Mur

row

and

the

Birt

h of

Bro

adca

st

Jour

nalis

m. C

opyr

ight

©20

04 b

y Bo

b Ed

war

ds. T

his b

ook

is a

vaila

ble

at a

ll bo

okst

ores

, onl

ine

book

selle

rs

and

from

the

Wile

y w

eb si

te a

t w

ww

.wile

y.co

m, o

r cal

l 1-8

00-C

ALL

-W

ILEY

.

1011

If E

dwar

d M

urro

w w

ere

aliv

e to

day,

how

wou

ld

he h

arne

ss th

e In

tern

et to

pr

oduc

e gr

ound

brea

king

qua

lity

jo

urna

lism

? W

e ca

nnot

ans

wer

that

qu

esti

on, b

ut w

e ca

n lo

ok to

how

M

urro

w r

evol

utio

nize

d th

e ne

w

med

ia o

f hi

s ti

me:

firs

t rad

io, a

nd

then

tele

visi

on.

Whe

n M

urro

w jo

ined

CB

S

in 1

935,

net

wor

k ra

dio

new

s di

d no

t exi

st a

side

fro

m w

ire

repo

rts

read

by

a st

udio

ann

ounc

er

and

occa

sion

al e

vent

cov

erag

e.

But

by

the

end

of th

e de

cade

, M

urro

w h

ad a

ssem

bled

a te

am o

f co

rres

pond

ents

who

use

d ra

dio

as

it ha

d ne

ver

been

use

d be

fore

to

brin

g th

e dr

amat

ic e

vent

s le

adin

g to

war

in

Eur

ope

into

Am

eric

an

hom

es. I

n th

e w

ords

of

form

er

CB

S a

ncho

r D

an R

athe

r, M

urro

w

and

the

top

-not

ch t

alen

t he

hire

d —

kno

wn

as “

Mur

row

’s B

oys”

—

“inv

ente

d br

oadc

ast j

ourn

alis

m.”

The

cat

alys

t tha

t cre

ated

CB

S

Rad

io N

ews

was

the

Ans

chlu

ss,

Hitl

er’s

ann

exat

ion

of A

ustr

ia i

n 19

38, a

ccor

ding

to th

e M

useu

m

of B

road

cast

Com

mun

icat

ions

. M

urro

w —

alo

ng w

ith

Wil

liam

Sh

irer

— s

pear

head

ed th

e “E

urop

ean

New

s R

ound

up”

(lat

er “

Wor

ld N

ews

Rou

ndup

”),

a br

oadc

ast f

eatu

ring

CB

S

corr

espo

nden

ts f

rom

all

ove

r th

e co

ntin

ent.

The

ir r

epor

ts w

ere

deli

vere

d li

ve to

the

audi

ence

bac

k ho

me

via

shor

t wav

e.

“It n

ot o

nly

had

mul

tipl

e po

ints

of

ori

gin,

it a

lso

had

incl

uded

bot

h re

port

ing

and

anal

ysis

of

brea

king

ne

ws,

and

was

bot

h a

jour

nali

stic

an

d a

tech

nolo

gica

l bre

akth

roug

h fo

r br

oadc

asti

ng,”

acc

ordi

ng to

B

ob E

dwar

ds, a

utho

r of

a b

ook

on M

urro

w. W

hen

Wor

ld W

ar I

I er

upte

d in

Eur

ope

in 1

939,

Mur

row

pr

ovid

ed li

ve r

adio

cov

erag

e fr

om

Eng

land

of

the

Lon

don

Bli

tz. H

is

sign

-on,

“T

his

is L

ondo

n,”

beca

me

lege

ndar

y.In

the

earl

y 19

50s,

Mur

row

m

oved

to te

levi

sion

, the

n em

ergi

ng

as th

e do

min

ant m

ediu

m.

Rat

her

than

con

cent

rati

ng o

n ge

nera

l new

s co

vera

ge, h

owev

er,

Mur

row

pio

neer

ed te

levi

sion

do

cum

enta

ries

. The

pro

gram

s he

an

chor

ed a

re s

till

rem

embe

red

toda

y fo

r th

eir

inno

vati

on a

nd

qual

ity

and

are

prom

inen

tly

cite

d in

the

hist

orie

s of

U.S

. bro

adca

st

jour

nali

sm. T

hey

wer

e:“S

ee I

t Now

” (1

951-

57).

