Acoustic Calculation of Ventilation Systems

8/11/2019 Acoustic Calculation of Ventilation Systems

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Acoustic Calculation of Ventilation Systems

A procedure for acoustic calculation of noise inventilation systems

Acoustic calculation of a ventilation system should follow a procedure similar to:

1. Sound pressure level criterion

Determine the sound pressure levelcriteria. This tablescan be used but should be

checked against domestic rules.

In the example below Noise ating! N"# ! is used as the criterion where theN!valuesare entered in line $.

2. Room and terminal effect

The sound pressure levels ! Lp!are converted to sound power level ! Lw! at theterminals. The acoustic characteristics of the room as well as the number andlocation of the terminals must be considered.

a% Determine the acoustic characteristics of the room. In the example an averagesound absorption for the room is used.

b% Determine whether the receiver are in the direct or reverberant field. In theexample the listener is aprox. $.& m from the terminal.

c% 'ind the rooms absorptioncharacteristics. In the example the absorption for

the walls( ceiling( floor( persons( curtains and their areas( is calculated to "# m)

sabin. According a%and c%the attenuation is * d+.

d% Determine how many terminals the listener are influenced by. Note, emember

to include supply and return fans. In the example the listener are influenced bytwo terminals. 'rom c% we subtract " d+.

The attenuation from the terminal to the room is & d+. The values are entered inthe example below.

3. Allowance for end reflection

In the example the duct dimension is ) mm. Attenuation due to end reflectionis entered below.

4. Ductwork attenuation terminal to c!eckpoint

-alculate the attenuation in unlined and linedducts. Note that the table anddiagrams list the attenuation in d+m.

". #l$ow attenuation terminal to c!eckpoint

-alculate the attenuation in the elbows.
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2/49

%. &ower'level split $ranc! to terminals

Determine the allowance for split ! branch to terminals.

(. &ower'level split main duct to $ranc! duct

Determine the allowance for split ! main duct to branch.

*. /ound power level of fan ! Lw

0nter the manufacturer1s sound power data or calculate the fan sound power.

). Safety factors

0nter safety factors ! recommended to !" d+.

1*. Silencer re+uirements

The silencermust be selected to provide the necessary attenuation. 'or this themanufacturer1s data should be used.

#,ample ' Acoustic Calculation of -VAC Application

2rocedure3ctave band center fre4uency( 56

7" $)& ) # $### )### 8### *###

$. /ound pressurelevel criterion

&9 8* 8# "8 "# ) )& )"

). oom and

terminal effect& & & & & & & &

". Allowance forend reflection

$) * 8 $ # # # #

8. Ductwork

attenuation(terminal to

checkpoint

$ $ 9 & & & & &

&. 0lbowattenuation(terminal tocheckpoint

# # $& )& )& $9 $&

7. 2ower!level 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
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split( branch toterminals

. 2ower!levelsplit( main duct to

branch duct

$# $# $# $# $# $# $# $#

Totals$#9 9$ * " * & 7 7$

*. /ound powerlevel of fan ! Lw

$#) 99 9* 9* 9 9& *7 *$

9. /afety factors " " " " " " " "

Total sound power

level of fan ! Lw

$#& $#) $#$ $#$ $## 9* *9 *8

$#. /ilencerre4uirements

# * )# )& $9 )# $9 )#


4/49


5/49

Air Conditioner #fficiency

Air Conditioner efficiency list !ow many $tu!r are removed for eac! wattof power it draws.

The cooling e4uipment systems used in residential and small commercial buildings

often express cooling system efficiency in terms of the 0nergy 0fficiency atio;00% andor /easonal 0nergy 0fficiency atio ;/00%.

These are defined by the cooling effect in +tu ;not in tons% divided by the poweruse in watts ;not in k


6/49

Calculatin/ Coolin/ oads

Calculatin/ c!iller and coolin/ tower refri/eration in tons.

C!iller Refri/eration 5ons

A chiller refrigeration ton is defined as:

$ refrigeration ton = $)(### +tuh = "(#)&.9 k -aloriesh

Coolin/ 5ower 5ons

A cooling tower ton is defined as:

$ cooling tower ton = $&(### +tuh = "(*) k -aloriesh

-eat oad and 6ater 7low

A water systems heat load in +tuh can be calculated as:

h = 500 q dt ;$%

where

h= heat load ;+tuh%

q= water volume flow rate ;galmin%

dt= temperature difference ;o'%

#,ample ' 6ater C!iller Coolin/


7/49

Convertin/ k6ton to C8& or ##R

-ow to convert $etween k6ton C8& and ##R.

The efficiency of chillers depends on the energy consumed. Absorption chillersare rated in fuel consumption per ton cooling. 0lectric motor driven chillers arerated in kilowatts per ton cooling.

>


8/49

COP = Eu/ Ea ;$%

where

COP = coefficient of performance

Eu= useful energy ac4uired

Ea= energy applied

-32 can be used to define both cooling efficiency or heating efficiency as for a

heat pump.

'or cooling( -32 is defined as the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the

rate of energy input to the compressor.

'or heating( -32 is defined as the ratio of rate of heat delivered to the

rate of energy input to the compressor.

-32 can be used to define the efficiency at a single standard or non!standardrated condition or a weighted average seasonal condition. The term may or maynot include the energy consumption of auxiliary systems such as indoor or

outdoor fans( chilled water pumps( or cooling tower systems. 'or purposes ofcomparison( the higher the -32 the more efficient the system.

