Acronyms

AFAA Association Francaise d’Action ArtisqueAOC Appellation d’Origine ControleeASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsASLP Air- Sol Longue PortéeCEA Commissariat a l’Energie AtomiqueCEA Commissariat d’Energie AtomiqueCEEAC Economic Community of Central African StatesCERES Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches SocialisteCFCM French Council of Muslim FaithCFDT Confédération Française Démocratique du TravailCFLN Comite Français de Libération NationaleCFTC Confédération Française des Travailleurs ChrétiensCGPME Confederation Generale des Petites et Moyennes EntreprisesCGT Confédération Générale du TravailCID- UNATI Confederation Intersyndicale de Defense- Union des Arti-

sans et Travailleurs IndependentCIR Convention des Institutions RépublicaineCLER Comite des Liaisons des Etudiants RévolutionnaireCNAM Confederation Nationale de l’Artisans et des MetiersCNAMTS Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs

SalairesCNIP Centre National des Independents et PaysansCNPF Comite/Conseil National du Patronat FrançaisCNR Conseil National de la ResistanceCRAN Conseil Representatif des Associations NoireCRS Compagnies Republicaines de SecuriteCSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeDB Deuxième BureauDGSE Direction Générale de la Sécurité ExtérieureDOM Department d’Outre MerDST Direction de la Surveillance du TerritoireECB European Central BankECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesECSC European Conference on Security and CooperationEEC European Economic Community

Acronyms230

EMS European Monetary SystemENA l’Ecole Nationale d’AdministrationEU European UnionFEN Federation d’Education NationaleFFI Free French of the InteriorFGDS Fédération de la Gauche Démocrate et SocialisteFLN Front de Libération NationaleFLNKS Front de Libération Nationale Kanak SocialisteFNRI Fédération Nationale des Républicains IndependentFTP Francs- Tireurs et PartisansGIA Armed Islamic GroupGPRA Gouvernement Provisoire de la République AlgérienneGPRF Gouvernement Provisoire de la République FrançaiseHLMs Habitations a Loyer ModereIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyICBM intercontinental ballistic missileINA Institut National de l’AudiovisuelIRBM intermediate range ballistic missileJCR Jeunesses Communiste RevolutionnaireMAD mutually assured destructionMBFR Mutual and Balanced Force ReductionMEDEF Mouvement des Enterprises de FranceMIRV multiple independent reentry vehiclesMLF Multilateral ForceMNA Movement Nationale AlgerienneMRG Movement des Radicals de GaucheMRP Movement Republicain PopulaireNACC North Atlantic Cooperation CouncilNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNPS Nouveau Parti SocialisteNPT Non- Proliferation TreatyOAS Organisation Armée SecrèteOAU Organization for African UnityOEEC Organization for European Economic CooperationORA l’Organization de Resistance de l’ArmeeORTF Offi ce de Radiodiffusion Télévision FrançaisePCF Parti Communiste FrançaisePDM Progrès et Démocratie Moderne PartiPR Parti RepublicainsPS Parti SocialistePSU Parti Socialiste Unifi eRGR Rassemblement des Gauches- RépublicainesRI Republicain Independents

Acronyms 231

RMI Revenu Minimum d’InsertionRPCR Rassemblement pour la Nouvelle Calédonie dans la

RépubliqueRPF Rassemblement du Peuple FrançaisRPR Rassemblement pour la RépubliqueRRC Rapid Reaction CorpsSADC South African Development CommunitySALT Strategic Arms Limitation TreatySDI Strategic Defense InitiativeSDR Special Drawing RightSFIO Section Française de l’Internationale OuvrièreSFP Societe Francaise de ProductionSLBM Submarine Launched Ballistic MissileSMIC Salaire Minimum Interprofessional de CroissanceSNCF Societe Nationale des Chemin de FerSOE Special Operations ExecutiveSR Service de RenseignementsTDF Telediffusion de FranceTGV Train a Grande VitesseTOM Territoires d’Outre MerUDCA Union pour la Defense des Commercants et des ArtisansUDF Union pour la Democratie FrançaiseUDR Union pour la Defense de la RepubliqueUDSR Union Démocratique et Socialiste de la ResistanceUDT Union Democratique de TravailUEM Union en MovementUFF Union et Fraternite FrancaiseUJML Union des Jeunesse Communistes Marxiste- LéninisteUMP Union pour un Movement Populaire (initially Union pour

une Majorite Presidentielle)UN United NationsUNEF Union Nationales des Etudiants FrançaiseUNPROFOR United Nations Protection ForceUNR Union pour la Nouvelle RépubliqueUPA Union Professionelle ArtisanaleWEU West European Union

Notes

Abbreviations

De Gaulle, Call to Honor Charles de Gaulle, Call to Honor: Documents, 1940– 42 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955).

De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967).

De Gaulle, Discours et Messages Charles de Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 5 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1970).

De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword Charles de Gaulle, The Edge of the Sword (New York: Criterion, 1960).

De Gaulle, France and Her Army Charles de Gaulle, France and Her Army (London: Hutchinson, 1945).

De Gaulle, Major Addresses Major Addresses, Statements, and Press Conferences of General Charles de Gaulle, 1958– 1964 (New York: Ambassade de France, 1964).

De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 3 vols.: L’Appel, 1940– 1942; L’Unité, 1942– 1944; Le Salut, 1944– 1946 (Paris: Plon, 1954, 1956, 1959).

De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 2 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1970).

De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971).

De Gaulle Parle Andre Passeron, ed., De Gaulle Parle, 1962– 1966 (Paris: Fayard, 1966).

Service de Presse Service de Presse et d’Information, French Embassy to the United States.

Notes234

Introduction 1. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 3:290. 2. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 318. 3. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 1:138– 46. 4. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 343. 5. Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He

Saved (Paris: Skyhorse, 2012), 5. 6. Michel Tauriac, Vivre avec de Gaulle (Paris: Plon, 2008), 366. 7. Fenby, General, 1. 8. I apply a practical concept of power in analyzing the Fifth Republic’s

successes and failures. A large diverse literature with many schools awaits scholars interested in theories of power. In varying ways, the ideas in all the following perspectives have shaped my analysis in De Gaulle’s Legacy and my other books.

For books on personal, leader, and managerial power, see Nic-colò Machiavelli, The Prince (New York: Dover, 1992); Jeffrey Pfeffer, Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations (Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1993); Robert Greene, The 48 Laws of Power (New York: Penguin, 2002); Hhich Nhat Hanh, The Art of Power (New York: Harper One, 2008); Jeffrey Pfeffer, Power: Why Some People Have It and Others Don’t (New York: Harper Business, 2010); Jerold Panas, Power Questions: How to Build Relationships, Win New Businesses, and Influence Others (New York: Wiley, 2012); Nick Morgan, Power Cues: The Subtle Science of Leading Groups, Persuading Others, and Maximizing Your Personal Impact (Cambridge, MA: Har-vard Business Review, 2014).

For books on political elites and power, see Floyd Hunter, Com-munity Power Structure: A Study of Decisions Makers (Chapel Hill: Uni-versity of North Carolina Press, 1969); C. Wright Mills and Alan Wolfe, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Steven Luks, Power: A Radical View (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); Michael Huener, The Problem of Political Authority: An Examination of the Right to Coerce and the Duty to Obey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Michael Lindsay and M. G. Hager, The View from the Top: An Inside Look at How People in Power See and Shape the World (New York: Wiley, 2014).

For national, sociological, economic, and cultural conceptions of power, see Abraham Kaplan and Harold Lasswell, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1950); Steven Luks, Power: Readings in Social and Political The-ory (New York: New York University Press, 1988); William Neuman, Power, State, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology (New York: McGraw Hill, 2004); Betty Dobratz and Timothy Buzzell, Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology (New York:

Notes 235

Pearson, 2011); Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2013); Charles F. Andrain, Political Power and Economic Inequality: A Comparative Policy Approach (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2014); Allison McCulloch, Power Sharing and Political Stability in Deeply Divided Societies (New York: Routledge, 2014); Martin Cullens, Affluence and Influence: Economic Inequality in America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).

For national institutional and organizational conceptions of power, see Andrew MacIntyre, The Power of Institutions: Political Architecture and Governance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002); Miles Kahler, National Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009); Henry Nau, Perspectives on Interna-tional Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas (Washington, DC: Con-gressional Quarterly, 2011).

For books on the relationship between national power and global-ization, see Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Vintage, 1989); Ronald Tammen et al., Power Transitions: Strat-egies for the 21st Century (New York: Chatham House, 2000); John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001); Joseph Grieco and John Ikenberry, State Power and World Markets (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); Arundhati Roy, Power Politics and Globalization (New York: South End, 2002); Peter Gou-vrevitch and James Shinn, Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Global Governance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Joel Krieger, Globalization and State Power (New York: Pearson, 2008); John Agnew, Globalization and Sovereignty (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009); Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane, Power and Independence (New York: Longmans, 2011); Sean Kay, Global Security in the Twenty- First Century (Lanham, MD: Row-man and Littlefield, 2011); Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane, Balance: The Economics of Great Powers from Ancient Rome to Modern America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2013); Paul D’Amieri, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs (New York: Cengage Learning, 2013); Jennifer Mitzen, Power in Concert: The Nineteenth Century Origins of Global Governance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013); Moises Naim, The Ends of Power: From Boardrooms to Bat-tlefields and Churches to State: Why Being in Charge Isn’t What It Used to Be (New York: Basic, 2014).

For books on the relationship between geography, nature, and national power, see Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999); Jared Diamond, Collapse (New York: Vintage, 2004); Harm de Blij, The Power of Place: Geography, Destiny, and Global-ization’s Rough Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

Notes236

9. My definitions and applications of hard, soft, and smart power were inspired by but go far beyond those popularized by Joseph Nye, who confines soft power to public diplomacy. See Joseph Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2005); Joseph Nye, The Powers to Lead (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

10. Raymond Aron, Memoirs: Fifty Years of Political Reflection (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1990), 255.

11. John Gaffney, Political Leadership in France: From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), xix, 4– 5.

12. Jean Lacouture, ed., Citations du President du Gaulle (Paris: Seuil, 1968), 39.

13. Micheal Crozier, Le Phenomene Bureaucratique (Paris: Seuil, 1963), 288. 14. Catharine Nay, L’Impetueux: Tourments, Tourmentes, Crises, et Tempetes

(Paris: Grasset, 2012), 208. 15. Gaffney, Political Leadership in France, xv– xxii; John Gaffney and David

Holmes, eds., Stardom in Postwar France (Oxford: Berghahn, 2007). 16. Alain Peyrefitte, Le Mal Français (Paris: Plon, 1976); Paul Yonnet, Voy-

age au Centre de Malaise Français (Paris: Gallimard, 1993); Jean Marie Domenach, Regarder la France: Essais sur le Malaise Français (Paris: Perrin, 1996); Jacques Julliard, Le Malheur Français (Paris: Flammar-ion, 2005).

17. Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, “Braudel’s Empire in Paris,” Contemporary French Civilization, vol. 12, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1988), 74; Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Hero in History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 1.

Chapter 1

1. For his writings in French, see Charles de Gaulle, Discord Chez l’Enemi (Paris: Berger- Levrault, 1924); Charles de Gaulle, Le Fil et l’Épée (Paris: Berger- Levrault, 1932); Charles de Gaulle, Vers l’Armée de Metier (Paris: Berger- Levrault, 1934); Charles de Gaulle, La France et son Armée (Paris: Plon, 1938); George Pompidou, ed., La France Sera La France: Ce que veut Charles de Gaulles (Paris: Rassemblement du Peuple Français, 1951); Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 3 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1954– 58); Andre Paseron, ed., De Gaulle Parle, 2 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1962, 1967); Charles de Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 5 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1970); Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre: L’Appel, L’Unite, Salut (Paris: Plon, 1989); Charles de Gaulle, Le Fil de l’Epée et autres Ecrits (Paris: Plon, 1990).

For prominent studies of Gaullism, see Jacques de Montalis, Qu’est- ce que le Gaullism (Paris: Maison Mame, 1969); Jean Charlot, Le Gaul-lisme (Paris: Colin, 1970); Jean Charlot, Le Phénomène Gaulliste (Paris: Fayard, 1970); Jean Charlot, The Gaullist Phenomenon: The Gaullist Movement in the Fifth Republic (New York: Praeger, 1971); Anthony

Notes 237

Hartley, Gaullism: The Rise and Fall of a Political Movement (Lon-don: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972); Jean Touchard, Le Gaulisme, 1940– 1969 (Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1978); Rene Cherny, The Politics of Grandeur (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Andrew Knapp, Gaullism since de Gaulle (Aldershot, UK: Dartmouth, 1994); Daniel J. Mahoney, De Gaulle: Statesmanship, Grandeur, and Modern Democracy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996); Serge Berstein, Histoire de Gaullisme (Paris: Perrin, 2001).

2. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:245. 3. Ibid., 3:356. 4. Ibid., 4:388. 5. De Gaulle, Memoir of Hope, 163. 6. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 9– 10. 7. De Gaulle, France and Her Army, 9. 8. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 73. 9. For “man made for action,” see de Gaulle, Army of the Future, 173. For

“man of character,” see de Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 41– 43. 10. Cyrus Sulzberger, The Last of the Giants (New York: Weidenfeld and

Nicolson, 1972), 31. 11. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 44. 12. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 1:658. 13. Carl Jung, Man and His Symbols (New York: Doubleday, 1968); Joseph

Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (New York: MJF, 1949). 14. Charles de Gaulle, “Speech at Bayeux on June 16, 1949,” in War Mem-

oirs of Charles de Gaulle: Salvation, Documents, 1944– 1946 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), 384– 90.

15. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 42– 43. 16. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (New York: Sterling,

2012); Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil (New York: Vintage, 1966); Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1985).

17. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 83. 18. Ibid., 62. 19. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 2:383. 20. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 11. 21. De Gaulle Parle, 134. 22. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 1:5. 23. Andre Malraux, Felled Oaks: Conversation with de Gaulle (New York:

Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971). 24. Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Louis XIV (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1963); Will and Ariel Durant, The Age of Napoleon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975); William Nester, Napoleon and the Art of Diplomacy: How War and Hubris Determined the Rise and Fall of the French Empire (New York: Savas Beattie, 2012).

Notes238

25. Edmond Pognon, De Gaulle et l’Histoire de France (Paris: Albin Michel, 1970), 252.

26. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 938. 27. De Gaulle, “Speech at Bayeux on June 16, 1949,” in War Memoirs of

Charles de Gaulle, 384– 90. 28. Jacques Chapsal, La Vie Politique en France depuis 1940 (Paris: Presses

Universitaires de France, 1969), 554. 29. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:245. 30. Serge Berstein, The Republic of De Gaulle, 1958– 1969 (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1993), 153. 31. Ibid., 132. 32. Ibid., 131. 33. Ibid., 134– 35. 34. Ibid., 138. 35. For prominent memoirs and political analyses, see Andre Malraux, Anti-

memoires (Paris: Gallimard, 1967); Andre Malraux, Felled Oaks: Conver-sation with de Gaulle (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971); Claude Mauriac, The Other de Gaulle (New York: John Day, 1973); Will Morrisey, Reflections on de Gaulle: Political Founding in Moder-nity (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985); Jean- Francois Revel, Le Style du General (Brussels: Editions Complexe, 1988); Alain Peyrefitte, C’était de Gaulle (Paris: Editions de Fallois- Fayard, 1994); Hugh Gough and John Horne, eds., De Gaulle and Twentieth Century France (London: Edward Arnold, 1994).

For prominent biographies in French, see Paul Marie de la Gorce, De Gaulle entre Deux Mondes: Une Vie et Une Epoque (Paris: Fayard, 1964); J.- R. Tournoux, La Tragédie du General (Paris: Plon, 1967); Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, 3 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1984– 86); Jean Lacouture and Roland Mehl, eds., De Gaulle ou l’Eternel Defi (Paris: Seuil, 1988); Jean François Revel, Le Style du General: Precede de la Legend Vivante au Mythe Posthume (Paris: Editions, 1988); Paul Marie de la Gorce, De Gaulle (Paris: Perrin, 1999); Alain Peyrefitte, C’était de Gaulle, 3 vols. (Paris: Fallois/Fayard, 1994– 2000).

For prominent biographies in English, see Jacque de Launey, De Gaulle and His France: A Psychological and Historical Portrait of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Julian, 1968); John L. Hess, The Case for De Gaulle (New York: William Morrow, 1968); Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel, 1890– 1944 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Ruler, 1945– 1970 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991); Alain Peyrefitte, C’etait de Gaulle (Paris: Fayard, 1993); Charles Williams, The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of Charles de Gaulle (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993); Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (Paris: Skyhorse, 2012).

36. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, vol. 1 (Paris: Seuil, 1984), 188. 37. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 57.

Notes 239

38. Ibid., 58. 39. Launey, De Gaulle and His France, 253. 40. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 58. 41. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 1:4. 42. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 88. 43. Ibid., 951. 44. Ibid., 49. 45. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 1:278– 82. 46. Charles de Gaulle, La France n’a pas perdu la Guerre (New York: Didier,

1944), xi. 47. This appeal is often confused with his broadcasts of June 18 and 22

but was instead printed and distributed wherever it might be effective, especially in occupied France. Fenby, General, 32– 38.

48. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 1:159. 49. Ibid., 1:625. 50. Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French Fight against the Nazis (New

York: Simon and Schuster, 2013). 51. Cordell Hull, Memoirs (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 1239– 45. 52. For accounts of relations between de Gaulle and Roosevelt, see Charles

Williams, The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General de Gaulle (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), 162– 63, 209– 19, 230, 231, 263– 65, 339– 40.

53. Hartley, Gaullism, 76. 54. Ibid., 80– 81. 55. Rod Kedward, France and the French: A Modern History (New York:

Overlook, 2007), 311. 56. Ibid., 312– 13. 57. Hartley, Gaullism, 90. 58. Fenby, General, 268. 59. Launey, De Gaulle and His France, 212. 60. Alfred Grosser, French Foreign Policy under De Gaulle (Boston: Little,

Brown, 1965), 16. 61. Fenby, General, 282. 62. Harry Truman, Years of Decision (New York: Doubleday, 1955), 15,

15, 160. 63. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 1:405. 64. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 3:279. 65. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages 1:435. 66. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 8. 67. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 2:66. 68. J. R. Tourneux, La Tragédie du General (Paris: Plon, 1967), 118– 19. 69. Kedward, France and the French, 318– 19. 70. Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830– 2000: A Short History (Ithaca, NY:

Cornell University Press, 2001), 21. 71. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir 1:21.

Notes240

72. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 18. 73. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:3. 74. Ibid., 3:10. 75. Ibid., 3:11.

Chapter 2

1. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:301. 2. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 35. 3. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 1:341– 42. 4. Ibid., 1:347. 5. Ibid., 1:342– 43. 6. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 4:164– 68. 7. Aron, Memoirs, 256, 258. 8. Launey, De Gaulle, 217. 9. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 67. 10. Louis Terrenoire, De Gaulle et l’Algérie: Temoinage pour l’Histoire

(Paris: Fayard, 1964); Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954– 1962 (London: Macmillan, 1972); B. Droz and E. Lever, His-toire de la Guerre d’Algérie (Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1982); Andrew J. Pierre and William B. Quandt, The Algerian Crisis: Policy Options for the West (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996); J. Morin, De Gaulle et l’Algerie (Paris: Albin Michel, 1999).

11. Aron, Memoirs, 256, 260. 12. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 28. 13. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 1:49. 14. Terrenoire, De Gaulle et l’Algérie, 41. 15. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 1:50. 16. De Gaulle, Memoir of Hope, 84. 17. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 29. 18. Ibid., 31. 19. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:55. 20. Ibid., 3:121. 21. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 44. 22. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 87. 23. Hartley, Gaullism, 177. 24. Charles Dulong, La Vie Quotidienne a l’Élysée au Temps de Charles

de Gaulle (Paris: Hachette Litterarie, 1974), 63. 25. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:307. 26. Hartley, Gaullism, 184; Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 56. 27. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 82. 28. Stora, Algeria, 109– 11. 29. Ibid., 127, 240. 30. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

476– 81.

Notes 241

31. Michael S. Laguerre, Parliament and Diaspora in Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

32. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Develop-ment Assistance, 1969 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1969), 308, 320– 25.

33. Vincent Nouzille, Des Secret Si Bien Gardes: Les Dossiers de la Maison- Blanche et de la CIA sur la France et ses Presidents, 1958– 1981 (Paris: Fayard, 2009), 30.

34. Frederic Bozo, Deux Strategies pour l’Europe (Paris: Plon, 1996); Fon-dation Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle et les Presidents des Etats Unis (Paris: Fondation Charles de Gaulle, 2006).

35. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 165. 36. De Gaulle speech, April 27, 1965, Service de Presse, 175, 3– 4. 37. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 166– 67. 38. Ibid., 199– 200. 39. Nouzille, Des Secret Si Bien Gardes, 63. 40. John Newhouse, De Gaulle and the Anglo- Saxons (New York: Viking,

1970), 70. 41. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

271. 42. Service de Presse, 25– 27. 43. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

132. 44. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:127. 45. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 169. 46. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 254– 55, 258. 47. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

118. 48. Ibid., 166. 49. William Kaufman, The McNamara Strategy (New York: Harper and

Row, 1964), 117. 50. Nouzille, Des Secret Si Bien Gardes, 62– 63. 51. De Gaulle, Major Addresses, 217. 52. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

261. 53. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 176. 54. Ibid., 176– 77. 55. Pierre Maillard, De Gaulle et l’Europe: Entre la Nation et Maastricht

(Paris: Tallandier, 1995); “De Gaulle et l’Europe,” Revue de la Fondation Charles de Gaulle, no. 15, December 2008; “De Gaulle et l’Europe,” Revue de la Fondation Charles de Gaulle, no. 156, March 2009.

56. De Gaulle, Major Addresses, 176. 57. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 5:129. 58. Alain Peyrefitte, C’etait de Gaulle (Paris: Editions de Fallois/Fayard,

1994), 59.

Notes242

59. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 173. 60. Launey, De Gaulle, 185. 61. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

283– 84. 62. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 256. 63. Lanay, De Gaulle, 181. 64. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

183. 65. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 5:43. 66. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

91. 67. De Gaulle speech, October 28, 1966, Service de Presse, no. 253A, 6. 68. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 178– 79. 69. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 143. 70. Ibid., 143. 71. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 3:422– 23. 72. Ibid., 4:31. 73. Ibid., 4:36. 74. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 77. 75. Mahoney, De Gaulle, 67. 76. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 44. 77. Fondation Charles de Gaulle, La Politique Economique et Financiere

de General de Gaulle, 1958– 1969 (Paris: Fondation Charles de Gaulle, 2005).

78. Robert Gilpin, France in the Age of the Scientific States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1939), 68.

79. Hartley, Gaullism, 247– 48. 80. Edward L. Morse, Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France

(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), 163. 81. Morse, Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France, 159. 82. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 105. 83. International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade, Annual Trade Reports,

1965– 1970 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1970). 84. Hess, The Case for de Gaulle, 13. 85. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 181. 86. Kolodzief, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

501. 87. De Gaulle, Discours et Messages, 5:232. 88. Jean- Raymond Tournoux, Le Mois de Mai du General (Paris: Plon,

1969). 89. Morse, Foreign Policy and Interdependence in Gaullist France, 165. 90. Philippe Alexandre, The Duel: De Gaulle and Pompidou (Boston:

Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 202. 91. Georges Pompidou, Pour Rétablir une Vérité (Paris: Flammarion,

1982), 193.

Notes 243

92. Ibid., 201. See also Jacques Massu, Baden 68— Souvenirs d’une Fidélité Gaulliste (Paris: Plon, 1983), 142– 43.

93. Charlot, Phénomène Gaulliste, 179. 94. Alexandre, Duel, 298. 95. André Malraux, Les Chênes qu’on Abat (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), 23.

Chapter 3

1. Merry Bromberger, Le Destin Secret de Georges Pompidou (Paris: Fayard, 1965); Pierre Rouanet, Pompidou (Paris: Grasset, 1969); Eric Rous-sel, Pompidou (Paris: Jean Claude Latties, 1982); Serge Berstein and J.- P. Rioux, The Pompidou Years, 1969– 1974 (Paris: Fayard, 2000); J.- P. Cointet, B. Lachaise, G. Le Beuec, and J.- M. Mayeur, eds., Un Poli-tique: Georges Pompidou (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001).