The

fi

rst t

elev

isio

n ne

ws

mag

azin

e.

It s

et th

e st

anda

rd f

or t

ackl

ing

cont

rove

rsia

l top

ics

in d

epth

. Mos

t fa

mou

s fo

r th

e M

cCar

thyi

sm

HA

RN

ESS

ING

“N

EW

” M

ED

IA F

OR

Q

UA

LIT

Y R

EP

OR

TIN

G

By

Dav

id P

itts

Form

er P

resi

den

t Har

ry S

Tru

man

(lef

t) ta

lked

to M

urr

ow in

195

7 o

n th

e p

op

ula

r TV

pro

gra

m “

Pers

on

to P

erso

n.”

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

1011

prog

ram

(se

e pa

ge 1

3), t

he s

erie

s al

so d

ealt

wit

h ot

her

toug

h is

sues

of

the

tim

e, s

uch

as r

acia

l se

greg

atio

n an

d th

e li

nk b

etw

een

lung

can

cer

and

ciga

rett

es. T

he

prem

ier

broa

dcas

t fea

ture

d th

e fi

rst,

live

sim

ulta

neou

s tr

ansm

issi

on f

rom

the

Eas

t and

W

est c

oast

s of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

“Per

son

To P

erso

n” (1

953

-61)

. In

this

ser

ies,

Mur

row

— in

the

stud

io —

vis

ited

cel

ebri

ties

and

ne

wsm

aker

s in

thei

r ow

n ho

mes

th

roug

h a

rem

ote

hook

up. T

he

prog

ram

fea

ture

d gu

ests

as

vari

ed

as m

ovie

sta

r M

aril

yn M

onro

e,

form

er P

resi

dent

Har

ry T

rum

an,

and

auth

or J

ohn

Stei

nbec

k. T

his

was

the

firs

t tim

e th

at te

chno

logy

w

as r

egul

arly

use

d in

this

way

and

it

capt

ivat

ed v

iew

ers.

“Sm

all W

orld

” (1

958

-59)

. T

his

prog

ram

was

tru

ly a

head

of

its

tim

e: a

glo

bal h

ooku

p br

ingi

ng to

geth

er th

inke

rs a

nd

new

smak

ers

from

aro

und

the

wor

ld i

n an

unr

ehea

rsed

dis

cuss

ion

” Jus

t on

ce in

a w

hile

let u

s ex

alt t

he

imp

orta

nce

of

idea

s an

d in

form

atio

n.”

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, sp

eech

to th

e Ra

dio

and

Tele

visi

on N

ews

Dire

ctor

s A

ssoc

iatio

n,

O

ctob

er 1

5, 1

958

A s

cen

e fr

om

“H

arve

st o

f Sh

ame,

” th

e co

ntr

over

sial

d

ocu

men

tary

ab

ou

t mig

ran

t ag

ricu

ltu

ral w

ork

ers

that

the

New

Yor

k Ti

mes

cal

led

a “m

uck

raki

ng

mas

terp

iece

.”

A “

See

It N

ow”

bro

adca

st te

am fo

llow

ed o

per

a si

ng

er M

aria

n A

nd

erso

n in

195

7 o

n a

thre

e-m

on

th

go

od

will

tou

r o

f So

uth

east

Asi

a fo

r a

pro

gra

m

nar

rate

d b

y M

urr

ow.

