Lietuvos istorijos institutas

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Pietl1: Lietuvos akmens ir ankstyvojo ialvario amiil1: paminkll1: tyrimai

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VILNIUS 1999

UDK 902 (474.5) Li227

Rcdakcine kolegija: •

Habil. dr. RimutcRIMANTIENE (atsak. redaktore, sudarytoja ) Habil. dr. VytautasKAZAKEVICIUS Dr. GintautasZABIELA

Tyrinejimai atlikti pagal Lietuvos valstybinio mokslo ir studij4 fonda finansuotq programq "Akmens amzius Piet4 Lietuvoje"

ISSN 02-07-8694 ISBN 9986-479-478-9

© Lictuvos istorijos institutas , © Alfonsas Zvilius © Straipsni4 autoriai

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Lictuvos archeologija 1999, t.16, p. 19-29

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NEOLITAS IR KSTYVASIS Zv, ~ARIO ZIUS PlETt) LIET OJE

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RIMUTE RIMANTIENE

Mezolito ir neolito riba - labai diskutuojama kulturos istorik4 tema. Pries pusantro simto metq pirmieji teoretikai j'1 buvo nubrcz« labai aiskiai ir paprastai: tai keramikos ir gludint4 dirbini4 atsira-dimas. TaCiau XX a. sukaupus ivairesnes medziagos, isivyravo naujas poziuris, kad svarbiausi laikotarpilj skirtumai ne gaminiuose, 0 zmoni4 gyven ·enoje. Tlld dabar dazniausiai riba vedama tarp pasisavinamajo ir gamybinio ukio, neolitizacijos terminu suprantant percjimq prie gyvu lininkystes ir zemes ukio. Tai, beje, tinka Piet4 Europai, kur atskiras kulturas galima susieti su ukio farmomis. TaCiau aplink Baltijos jurq esancioje srityje toks apibrczimas netikslingas, nes Cia pasisavinamasis ukis issilaike ilgai, net tada, kai jau buvo perimta daug kit4 naujovil), blidingl) neolitui. Ir Skandinavijoje, taikantis prie vakarietisko termino, nealitas yra siejamas su zemdirbiska PiltuvClini4 tauri4 kultura, ncpaisant to, kad daug zemes ukia pazymiq pastebeta ir ankstesnese kulturose (Trocls-Smith, 1955; Wclinder, 1998). Norint prisitaikyti prie Pietq bei Vakarq Europoje priimtos periodizacijos, siulyti pereinamajam laikatarpiui net 36 pavadinimai - keraminis mezolitas, submczolitas, paraneolitas, subnealitas ir pan. (Werbart, 1998). Priemus mums toki pavadini-mq, ncbelikt4 pozymia, pagal kuri gaICtume nustatyti vakarietiskai suprasto neolito - gamybinio ukio -rib", nes siose Pietq Lietuvos gyvenvictese beveik nerandama organinil! medziag4 radini4, 0 ziecla-dulkil) analizes duomenis is gretim4 supelkej usiq cZer4 tik labai apytikriai ga lima susieti su gyvenvieCiq radiniais.

TodCl ribq tarp mezolito ir neolito vcdame pagal pirmuosius keramikos gaminius, nelaikydami tai anachranizmu. Taip ribq veda ir dauguma Ryt4 Europos viduria tyrinetojL!. Tai pats akivaizdziausias pOZymis, nepaisant ta, kad titnago inventoriuje dar ilgai tc;:siasi is mezolito paveldetos tradicijos.

Kultur4 atzvilg iu neolitas Piet4 Lietuvoje buvo labai margas ir netolygus laikotarpis. Vis delto pcr tuos du tukstancius met4 - nuo IV t-mecio pr. Kr. vidurio iki 1I t-mec~o pr. Kr. vidurio - pagrindine buva neolitine Nemuno kultlira.

Nemuno kultiira buvo paplitu i visamc Ncmuno aukstupyje Lietuvoje ir Baltarusijojc iki Pripetes upes, uzgricbdama ir siaures ryt4 Lenkijq bei Kaliningrado srit!, kur ji igijo skirting4 bruozlj.

Ankstyvojo neolito (IV t-mecio pr. Kr.) Nemuno kulturos titnago inventorius labai mazai skyrcsi, 0 kai kuo ir visai nesiskyre nuo mczolitinio (Riman-tiene, 1981). Ryskiausias pozymis - keramika, taciau, matyt, dar placiai buvo naudoti is sene paveldeti tosiniai, mediniai, odiniai indai, 0 moliniai tebuvo tik prieda . TodCl ankstyvosios kcramikos labai maia. Pirmieji puodai buvo smaiiiadugniai ir primine odinius maiselius, papuosti labai mcnkais ispaudcliais (pav. 1) Molis buvo licsinamas augali-nemis ar kitomis organinemis priemaisomis. Puodai buvo lipdomi i' kcli4 ccntimctr4 plocio molio juost4 arba net is atskir4 molio pap!oteli4. Impulsas gaminti molinius puodus greiciausiai atejo is Dncpro-Doncco kulturos srities (TeJIeriH, 1966;

If X

". . .. " ...