-32 can be treated as an efficiency where -32 of ).## = )##? efficient 'orunitary heat pumps( ratings at two standard outdoor temperatures of 8@' and

$@' ;*."@- and !*."@-% are typically used.

#ner/y #fficiency Ratio ' ##R

The 0nergy 0fficiency atio ! 00! is a term generally used to define the coolingefficiency of unitary air!conditioning and heat pump systems.

The efficiency is determined at a single rated condition specified by theappropriate e4uipment standard and is defined as the ratio of net cooling capacity! or heat removed in +tuh ! to the total input rate of electric energy applied ! in

watt hour. The units of 00 are +tuw.h.

EER = Ec/ Pa ;$%

where

EER = energy efficient ratio ;+tuw.h%

Ec= net cooling capacity ;+tuh%

Pa= applied energy ;w.h%

This efficiency term typically includes the energy re4uirement of auxiliary

systems such as the indoor and outdoor fans and the higher the 00 the moreefficient is the system.
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9/49

Determination of Coolin/ oads

atent and sensi$le !eat ..

A cooling load ;or heat gain% is the amount of heat engergy that must be removed from the house by

the 5A- e4uipment to maintain the house at the indoor design temperature when the worst case

design temperature is being experienced outside. There are two types of cooling loads:

sensible and

latent

The sensible cooling load refers to the dry bulb temperature of the building and the latent cooling load

refers to the wet bulb temperature of the building. In the summer( humidity influence in the selection

of the 5A- e4uipment and the latent load as well as the sensible load must be calculated.

7AC58RS 5-A5 9:7;#:C# 58 5-# S#:S9


10/49

#+uivalent Rectan/ular and Round -VAC Duct Si=es

#+uivalent duct si=es for rectan/ular and circular duct deliverin/ airairflows at different C7>.

C7>0Cu$ic 7eet per

>inute

#+uivantRectan/ular Duct

Si=es09nc!es

#+uivantDiameter

Round DuctSi=es

09nc!es

$## " E 8 8

)##" E

8 E &&

"##8 E & E 7

7

8##8 E 9& E 7 E 7

# 7 E *

& E $)7 E $#

E *

9

$### E $#* E 9

$#

$)* E $#9 E 9

$#

$#* E $)$# E $#

$)

$* E $89 E $)$# E $$

$)

)### * E $&$# E $)

$)

)#$# E $8$) E $)

$8

"### $) E $8 $8

"# $) E $& $&

8###$# E ))

$8 E $&$7

8#$) E $9$8 E $7

$

## $# E )&$) E )#

$


11/49


12/49

-eat ain from #lectrical >otors in Continuous 8peration

-eat transferred from t!e electrical motor to t!e room for differentlocations of fan and motor.

0lectrical motors in air condition system contributes to the heat loads in aircondition systems and have influence on the cooling e4uipment dimensions.Bained heat load from electrical motor and fans in different locations can beestimated from the table below:

0lectricalotor /haft

3utput;k


13/49

-eat ain from i/!ts

-eat /ain from li/!t contri$ute to !eat load and may !ave ma?or impacton t!e air condition system.

The heat gained from lights in a modern office or production area may be of asignificant amount. The heat emitted to a room depends on the

preferred light level in the room

type of lights and their construction

location of the light e4uipment

i/!t evel ' 9lluminance

The preferred light level ina room depends primarily on the type of activity. 'orcommon office work the level may be in the range of # ! $### lux.

ecommended Cight Cevels in ooms

:ecessary 9nstalled #lectric &ower for i/!ts

The electric power to the light e4uipment is at the end converted to heat emittingto the room ;unless special arrangements is used as local cooling or air outletsthrough the lighting e4uipment%. 0lectric power to achieve a recommended lightlevel can be expressed as:

P = b / (erl! ;$%

where

P= installed electric power ;


14/49

BC/ +ulbs $# ! $& $(###

Cow oltage

5alogen)# )(### ! &(###

ercury apor 8# ! 7# ))(###

'luorescent ! 9# more than(###

etal 5alide # ! 9#more than$)(###

5igh 2ressure/odium

9# ! $)& )&(###

Cow 2ressure/odium

$)# ! )## )#(###

A typical incandescent BC/ light bulb emit approximately $# lumen


15/49

Due to the high energy consumption an the maGor impact on the air conditionssystem( standard BC/ bulbs is not an alternative for high illuminanceapplications.

The table below shows the installed electrical effect at different light levels:

Installed effect ;


16/49

-umidifyin/ Air ' S9 units

5!e amount of vapor ' k/ per cu$ic meter ' in !umid air

The table below can be used to estimate the amount of vapor in an air volume of$## m":

apor in Air;kg per $##

m"airflow%elative 5umidity ;?%

DryTemperature

;o-%$## *& *# & # 7& 7# && 8& 8# "& "#

") "."9 ).*9 ).) ).&& )."* ).$9 ).#8 $.9" $. $.&" $."7 $.$9 $.#)

"$ ".)) )." ).& ).8$ ).)& ).$ $.9" $. $.7$ $.8& $.)9 $.$" #.9

"# ".#& ).&9 ).88 ).)9 ).$" $.9 $.*" $.7 $.&) $." $.)) $.# #.9$

)9 ).*9 ).8& )."$ ).$ ).#) $.** $." $.&9 8.8& $." $.$7 $.#$ #.*

)* )." ).") ).$9 ).#& $.9$ $.* $.78 $.& $." $.)" $.$ #.97 #.*)

) ).&9 ).) ).# $.98 $.*$ $.7* $.&& $.8) $.)9 $.$7 $.#" #.9$ #.*

)7 ).8& ).#* $.97 $.*" $.$ $.&9 $.8 $."8 $.)) $.$ #.9 #.*7 #."