1213

mod

erat

ed b

y M

urro

w. I

t was

pr

oduc

ed th

roug

h tr

anso

cean

ic

phon

e co

nver

sati

ons

mat

ched

to

sim

ulta

neou

s fi

lmin

g.“C

BS

Rep

orts

” (1

960

-197

1 an

d ir

regu

larl

y). M

urro

w p

ione

ered

the

hard

-hit

ting

, sin

gle-

subj

ect,

one-

hour

doc

umen

tary

that

bec

ame

a st

aple

of

earl

y ne

twor

k te

levi

sion

. O

ne o

f hi

s br

oadc

asts

abo

ut th

e pl

ight

of

mig

rant

far

m w

orke

rs

— “

Har

vest

of

Sham

e” —

sti

ll

is s

how

n to

day

in jo

urna

lism

sc

hool

s as

a b

rill

iant

exa

mpl

e of

in

vest

igat

ive

wor

k on

TV

. A

s th

ese

exam

ples

indi

cate

, M

urro

w w

as a

n in

nova

tor,

but

he

als

o kn

ew h

e w

as w

orki

ng

in a

com

mer

cial

med

ium

that

requ

ired

a la

rge

audi

ence

. He

was

alw

ays

sear

chin

g fo

r ne

w

tech

niqu

es to

gra

b an

d ho

ld th

e pu

blic

’s a

tten

tion

. Mur

row

wou

ld

have

reg

arde

d th

e na

rrow

cast

ing

of to

day

mad

e po

ssib

le b

y ca

ble,

sat

elli

te, t

he I

nter

net,

and

port

able

dev

ices

as

an im

men

se

oppo

rtun

ity.

Mur

row

’s le

gacy

as

a m

edia

in

nova

tor

does

not

ful

ly e

xpla

in

his

uniq

ue s

tatu

s in

Am

eric

an

broa

dcas

t jou

rnal

ism

. Mos

t exp

erts

st

ress

thre

e ot

her

qual

itie

s th

at

stil

l mat

ter

in m

edia

, whe

ther

ol

d or

new

, pri

nt, b

road

cast

, or

narr

owca

st —

or

even

a b

log:

his

w

illi

ngne

ss to

tak

e a

stan

d so

lo

ng a

s it

was

gro

unde

d in

sol

id

repo

rtin

g; h

is u

nsw

ervi

ng b

elie

f in

a f

ree

pres

s de

dica

ted

to s

erio

us

jour

nali

sm; a

nd h

is b

elie

f th

at

wor

ds m

atte

r w

heth

er o

r no

t the

y ar

e ac

com

pani

ed b

y pi

ctur

es.

Dav

id P

itts i

s a jo

urna

list w

ho h

as

writ

ten

for m

ajor

U.S

. new

spap

ers,

in

clud

ing

the

Was

hing

ton

Post

and

th

e C

hris

tian

Scie

nce

Mon

itor.

H

e al

so w

orke

d in

radi

o ne

ws.

Stu

den

ts h

ead

to c

lass

at t

he

Edw

ard

R. M

urr

ow S

cho

ol o

f Co

mm

un

icat

ion

, W

ash

ing

ton

Sta

te U

niv

ersi

ty.

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

1213

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w m

ay

not h

ave

scor

ed th

e fi

rst

blow

aga

inst

Jos

eph

McC

arth

y, b

ut h

e la

nded

a

deci

sive

one

. For

that

, he

alw

ays

wil

l be

link

ed in

extr

icab

ly w

ith

the

Wis

cons

in s

enat

or, a

nd

rem

embe

red

by A

mer

ican

s as

a

cham

pion

of

libe

rty.

Opp

osin

g C

omm

unis

m

whi

le m

aint

aini

ng f

unda

men

tal

poli

tica

l lib

erti

es p

osed

ser

ious

ch

alle

nges

in C

old

War

Am

eric

a.