2. Alexandre, Duel, 12. 3. Pompidou, Pour Rétablir une Vérité, 207. 4. Alexandre, Duel, 8. 5. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 2:79. 6. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 96. 7. Georges Pompidou, Anthologie de la Poesie Française (Paris: Livre

de Poche/Hachette, 1961); Georges Pompidou, Le Nœud Gordien (Paris: Plon, 1974); Georges Pompidou, Entretiens et Discours, 2 vols. (Paris: Plon, 1975); Pompidou, Pour Rétablir une Vérité.

8. Roussel, Pompidou, 367. 9. Raymond Tournoux, Le Tourment et la Fatalité (Paris: Plon, 1974),

398– 99. 10. Roussel, Pompidou, 318. 11. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 146. 12. Ibid., 178, 177. 13. Roussel, Pompidou, 26. 14. Pompidou, Pour Rétablir une Vérité, 31. 15. Ibid., 32. 16. Charles de Gaulle, France Sera la France: Ce Que Veut Charles de Gaulle

(Paris: La Boite a Livre, 1951). 17. Alexandre, Duel, 55. 18. Roussel, Pompidou, 123. 19. Alexandre, Duel, 84. 20. Roussel, Pompidou, 247. 21. Ibid., 183. 22. Alexandre, Duel, 287. 23. François Mitterrand, La Paille et le Grain (Paris: Flammarion, 1975),

283. 24. Roussel, Pompidou, 215. 25. Ibid., 172– 73. 26. Ibid., 203.

Notes244

27. Alexandre, Duel, 176. 28. Roussel, Pompidou, 253– 54. 29. Ibid., 273. 30. Ibid., 280. 31. Pompidou, Pour Rétablir une Vérité, 207. 32. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 179. 33. For an in- depth exploration of the most likely suspects, see Roussel,

Pompidou, 284– 99. 34. Roussel, Pompidou, 301– 2. 35. Alexandre, Duel, 269. 36. Roussel, Pompidou, 303. 37. Ibid., 310. 38. Ibid., 315. 39. Nouzille, Des Secret Si Bien Gardes, 261. 40. Roussel, Pompidou, 228. 41. Robert Rocca, Pompidou (Paris: Editions de la Pensee Moderne, 1969),

55. 42. Jacques Chirac, My Life in Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,

2012), 24. 43. Gilles Richard, “Georges Pompidou: The Gaullist Heritage, and the

Heritage of ’68,” in David S. Bell and John Gaffney, eds., The Presidents of the Fifth Republic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 109.

44. Roussel, Pompidou, 364. 45. Howard Machin, “The President’s Men: Advisors and Assistants at

the Élysée Palace,” in Vincent Wright, ed., Continuity and Change in France (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984), 86.

46. Roussel, Pompidou, 354. 47. Ibid., 158. 48. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 185. 49. Roussel, Pompidou, 378. 50. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

212. 51. Ibid., 145. 52. Ibid., 422. 53. Ibid., 100. 54. Joseph I. Coffey, Strategic Power and National Policy (Pittsburgh: Uni-

versity of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 2– 20. 55. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

148. 56. Ibid., 158. 57. Ibid., 100, 121. 58. Ibid., 167. 59. International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade, Annual Trade Report. 60. Richard, “Pompidou,” in Bell and Gaffney, Presidents of the Fifth Repub-

lic, 107.

Notes 245

61. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 186. 62. Pierre Bernard Couste and François Visine, Pompidou et l’Europe (Paris:

Librairies Techniques, 1974), 3. 63. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

404. 64. Ibid., 439. 65. Ibid., 408. 66. Ibid., 417– 18. 67. Arnaud Teyssier, La Ve Republique, 1958– 1995, de de Gaulle a Chirac

(Paris: Pygmalion, 1995), 169. 68. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 177. 69. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou,

427. 70. Ibid., 589. 71. Ibid., 408. 72. Ibid., 419. 73. Roussel, Pompidou, 384. 74. Graham Robb, Parisians: An Adventure History of Paris (New York:

Picador, 2010), 386.

Chapter 4

1. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 111. 2. Ibid., 114. 3. Michel Bassi, Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Paris: Grasset, 1968); Jean

Claude Colliard, Les Republican- Independents: Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1971); Olivier Todd, La Marelle de Giscard (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1977); Giles Perrault, Le Deshon-neur de Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Paris: Fayard, 2003); Frederic Abadie and Jean Pierre Corcelette, Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2009); George Valance, VGE (Paris: Flammarion, 2011).

4. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 118– 19. 5. John Frears, France in the Giscard Presidency (London: Allen and

Unwin, 1981), 10. 6. Ibid., 6. 7. Valery Giscard d’Estaing, La Comédie du Pouvoir (Paris: Fayard, 1977);

Valery Giscard d’Estaing, French Democracy (Garden City, NY: Double-day, 1977); Valery Giscard d’Estaing, Le Pouvoir et la Vie, 3 vols. (Paris: Livres de Poche, 2004, 2007).

8. Giscard d’Estaing, French Democracy, x, 3. 9. Kedward, France and the French, 476. 10. Giscard d’Estaing, French Democracy, 15. 11. Ibid., 58, 55.

Notes246

12. William Safran, The French Polity (New York: Pearson, 2009), 309. See also Mark O. Rousseau, “President Valery Giscard d’Estaing and Decentralization,” French Review, vol. 54, no. 6 (May 1981), 827– 25.

13. Teyssier, Ve Republique, 228, 310. 14. Todd, La Marelle de Giscard, 413. 15. Vincent Wright, “Introduction: The Change in France,” in Wright,

Continuity and Change in France, 14. 16. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 40. 17. Rene Remond, Notre Siècle, 1918– 1988 (Paris: Fayard, 1988), 772. 18. Machin, “President’s Men,” in Wright, Continuity and Change in

France, 88. 19. Teyssier, Ve Republique, 240. 20. Aron, Memoirs, 377. 21. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 77. 22. Pierre Pellisier, Un Certain Raymond Barre (Paris: Hachette, 1977);

Frederic Grendel, Raymond Barre (Paris: Desforges, 1978). 23. Lionel Stoleru, L’Impératif Industriel (Paris: Seuil, 1969). 24. Teyssier, Ve Republique, 246. 25. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 51. 26. Frears, France in the Giscard Presidency, 151. 27. Ibid., 189. 28. Raymond Kuhn, “The Presidency and the Media, 1974– 82,” in Wright,

Continuity and Change in France, 178– 201. 29. Teyssier, Ve Republique, 250. 30. Samy Cohen and Marie- Claude Smouts, eds., La Politique Extérieure

de Valery Giscard d’Estaing (Paris: Presse de la Fondation Nationale des Science Politique, 1985).

31. Alistair Horne, La Belle France: A Short History (New York: Vintage, 2006), 421.

32. Nouzille, Des Secret Si Bien Gardes, 384– 85. 33. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 78. 34. Philip H. Gordon, A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and

the Gaullist Legacy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 83.

35. Guy Mery, “Comments by General Guy Mery, March 151, 1976,” Sur-vival, vol. 18, no. 5 (September- October 1976), 227.

36. David S. Yost, France’s Deterrent Posture and Security in Europe (Lon-don: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1984), 56.

37. Ministère de la Défense, Regards sur la Défense, 1981– 1986 (Paris: Ministère de la Défense, 1986), 18.

38. Gordon, Certain Idea of France, 103. 39. Frears, France in the Giscard Presidency, 91. 40. Ibid., 115. 41. Ibid., 118. 42. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 80.

Notes 247

43. Stanley Hoffman, “France: The Big Change?” New York Review of Books, June 25, 1981, 47– 53; Howard Machin and Vincent Wright, “Why Mitterrand Won: The French Presidential Elections of April- May 1981,” West European Politics, vol. 5, no. 1 (January 1982), 5– 35; Wayne Northcutt and Jeffrey Flaitz, “Women and Politics in Contem-porary France: The Electoral Shift to the Left in the 1981 Presidential and Legislative Elections,” Contemporary French Civilization, vol. 7, no. 2 (Winter 1983), 183– 98; Wayne Northcutt and Jeffrey Flaitz, “Women, Politics, and the French Socialist Government,” West Euro-pean Politics, vol. 8, no. 4 (December 1985), 50– 70.

44. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 78. 45. Serge Berstein, J.- S. Casanova, and J.- F. Strinelli, eds., Les Annees Gis-

card: La Politique Economique, 1974– 81 (Paris: Armand Colin, 2009). 46. Serge Berstein and J.- F. Strinelli, eds., Les Annees Giscard: Les Reformes

de Societe, 1974– 81 (Paris: Armand Colin, 2007).

Chapter 5

1. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 84– 85. 2. For books with deep and diverse interpretations of his character, see:

Jean Maire Colombani, Portrait du President: Le Monarque Imaginaire (Paris: Gallimard, 1985); Serge July, Les Années Mitterrand: Histoire Baroque d’Une Normalisation Inachevée (Paris: Grasset, 1986).

For biographies, see Jean- Marie Borzeix, Mitterrand lui- meme (Paris: Stock, 1973); Franz- Olivier Giesbert, Francois Mitterrand ou la Tentation de l’Histoire (Paris: Seuil, 1977); Denis MacShane, Fran-cois Mitterrand: A Political Odyssey (London: Quartet Books, 1982); Pierre Jouve and Ali Magoudi, Mitterrand: Portrait Total (Paris: Carrer, 1986); Catherine Nay, The Black and the Red: Francois Mitterrand, The Story of an Ambition (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publish-ers, 1987); J. Lacouture, Francois Mitterrand: Une Histoire de Français, 2 vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1988); Wayne Northcutt, Mitterrand: A Political Biography (Teaneck, NJ: Holmes and Meier, 1992); Franz- Olivier Gies-bert, François Mitterrand: Une Vie (Paris: Seuil, 1996); Alastair Cole, Francois Mitterrand: A Study in Political Leadership (New York: Rout-ledge, 1997).

3. Franz- Olivier Giesbert, Le President (Paris: Seuil, 1990), 11. 4. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 1. 5. Catherine Nay, The Black and the Red: Francois Mitterrand, the Story of

an Ambition (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987), 371. 6. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 79. 7. Stanley Hoffman, “A Symposium on Mitterrand’s Past,” French Politics

and Society, vol. 13, no. 1 (Winter 1997), 8. 8. Julius Friend, The Long Presidency: France in the Mitterrand Years,

1981– 1995 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998), 253.

Notes248

9. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 57– 58. 10. For the most extensive exploration of this period of Mitterrand’s life, see

Pierre Pean, Une Jeunesse Française: Francois Mitterrand, 1934– 1947 (Paris: Fayard, 1994); See also Friend, Long Presidency, 9; Giesbert, Mitterrand: Une Vie, 151– 58.

11. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 201. 12. François Mitterrand, Le Coup d’Etat Permanent (Paris: Plon, 1964). 13. For Mitterrand’s leading works on politics, see Mitterrand, Le Coup

d’Etat Permanent; François Mitterrand, Ma Part de Vérité (Paris: Fayard, 1969); François Mitterrand, Un Socialisme du Possible (Paris: Seuil, 1974); François Mitterrand, La Paille et le Grain (Paris: Flammarion, 1975); François Mitterrand, Ici et Maintenant (Paris: Fayard, 1980); François Mitterrand, Reflexions sur la Politique Extérieure: Introduction a Vingt- Cinq Discours, 1981– 1986 (Paris: Fayard, 1986).

For other interpretations, see Thierry Desjardins, Francois Mitter-rand: Un Socialiste Gaullien (Paris: Hachette, 1978); Claude Mance-ron and Bernard Pingaud, François Mitterrand: L’Homme, les Idées, le Programme (Paris: Flammarion, 1981); Jean Daniel, Les Religions d’un President: Regards sur les Aventures du Miterrandisme (Paris: Grasset, 1988).

14. Mitterrand, Ici et Maintenant, 44. 15. Friend, Long Presidency, 45. 16. Mitterrand, Socialisme du Possible. 17. Giesbert, Mitterrand: Une Vie, 20. 18. Mairi Maclean, “Introduction: The Mitterrand Era in Perspective,” in

Maclean, ed., The Mitterrand Years: Legacy and Evaluation (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 4.

19. Mitterrand, Ma Part de Vérité, 25. 20. Mitterrand, La Paille et le Grain, 9. 21. Giesbert, Mitterrand: Une Vie, 107. 22. Roland Cayrol, Francois Mitterrand 1945– 1967 (Paris: Fondation

National des Sciences Politiques, 1967), 23. 23. François Mitterrand, Aux Frontières de l’Union Françaises (Paris: Jul-

liard, 1953); François Mitterrand, Présence Française et Abandon (Paris: Plon, 1957).