)& )."$ $.9 $.*& $." $.7) $.& $."9 $.) $.$7 $.#8 #.9" #.*$ #.79

)8 ).$9 $.*7 $.& $.78 $.&" $.8) $."$ $.) $.#9 #.9* #.* #. #.77

)" ).#7 $.7 $.7" $.&& $.8& $."8 $.)8 $.$8 $.#" #.9" #.*" #.) #.7)

)) $.9& $.77 $.&7 $.87 $."7 $.) $.$ $.# #.9* #.** #.* #.7* #.&9

)$ $.*8 $.&7 $.8 $."* $.)9 $.) $.$ $.#) #.9) #.*" #.8 #.7 #.&&

)# $.8 $.8* $."9 $." $.)) $.$" $.#8 #.9* #.* #.* #.79 #.7$ #.&)

$9 $.7" $."9 $."$ $.)" $.$& $.#7 #.9* #.9 #.*) #.8 #.7& #.& #.89

$* $.&8 $."$ $.)8 $.$7 $.#* $ #.9" #.*& #. #.79 #.7) #.&8 #.87

$ $.8& $.)8 $.$7 $.#9 $.#) #.98 #.* #.* #." #.7& #.&9 #.&$ #.88

$& $.)9 $.$ $.#" #.9 #.9 #.*8 #. #.$ #.77 #.&* #.&) #.8& #."9

$# #.98 #.* #.7 #.$ #.77 #.7$ #.& #.&) #.8 #.8" #."* #."" #.)*

# #.89 #.8$ #."9 #." #."8 #.") #.)9 #.) #.)8 #.)) #.) #.$ #.$&

!& #."" #.)* #.)7 #.)& #.)" #.)$ #.) #.$* #.$7 #.$& #.$" #.$$ #.$

!$# #.)) #.$* #.$ #.$7 #.$& #.$8 #.$" #.$) #.$$ #.$ #.#9 #.#* #.#7

:ote@In psychrometric chartsand ollier diagramthe amount of vapor is givenin kgkg dry air. The values from the table above can be transformed dividing bythe air density at the actual temperature.

#,ample ' -umidifyin/ Air wit! Steam

Air at )#o- and "#? relative humidity are humidified to )#o- and *#? relativehumidity.


17/49

'rom a table above air at )#o- and "#? relative humidity contains #.&) kg watervapor per $## m"air flow. Air at )#o- and *#? relative humidity contains $."9kg per $## m"air flow.

The amount of water vapor needed can be calculated as:

Amount of


18/49

9ndoor Desi/n Conditions for 9ndustrial &roduct and&roduction &rocesses

Recommended indoor temperature and !umidity for common industrial

product and production processes.

ecommended design conditions should provide employees with a comfortableand healthy indoor work environment together with optimal condition for the

production process. Fnfortunately this is obvious not always possible. 3ften itmay be necessary to make special arrangements shielding the employees fromthe production environment.

The table below can be used to indicate the design conditions ! temperature andhumidity ! for common production processes.

Industry 2rocess Temperatureo- minTemperature

o- maxTemperature

o' minTemperature

o' max

elativehumidity

?

Abrasives anufacturing )7 )7 9 9

Ammunition )$ )$ # # 8#

+akery 'lour storage $7 )7 7$ 9 &&!7&

2roduction )" )7 " 9 8#!#

+illiard oom )" )8 " & 8#!

+owling -enter +owling alleys )" )8 " & ! &&

+illiard rooms )" )8 " &

+read'lour andpowderedstorage

)$ ) # *# 7#

'ermentation ) ) *# *# &

etarding ofDough

# 8 ") 8# *&

'inal 2roof "& 89 9& $)# *&!9#

-ounter flow-ooling

)8 )8 & & *#!*&

+rewing 5op storage !) # )9 ") !7#

Heast cultureroom

*#

-andy-hocolate 2ansupply air

$" $ && 7) &&!8&

0nrobed room ) )9 *# *& "#!)&

-hocolate-ooling Tunnelsupply air

8 8# 8& *&!#

5and Dippers $ $ 7) 7) 8&

olded goods

cooling8 8# 8& *&!#

-hocolate $* $* 7& 7&


19/49

2acking room

-hocolatefinished stock

storage

$* $* 7& 7&

-enters

temperingroom

)8 ) & *# "&!"#

arshmallowsetting room

)8 )7 & * 8&!8#

Brainedmarshmallows

drying

8" 8" $$# $$# 8#

Bum drying &) 77 $)& $ )&!$&

/anded Bumdrying

"* "* $## $## )&!8#

Bum finishedstock storage

$# $* 7& 7&

/ugar pansupply air

)9 8$ *& $#& "#!)#

2olishing pansupply air

)$ ) # *# !8#

2an rooms )8 ) & *# "&!"#

Nonpareil 2an

supply air"* 89 $## $)# )#

5ard candy

cooling tunnelair

$7 )$ 7# # &&!8#

5ard candypacking

)$ )8 # & 8#!"&

5ard candystorage

$# )$ # 8#

-aramelrooms

)$ ) # *# 8#

-eramics efractory 8" 77 $$# $ !9#

olding room ) ) *# *# 7#!#

-lay storage $7 ) 7# *# "&!7&

Decalcomania

production)8 ) & *#

Decorationroom

)8 ) & *#

-ereal 2ackaging )8 ) & *# 8&!