The

re w

ere

Am

eric

ans

who

wer

e m

embe

rs o

r su

ppor

ters

of

the

Com

mun

ist P

arty

of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es, w

hich

ow

ed it

s po

liti

cal

alle

gian

ce to

the

Sov

iet U

nion

an

d no

t to

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es. B

ut

ther

e w

ere

othe

r A

mer

ican

s fa

lsel

y ch

arge

d w

ith

bein

g C

omm

unis

t su

ppor

ters

or

sym

path

izer

s,

and

wro

ngly

acc

used

of

trea

son

agai

nst t

he U

nite

d St

ates

. The

U.S

. go

vern

men

t and

oth

er in

stit

utio

ns

— f

rom

em

ploy

ers

to u

nive

rsit

ies

— f

ound

it d

iffi

cult

at ti

mes

to

dist

ingu

ish

betw

een

thos

e w

ho

wer

e re

al th

reat

s to

the

nati

on a

nd

thos

e w

ho w

ere

inno

cent

. Jo

seph

McC

arth

y, th

e ju

nior

U

.S. s

enat

or f

rom

Wis

cons

in,

seiz

ed u

pon

the

publ

ic m

ood

to

laun

ch a

ser

ies

of in

quir

ies

thro

ugh

publ

ic S

enat

e co

mm

itte

e he

arin

gs

abou

t pos

sibl

e C

omm

unis

t in

filt

rati

on o

f pr

omin

ent A

mer

ican

in

stit

utio

ns, p

arti

cula

rly

the

gove

rnm

ent,

the

mil

itar

y, a

nd th

e m

edia

. Ind

ivid

uals

sus

pect

ed o

f

Com

mun

ist t

ies

wer

e ca

lled

bef

ore

his

subc

omm

itte

e, a

ggre

ssiv

ely

ques

tion

ed a

bout

thei

r in

volv

emen

t in

the

Com

mun

ist P

arty

, and

pr

essu

red

to n

ame

Com

mun

ists

. W

hile

the

arch

ives

of

the

form

er

Sov

iet U

nion

and

U.S

. int

erce

pts

of S

ovie

t spy

com

mun

icat

ions

la

ter

prov

ed s

ome

mea

sure

of

infi

ltra

tion

, McC

arth

y’s

ofte

n sa

vage

eff

orts

rui

ned

care

ers

and

dam

aged

live

s. A

lway

s a

cont

rove

rsia

l figu

re, M

cCar

thy

enjo

yed

cons

ider

able

pop

ular

ity

for

a ti

me.

Eve

ntua

lly,

thou

gh, h

is

cam

paig

n ef

fect

ivel

y di

scre

dite

d th

e an

ti-C

omm

unis

t inv

esti

gati

ons

amon

g m

any

Am

eric

ans.

“SE

E I

T N

OW

”:

MU

RR

OW

VS.

MC

CA

RT

HY

By

Mic

hae

l Jay

Fri

edm

an

Rad

io d

ays:

Mu

rrow

(cen

ter)

an

d h

is C

BS

pro

du

cer,

Fre

d W

. Fri

end

ly, r

igh

t,

mad

e th

e ju

mp

fro

m ra

dio

to te

levi

sio

n a

nd

po

pu

lari

zed

the

new

s d

ocu

men

tary

form

at.

15

“We

mu

st n

ot c

onfu

se d

isse

nt w

ith

dis

loya

lty.

We

mu

st re

mem

ber

alw

ays

that

acc

usa

tion

is n

ot p

roof

an

d th

at c

onvi

ctio

n d

epen

ds

up

on e

vid

ence

and

du

e p

roce

ss o

f law

.

— E

dwar

d R.

Mur

row

, CBS

TV

’s “S

ee It

Now

” p

rogr

am o

n Se

nato

r Joe

McC

arth

y,

M

arch

9, 1

954

Left

to r

igh

t: i

nves

tig

ato

r Fr

anci

s C

arr,

Sen

ato

r Jo

sep

h M

cCar

thy,

an

d L

awye

r R

oy C

oh

n d

uri

ng

th

e M

ay 1

, 195

4, A

rmy-

McC

arth

y h

eari

ng

s, s

par

ked

by

conv

olu

ted

ch

arg

es b

rou

gh

t by

the

sen

ato

r ag

ain

st th

e U

.S. A

rmy.

Tel

evis

ion

cov

erag

e o

f th

e ev

ent h

elp

ed s

pee

d M

cCar

thy’

s d

own

fall.

14

Sen

ato

r M

cCar

thy

po

ints

to a

map

hea

ded

“Co

mm

un

ist P

arty

org

aniz

atio

n in

the

USA

, Fe

b. 9

, 195

0,”

du

rin

g te

stim

ony

Ju

ne

9, 1

954.

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

15

Mur

row

was

him

self

an

anti

-C

omm

unis

t but

a M

cCar

thy

skep

tic.

As

earl

y as

195

0, M

urro

w

obse

rved

on

the

air

that

“th

e w

eigh

t of

the

publ

ic te

stim

ony

has

tend

ed to

sho

w th

at s

o fa

r, S

enat

or

McC

arth

y’s

char

ges

are

unpr

oven

.”

