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Acids, Bases, and SaltsAcids, Bases, and Salts
Chapter 23Chapter 23
Acids and Bases – Section 1Acids and Bases – Section 1
What do you think of when you hear acid?What do you think of when you hear acid?
Acids have at least 1 hydrogen atom that Acids have at least 1 hydrogen atom that can be removedcan be removed
Acid:Acid: produces H produces H++ in a water solution. in a water solution.
HH++ reacts w/ H reacts w/ H22O to form HO to form H33OO++
hydronium ionhydronium ion
Properties of AcidsProperties of AcidsTaste sourTaste sourBurns on skinBurns on skinCorrosive – irreparable damageCorrosive – irreparable damageReact strongly w/ certain metals and React strongly w/ certain metals and produce Hproduce H22 gas gas
React w/ indicators to produce different React w/ indicators to produce different colorscolorsIndicator:Indicator: organic compound that organic compound that changes color in an acid or base.changes color in an acid or base.
Common AcidsCommon Acids
BasesBases
Ex: baking powder, Mallox and antacids Ex: baking powder, Mallox and antacids are basesare bases
Soaps: clean greasy, fatty substances Soaps: clean greasy, fatty substances (bases)(bases)
Base:Base: produce hydroxide ion,OH produce hydroxide ion,OH--, in , in HH22O solution. Also, accepts HO solution. Also, accepts H++ ion. ion.
Properties of BasesProperties of BasesOpposites of acidsOpposites of acids
Many are crystalline solidsMany are crystalline solids
Most are ionic compoundsMost are ionic compounds
Feel slippery and have bitter tasteFeel slippery and have bitter taste
Corrosive and cause severe burnsCorrosive and cause severe burns
React w/ indicators to produce different React w/ indicators to produce different colorscolors
Common BasesCommon Bases
Strengths of Acids and Strengths of Acids and BasesBases
Section 2Section 2
Strong and Weak AcidsStrong and Weak Acids
Strength depend on how many particles Strength depend on how many particles dissociate into ionsdissociate into ions
Strong Acid:Strong Acid: nearly all molecules nearly all molecules dissociate into ionsdissociate into ions
Ex: HCl, HNOEx: HCl, HNO33, H, H22SOSO44
Strong and Weak AcidsStrong and Weak Acids
Weak Acids:Weak Acids: only small amount dissolves only small amount dissolves in waterin water
Ions do the damage – more ions more Ions do the damage – more ions more damage!!damage!!
Ex: Acetic Acid and Carbonic AcidEx: Acetic Acid and Carbonic Acid
Strong and Weak AcidsStrong and Weak Acids
Strong vs. WeakStrong vs. Weak
Strong:Strong: All ProductsAll Products
Weak:Weak: Some Reactants and Some ProductsSome Reactants and Some Products
Strong and Weak BasesStrong and Weak Bases
Most bases are ionic compoundsMost bases are ionic compounds
Strong Base: Strong Base: dissociate completely to its dissociate completely to its ions. Ex: sodium hydroxide, NaOHions. Ex: sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Weak Base:Weak Base: does NOT dissociate does NOT dissociate completely. Ex: ammonia, NHcompletely. Ex: ammonia, NH33
Dilute and ConcentrationDilute and Concentration
DiluteDilute: more water than acid: more water than acid
ConcentratedConcentrated: more acid than water: more acid than water
Can have Can have concentrated weak acidconcentrated weak acid and and dilute strong aciddilute strong acid
Measuring StrengthMeasuring Strength
pH:pH: measure of concentration of H measure of concentration of H++
More HMore H++ the lower the pH the lower the pH
Scale from 0 – 14Scale from 0 – 14
7 = neutral, concentration of OH7 = neutral, concentration of OH-- = = concentration of Hconcentration of H++
Below 7 = acidic, more HBelow 7 = acidic, more H++
Above 7 = basic, more OHAbove 7 = basic, more OH--
pH ScalepH Scale
BuffersBuffers
Def:Def: solutions containing ions that react solutions containing ions that react with additional acids or bases to minimize with additional acids or bases to minimize effects on pHeffects on pH
SaltsSalts
Section 3Section 3
NeutralizationNeutralization
Def:Def: rxn between an acid and a base that rxn between an acid and a base that takes place in a water solution.takes place in a water solution.
2 rxns occur: HCl(2 rxns occur: HCl(aqaq) + NaOH() + NaOH(aqaq) ) HH33OO++((aqaq) + OH) + OH--((aqaq) ) H H22O(O(ll) ) waterwater NaNa++((aqaq) + Cl) + Cl--((aqaq) ) NaCl( NaCl(aqaq)) saltsalt
Salt FormationSalt Formation
Salt:Salt: compound formed when (-) ion from compound formed when (-) ion from acid combines with (+) ion from baseacid combines with (+) ion from base
Ex: NaClEx: NaCl
Acid Base RxnsAcid Base Rxns
acid + base acid + base salt + water salt + water2HCl(2HCl(aqaq) + Ca(OH)) + Ca(OH)22((aqaq) ) CaCl CaCl22((aqaq) + 2H) + 2H22O(O(ll))
Soaps and DetergentsSoaps and DetergentsPolar(water) and Nonpolar(grease fat) Polar(water) and Nonpolar(grease fat) substancessubstances
““Like dissolves Like”Like dissolves Like”
Polar dissolves Polar, etc.Polar dissolves Polar, etc.
Soaps have both Soaps have both PolarPolar and and NonpolarNonpolar endsends Mix with water and greaseMix with water and grease Hydrocarbon Chain is 12 - 18 carbonsHydrocarbon Chain is 12 - 18 carbons
Soap ScumSoap Scum
Salts form that are insoluble in waterSalts form that are insoluble in water
DetergentsDetergents do NOT make insoluble salts do NOT make insoluble salts can be used in cold watercan be used in cold water