-heese -uring -heddar $" 8& && *&!9#

/wiss $7 $7 7# 7# *#!*&

+lue 9 $# 8* 9&

+rick $7 $* 7# 7& 9#

Cimburger $7 $* 7# 7& 9&


20/49

-amembert $) $& &" &9 9#

-lean rooms )$ ) # *# 8#!7#

Distilling Brain /torage $7 $7 7# 7# "&!8#

Beneral

anufacturing

$7 )8 7# & 8&!7#

Aging $* )) 7& ) !7#

'ruit /torage Apples !$ 8 "# 8# 9#

Apricots !$ # "$ ") 9#!9&

Brapefruits

;-alifornia%$8 $7 &* 7# *&!9#

Brapefruits;'lorida%

$# $# *&!9#

Brapes;0astern%

!$ # "$ ") *&

Brapes;


21/49

Censes ;optical% 'using )8 )8 & & 8&

Brinding ) ) *# *# *#

Cibraries anduseums

Normal

reading andviewing rooms

)$ )" # 8 8#!

aremanuscriptand /torageaults

)$ )) # ) 8&

Art /torageAreas

$* )) 7& )

atches anufacture )) )" ) 8

Drying )$ )8 # & 7#

/torage $7 $ 7# 7) !&&

eat and fish +eef ;fresh% # $ ") "8 **!9)

+eef ;fro6en% !)" !$* !$# 9#!9&

'ish ;fresh% $ ) "" "& 9#!9&

'ish ;'ro6en% !)" !$* !$# 9#!9&

Camb and 2ork;'resh%

# $ ") "8 *&!9#

Camb and 2ork

;'ro6en%!)" !$* !$# 9#!9&

ushrooms/weating outperiod

89 7# $)# $8#

/pawn added $7 )8 7# & $##Browingperiod

9 $7 8* 7# *#

/torage # ) ") "& *#!*&

2aintApplications

3il paintspraying

$7 ") 7# 9# *#

Drying oilpaints

$& ") &9 9# )&!

+rush and

spray painting$& ) &9 *$ )&!

2harmaceuticalsanufacturedpowderstorage andpacking area

)8 )8 & & "&

illing room )8 )8 & & "&

Tabletcompressing

and coating

)8 )8 & & "&

0ffervescenttablets andpowders

)8 )8 & & )#

5ypodermictablets

)8 )8 & & "#


22/49

-olloids )$ )$ # # "#!

-aught drops ) ) *# *# 8#

Blandular

products)8 )8 7 7 &!$#

Ampoulemanufacturing )8 )8 & & "&!

Belatin-apsules

)8 )8 7 7 "&

-apsule

storage)8 )8 7 7 "&

icroanalysis )8 )8 7 7

+iologicalmanufacturing

)8 )8 7 7 "&

Civer extracts )8 )8 7 7 "&

/erums )8 )8 7 7 Animal rooms )8 ) & *#

/mall animalrooms

)8 )7 & *

2aper

+inding(cutting(drying(

folding( gluing

$& ) &9 *$ )&!

/torage of

paper$& ) &9 *$ "8!8&

/torage of

books $* )$ 78 # "*!

2lastics

anufacturingareasthermosetting

moldingcompounds

) ) *# *# )&!"#

-ellophanewrapping

)8 ) & *# 8&!7&

2hotographicDevelopmentof film

)$ )8 # & 7#

Drying )8 ) & *$

2rinting )$ )$ # # #

-utting )) )) ) ) 7&

2lywood5ot pressing(resin

") ") 9# 9# 7#!#

-old pressing ") ") 9# 9# $&!)&

2rinting +inding )$ )$ # # 8&

'olding )& )& 7&

2ressing(general

)8 )8 & & 7#!*

2late making )8 ) & *# max 8&
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23/49

Cithographicpress room

)8 ) 7 *# 8"!8

Cetterpress

and web offsetrooms

)$ ) # *#

2aper storage(letterpress

)$ ) # *# 8"!8

2aper storage(multicolorsheet feedlithography

)8 ) 7 *# !&&

aw aterial/torage

Nuts( insect 8& 8& 7&!&

Nuts( rancidity $ " "8 "* 7&!&

0ggs !$ !$ "# "# *&!9#

-hocolate(flats

$* $* 7& 7&

+utter ! ! )# )#

Dates( figs 8 8# 8& &!7&

-orn /yrup 9#!$##

Ci4uid sugar )8 ) & *# 7#!

ubber!dipped

goods-ementing ) ) *# *# )&!"#

Dipping

surgicalarticles

)8 ") & 9# )&!"#

/torage priorto

manufacture

$7 )8 7# & 8#!

Caboratory(

A/Tstandard

)8 )8 & & !&&

Textile-otton(carding

)8 ) & *$

-otton(spinning $& ) &9 *$ 7#!#

-otton(weaving

)# )8 7* & #!*#

Nylon(production

) ) *$ *$ !7#

ayon(spinning

)$ )$ # # *&

ayon(twisting

)$ )$ # # 7&

/ilk( spinning )8 ) & *$ 7&!#

/ilk( weaving )8 ) & *$ 7#!#


24/49


25/49

>et!ods of Air Conditionin/

Methods of cooling air

1. Spray washer

2. Surface type coolera) Indirect by heat exchange with water which has been cooled by a refrigerant.b) Direct by heat exchanger in evaporator of a refrigerator system.