24. Paul Clay Sorum, Intellectuals and Decolonization in France (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), 189.

25. Giesbert, Mitterrand: Une Vie, 116. 26. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 44. 27. Ibid., 44– 45. 28. MacShane, Mitterrand, 78. 29. Nay, Black and Red, 242. 30. Mitterrand, Ma Part de Vérité, 68. 31. Nay, Black and Red, 247. 32. MacShane, Mitterrand, 135.

Notes 249

33. Ronald Tiersky, French Communism, 1920– 1972 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 350; Friend, Long Presidency, 40.

34. Giesbert, Le President, 381– 82. 35. Colombani, Portrait du President, 140– 41. 36. Nay, Black and Red, 342. 37. William Andrews, “The Power of Paris,” French Politics and Society, no. 4

(December 1983), 21– 22. 38. Parti Socialiste, Projet Socialiste pour La France des Années 80 (Paris:

Club Socialiste du Livre, 1980), 78. 39. Mitterrand, Ici et Maintenant. 40. Wright, Continuity and Change, 68– 69. 41. Wright, “Introduction,” in Continuity and Change in France, 55– 56. 42. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 92. 43. Monique Dagnaud and Dominique Mehl, L’Elite Rose (Paris: Ramsay,

1982). 44. François Mitterrand, Memoires Interrompus (Paris: Odile, 1996), 224. 45. Safran, French Polity, 203. 46. Ibid., 237. 47. Teyssier, Ve Republique, 314. 48. Northcutt, Mitterrand, x. 49. Diana Green, “Industrial Policy and Policy- making, 1974– 82,” in

Wright, Continuity and Change in France, 155. Dennis MacShane, French Lessons for Labor (London: Fabian Society, 1986), 2.

50. Friend, Long Presidency, 29. 51. Dominique Fremy, Quid des Presidents du Republique (Paris: Robert

Laffont, 1987), 584. 52. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 104. 53. Ibid., 100. 54. Ibid., 118. 55. Ibid., 135. 56. Ibid., 158. 57. Philippe Bauchard, La Guerre des Deux Rose: Du Rêve a Réalité, 1981–

1985 (Paris: Grosset, 1986), 194– 95. 58. John Ardagh, France in the New Century: Portrait of a Changing Society

(New York: Penguin, 1999), 431. 59. Friend, Long Presidency, 53– 54. 60. Guy Austin, “Socialist Film Policy and the Heritage Film,” in Wright,

Continuity and Change in France, 277. 61. François Chaslin, Les Paris du Mitterrand: Histoire des Grand Project

Architecturaux (Paris: Gallimard- Folio, 1985), 19. 62. François Chaslin, Les Paris de François Mitterrand (Paris: Gallimard,

1995). 63. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 156, 163– 64.

Notes250

64. Antoine Prost, “The Educational Maelstrom,” in George Ross, Stanley Hoffman, and Sylvia Malzacher, eds., The Mitterrand Experiment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

65. Fremy, Quid des Presidents du Republique, 584. 66. Hubert Vedrine, Les Mondes de François Mitterrand: A l’Elysée, 1981–

1995 (Paris: Fayard, 1996), 226– 27. 67. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 208– 10. 68. Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and

the End of the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001). 69. Bauchard, La Guerre des Deux Rose, 165– 66. 70. Vincent Nouzille, Les Dossiers de la CIA sur la France, 1981– 2010 (Paris:

Artheme Fayard/Pluriel, 2012), 123– 24. 71. Jean Guisnel, Les Généreux: Enquête sur le Pouvoir Militaire en France

(Paris: Editions la Découverte, 1990), 57. 72. Gordon, Certain Idea of France, 114. 73. Mitterrand, Reflexions sur la Politique Extérieure, 225– 26. 74. Stephen E. Bornstein, “An End to French Exceptionalism? The Les-

sons of the Greenpeace Affair,” French Politics and Society, vol. 5, no. 4 (September 1987), 3– 16.

75. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 247. 76. Dominique David, “Independence and Interdependence: Foreign Pol-

icy over Mitterrand’s Two Terms,” in Wright, Continuity and Change in France, 114.

77. Gordon, Certain Idea of France, 131. 78. Friend, Long Presidency, 202. 79. Both quotes from Northcutt, Mitterrand, 86, 129. 80. Giesbert, Mitterrand: Une Vie, 512. 81. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 97. 82. Fremy, Quid des Presidents, 590. 83. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 239. 84. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 99. 85. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 235. 86. Ibid., 274, 277. 87. Gordon, Certain Idea of France, 166. 88. Reuben Y. Wong, The Europeanization of French Foreign Policy: France

and the EU in East Asia (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 37. 89. Pierre Favier and Michel Martin- Rolland, La Décennie Mitterrand, 3

vols. (Paris: Seuil, 1991, 1996), 3:446. 90. Nouzille, Dossiers de la CIA sur la France, 275– 76. 91. Ibid., 278– 80. 92. Ibid., 291. 93. Ibid., 327. 94. William R. Nester, European Power and the Japanese Challenge (Lon-

don: Macmillan, 1993). 95. Ibid., xiii.

Notes 251

96. Édouard Balladur, Je Crois en l’Homme Plus qu’en l’Etat (Paris: Fayard, 1987).

97. Both quotes from Friend, Long Presidency, 224. 98. P. Krop, Le Genocide Franco- Africaine (Paris: J.- C. Lattes, 1994);

G. Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis, 1959– 1994: History of a Genocide (Lon-don: Hurst, 1995); M. Ba, Rwanda: Un Genocide Français (Paris: L’Esprit Frappeur, 1997); L. Melvern, Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Geno-cide (London: Verso, 2006); A. Wallis, Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006).

99. Friend, Long Presidency, 232– 33. 100. Wright, “Introduction,” in Continuity and Change in France, 60. 101. Friend, Long Presidency, 184. 102. Northcutt, Mitterrand, 150– 51. 103. Stanley Hoffman, “Mitterrand’s Foreign Policy, or Gaullism by Any

Other Name,” in George Ross, Stanley Hoffman, and Sylvia Malzacher, eds., The Mitterrand Experiment: Continuity and Change in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 294.

Chapter 6

1. Jacques Chirac, La France pour Tous (Paris: Nil, 1994). 2. Friend, Long Presidency, 146– 47. 3. Ibid., 152– 53. 4. For his own words, see Jacques Chirac, Une Nouvelle France (Paris: Nil,

1994); Jacques Chirac, La France pour Tous (Paris: Nil, 1995); Jacques Chirac, Demain il sera trop tard (Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 2008); Jacques Chirac, Chacun pas doit etre un but: Memoires (Paris: Nil, 2009); Jacques Chirac, My Life in Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmil-lan, 2012).

For the leading biographies, see Henri Doligny, Chirac ou la Fin-gale du Pouvoir (Paris: Moreau, 1977); Franz- Olivier Giesbert, Jacques Chirac (Paris: Seuil, 1987); John Keeler and Martin Schain, ed., Chi-rac’s Challenge: Liberalization, Europeanization, and Malaise in France (New York: St. Martin’s, 1996); P. Madelin, Jacque Chirac: Une Biog-raphe (Paris: Flammarion, 2002).

For analyses of his beliefs and leadership, see A. Collovald, Jacques Chirac et le Gaullism (Paris: Belin, 1999); Jean Charlot, Pourquoi Jacques Chirac? (Paris: Editions de Fallois, 1996).

5. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 6. 6. Ibid., 26. 7. Ibid., 25. 8. Ibid., 49. 9. Ibid., 37, 168. 10. Giesbert, Jacques Chirac, 306– 7. 11. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 50.

Notes252

12. Ibid., 58. 13. Ibid., 32, 176, 273. 14. Safran, French Polity, 203. 15. Ibid., 239. 16. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 29. 17. Ibid., 143. 18. Ibid., 162. 19. John T. S. Keeler and Martin A. Schain, “Introduction: Mitterrand’s

Legacy, Chirac’s Challenge,” in Keeler and Schain, eds., Chirac’s Chal-lenge: Liberalization, Europeanization, and Malaise in France (New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), 8– 9.

20. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 208. 21. Observatoire Permanent de la Cooperation Française, Report 2001 (Paris:

Karthala, 2001), 15. 22. J.- F. Medard, “France and Sub- Saharan Africa: A Privileged Relation-

ship,” in U. Engel and R. F. Olsen, eds., Africa and the North (London: Routledge, 2005), 51; L. Le Floch- Prigent, Affaire Elf, Affaire d’Etat (Paris: Gallimard, 2001).

23. M. Le Pape and C. Vidal, Cote d’Ivoire: L’Annee Terrible, 1999– 2000 (Paris: Karthala, 2002).

24. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 183. 25. Ibid., 55– 56. 26. Ibid., 56– 57. 27. Reuben Wong, “France in East Asia: The Europeanization of French

Foreign Policy,” in Mairi Maclean and Joseph Szarka, eds., France on the World Stage: Nation States Strategies in the Global Era (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 68.

28. C. Sautter, La France au Miroir du Japon: Croissance ou Declin (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1996); B. Bridges, Europe and the Challenge of the Asia Pacific (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999); R. Foot, Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); B. Endstrom, ed., The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions (Richmond, UK: Japan Library/Curzon, 2000).

29. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 149. 30. Ibid., 246. 31. For a systematic, comprehensive analysis of the Al Qaeda War, see

William Nester, Hearts, Minds, and Hydras: Fighting Terrorism in Afghanistan, Pakistan, America, and Beyond— Dilemmas and Lessons (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2012).

32. For a systematic, comprehensive analysis of the Iraq War, see William Nester, Haunted Victory: The American Crusade to Destroy Saddam and Impose Democracy on Iraq (Washington, DC: Potomac, 2012).

33. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 261. 34. Ibid., 267.

Notes 253

35. Ibid., 281. 36. Eurobarometer EB 59, 2003. 37. Eurobarometer EB 171, 2005. 38. Laurent Binet, “Supporting Europe and Voting No?” in Maclean and

Szarka, France on the World Stage, 111. 39. Jonah D. Levy, Alistair Cole, and Patrick Le Gales, “From Chirac to Sar-

kozy: A New France,” in Levy, Cole, and Le Gales, eds., Developments in French Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 4.

40. Ibid., 13. 41. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 165. 42. Ibid., 327, 328. 43. Ibid., 337.

Chapter 7

1. Dennis Abrams, Nicolas Sarkozy (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), 13. 2. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 126. 3. Marie Eve Malouines, Nicolas Sarkozy, le Pouvoir et la Peur (Paris:

Stock, 2010). 4. Ibid., 88. 5. Ibid., 90. 6. Nicolas Sarkozy, Testimony: France in the Twenty- First Century (New

York: Pantheon, 2007), 53. 7. Abrams, Sarkozy, 29. 8. Sarkozy, Testimony, 3. 9. Malouines, Sarkozy, 89. 10. For the leading biographies, see Catharne Nay, Un Pouvoir nomme Desir

(Paris: Grasset, 2007); W. Emmanuel, Nicolas Sarkozy: La Fringale du Pouvoir (Paris: Flammarion, 2007); A. Badiou, De Quoi Sarkozy est- il le nom? (Paris: Nouvelles Editions Lognes, 2007); Esprit Special Edition, Qu’est- ce que c’est le Sarkoyze?, no. 339, 2007; P. Duhamel and M. Field, Le Sarkozysme (Paris: Seuil, 2008); S. Hefez, La Sarkose Obsessionnelle (Paris: Hachette, 2008); P. Lembeye, Sarkozy un President cheze le psy (Paris: Scali, 2008); F. Bastien, La Constitution Sarkozy (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2009); Maire- Eve Malouines, Nicolas Sarkozy, le Pouvoir et le Peur (Paris: Stock, 2010).

11. Malouines, Sarkozy, 38. 12. Ibid., 32. 13. Sarkozy, Testimony, 14. 14. Chirac, My Life in Politics, 124– 27. 15. Sarkozy, Testimony, 197. 16. Ibid., 33– 53, 93– 94. 17. Abrams, Sarkozy, 78. 18. Sarkozy, Testimony, 93– 96; Levy, Cole, and Le Gales, “From Chirac to

Sarkozy,” in Developments in French Politics, 4.