Unp

rove

n or

not

, tho

se c

harg

es

cont

inue

d, a

nd th

ey c

ontr

ibut

ed

to a

n at

mos

pher

e in

whi

ch m

any

fear

ed M

cCar

thy

and

his

Sen

ate

inve

stig

atio

ns s

ubco

mm

itte

e.

On

Mar

ch 9

, 195

4, M

urro

w, t

hen

the

mos

t res

pect

ed jo

urna

list

in

Am

eric

a, e

ngag

ed in

a to

ugh

expo

sé o

f th

e se

nato

r an

d hi

s ta

ctic

s.

Gra

dual

ly, M

urro

w’s

fea

r th

at

McC

arth

y po

sed

a re

al th

reat

to

civ

il li

bert

ies

deve

lope

d in

to

a de

term

inat

ion

to u

se h

is T

V

docu

men

tary

ser

ies

“See

It N

ow”

agai

nst t

he s

enat

or. A

t tha

t tim

e,

U.S

. bro

adca

ster

s w

ere

cove

red

by th

e “F

airn

ess

Doc

trin

e,”

whi

ch

requ

ired

bro

adca

st li

cens

ees

to

pres

ent c

onte

ntio

us is

sues

in

an h

ones

t, eq

ual,

and

bala

nced

m

anne

r an

d to

aff

ord

pers

ons

or g

roup

s cr

itic

ized

dur

ing

such

a

broa

dcas

t the

opp

ortu

nity

to

resp

ond

on th

e ai

r. M

urro

w a

nd h

is

prod

ucer

, Fre

d Fr

iend

ly, p

repa

red

a ha

lf-h

our

prog

ram

foc

used

onl

y on

McC

arth

y an

d hi

s ta

ctic

s. T

hey

unde

rsto

od th

at th

e C

BS

net

wor

k w

ould

aff

ord

the

sena

tor

a ha

lf-

hour

of

prim

e ti

me

— in

a s

epar

ate

broa

dcas

t — to

reb

ut M

urro

w.

The

y al

so r

eali

zed

that

McC

arth

y li

kely

wou

ld la

unch

a p

erso

nal

atta

ck o

n M

urro

w h

imse

lf.

Eve

n so

, Mur

row

und

erst

ood

that

on

tele

visi

on a

ski

lled

jo

urna

list

and

his

tech

nolo

gy-

savv

y te

am o

f ed

itor

s, w

rite

rs, a

nd

prod

ucer

s en

joye

d re

al a

dvan

tage

s.

The

y co

uld

sele

ct th

e le

ast

flat

teri

ng v

ideo

cli

ps, j

uxta

pose

M

cCar

thy’

s m

any

cont

radi

ctor

y st

atem

ents

and

cha

rges

, and

ge

nera

lly

empl

oy th

eir

skil

ls

to p

ortr

ay th

e se

nato

r in

an

unfl

atte

ring

ligh

t. M

urro

w f

eare

d th

at le

ss s

crup

ulou

s jo

urna

list

s m

ight

abu

se th

ese

tech

niqu

es, b

ut

he b

elie

ved

that

McC

arth

y po

sed

an im

med

iate

thre

at a

nd th

at th

e A

mer

ican

peo

ple,

whe

n co

nfro

nted

w

ith

the

trut

h, w

ould

rep

udia

te

McC

arth

y.M

urro

w’s

ow

n br

oadc

ast

feat

ured

exc

erpt

s fr

om th

e se

nato

r’s

own

spee

ches

in

ters

pers

ed w

ith

Mur

row

’s

com

men

ts, w

hich

poi

nted

out

co

ntra

dict

ions

and

def

tly t

urne

d M

cCar

thy’

s w

ords

aga

inst

him

. N

icho

las

Lem

ann,

dea

n of

the

Col

umbi

a U

nive

rsit

y G

radu

ate

Sch

ool o

f Jo

urna

lism

, des

crib

ed

Mur

row

’s d

emea

nor

as “

a m

agni

fice

nt c

ontr

olle

d fu

ry,

hand

som

e an

d co

mpo

sed

— a

n at

titu

de a

ll th

e m

ore

effe

ctiv

e be

caus

e th

e pu

blic

kne

w th

at h

e co

uld

be g

enia

l and

eas

ygoi

ng o

n-

cam

era.