Methods of refrigeration

1. Compressed system

ot compressed air leaves a compressor and is li!uefied in a condenser by heat exchangewith cooling water or air. "he li!uid refrigerant then passes through an expansion valve andthe low pressure li!uid enters the evaporator. It absorbs heat from the medium to be cooledand is vapourised. "he vapour enter the compressor and is raised to an higher pressure.

2. #bsorption system

$ow pressure refrigerant is dissolved in water in a generator and vapour at high pressure isdriven out of the solution by heat. "he vapour is li!uefied in a condenser and expandedthrough an expansion valve. "he low pressure li!uid enter the evaporator and absorbs the

heat from the medium to be cooled. It vapourises and returns to the cooler.


26/49

8ptimal Stora/e Conditions for 7ruits and Ve/eta$les

8ptimal temperature and !umidity for common fruits and ve/eta$les.

2roper storage conditions ! temperature and humidity ! are needed to lengthenstorage life and maintain 4uality of harvested fruits and vegetables.

'resh fruits need low temperature and high relative humidity to reduce therespiration and slow down the metabolic process. The table below can be used asan indication of optimal temperature and moisture condition for common fruits

and vegetables.

Product

OptimalStorage

Temperature

ChillPoint

FreezingPoint

OptimalHumidity

Top IceAccepted

1

!aterSprin"le

Accepted#

$thyleneProduction

Sensiti%eto

$thylene&

Appro'imateStorage (ife

Comments

oF oC oF oC oC )

#pples %&'(& '1'( 2.% &'* +o +o igh ,es 1'12 months Chillsensitivestored at%*'(& - 2'(C)

#pricots %1'%2 '1'& %&.1 &'* +o +o igh ,es 1'% wee/s

#rticho/es %2'%* &'2 &'* ,es ,es +o +o

#rticho/es0erusalem

%1'%2 &'2 2.& &'* +o +o +o +o ('* months

#sparagus %2'%* %&. *'1&& +o ,es +o ,es 2'% wee/s

#vocados0 ripe %'(* %'3 %4 2 *'* +o +o igh ,es

#vocados0unripe

(*'*& 3'1& (* 3 *'* +o +o $ow ,es0 5ery 6eep awayfrom

ethyleneproducingfruits

7ananas0 green 42'3& 13'21 *4 1% *'* +o +o $ow ,es

7ananas0 ripe *4'4& 1%'14 *( 12 *'* +o +o 8edium +o

7asil *2'* 11'1* *& 1& &'* +o ,es +o ,es

7eans0 dry (&'*& (&'*& 4'1& months

7eans0 green orsnap

(&'(* %&.3 * 3'1& days

7eans0 sprouts %2 & *'1&& 3' days

7eans. $ima %3'(1 & %1.& * *'3 days

7eets %2'%* &'2 &'* ,es ,es +o ,es

7eets0 bunched %2 & %1.% '1&& 1&'1( days

7eets0 topped %2 & %&.% '1&& ('4 months

7lac/berries %2'%% &'1 %&.* &'* +o +o 5ery $ow +o 2'% days

7lueberries %2'%* &'2 &'* +o +o 5ery $ow +o

7o/ Choy %2'%* &'2 &'* +o ,es +o ,es

7roccoli %2 & %&. *'1&& ,es ,es +o ,es 1&'1( days

7russelsSprouts

%2 & %&.* &'* ,es ,es +o ,es %'* wee/s

7unched9reens

%2 & &'* ,es ,es +o ,es 7eets0Chard09reen
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Product

OptimalStorage

Temperature

ChillPoint

FreezingPoint

OptimalHumidity

Top IceAccepted

1

!aterSprin"le

Accepted#

$thyleneProduction

Sensiti%eto

$thylene&


Comments

oF oC oF oC oC )

:nions08ustard0;arsley0


28/49

Product

OptimalStorage

Temperature

ChillPoint

FreezingPoint

OptimalHumidity

Top IceAccepted

1

!aterSprin"le

Accepted#

$thyleneProduction

Sensiti%eto

$thylene&


Comments

oF oC oF oC oC )

shorterperiods

9inger


29/49

Product

OptimalStorage

Temperature

ChillPoint

FreezingPoint

OptimalHumidity

Top IceAccepted

1

!aterSprin"le

Accepted#

$thyleneProduction

Sensiti%eto

$thylene&


Comments

oF oC oF oC oC )