Notes254

19. Abrams, Sarkozy, 83, 84. 20. Sarkozy, Testimony, 95– 96. 21. Andrew Knapp and Frederic Sawicki, “Political Parties and the Party Sys-

tem,” in Levy, Cole, and Le Gales, Developments in French Politics, 47. 22. C. Amar and D. Hassoux, Segolene et Francois: Biographie d’un Couple

(Paris: Privee, 2005); M. Lambron, Mignonne, allons voir (Paris: Gras-set, 2006); C. Courcol and T. Masure, Segolene Royal, les Coulisses d’une Defaite (Paris: L’Archipel, 2007); R. Bacque and A. Chemin, La Femme Fatale (Paris: Albin Michel, 2007).

23. Rainbow Murray, “Segolene Royal and Gendered Leadership in France,” in David S. Bell and John Gaffney, eds., The Presidents of the French Fifth Republic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 62.

24. Abrams, Sarkozy, 38. 25. Sarkozy, Testimony, 54, 127, 204, 107, 124. 26. Ben Clift, “Economic Policy,” in Levy, Cole, and Le Gales, Develop-

ments in French Politics, 205. 27. Sarkozy, Testimony; Giscard d’Estaing, French Democracy. 28. Sarkozy, Testimony, vi– xiv, 70. 29. Ibid., 20– 21, 7. 30. Bruno Cautres and Alistair Cole, “The 2007 French Elections and

Beyond,” in Levy, Cole, and Le Gales, Developments in French Politics, 26. 31. Abrams, Sarkozy, 101. 32. For analyses of the election and the role of gender in the result, see M.

Sineau, “Was Segolene Royal Defeated by the Women’s Vote? The Gen-der Gap in the 2007 Presidential Election,” Modern and Contemporary France, vol. 18, no. 4 (2010), 491– 503.

33. O. Mongin, and G. Vigarello, Sarkozy: Corps et Ame d’un President (Paris: Perrin, 2008).

34. Malouines, Sarkozy, 55. 35. Ibid., 96– 148. 36. R. Noncreieff, French Relations with Sub- Saharan Africa under Presi-

dent Sarkozy (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Relations, 2012); Gordon D. Cumming, “‘A Piecemeal Approach with No Vision’: French Policy toward Africa under Nicolas Sarkozy,” in Gino G. Raymond, ed., The Sarkozy Presidency: Breaking the Mold? (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 107.

37. Cumming, “Piecemeal Approach,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 109– 10, 116.

38. Abrams, Sarkozy, 113– 14. 39. M. Gassama et al., l’Afrique respond a Sarkozy: Contre le Discours de

Dakar (Paris: Philippe, 2008); A. Glazer and S. Smith, Sarko en Afrique (Paris: Plon, 2008); J.- P. Chretien, L’Afrique de Sarkozy: Un Deni d’Histoire (Paris: Karthala, 2008).

40. Marliere, “Sarkozysm,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 44; L. Hoang- Ngoc, Sarkonomics (Paris: Grasset, 2008); M. Pincon and M. Pincon,

Notes 255

Le President des Riches: Enquete sur l’Olligarchie dans la France de Nico-las Sarkozy (Paris: La Decouverte, 2011).

41. B. Palier, Le Reforme aux Retraites (Paris: Puf, 2010); Francis Lefebre, Reform des Retraites (Paris: Editions Francis Lefebres, 2011).

42. David Looseley, “Culture and the State under Sarkozy,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 193– 207; F. Martel, J’aime pas le Sarkozysme Cul-turel (Paris: Flammarion, 2012).

43. Nicolas Sarkozy, La Religion, la Republique, l’Esperance: Entretiens avec Thibaud Collin et Philippe Verdin (Paris: Le Cerf, 2004).

44. Marliere, “Sarkozysm,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 36. 45. Gino G. Raymond, “Nicolas Sarkozy: End of the Republican Monar-

chy?” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 16. 46. Malouines, Sarkozy, 164– 65. 47. Ibid., 45– 46. 48. Ibid., 45– 46; Nay, L’Impetueux, 303. 49. Gino G. Raymond, “Sarkozy and Europe: Back to the Future,” in

Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 82– 83. 50. Sarkozy, Testimony, vii– ix. 51. “Chirac Juge ‘Lamentable’ l’Atlantisme de Sarkozy,” Libération,

September 18, 2006. 52. Guillaume Parmentier, “French- American Relations after the Iraq War:

How to Redefine the Relationship,” in Maclean and Szarka, France on the World Stage, 26.

53. Malouines, Sarkozy, 204– 5. 54. Pierre Aie, Misere de Sarkozysme: Cette Droites qui n’aime pas la France

(Paris: Parangon, 2005); Badiou, De Quoi Sarkozy est- li le nom; Duhamel and Field, Le Sarkozysme, 17– 28.

55. Hefez, Sarkose Obsessionnelle; Gaffney, Political Leadership in France, x– xvi.

56. The English equivalent is something like, “Fuck off, asshole.” 57. Marliere, “Sarkozysm,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency, 29, 30, 33. 58. Raymond, “Sarkozy and Europe,” in Sarkozy Presidency, 87. 59. “Is Sarkozy a Socialist?” The Economist, November 13, 2008. 60. Nay, L’Impetueux, 638. 61. Scott Sayare, “French Judges Drop Investigations into Charges against

Sarkozy,” New York Times, October 7, 2013.

Chapter 8

1. Amar and Hassoux, Segolene et Francois; Richard Michel, Francois Hol-lande: L’inattendu (Paris: Achipel, 2011); Richard Michel, Francois Hollande: L’Itinerarie Secret (Paris: Achipel, 2011).

2. Francois Hollande, L’Heure des Choix: Pour une Economie Politique (Paris: Fayard, 1991); Francois Hollande, L’Idee Socialiste Aujourd’hui (Paris: Omnibus, 2001); Francois Hollande, Devoirs de Verite (Paris:

Notes256

Stock, 2007); Francois Hollande, Devoirs d’Inventaire (Paris: Le Seuil, 2009); Francois Hollande, Le Reve Français (Paris: Privat, 2011); Fran-cois Hollande, Un Destin pour France (Paris: Fayard, 2012); Francois Hollande, Changer de Destin (Paris: Robert Laffont, 2012).

3. Angelique Chrisalle, “Defiant Hollande Says He Will Press on with Super- Tax Rejected by Court,” Guardian, January 1, 2013; Steven Erlanger, “Grim Economics Shape France’s Military Spending,” New York Times, April 30, 2013; Steven Erlanger, “Élysée Palace to Put Wines Up for Bid,” New York Times, May 1, 2013.

4. Steven Erlanger and David Jolly, “French Lawmakers Loosen Labor Rules in a Victory for the President,” New York Times, May 15, 2013.

5. Steven Erlanger, “Steering France’s Economy, and Attacked from All Sides,” New York Times, April 30, 2013; Steven Erlanger, “Small Agree-ments between France and Germany Mask Larger Concerns,” New York Times, June 1, 2013.

6. Erlanger, “Steering France’s Economy”; Steven Erlanger, “One Year into Hollande Presidency in France, ‘a Sense of Drift,’” New York Times, May 5, 2013.

7. Steven Erlanger, “Hollande Draws Bad Reviews as He Answers Critics on TV,” New York Times, March 30, 2013; Erlanger, “Small Agree-ments between France and Germany Mask Larger Concerns.”

8. Nicola Clark, “As Critics Grow Louder, Hollande Vows Reform,” New York Times, May 12, 2012.

9. Steven Erlanger, “France, Too, Is Sweeping Up Data, Newspaper Reveals,” New York Times, July 4, 2013; Scott Sayare, “France Broadens Its Surveillance Power,” New York Times, December 15, 2012.

10. Steven Erlanger, “France: Political Guillotine Flashes and Party Disci-pline Is Served,” New York Times, July 2, 2013.

11. Steven Erlanger, “Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law,” New York Times, May 19, 2013; Steven Erlanger, “Marriage by Gays Is Protested in France,” New York Times, May 27, 2013.

12. Steven Erlanger, “Treatment Still Harsh for Roma in France,” New York Times, June 4, 2013.

13. Sara Miller, “French Public Backs Mail Intervention, but for How Long?” Christian Science Monitor, January 14, 2013.

14. “The Bamako Effect,” The Economist, February 9, 2013. 15. Erlanger, “Grim Economics Shape France’s Military Spending.” 16. Lydia Polgreen, “Hollande Is Hailed in Mali, but Doubts Persist

on How Long Peace will Last,” New York Times, February 3, 2013; Erlanger, “Grim Economics Shape France’s Military Spending”; Adam Nossiter, “Rebuilding of Mali Faces Daunting Obstacles, Despite Out-side Aid,” New York Times, May 17, 2013; David Bache, “Six Mois Apres l’Intervention Française le Mali entre en Campagne Electoral,” Figaro, July 12, 2013.

Notes 257

17. Alissa Rubin, “African Crisis Is Tougher than France Thought,” New York Times, December 14, 2013.

18. Alissa Rubin, “Conservative and Centrist Notes in French Premier’s Blend of Socialism,” New York Times, April 11, 2014.

19. Andrew Hicks, “Populists’ Rise in Europe Vote Shakes Leaders,” New York Times, May 26, 2014; Liz Alderman, “Win by Far Right Party Rat-tles French Establishment,” New York Times, May 27, 2014; Suzanne Daley, “Turning to National Front, but Keeping a Distance,” New York Times, June 11, 2014.

Chapter 9

1. De Gaulle, Fil de l’Epée, 87. 2. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 28, 29, 54, 107. 3. De Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope, 337. 4. Stanley Hoffman, Decline or Renewal? France since the 1930s (New

York: Viking, 1974), ix. 5. Charlot, Gaullisme, 183. 6. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 33– 36. 7. Aron, Memoirs, 258. 8. Ibid., 259. 9. De Gaulle, Fil de l’Epee. 10. De Gaulle, Mémoires d’Espoir, 1:363. 11. J. K. Chalaby, The de Gaulle Presidency and the Media (Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). 12. De Gaulle speech, October 28, 1966, Service de Presse, no. 253A, 6. 13. Aron, Memoirs, 298. 14. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 68. 15. Ibid., 81. 16. De Gaulle, Complete War Memoirs, 318. 17. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 123– 24. 18. Berstein, Republic of De Gaulle, 169. 19. John Keeler, “Toward a Government of Judges? The Constitutional

Court as an Obstacle to Reform in Mitterrand’s France,” French Politics and Society, no. 11 (September 1985), 12– 24; Alex Stone, “Constitu-tional Politics and Malaise in France,” in Keeler and Schain, Chirac’s Challenge, 53– 83.

20. Ardagh, France in the New Century, 46. 21. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 92. 22. Ibid., 97, 103. 23. Ibid., 100. 24. De Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, 1:232. 25. Robert Aron, An Explanation of de Gaulle (New York: Harper and

Row, 1966), 175. 26. Charlot, Gaullist Phenomenon, 21.

Notes258

27. Ibid., 59. 28. Fernand Braudel, L’Indentite de la France: Espace et Histoire (Paris:

Arthaud- Flammarion, 1986); Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); S. Citron, Le Mythe National: L’Histoire de France en Question (Paris: Les Editions Ouvri-eres, 1987); John Gaffney, ed., France and Modernization (London: Avebury, 1988); Paul Trouillas, Le Complexe de Marianne (Paris: Seuil, 1988); Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France: History and Environ-ment (New York: Fontana, 1990); Henri Mendras and Alistair Cole, Social Change in Modern France: Towards a Cultural Anthropology of the Fifth Republic (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Emmanuel Todd, The Making of Modern France: Ideology, Politics, and Culture (London: Blackwell, 1991); Gerard Noriel, The French Melt-ing Pot: Immigration, Citizenship, and National Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996); C. Saint- Etienne, L’Exception Française (Paris: A. Colin, 1992); Alec G. Hargreaves, Immigration, “Race,” and Ethnicity in Contemporary France (London: Routledge, 1995); Malcolm Cook, ed., French Culture since 1945 (London: Long-man, 1995); Jill Forbes and Michael Kelly, eds., French Cultural Stud-ies: An Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux des Memoire, 7 vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1984– 92); Pierre Nora, ed., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, 3 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); Alex Hughes and Keith Reader, eds., The Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Cul-ture (London: Routledge, 1998); William Kidd and Sian Reynolds, eds., Contemporary French Cultural Studies (New York: Arnold, 2000); Sarah Blowen, Marion Demossier, and Jeanine Picard, eds., Recollec-tions of France: Memories, Identities, and Heritage in Contemporary France (Oxford: Berghahn, 2000); John Hayward, Fragmented France: Two Centuries of Disputed Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); D. Morrison and A. Compagnon, The Death of French Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 2010).