” M

urro

w’s

wor

ds r

eflec

ted

that

con

trol

led

fury

:[T

]he

line

bet

wee

n in

vest

igat

ing

and

pers

ecut

ing

is a

ver

y fin

e on

e an

d th

e ju

nior

sen

ator

fr

om W

isco

nsin

has

ste

pped

ov

er it

rep

eate

dly.

… W

e m

ust r

emem

ber

alw

ays

that

ac

cusa

tion

is n

ot p

roof

and

th

at c

onvi

ctio

n de

pend

s up

on

evid

ence

and

due

pro

cess

of

law

. We

will

not

wal

k in

fe

ar, o

ne o

f ano

ther

. We

will

no

t be

driv

en b

y fe

ar in

to a

n ag

e of

unr

easo

n. …

(W

)e a

re

not d

esce

nded

fro

m fe

arfu

l m

en—

not

fro

m m

en w

ho fe

ared

to

wri

te, t

o sp

eak,

to a

ssoc

iate

, an

d to

def

end

caus

es th

at w

ere,

fo

r th

e m

omen

t, un

popu

lar.

Thi

s is

no

tim

e fo

r m

en w

ho o

ppos

e Se

nato

r M

cCar

thy’

s m

etho

ds to

ke

ep s

ilen

t. …

Whe

n th

e br

oadc

ast e

nded

, C

BS

was

floo

ded

wit

h te

legr

ams,

te

leph

one

call

s, a

nd le

tter

s.

The

y ra

n 15

to 1

in M

urro

w’s

favo

r. B

y co

ntra

st, M

cCar

thy’

s eq

ual-

tim

e br

oadc

ast p

rove

d di

sast

rous

. He

was

obv

ious

ly

unco

mfo

rtab

le in

the

tele

visi

on

stud

io, a

nd, a

s M

urro

w s

ugge

sted

, pr

one

to fl

ingi

ng w

ild

char

ges,

ca

llin

g M

urro

w “

the

lead

er o

f th

e ja

ckal

pac

k.”

Mil

lion

s of

A

mer

ican

s w

atch

ing

at h

ome

had

seen

eno

ugh.

McC

arth

y’s

poli

tica

l infl

uenc

e ra

pidl

y eb

bed.

O

n D

ecem

ber

2, 1

954,

the

U.S

. Sen

ate

form

ally

ado

pted

a

reso

luti

on c

ensu

ring

— f

orm

ally

re

prim

andi

ng —

McC

arth

y fo

r co

nduc

t unb

ecom

ing

to a

sen

ator

.

Mic

hael

Jay

Frie

dman

is a

staff

w

riter

in th

e Bu

reau

of I

nter

natio

nal

Info

rmat

ion

Prog

ram

s of t

he U

.S.

Dep

artm

ent o

f Sta

te.