:ranges (&'(* ('3 % % &'* +o +o 5ery $ow +o

:ranges %2'%* &'2 &'* +o +o 5ery $ow ,es

;apayas *&'** 1&'1% (* 3 *'* +o +o 8edium ,es

;arsley %2 & %&.& *'1&& 2'% months

;arsnips %2 & %&.( '1&& ,es ,es +o ,es ('4 months

;eaches %1'%2 %&.% &'* +o +o igh ,es 2'( wee/s

;ears 2'%1 2.2 &'* +o +o igh ,es 2'3 months

;eas0 green %2 & %&. *' 1'2 wee/s

;eas0 southern (&'(1 * 4' days

;eppers0 hotchili

%2'*& 4&'3& +o +o +o ,es 4 months

;eppers0 sweet (*'** 3'1& (2 4 %&.3 &'* +o +o +o +o 2'% wee/s

;ersimmons %2'%* &'2 &'* +o +o +o ,es0 5ery

;ineapples *&'** 1&'1% (* 3 *'* +o +o 5ery $ow +o :dor mayinfluenceavacados

;lums %1'%2 %&.* &'* +o +o igh ,es 2'* wee/s

;omegranates (1'*& *'1& (1 * &'* +o +o +o +o

;otatoes (*'*& 3'1& % % &'* +o +o +o ,es

;recut -ruit %2'%4 &'2 &'* +o +o $ow +o

;recut5egetables

%2'%4 &'2 &'* +o +o +o ,es

;runes %1'%2 %&.* &'* +o +o igh ,es 2'* wee/s

;ump/ins *&'** *& 1& %&.* 4*'3& +o +o +o ,es 2'% months

?uinces %1'%2 2.( & 2'% months

?uinces %2'%* &'2 &'* +o +o igh ,es


30/49

Product

OptimalStorage

Temperature

ChillPoint

FreezingPoint

OptimalHumidity

Top IceAccepted

1

!aterSprin"le

Accepted#

$thyleneProduction

Sensiti%eto

$thylene&


Comments

oF oC oF oC oC )

"omatoes0mature green

**'3& %1.& &'* +o +o $ow ,es 1'% wee/s


31/49

+owling Alley &$# 98#

'actory &$# 98#

Tabulated values are based on *o' for dry!bulb temperature.

AdGusted total heat value for sedentary work( restaurant( includes 7# +tuhr for food per

individual ;"# +tuh sensible and "# +tu latent heat%.

'or bowling figure one person per alley actually bowling( and all others as sitting ;8## +tuh%

or standing ;& +tuh%.

5eat gain from people ! watts
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_687.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_698.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_683.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_683.html


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&erformance and #fficiency 5erminol/y

Desi/n and season related performance and efficiency terminol/y relatedto !eat pumps and air condition systems.

8peratin/ >ode Desi/n Rated Conditions Seasonal Avera/e Conditions

-ooling -3200

k


33/49

Com$ustion #fficiency 0ncor #c: 'or fuel!fired systems( this efficiency term is

defined as the ratio of the fuel energy input minus the flue gas losses ;dry fluegas( incomplete combustion and moisture formed bycombustion of hydrogen% to

the fuel energy input. In the F./.( fuel!fired efficiencies are reported based on thehigher heating value of the fuel. 3ther countries report fuel!fired efficiencies basedon the lower heating value of the fuel. The combustion efficiency is calculated bydetermining the fuel gas losses as a percent of fuel burned. L0c= $ ! flue gaslossesM

5!ermal #fficiency 0nt or #t: This efficiency term is generally defined as the

ratio of the heat absorbed by the water ;or the water and steam% to the heat valueof the energy consumed. The combustion efficiency of a fuel!fired system will be

higher than its thermal efficiency. /ee A/0 2ower Test -ode 8.$ for more detailson determining the thermal efficiency of boilers and other fuel!fired systems. Inthe F./.( fuel!fired efficiencies are typically reported based on the higher heatingvalue of the fuel. 3ther countries typically report fuel!fired efficiencies based onthe fuels lower heating value. The difference between a fuels higher heating valueand its lower heating value is the latent energy contained in the water vapor ;inthe exhaust gas% which results when hydrogen ;from the fuel% is burned. Theefficiency of a system based on a fuels lower heating value can be $# to $&?

higher than its efficiency based on a fuels higher heating value.

-eatin/ Seasonal &erformance 7actor 0-S&7: The term 5/2' is similar to

the term /00( except it is used to signify the seasonal heating efficiency of heatpumps. The 5/2' is a weighted average efficiency over a range of outside airconditions following a specific standard test method. The term is generally appliedto heat pump systems less than 7#(### +tuh ;rated cooling capacity.% The unitsof 5/2' are +tuw!h. It is important to note that this efficiency term typicallyincludes the energy re4uirement of auxiliary systems such as the indoor and

outdoor fans. 'or purposes of comparison( the higher the 5/2' the more efficientthe system.

&ersons and >eta$olic -eat ain

Appro,imate meta$olic !eat /ain from occupants in air conditioned

spaces at different de/rees of activities ' in watts

The table below can be used to estimate the sensible and latent heat from people.

The values can be used to calculate the heat load handled by the air conditionsystem.

Degree of

Activity

Typical

Application

Average

etabolicrate !

maleadult ;


34/49

work

3fficework

5otelreception(

cashier

$"# *# &7 8 7# # # 7# * &) *7 88

/tanding(

walkingslowly

Caboratorywork

$"# *# &7 8 7# # # 7# * &) *7 88


35/49

&ressure and 5emperature C!art for Ammonia :-3

A temperature 0de/ 7 and pressure 0psia psi/ for Ammonia :-3.