29. Giesbert, Sarkozy, 154. 30. Ibid., 226. 31. Mort Rosenblum, Mission to Civilize: The French Way (New York: Har-

court Brace Jovanovich, 1986); Jacques Rigaud, L’Exception Culturelle: Culture et Pouvoir sous la Ve Republique (Paris: Grasset, 1994); Olivier Donnat, Les Français Face a la Culture: De l’Exclusion a l’Eclectisme (Paris: La Decouverte, 1994); Gregory Flynn, ed., Remaking the Hexa-gon: The New France in the New Europe (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995); David Looseley, The Politics of Fun: Cultural Policy and Debate in Con-temporary France (Washington, DC: Berg, 1995); Philippe Urfalino, L’Invention de la Politique Culturelle (Paris: La Documentation Fran-çaise, 1996); P. Brechon, A. Laurent, and P. Perrineau, eds., Les Cul-tures Politiques des Français (Paris: Presses de Science Po, 2000).

Notes 259

32. Susan Collard, “French Cultural Policy: The Special Role of the State,” in Kidd and Reynolds, Contemporary French Cultural Studies, 47.

33. James Munro, “If It Isn’t Clear, It Isn’t French: Language and Iden-tity,” in Kidd and Reynolds, Contemporary French Cultural Studies, 130.

34. Ibid., 134. 35. Maia de la Baume, “Bid in France to Add Course in English Raise Fear

for Language,” New York Times, May 24, 2013. 36. Munro, “If It Isn’t Clear, It Isn’t French,” in Kidd and Reynolds, Con-

temporary French Cultural Studies, 136. 37. S. Smith, Comment la France a Perdu l’Afrique (Paris: Calman Levy, 2005). 38. Cumming, “Piecemeal Approach,” in Raymond, Sarkozy Presidency,

106. 39. R. Moncrieff, French Relations with Sub- Saharan Africa under President

Sarkozy (Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2012), 8.

40. G. Cumming, Aid to Africa (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001). 41. Peyrefitte, Mal Français; Paul Yonnet, Voyage au Centre de Malaise

Français (Paris: Gallimard, 1993); Jean Marie Domenach, Regarder la France: Essais sur le Malaise Français (Paris: Perrin, 1996); Jacques Jul-liard, Le Malheur Français (Paris: Flammarion, 2005).

42. De Gaulle, Edge of the Sword, 7. 43. Peyrefitte, Mal Français. 44. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 97. 45. Safran, French Polity, 61– 62. 46. Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemmas of Americaniza-

tion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). 47. Philippe Roger and Sharon Bowman, The American Enemy: The History

of French Anti- Americanism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).

48. Alissa Rubin, “Moderation Pays Off for Far- Right French Party,” New York Times, April 2, 2014; Hicks, “Populists’ Rise in Europe Vote Shakes Leaders”; Alderman, “Win by Far Right Party Rattles French Establish-ment”; Daley, “Turning to National Front, but Keeping a Distance.”

49. Sian Reynolds, “How the French Present Is Shaped by the Past: The Last Hundred Years in Historical Perspective,” in Kidd and Reynolds, Contemporary French Cultural Studies, 29.

50. Kedward, France and the French, 463. 51. Todd, Making of Modern France; Pascale Goetschel and Emmanuelle

Loyer, Histoire Culturelle et Intellectual de la France au XXe Siecle (Paris: Armand Colin, 1994); Sudhir Hazareesingh, Political Traditions in Modern France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Chris-topher Hood and Nick Hewlett, ed., Currents in Contemporary French Intellectual Life (London: Macmillan, 2000).

Notes260

52. Annie Cohen- Solal, Norman Macaffee, and Anne Cancogni, Jean Paul Sartre (New York: New Press, 2005).

53. Aron, Memoirs, 262. 54. For some good assessments of his work, see Pierre Gremion, “Michel

Crozier’s Long March: The Making of The Bureaucratic Phenomenon,” Political Studies, vol. 40 (March 1992), 5– 20; F. Pave, ed., L’Analyse Strategique: Autour de Michel Crozier (Paris: Seuil, 1994).

55. Michel Crozier, Le Mal Americain (Paris: Fayard, 1980), 209. 56. Kedward, France and the French, 462. 57. K. Hall Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership (New

York: Oxford University Press, 1995); K. Dolan, Voting for Women: How the Public Evaluates Women Candidates (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004); E. Falk, Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008); Sara Miller, “Do French Women Need Feminism?” Christian Science Monitor, January 8, 2013.

58. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2012 statistics, http:// www .imf .org/ external/ data .htm.

59. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 2012 statistics, http:// www .sipri .org/ yearbook/ 2012/ 04.

60. International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2012 statistics, http:// www .imf .org/ external/ data .htm.

61. Malraux, Felled Oaks, 96– 97.

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Index

Abbas, Ferhat, 42Abdallah, George Ibrahim, 139Abu Dhabi, 87Acheson, Dean, 53Achilles, 3Adenauer, Konrad, 55– 56, 189Afghanistan, 68, 104, 118, 127,

165– 66, 194Africa, 38, 43, 46, 83, 84, 106, 160,

189, 214, 215Algeria, 23, 39– 46, 52, 67, 86– 87,

112, 114, 116, 152, 153Front de Liberation Nationale

(FLN), 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47

Government de la Republique Algerienne (GPRA), 41

Allende, Salvador, 220Al Qaeda, 165– 66Amara, Fadela, 183, 186Andropov, Yuri, 130Angola, 84Arab League, 133Arabs, 65, 66, 84, 125Arafat, Yasser, 161Armed Islamic Group, 161Aron, Raymond, 4, 38, 39, 98, 99,

202, 204, 211, 219, 220Asia, 83, 129

East Asia, 4Assad, Hafez al- , 139Assange, Julian, 220Attias, Richard, 179

Auroux, Jean, 122Austria, 57Ayrault, Jean Marc, 195, 198

Bahamas, 52Balladur, Edouard, 9, 138, 145,

149, 152, 156, 158, 174, 176– 77, 183, 222

Bao Dai, 31Barre, Raymond, 101, 141Barthes, Roland, 220Batho, Delphine, 197Bayrou, Francois, 8, 179, 182, 191Beauvoir, Simone de, 220Becket, Samuel, 75Bedie, Henri, 160Beethoven, Ludwig von, 111Belgium, 29, 30, 50, 57, 106, 147Ben Bella, Ahmed, 42, 45Benoist, Alain de, 221Beregovoy, Pierre, 120, 139, 141,

144, 145Bergson, Henri, 15Berlin, 48, 49, 50, 141, 204

West Berlin, 49Berlusconi, Silvio, 125, 138, 186– 87Berthoin, Jean, 35Besson, Eric, 183Betancourt, Igrid, 185Bettencourt, Lilianne, 192Bin Laden, Osama, 165– 66Blair, Tony, 167Blix, Hans, 167

Index278

Blum, Leon, 113, 114Boeckel, Jean Marie, 183Boisseau, Alain de, 43Bokassa, Jean Bedel, 107, 108Bonaparte, Napoleon, 14, 15, 203,

213, 217Bonapartism, 15, 18, 191Bosnia- Herzegovina, 146– 47, 148,

156Boulanger, Charles, 18Bourguiba, Habib, 47Bousquet, Rene, 112– 13Brando, Marlon, 152Brandt, Willy, 83Braudel, Fernaud, 10Brazil, 226Brezhnev, Leonid, 130Britain, 2, 19, 20– 21, 22, 26, 30,

31, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57– 58, 64, 66, 83, 84, 86, 90, 100, 101, 103, 114, 143, 144, 166, 167, 203, 207, 211, 216, 217, 225, 226

Brown, Gordon, 186, 187, 192Bruni, Carla, 184, 188, 190Buckley, William, 134Bulgaria, 61Burundi, 147Bush, George H. W., 143Bush, George W., 165– 66, 167,

168, 184, 190

Cambodia, 31, 116Campbell, Joseph, 13Camus, Albert, 220Canada, 24, 30, 64, 66– 67, 101,

152, 156Caribbean Sea, 106Carlyle, Thomas, 10Carter, Jimmy, 104, 106– 7Casablanca Conference, 23Cassandra, 3, 167Castro, Fidel, 45Catholicism, 94, 113, 126, 152,

175, 195, 218

Ceausescu, Nicolae, 147Central African Empire/Republic,

106, 107, 160, 198, 214Central America, 106Chaban- Delmas, Jacques, 7, 80, 85,

95, 97, 118, 154, 177Chad, 106, 135– 36, 148Chaladon, Albin, 81Challe, Maurice, 43, 44Chamberlain, Neville, 157Charette, Herve, 164Charon, Pierre, 183Chateaubriand, Francois Rene de,

15Chatelet, George, 37Chavez, Hugo, 220Chernenko, Konstantin, 130Chevenement, Jean Pierre, 118,

141, 143, 145Cheyson, Claude, 119China, 27, 31, 53, 60, 83, 142,

163, 164, 165, 187, 203, 207, 226

Chirac, Bernadette de Courcel, 153Chirac, Claude, 171Chirac, Jacques, 7, 9, 80, 98, 99,

102, 107, 108, 112, 126, 137, 138, 139– 40, 140– 41, 149, 151– 72, 174, 176– 77, 193, 210, 219, 221

Chirac, Laurence, 171Chiracism, 7, 151, 153– 54, 155,

157– 58Christianity, 134, 146, 156, 162,

205Churchill, Winston, 20, 21, 23, 24,

26Cincinnatus, 1, 3Clapton, Eric, 184Clinton, Bill, 147, 156– 57, 161– 62,

165Cohn- Bendit, Daniel, 68Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 96Cold War, 8, 29, 46– 55, 141– 42,

158, 160, 190, 203, 221

Index 279

Columbia, 185Communism, 29, 45– 46Comoro Islands, 148Congo, 160, 214Cope, Jean Francois, 197Coty, Rene, 33, 34, 37Crespin, Jean, 42Cresson, Edith, 119, 144, 145, 150,

223Croatia, 146, 156, 157Crosier, Michel, 220– 21Cuba, 45, 46, 106, 220Cuban Missile Crisis, 48, 53, 204Cuellar, Perez de, 141Cyprus, 168Czechoslovakia, 61Czech Republic, 168

Dacko, David, 107Daddah, Ould, 106Daladier, Edoard, 157Daley, Richard, 84Darlan, Francois, 23Dati, Rachida, 182Debray, Regis, 220Debre, Michel, 28, 35, 36, 38, 76,

81, 101Deby, Idris, 135Defferre, Gaston, 118, 119De Gaulle, Anne, 19, 76De Gaulle, Charles, 1– 3, 6, 7, 9,

11– 34, 35– 71, 73– 74, 75– 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89– 90, 95, 100, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116– 17, 149, 153, 156, 188, 189, 198, 201– 7, 211, 215, 220, 223, 227

Army Career, 17– 25Books, 11, 18, 19, 76Colombey les Deux Eglises/

La Boiserie, 19, 27, 43, 71, 155, 189

Declarations, 20– 21, 22, 24, 36, 40– 41

Presidency, 35– 71

De Gaulle, Henri, 17De Gaulle, Jeanne, 17De Gaulle, Philippe, 2De Gaulle, Yvonne Vendroux, 19,

43Deleuze, Gilles, 220Delon, Alain, 79Delors, Jacques, 119, 121, 123Democracy, 2Deng Xiaoping, 163Denmark, 30, 86, 109, 169, 214Depardieu, Gerard, 195Derrida, Jacques, 220Devaquet, Alain, 137– 38Djibouti, 106, 143Dole, Bob, 157Domingo, Placidio, 111Dreyfus, Alfred, 18Dreyfus, Pierre, 119Dubcek, Alexander, 61Duclos, Jacques, 80Dulles, John Foster, 51Dumas, Alexander, 206Dumas, Roland, 141

Ebban, Abba, 65– 66Economic Community of West

Africa (ECOWAS), 160– 61, 198

Egypt, 31, 66, 87, 143, 161Sinai Peninsula, 66, 87

Eisenhower, Dwight, 23, 24, 25, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 58

Elbaradei, Mohammad, 167Erhard, Ludwig, 56Estonia, 168Europe, 4, 67, 84, 85– 86, 129,