1617

Com

mit

tee

of C

once

rned

Jou

rnal

ists

http

://www.jo

urna

lism

.org

/who

/ccj/d

efau

lt.as

p

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w A

war

d fo

r B

est T

V I

nter

pret

atio

n or

Doc

umen

tary

on

Fore

ign

Aff

airs

, CB

S,

Ove

rsea

s P

ress

Clu

b of

Am

eric

aht

tp://

www.opco

fam

erica.or

g/o

pc_

awards

/archive

/by

award/award_m

urro

w.php

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w A

war

d fo

r E

xcel

lenc

e in

Pub

lic

Dip

lom

acy,

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f St

ate/

The

Fle

tche

r S

choo

lht

tp://

fletche

r.tuf

ts.edu

/mur

row/ind

ex.htm

l

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w A

war

d fo

r O

utst

andi

ng

Con

trib

utio

ns to

Pub

lic

Rad

io, C

orpo

rati

on f

or

Pub

lic

Bro

adca

stin

ght

tp://

www.cpb.or

g/abou

tpb/awards

/mur

row/

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w A

war

ds, R

adio

-Tel

evis

ion

New

s D

irec

tors

Ass

ocia

tion

http

://www.rt

nda.or

g/asfi

/ind

ex.asp

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w P

rogr

am f

or J

ourn

alis

ts,

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f St

ate

http

://www.state.gov

/r/p

a/prs/p

s/20

06/6

3799

.htm

The

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w C

ente

r of

Pub

lic

Dip

lom

acy,

T

he F

letc

her

Sch

ool,

Tuft

s U

nive

rsit

yht

tp://

fletche

r.tuf

ts.edu

/mur

row/ind

ex.htm

l

Mur

row

Sch

ool o

f C

omm

unic

atio

n, W

ashi

ngto

n St

ate

Uni

vers

ity

http

://m

urro

w.w

su.edu

/infl

uenc

e.ht

ml

Rep

orte

r’s

Com

mit

tee

for

Free

dom

of

the

Pre

ssht

tp://

www.rc

fp.org

/

The

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Sta

te a

ssum

es n

o re

spon

sibi

lity

for t

he c

onte

nt a

nd a

vaila

bilit

y of

the

reso

urce

s fro

m o

ther

ag

enci

es a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

list

ed a

bove

. All

Inte

rnet

link

s w

ere

activ

e as

of S

prin

g 20

06.

MU

RR

OW

’S L

EG

AC

Y

Edw

ard

R. M

urr

ow’s

ard

ent

bel

ief

in A

mer

ican

dem

ocra

cy, h

is c

oura

ge a

nd p

erse

vera

nce

in s

earc

hin

g fo

r an

d re

por

ting

the

tru

th, a

nd h

is d

edic

atio

n to

jou

rnal

ism

as

an e

ssen

tial

tool

in t

he d

emoc

rati

c p

olit

ical

pro

cess

sti

ll a

re c

heri

shed

and

nu

rtu

red

by m

any

inst

itut

ions

. The

se v

alue

s ar

e al

so r

eflec

ted

in a

war

ds

and

prog

ram

s th

at h

onor

th

is g

reat

rep

orte

r

thro

ugho

ut t

he U

nit

ed S

tate

s an

d ov

erse

as. T

he f

ollo

win

g li

st is

jus

t a

sam

ple

of M

urr

ow’s

lega

cy,

and

of t

he e

stee

m t

hat

his

nam

e st

ill h

as t

oday

am

ong

man

y.

About America: Edward R. Murrow

Activity: History and Journalism: Examining the Events of World War II Through a Journalistic Lens | Handouts

ABMCEDUCATION.ORG American Battle Monuments Commission | National History Day | Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media

1617

Clo

ud, S

tanl

ey a

nd L

ynne

Ols

on.

The

Mur

row

Boy

s. B

osto

n, M

A:

Hou

ghto

n M

iffl

in C

o., 1

996.

Coh

en-A

lmag

or, R

apha

el. T

he

Scop

e of

Tol

eran

ce:

Stud

ies

on

the

Cos

ts o

f Fre

e E

xpre

ssio

n an

d F

reed

om o

f the

Pre

ss. N

ew Y

ork,

N

Y: R

outle

dgeC

urzo

n, 2

005.

DeF

leur

, Loi

s B

. and

Bet

ty H

. W

infi

eld,

eds

. The

Edw

ard

R.

Mur

row

Her

itag

e: C

halle

nge

for

the

Fut

ure.

Am

es, I

O: I

owa

Stat

e U

nive

rsit

y P

ress

, 198

6.

Edw

ards

, Bob

. Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w

and

the

Bir

th o

f Bro

adca

st

Jour

nali

sm. H

obok

en, N

J: W

iley

, 20

04.

Edg

erto

n, G

ary.

“T

he M

urro

w

Leg

end

as M

etap

hor:

The

C

reat

ion,

App

ropr

iati

on, a

nd

Use

fuln

ess

of E

dwar

d R

. Mur

row

’s

Lif

e St

ory.

” Jo

urna

l of A

mer

ican

C

ultu

re v

. 15,

no.

1 (

Spr

ing

1992

):

pp. 7

5-9

1.

Fair

lie,

Hen

ry. “

Mur

row

: His

Lif

e an

d T

imes

.” T

he N

ew R

epub

lic,

v.

195

, (A

ugus

t 4, 1

986)

: pp.

33(

4).