36/49

TEMP. PRESSURE

@' 2/IA 2/IB

!7# &.7 18.6

!&* &.9 17.8

!& 7.$ 17.4

!&7 7." 17.0

!&& 7.& 16.6

!&8 7.* 16.2

!&" .# 15.7

!&) .) 15.3

!&$ .8 14.8

! . 14.3

!89 .9 13.8

!8* *.) 13.3

!8 *.8 12.8

!87 *. 12.2

!8& 9.# 11.7

!88 9.) 11.1

!8" 9.& 10.6

!8) 9.* 10.0

!8$ $#.$ 9.3

!8# $#.8 8.7

!"9 $#. 8.1

!"* $$.# 7.4

!" $$.8 6.8

!"7 $$. 6.1

!"& $).$ 5.4

!"8 $).8 4.7

!"" $).* 3.9!") $".$ 3.2

!"$ $".& 2.4

!"# $".9 1.6

!)9 $8." 0.8

!)* $8. 0.0

!) $&.$ #.8

!)7 $&.7 #.*

!)& $7.# $."

!)8 $7.8 $.

!)" $7.9 ).)
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/39_361.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/39_361.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/39_361.html


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38/49

&roperties of Refri/erant 22

Refri/erant 22 properties of saturated li+uid and saturated vapour.

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE

PSIA

DENSITY,

LB/FT

LIQUID

VOLUME,

FT/LB

VAPOR

ENTHALPY,

BTU/LB

ENTROPY,

BTU/LB F

LIQUID VAPOUR LIQUID VAPOUR

-130.00 0.696 96.46 58.544 -23.150 89.864 -0.06198 0.28082

-120.00 1.080 95.53 38.833 -20.594 91.040 -0.05435 0.27430

-110.00 1.626 94.60 26.494 -18.038 92.218 -0.04694 0.26838

-100.00 2.384 93.66 18.540 -15.481 93.397 -0.03973 0.26298

-90.00 3.413 92.71 13.275 -12.921 94.572 -0.03271 0.25807

-80.00 4.778 91.75 9.7044 -10.355 95.741 -0.02587 0.25357

-70.00 6.555 90.79 7.2285 -7.783 96.901 -0.01919 0.24945

-60.00 8.830 89.81 5.4766 -5.201 98.049 -0.01266 0.24567

-50.00 11.696 88.83 4.2138 -2.608 99.182 -0.00627 0.24220

-45.00 13.383 88.33 3.7160 -1.306 99.742 -0.00312 0.24056

-41.44b 14.696 87.97 3.4048 -0.377 100.138 -0.00090 0.23944

-40.00 15.255 87.82 3.2880 0.000 100.296 0.00000 0.23899

-35.00 17.329 87.32 2.9185 1.310 100.847 0.00309 0.23748

-30.00 19.617 86.81 2.5984 2.624 101.391 0.00616 0.23602

-25.00 22.136 86.29 2.3202 3.944 101.928 0.00920 0.23462

-20.00 24.899 85.77 2.0774 5.268 102.461 0.01222 0.23327

-15.00 27.924 85.25 1.8650 6.598 102.986 0.01521 0.23197

-10.00 31.226 84.72 1.6784 7.934 103.503 0.01818 0.23071

-5.00 34.821 84.18 1.5142 9.276 104.013 0.02113 0.22949

0.00 38.726 83.64 1.3691 10.624 104.515 0.02406 0.22832

5.00 42.960 83.09 1.2406 11.979 105.009 0.02697 0.22718

10.00 47.538 82.54 1.1265 13.342 105.493 0.02987 0.22607

15.00 52.480 81.98 1.0250 14.712 105.968 0.03275 0.22500

20.00 57.803 81.41 0.9343 16.090 106.434 0.03561 0.22395

25.00 63.526 80.84 0.8532 17.476 106.891 0.03846 0.22294

30.00 69.667 80.26 0.7804 18.871 107.336 0.04129 0.22195

35.00 76.245 79.67 0.7150 20.275 107.769 0.04411 0.22098

40.00 83.280 79.07 0.6561 21.688 108.191 0.04692 0.22004

45.00 90.791 78.46 0.6029 23.111 108.600 0.04972 0.21912

50.00 98.799 77.84 0.5548 24.544 108.997 0.05251 0.21821

55.00 107.32 77.22 0.5111 25.988 109.379 0.05529 0.21732

60.00 116.38 76.58 0.4715 27.443 109.748 0.05806 0.21644

65.00 126.00 75.93 0.4355 28.909 110.103 0.06082 0.21557


39/49


40/49

Refri/erants

Some common coolin/ refri/erants and t!eir properties

efrigerant 'ormula+oiling

temperature;o-%

-riticaltemperature

;o-%2roperties Applications

Ammonia N5" !"" $""

2enetratingodor( soluble

in water.harmless in

concentrationup to $"#?(

nonflammable(

explosive

Cargeindustrial

plants

$)Dichlorodifluoromethane

--l)') !)9.* $$)

Cittle odor(colorless gasor li4uid( nonflammable(

non corrosiveof ordinary

metals( stable

/mall plantswith

reciprocatingcompressors.Automotive(

ediumTemperature

efrigeration

$$ --l"' *.9 $9*

Nonflammable(

non corrosive

non toxic(stable

-ommercialplants with

centrifugalcompressors.

))-hlorodifluoromethane

-5-l') !8#.* 97

Cittle odor(colorless as

gas or li4uid(non toxic(

non irritating(non

flammable(non

corrosive(stable

2ackaged air!conditioning

units wheresi6e of

e4uipmentand economy

areimportant. Air-onditioning(

Cow andediumTemperatureefrigeration

!$"8a$($($()!

tetrafluoroethane-5)'-'"

Automotivereplacement

for !$)(/tationary

A-(

edium Tempefrigeration

#

--l)');"(*?%-5"-5

!"" /imilar to$)

3ffers aprox.