189, 203– 4, 205, 216East Europe, 61, 145, 204West Europe, 29, 48, 52, 53, 56

European Atomic Energy Authority (Euroatom), 30, 58

European Central Bank, 187European Coal and Steel

Community (ECSC), 29

Index280

European Community (EC), 97, 101, 117, 128, 132, 136– 37, 144, 145

European Conference on Security and Cooperation (ECSC), 83

European Council, 101, 186European Economic Community

(EEC), 16, 30, 56– 58, 63, 85– 86, 88, 90, 115, 203, 205

European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 57

European Monetary System (EMS), 122– 23

European Parliament, 109, 177European Union (EU), 29, 109,

144, 163, 168– 69, 180, 187, 188, 212, 218

Eyademan, Gnassingbe, 148

Fabius, Laurent, 118, 119, 123, 127, 129, 132, 145, 184, 195

Faure, Edgar, 94, 95Fillon, Francois, 182, 183Finkelkrault, Alain, 221Finland, 83Fioraso, Genevieve, 213– 14Foccart, Jacques, 28Ford, Gerald, 103Foucault, Michael, 220Fouchet, Christian, 56Fourcade, Michel, 98France, 1– 3, 6– 10, 11– 34France— Cities, Regions, Colonies

Albi, 75Alsace, 17, 21, 218Angouleme, 114Auvergne, 75Bayeux, 16, 24Bordeaux, 20, 28Brest, 20Brittany, 20, 218Calais, 19Correzze, 152, 153, 154, 193, 194Corsica, 124, 170, 218Evian, 43, 44

Haute Provence, 51Languedoc, 218Lille, 118, 119Lorrain, 17, 21Marseille, 28, 32, 75, 118, 175Melun, 42Metz, 19, 18Neuilly, 176Orleans, 20Paris, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28,

29, 33, 39, 42, 52, 59, 60, 64– 65, 67– 70, 75, 83, 97, 98, 101– 2, 107, 114, 126, 138– 39, 139, 155, 160, 171, 173– 74, 175, 216, 223

Picardy, 218Poitiers, 145Puy le Dome, 94Pyrenees, 218Rennes, 28Rouen, 193Strasbourg, 27, 28Toulon, 32Toulouse, 90Tours, 20Tulle, 194Ussel, 194

France— Economy, 26– 27, 25, 26, 29– 30, 44, 45, 46, 47, 57, 58, 59– 60, 63– 64, 65, 66, 70, 81– 82, 84– 85, 86, 87– 88, 89, 90– 91, 99– 101, 101– 3, 105– 6, 107, 108, 109, 118, 120– 24, 124– 25, 127– 28, 158– 60, 180, 187– 88, 192, 195– 96, 222– 23, 224, 225, 226– 27

France— Empire and Territories, 21, 30– 31, 106– 7

Africa, 31Algeria, 30, 31– 34, 39– 46Brazzaville, 22, 30Cambodia, 30Comoro Islands, 47French Community, 46– 48, 135,

209

Index 281

Guadeloupe, 47Guyana, 47, 91Laos, 30Martinique, 47Miquelon, 47Morocco, 31New Caledonia, 47, 136New Hebrides, 22Polynesia, 47, 51Reunion, 47St. Pierre, 47Tahiti, 22Tunisia, 31Vietnam, 30

France— GovernmentAlliance Française, 10Bank of France, 82, 94Chamber of Commerce, 85Constitution, 36– 38, 43Constitutional Council/Court, 76,

88, 103, 109, 121, 209, 213Council of Ministers, 26, 36, 39,

61, 69, 70, 95, 138Court of Cassation, 210Declaration of the Rights of Man

and the Citizen, 37Ecole Nationale d’Administration

(ENA), 9, 77, 81, 94, 120, 127, 153, 179, 183, 193

Ecole Polytechnique, 9, 81, 94Elysee Palace, 9, 36, 37, 76, 80–

81, 98, 99, 109, 111, 120, 145, 150, 155, 157, 167, 170, 178, 182, 184, 186, 189, 191, 192

Fourth Republic, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 205, 222

Free French Forces, 21– 22, 23, 114French Academy, 109French Council of Muslim Faith,

177French National Committee, 21,

24Institut d’Etudes Politique, 153,

175, 193, 196

Intelligence Community, 22– 23, 127– 28, 131– 32, 210

Matignon Palace, 9, 38, 76– 77, 94, 154

Military, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 82, 84, 86– 87, 104, 105, 129, 130– 31, 139, 142, 143, 158, 185, 205– 7

Ministry of Budget, 183Ministry of Civil Service, 120,

133Ministry of Culture, 9– 10, 119,

124, 141, 153, 212Ministry of Defense, 119, 132,

141Ministry of Education, 137– 38,

141Ministry of the Environment, 183Ministry of Equipment, 93Ministry of Finance, 94, 119,

121, 141, 183Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 94,

119, 141, 212Ministry of Health, 120Ministry of Higher Education,

214Ministry of Immigration,

Integration, National Identity, and Co- Development, 183, 186

Ministry of Information, 103Ministry of Interior, 170Ministry of Justice, 182Ministry of Labor, 69, 122Ministry of Trade, 121Ministry of Transportation, 120Ministry of Urban Affairs, 186Ministry of Women’s Rights, 119National Assembly, 7, 25– 26, 28,

34, 36, 37, 69– 70, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 94, 115, 118, 119, 138, 139, 143, 145, 152, 154, 177, 195, 208, 209, 219, 223

National Resistance Council, 23

Index282

France— Government (continued)National Security Court, 124National Space Center, 90Presidency, 36, 37, 62, 208Prime Ministership, 36, 208Provisionary Government, 24Rambouillet Palace, 57, 163Referendums, 37, 43, 44, 62,

70– 71, 169Revolution (1789– 99), 17, 141Senate, 36, 37, 209St. Cyr, 18Third Republic, 25, 27University of Paris– Nantere, 67,

68, 175University of Paris– Sorbonne, 67,

68, 114Versailles Palace, 183Vichy, 21, 22, 23, 94War College, 11, 18

France— Political Parties, Labor Unions, and Movement

Action Française, 94Center of Socialist Study and

Research, 116Centre National de Independent

Paysans (CNIP), 7Committee de Liason des

Etudiants Revolutionaire, 68Communist Party (PCF), 8, 25,

26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 62, 80, 107, 113, 115, 116– 17, 119, 120, 121, 124, 127, 137, 141, 145, 152, 164, 218, 219, 220

Confederation Française Democratique du Travail (CFDT), 117, 122

Confederation Française des Travailleurs Chretiens, 69

Confederation Generale de Travail (CGT), 68– 69, 117, 120, 122

Conseil National du Patronat Français, 68

Convention of Republican Institutions, 116

Croix de Feu, 94, 112Democratic and Socialist Union

of the Resistance, 115Federation des Gauches

Democrates et Socialists (FGDS), 7, 70, 116, 117

Federation Nationale des Republicains Independent (FNRI), 7– 8, 93– 94, 95, 99

Green Party, 162Hunters’ Rights Party, 182Jeunses Communistes

Revolutionaire, 68Kanak Socialist National

Liberation Front, 136May, 1968, 67– 70, 78, 180Moderates, 26, 35Movement Democrate (MD), 8,

182Movement Republicain Populaire

(MRP), 26, 35, 37National Center of Independents

and Peasants, 95National Front, 8, 136– 37, 140–

41, 152, 164, 179, 182, 190, 198– 99, 218– 19

Organization Armee Secret (OAS), 43, 44

Organization de Resistance de l’Armee, 114

Parti Republicain (PR), 8Parti Social Français, 94Progres et Democratie Moderne

Parti (PDM), 70Radicals, 26, 35, 37Rally of the Left Republicans, 115Rally for New Caledonia, 136Rassemblement de Peuple

Français (RPF), 7, 27– 28, 75– 76

Rassemblement pour l’Algerie Française, 42

Index 283

Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR), 7, 99, 115, 119, 136, 137, 145, 152, 155, 171, 176, 177

Republicains Independent (RR), 7, 62, 70, 89, 93

Section Français de l’Internationale Ouvriere (SFIO), 8, 26, 62, 115

Socialist Party, 8, 26, 27, 35, 62, 95, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 136, 137, 139, 140– 41, 145, 149, 152, 159, 164, 179, 182, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198– 99, 209, 219, 220, 221

Union Democratique du Travail, 39Union des Jeuneses Communistes

Marxiste Leniniste, 68Union et Fraternite Francaise,

218Union Nationales des Etudiantes

Française, 68, 138Union pour la Defense de la

Republique (UDR), 7, 79– 80, 95, 98, 176

Union pour la Democratie Français (UDF), 8, 119, 136, 137, 145, 152, 155, 179

Union pour la Nouvelle Republique (UNR), 7, 37, 38, 154

Union pour une Movement Populaire (UMP), 7, 39, 164, 177– 78, 179, 182, 190, 197, 198– 99, 219

United Socialist Party, 116Frey, Roger, 28Fuentes, Carlos, 111Fulda, Anna, 179

Gabon, 106Gaillard, Felix, 50

Gandhi, Mahatma, 152Gauchism, 8, 148, 180, 216, 220Gaullism, 1– 2, 11– 34, 39, 68, 70,

74, 75, 77, 81, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 107, 112, 116, 123, 149, 153– 54, 180, 202, 211– 15, 216, 220

Gbago, Laurent, 160Georgia, 185Germany, 11, 17, 18, 19– 20, 21,

22, 23, 25, 30, 32, 55– 56, 57, 75, 146, 147, 168, 188– 89, 190, 196, 214, 217, 225, 226– 27

East Germany, 60West Germany, 26, 29, 50, 54,

55– 56, 60, 64, 68, 69, 78, 94, 100, 103, 104, 122, 131, 132– 33, 206

Giesbert, Franz Olivier, 111Gingrich, Newt, 157Giraud, Henri, 23, 24, 114Giscard d’Estaing, Anne Aymone de

Brantes, 94Giscard d’Estaing, Edmond, 94Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 7, 77, 80,

81, 83– 109, 118, 119, 120, 140, 154– 55, 177, 181, 209, 210, 221

Giscardism, 7, 95– 98, 100, 181, 221

Globalization, 17Global Warming, 165Gluckman, Andre, 221Gorbachev, Mikhail, 130, 140,

141– 42Goure, Marie, 119Greece, 13, 139, 189Greenpeace, 131– 32Grenada, 149Gromyko, Andrei, 60Group of Eight, 184Group of Seven, 100– 101, 123,

127, 137, 156Group of Twenty, 187, 192

Index284

Gueant, Claude, 184Guei, Robert, 160Guevara, Che, 220Guichard, Oliver, 28Guillaumat, Pierre, 35Guinea, 46Gurion, Ben, 66

Habre, Hissene, 135Hagege, Claude, 213Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 163Hassan II, 47Heath, Edward, 86Hemingway, Ernest, 152Henri II, 217Hernu, Charles, 119, 132Hersault, Robert, 125, 138Hezbollah, 134, 135Hirsch, Martin, 183Hitler, Adolf, 19, 157Ho Chi Minh, 30, 31, 58Hollande, Francois, 9, 179, 190,

193– 99, 214Hollandism, 7, 194– 95Hortefeux, Brice, 183, 186Houellebecq, Michel, 221Houghouet- Boigny, Felix, 107Hue, Robert, 152Hull, Cordell, 24Humanism, 96, 221Hungary, 61, 175Hussein, Saddam, 142– 43, 144,

150, 161– 62, 166– 67

Iceland, 30, 130Imbot, Rene, 132India, 226International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), 161– 62International Criminal Court (ICC),

165International Monetary Fund

(IMF), 59, 86, 182, 203Iran, 68, 87, 104, 134– 35, 139,

166, 207

Iran- Contra Scandal, 134Iraq, 87, 135, 142– 44, 150, 161–

62, 166– 67, 207Ireland, 86Islam, 39, 104, 134, 146, 147, 156,

162, 166, 171, 177, 197, 214, 218, 224

Islamic Jihad, 134Israel, 31, 65, 66, 84, 87, 88, 133–

34, 135, 139, 145, 161, 207Italy, 22, 29, 57, 64, 75, 100, 101,

217, 225Ivory Coast, 107, 160– 61, 185Izetbegovic, Alija, 157

Jacquinot, Louis, 35Jagger, Mick, 184Japan, 87, 100, 137, 144– 45, 163,

164, 226Jarulselski, Wojciech, 104, 129Jaures, Jean, 75, 111, 113Jerusalem, 66

East Jerusalem, 66, 161Jews, 65, 66, 84, 112, 171, 218Joan of Arc, 3, 213Johnson, Lyndon, 50, 51, 58, 59Jordan, 66, 145, 161Jospin, Lionel, 8, 141, 152, 159,