Frie

ndly

, Fre

d. D

ue to

C

ircu

mst

ance

s B

eyon

d O

ur

Con

trol

. New

Yor

k, N

Y: V

inta

ge

Boo

ks, 1

967.

Gro

ssm

an, L

awre

nce

K. “

Mur

row

S

aid

It A

ll in

195

8.”

Col

umbi

a Jo

urna

lism

Rev

iew

, v. 4

1 (M

ay-

June

200

2): p

. 53.

Ken

dric

k, A

lexa

nder

. Pri

me

Tim

e:

The

Life

of E

dwar

d R

. Mur

row

. B

osto

n, M

A: L

ittle

, Bro

wn,

196

9.

Lem

ann,

Nic

hola

s. “

The

Mur

row

D

octr

ine.

” T

he N

ew Y

orke

r, v.

81,

no

. 44

(Jan

uary

23,

200

6): p

p. 3

8-

43.

Lic

hell

o, R

ober

t. E

dwar

d R

. M

urro

w, B

road

cast

er o

f Cou

rage

. C

harl

otte

svil

le, N

ew Y

ork,

NY

: S

amH

ar P

ress

, 197

1.

Neu

hart

h, A

llen

H. “

The

Sta

te o

f N

ews

Stan

dard

s To

day

Com

pare

d W

ith

Tho

se in

the

‘Gol

den

Age

.’”

Edi

tor

and

Pub

lish

er, v

. 127

, no.

9

(Feb

ruar

y 26

, 199

4): p

p. 5

4(2)

.

Pers

ico,

Jos

eph

E. E

dwar

d R

. M

urro

w:

An

Am

eric

an O

rigi

nal.

New

Yor

k, N

Y: M

cGra

w-H

ill,

1988

.

Rat

her,

Dan

. “C

all I

t Cou

rage

; A

ct o

n Y

our

Kno

wle

dge.

” V

ital

Sp

eech

es o

f the

Day

, v. 6

0, n

o. 3

(N

ovem

ber

15, 1

993)

: pp.

78(

4).

Sm

ith,

Rob

ert F

rank

lin.

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w:

The

War

Yea

rs.

Kal

amaz

oo, M

I: N

ew I

ssue

s P

ress

, 19

78.

Spe

rber

, A.M

. Mur

row

: H

is

Life

and

Tim

es. N

ew Y

ork,

NY

: Fr

eund

lich

, 198

6.

Wal

d, M

alvi

n. “

Shoo

tout

at t

he

Bev

erly

Hil

ls C

orra

l: E

dwar

d R

. Mur

row

ver

sus

Hol

lyw

ood.

” Jo

urna

l of P

opul

ar F

ilm

and

Te

levi

sion

, v. 1

9, n

o. 3

(Fa

ll

1991

): p

p. 1

38(3

).

WEB

SIT

ES

Edw

ard

R. M

urro

w o

n A

mer

ican

M

aste

rs, P

BS

http

://www.pbs

.org

/wne

t/am

erican

mas

ters/d

atab

ase/

mur

row_e

.htm

l

Mur

row

on

Pre

ss a

nd th

e Pe

ople

http

://www.w

gbh.or

g/

artic

le?ite

m_id=27

0645

2

Mus

eum

of

Bro

adca

st

Com

mun

icat

ions

, Edw

ard

R.

Mur

row

http

://www.m

useu

m.tv

/archive

s/et

v/M/h

tmlM

/mur

rowed

war/

mur

rowed

war.htm

Rad

io N

ews:

Mur

row

aud

io c

lips

http

://www.otr.com

/mur

row.htm

l

The

U.S

. Dep

artm

ent o

f Sta

te a

ssum

es

no re

spon

sibi

lity

for t

he c

onte

nt a

nd

avai

labi

lity

of th

e re

sour

ces f

rom

oth

er

agen

cies

and

org

aniz

atio

ns li

sted

ab

ove.

All

Inte

rnet

link

s wer

e ac

tive

as

of S

prin

g 20

06.

BIB

LIO

GR

AP

HY

U. S

. DEP

AR

TMEN

T O

F ST

ATE

Bu

reau

of I

nter

nat

ion

al In

form

atio

n P

rog

ram

shttp://usinfo.state.gov/

About America: Edward R. Murrow