)#? morerefrigeration


41/49

');)7.)?%

capacity than$) for samecompressor.

)

--l')

;8*(*?%--l')!-'"

;&$.)?%

!8&.7 9#.$

Non

flammable(

non toxic(non

corrosive(stable

-apacitycomparableto )).

Relative -umidity in &roduction and &rocess #nvironments

Recommended Relative -umidity ' R- ' for production and processenvironments as li$raries $reweries stora/es and more.

To avoid damage of the product( or to achieve proper process conditions( its oftenimportant to keep the environment and indoor climate within certain limits. Itmay be avoided that a low relative humidity dries up the product in theproduction process( or that a high relative humidity increases the water activityand creates mould.

The table below can be used as a guide to recommended elative 5umidity ! 5 !

for some common production and process environments.

2roduction and 2rocess0nvironment

ecommended elative

5umidity ! 5 ;?%

/ugar /torage )#!"&?

+reweries "&!8&?

-offee 2owder "#!8#?

ilk 2owder /torage )#!"&?

/eed /torage "&!8&?

Fnpacked edicine )#!"&?

Transformer


42/49


43/49

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE = 30 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = -11.85F

PRESSURE = 60 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 21.94F

" H S " # /

-10 1.760 103.92 0.2325

30 1.943 109.92 0.2453 0.9271 108.35 0.2271

60 2.078 114.55 0.2545 1.001 113.17 0.2367

100 2.255 120.92 0.2663 1.096 119.74 0.2488

150 2.473 129.17 0.2804 1.212 128.19 0.2633

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE = 75 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 34.06F

PRESSURE = 90 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 44.47F

" H S " # /

30 0.7851 107.81 0.2229

60 0.7847 112.45 0.2306 0.6401 111.69 0.2253

100 0.8639 119.13 0.2429 0.7088 118.50 0.2379

150 0.9591 127.69 0.2576 0.7906 127.18 0.2528

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE = 135 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 69.39F

PRESSURE = 180 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 88.72F

" H S " # /

100 0.4492 116.50 0.2260 0.3177 114.29 0.2164

150 0.5092 125.59 0.2416 0.3678 123.90 0.2329

200 0.5655 134.79 0.2561 0.4132 133.45 0.2479

250 0.6193 144.20 0.2698 0.4558 143.10 0.2620

300 0.6713 153.84 0.2829 0.4965 152.93 0.2754

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE = 200 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 96.17F

PRESSURE = 220 PSIA

SAT. TEMP. = 103.09F

" H S " # /

100 0.2776 113.22 0.2126

150 0.3251 123.11 0.2295 0.2900 122.30 0.2263

200 0.3674 132.83 0.2448 0.3299 132.20 0.2419
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_27.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_239.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/8_27.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/39_366.html


44/49

250 0.4067 142.60 0.2591 0.3666 142.09 0.2564

300 0.4441 152.52 0.2726 0.4012 152.10 0.2700

TEMPERATURE

F

PRESSURE = 240 PSIA


PRESSURE = 260 PSIA


" H S " # /

150 0.2606 121.45 0.2232 0.2356 120.58 0.2203

200 0.2985 131.56 0.2392 0.2720 130.90 0.2366

250 0.3330 141.58 0.2538 0.3046 141.06 0.2514

300 0.3654 151.69 0.2676 0.3351 151.27 0.2653

VA vapour volume0 ftB>lb hA enthalpy0 7tu>lb sA entropy0 7tu>lb-

;S Desi/n 8utdoor 5emperature and Relative -umidity ' 6interand Summer

8utdoor temperatures and relative !umiditys in different ;S states and cities

summer and winter.

The table below can be used as an indication of the design conditions in F./ citiessummer and winter.

/tate -ity

Panuary Puly

Dry +ulb

Temperature;o'%

Normal elative

5umidity ;?% Dry +ulb

Temperature;o'%

Normal elative

5umidity ;?%

:"#am.

$:"#pm.

:"#pm.

:"#am.

$:"#pm.

:"#pm.

Alabama+irmingham $# *$ 7$ 77 9& *8 &7 7*

obile $# 9& 9# 78 *

Ari6ona

'lagstaff !$# *" &* 9# "7

2hoenix )& & 8 "9 $## &" "$ )"

Huma "# &7 " ) $#& &$ "$ )"

Arkansas Cittle ock & *# 7 7* $$# *& && &9

-alifornia

0ureka "# * 9& 9) *#

'resno )& 9" *# 77 9# 7$ "7 )#

Cos Angeles "& 7" 87 &$ $#& *& &8

/acramento "# 9# *) # 9# 7 87 )*

/an Diego "& 7 &* 7# $## *7 7* 7&

/an'rancisco

"& *8 79 # *& 9) & *


45/49

-olorado

Denver !$# &8 " 8$ *& && ) "#

BrandPunction

!$& 78 78 9& 8* ) ))

2ueblo !)# 7 88 8* 9& " "8 "&

-onnecticut New 5aven # & 7& 79 9& 78 8Delaware ansas -ity !$# * 78 77 $## 7 8* 8

/t. Couis # 7& 7* 9& " &&

ontana+illings !)& 7 " 7# 9# 7& 8# ""

+utte !)# 7 # $ 9& *) "7 ""

Nebraska North 2latte !)# *# 7) 77 *& *8 87


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Documents

Acoustic Calculation of Ventilation Systems