164, 194, 219Joubert, Michel, 83Jouhard, Edmond, 43Jouvet, Jean Pierre, 183Joxe, Louis, 76Joxe, Pierre, 141Jung, Carl, 13Juppe, Alain, 9, 156, 158– 59, 164–

65, 171, 192

Kadafi, Muamar, 84, 106, 135, 139– 40, 184, 190

Kagame, Paul, 147Kelkal, Khaled, 161Kennedy, Jacqueline, 52, 183Kennedy, John, 48, 51, 52– 53, 54,

58, 105

Index 285

Khomeini, Ruhollah, 104Khrushchev, Nikita, 52King Lear, 3Kissinger, Henry, 87Kohl, Helmut, 133, 146, 147, 157Kosovo, 162– 63Kosovo Liberation Army, 162– 63Kouchner, Bernard, 182Kuwait, 142– 44

Laccan, Jacques, 220Lacoste, Pierre, 132Lagarde, Christine, 182Lajoinie, Andre, 141Lang, Jack, 119, 124, 141Lanxade, Jacques, 156Laos, 31, 116Latvia, 168Laval, Pierre, 25Lebanon, 18, 134, 135, 139, 161Lecaunet, Jean, 62Leclerc, Philippe de, 22, 25, 31Lefebre, Frederick, 183Lefort, Claude, 221Lenin, Vladimir, 104Le Pen, Jean Marie, 136– 37, 141,

152, 164, 179, 182, 190, 194, 218, 219

Le Pen, Marine, 190, 219Levy, Bernard Henri, 221Liberalism, 2, 96, 97, 100, 144, 154Libya, 84, 106, 135, 139– 40, 143,

149, 160, 184, 190, 207Lissouba, Pascal, 160Lithuania, 168Louis XIII, 217Louis XIV, 15Louis XVI, 6Louvrier, Frank, 183Luxembourg, 29, 30, 50, 57, 138

Macedonia, 146Machiavelli, Niccolò, 14, 112, 137Macmillan, Harold, 49, 52, 57Maire, Edmond, 117

Major, John, 144, 147, 156, 157Mali, 197– 98, 214Malraux, Andre, 15, 28, 35, 64– 65,

70, 153, 201, 202, 220Malta, 168, 191Manning, Bradley, 220Mao Zedong, 67, 116Marchais, George, 107, 117Marcovic, Stefan, 79Marcuse, Herbert, 67Marianne, 6Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 111Marrane, George, 37Marshall, George, 29Marshall Plan, 29, 48Marx, Karl, 67, 96, 113Marxism, 2, 8, 46, 96, 97, 113,

117, 118, 119, 143, 144, 145, 158, 194, 211, 219, 220, 221, 222

Massu, Jacques, 41, 42, 69Mauritania, 47, 106Mauroy, Pierre, 118, 119, 127, 149Mcnamara, Robert, 54Mediterranean Sea, 44Meir, Golda, 65Melenchon, Jean Luc, 191Mendes- France, Pierre, 31Mercantilism, 96, 100, 144– 45,

163– 64Merkel, Angela, 182, 186, 187,

189, 192, 196Mery, Guy, 104Mesmer, Pierre, 81Middle East, 22, 104, 106, 131,

135, 161, 167Miller, Arthur, 111Milosevic, Slobodan, 157, 162– 63Mitterand, Claude, 150Mitterand, Daniele Gouze, 114Mitterand, Francois, 8, 62, 77, 95,

97– 98, 107, 108, 111– 50, 158, 159, 209, 210, 213, 221

Mitterandism, 7, 113, 115– 16Mladic, Ratko, 147

Index286

Mobuto, Seko, 106Mollet, Guy, 31, 33, 35Monnet, Jean, 26Montenegro, 146Montesquieu, Charles Secondat de,

15, 208Moquet, Guy, 186Morocco, 23, 31, 45, 47Moscovici, Pierre, 195Moulin, Jean, 23, 111Mozambique, 84Murville, Maurice Cove de, 35, 38,

58, 70, 79Mussolini, Benito, 20, 24

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 31Nazism, 2, 25, 111, 114Neoliberalism, 96, 118, 221, 222Netherlands, 29, 50, 57, 137, 214New Zealand, 131Nguesso, Sassou, 160Nicaragua, 104, 128, 149, 220Nietzsche, Friedrich, 14Nigeria, 87Nixon, Richard, 81– 82, 83, 84, 85,

87North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 30, 48– 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 82, 88, 104, 115, 117, 130– 31, 132, 133, 136– 37, 142, 156, 157– 58, 165, 203, 205, 206, 207

Northern Alliance, 166North Korea, 166, 207Norway, 19, 30, 57, 86Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 147

Obama, Barack, 190Obama, Michele, 190Odysseus, 3Organization for African Unity

(OAU), 41, 106Organization for European

Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 29

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), 87

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 87– 88, 89, 99– 100, 108, 109, 118, 222

Orleanist, 191Ortega, Daniel, 128Oussekine, Malik, 138

Pahlavi, Shah Reza, 104Palestinian Liberation Organization

(PLO), 133, 161Palestinians, 66, 161

Gaza, 133, 161West Bank, 55, 87, 133, 161

Pasqua, Charles, 137, 174Pearson, Lester, 67Peguy, Francois, 15Pei, Ieoh Ming, 125Perrineau, Pascal, 196Persian Gulf, 104, 131, 139, 166Pesquet, Robert, 112Petain, Philippe, 18, 20, 21, 25, 75Peyrefitte, Alain, 77, 215Pflimlin, Pierre, 33– 34, 35Picasso, Pablo, 75Pinay, Antoine, 35, 63Pissani, Edgar, 136Pleven, Rene, 30Poher, Alain, 80Poland, 19, 61, 104, 118, 127,

128– 29, 168Pompidou, Claude Cahour, 75, 79,

84Pompidou, George, 28, 38, 62, 68,

69, 7, 85– 86, 73– 91, 93, 95, 100, 102, 111, 153, 154, 209

Pompidouism, 7, 74Poniatowski, Michael, 93– 94, 98Portugal, 30, 57, 84, 87, 88Poujade, Pierre, 39, 218Powell, Colin, 167– 68

Index 287

Protestantism, 218Putin, Vladimir, 168, 185

Quilles, Paul, 123, 132Quixote, Don, 2

Radjavi, Massoud, 135Raffarin, Jean Pierre, 164, 177Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 139Rainbow Warrior, 131– 32Reagan, Ronald, 112, 127, 128,

129, 130– 31, 134, 138– 39, 139– 40, 141, 204

Revel, Jean Francoise, 221Revolutionary Guards, 134Reynaud, Paul, 20Rhine River, 18, 50Rhodesia, 84Ribaud, Christophe, 125Rocard, Michael, 9, 117, 118, 119,

121, 123, 141, 144, 145, 150, 221– 20

Romania, 61, 146Roosevelt, Franklin, 23, 24, 26Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 13Royal, Segolene, 179, 182, 183,

194, 223Rueff, Jacque, 63Russia, 142, 147, 157, 165, 168,

185, 195, 203, 204Rwanda, 147– 48, 214

Saakashvili, Mikhail, 185Saint- Exupery, Antoine, 15Salan, Raoul, 40, 43Sandinistas, 104Sarkozy, Cecilia Maria Cicange-

Albeniz, 179, 180, 194Sarkozy, Mallah, 175Sarkozy, Marie Dominique Culioli,

178– 79Sarkozy, Nicolas, 170, 173– 92, 194,

196, 212, 222Sarkozy de Nagy- Gocas, Pal, 175

Sarkozyism, 7, 177– 78, 180– 81, 185– 86, 188, 191– 92

Sartre, Jean Paul, 220, 221Satie, Erik, 113Saudi Arabia, 87Sauter, Marc, 221Schmidt, Helmut, 103, 132– 33Schmitt, Eric, 173Schoelcher, Victor, 111Schroeder, Gerhard, 56, 167, 168Schumann, Maurice, 81, 86Scowcroft, Brent, 143Senegal, 46, 185Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 109Serbia, 146– 47, 156, 157Serres, Michael, 214Servan- Schreiber, Jean Jacques, 220Seydoux, Jerome, 125Shriver, Sargent, 80Slovakia, 168Slovenia, 146Smith, Adam, 96Snowden, Edward, 220Social Darwinism, 11Society of Saint Vincent de Paul,

114Solon, 13Somalia, 148Soufflot, Jacques, 98South Africa, 84, 106, 207South Korea, 163Soutou, Jean Marie, 56Soviet Union, 8, 18, 23, 27, 29, 30,

31, 46, 48– 55, 60, 61, 66, 82, 83, 84, 86– 87, 104, 105, 113, 115, 118, 119, 127, 128– 29, 130, 133, 140, 141– 42, 149, 206, 207, 216

Spain, 225Stalin, Joseph, 23, 220Stoleru, Lionel, 100Straus- Kahn, Dominique, 194Strauss, Claude Levy, 220Stravinsky, Igor, 114Styron, William, 111

Index288

Suez Canal, 31Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, 96Sweden, 57, 214Switzerland, 57Syria, 66, 87, 161

Golan Heights, 87

Taiwan, 60, 142, 163, 179Taliban, 165– 66Thatcher, Margaret, 103, 138– 39,

143Thorez, Maurice, 26Todd, Emmanuel, 221Togo, 148Toure, Sekou, 46Treaties, Agreements, and

ConferencesBretton Woods, 59Dayton Accord, 157Franco- German Friendship

Treaty, 55– 56Geneva Conferences, 31, 58Intermediate Forces Agreement

(INF), 130– 31Non- Proliferation Treaty, 53, 207Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 53, 207Smithsonian Agreement, 85Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

(SALT), 83Treaty of Dunkirk, 30Treaty of Lisbon, 188Treaty of Maastricht, 144Treaty of Paris, 29– 30

Trierweiler, Valerie, 194, 195Trotskyite, 159Truman, Harry, 26Tudjman, Franjo, 157Tunisia, 31, 45, 47, 134Turkey, 180

Uganda, 147United Arab Emirates, 143United Nations (UN), 16, 66, 87,

106, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146– 47, 156, 157, 161– 62, 165,

166, 167– 68, 186, 190, 198, 205

United States, 2, 4, 10, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30– 31, 45– 46, 47, 48– 55, 56, 58– 59, 59– 60, 66, 67, 81– 83, 84, 85, 90, 103– 4, 105, 106– 7, 127– 28, 129– 30, 134, 139, 141, 142– 44, 149– 50, 152– 53, 156– 57, 161– 63, 165– 68, 180, 181, 184, 189– 90, 194, 197, 198, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211, 213, 216– 17, 218, 220, 225, 226– 27

Uribe, Alvaro, 185

Valls, Manuel, 198, 222Venezuela, 220Victor Emmanuel II, 24Vietnam, 31, 58– 59, 60, 67, 116

South Vietnam, 31, 59Villepin, Dominique de, 164– 65,

178, 179

Wars, Campaigns, BattlesAbyssinia, 22Algerian War, 31– 34, 39– 46, 76,

153, 218Al Qaeda War, 165– 66Dien Bien Phu, 31Dunkirk, 19Eritrea, 22Franco- Prussian War, 189Iraq- Iran War, 135Iraq War, 166– 68Kufra, 22Maginot Line, 18, 19, 2061956 War, 31Normandy, 24Pearl Harbor, 23Persian Gulf War, 142– 44Sicily, 24Six Day War, 65– 66Syria, 22Tora Bora, 166Verdun, 18, 114

Index 289

Vietnam War, 30– 31, 58– 59, 106

World War I, 3, 18, 32, 147, 189, 190

World War II, 1, 19– 25, 32, 75, 94, 114, 146, 189, 190, 216, 222

Yom Kippur War, 87– 88Warsaw Pac, 83

West European Union, 30, 133Wiesel, Elie, 111

Yeltsin, Boris, 141– 42Yourcenar, Margueritte, 223Yugoslavia, 61, 146– 47, 156

Zaire, 106– 7, 148Zeller, Andre, 43, 44