»)))

1 pay. Pagrindiniai ncolitincs Ncmul10 kulturos puod4 siluctai ir jl) ornamcntika (pagal Dubici4 3-iosios gyv. B sluoksnio radinius). Picsc auto[(~

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TCJlcriH, 1968). Ir gamybos technologija, ir smailia-dugne puod4 forma buvo Pietryci4 Europos kilme . Tai visiska priesingybe Vakar4 Baltijos pakrantese paplitusiai Ertebioles tipo keramikai, kurios mol is buvo liesinamas mincralinemis priemaisomi , puodai formuojami ne is juost4 ar paplotCli4, bet is siaur4 voleli4. Smailiadugne ErtebiolCs puodo forma budinga daugeliui Vidurio Europos siaures kultur4, 0 kilme greiciausiai reikt4 icSkoti irgi rytuose.

Budingiausi4 ankstyvosios keramikos pavyzdzill Piet4 Lietuvoje zinoma is Dubici4 3-iosios gyven-vietes apatinio (B) sluoksnio (zr. p. 93-95), Margill l-osios apatinio (C) sluoksnio (zr. p. J 17), Varenes 2-osios gyvenvietes tarpsluoksneliu nuo mezolitinio atskirtame sluoksnelyje (Ostrauskas, 1998). los rasta Zapses 5-ojoje gyvenvieteje (Grizas, luoda-galvis, 1998) ir kt. Ankstyvosios keramikos, balta-

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rusill archeologo M. Cerniauskio pavadintos Dubi-cill tipu, aptikta ir Baltarusijoje (qapHHyeKi, 1979, p. 50-55; YapHHycKi, KaJlC%IU, 1997, p. 146-149)

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ir Siaures rytll Lenkijojc (Kcmpisty, Sulgostowska, 1976; Gumiriski, Fiedorczuk, 1988).

Grynai augalinemis priemaisomis liesinto molio keramika labai neilgai buvo gaminama. Netrukus imta i moli maisyti mincralinill ir kiaukutll pric-

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mais4. Cia vcrta palyginti tos pacios formos ir orna-mentikos keramikq su grynai augalinemis priemai-somis molyje is Dubicill 3-iosio gyvenviete (zr. p. 93, pay. 17, 18) ir is Dubici4 2-osios (zr. pay. 9, J 0:2, 3) su stambiomis mineral inemis pricmaisomis. Abi jos ankstyvojo neolito.

o tuo pat metu is rytll, gal is Valdajaus sri tic (fYPlll-la, 1958) Pictll Lictuv

Velyvqj[ ncolit

Tokil! atskin! laikiml zvej4 stovykklil! (vargu ar jas galima vadinti gyvenvietemis) aplikta Dubiciq Padcrio (zr. p. 87), Margill 1-osios (zr. p. 121-123), v

Saki4 lankos (Rimantiene, 1992, p. 25-26, pay. ] 2), Gluko dero lO-osios (Juodagalvi ', 1998 b) senqjll gyventojq paliktose vietose.

TaCiau aptikta ir tokiq taip pat nedideliq gyven-viecill, kuriosc salia virvclines rasta ir victines kcramikos. Galima sakyti, kad tai su virvclininkais susigiminiavllsi4 vietiniq palikimas, kaip, pvz., Lynupio (Rimantiene, 1985) ar Zapses 5-oji gyven-viete (Grizas, Juodagalvis, 1998). Beje, virvelines kcramikos taures daznai buvo lipdomos is tokios pat molio mascs, kaip ir Nemuno kultLiros puodai -su gausiomi grusto kvarcito ir net augalinemis priemaisomis. Ir Baltarusijos Nemuno kulturos srityje aptikta salimais Nemuno ir Virvelines kefCl-mikos kulturos gyvenvieCi4. Rytq Poleseje susidare net saviti s,!vcikos variantai.

Kokie buvo sill abicjll kultLirq gyventojq rysiai, lUO larpu pasakyti sunku. Ir nors dar ncpavyko PiCtll Lictuvojc rasti didcsniq, nuolalinill virvclininkq gyvcnvicciq, bct turimc ncmaza duomell4 is

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Lietuvos pajLirio bci Zcmaitijos (Nida, Sventoji lA, Sarncle), kad sic gyvcntojai vcrtcsi gamybiniu ukiu. Bc abejo, atvykeliai dare didcly itakq, IlCS jic buvo pazangcsni. Taciau Piet4 Lictuvojc ta ,taka bevcik ncapciuopiama archcologiskai - lai nc tik ukio, bct ir ~ocialines strukturos, tikcjimo ir tikriausiai kalbos itaka.

1\r gaICjo bUli, kad palyginti ncdidekjc teritori-jojc vicnu mctu abkirai bUl4 gyvcn y jvairiq kulturq zmoncs? Kai kuricms archeologams at rode labiau tikCtina, jog tojc paCioje tcritorijoje ivairios kulturos ncgaICjo bLiti \ ienalaikes, 0 tik Cili viena paskui kilC) (Pape, 1978) . Taciau toki,! jvairovy vicnu mctu patvirtina ir ctnografijos duomcnys, ir ta ivairove ncbutinai veda i galutini susiliejim'l.

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Zalvario amziaus pradziojc Ellropoje buvo panasi padetis, kaip ir susidarant Virvclines kcramikos kulturai . Kaip ncolite turejo susidaryti daug sqlygl!, kad ji atsirastll, taip ankstyvajamc zalvario amziujc turejo atsirasti daug priczasCiq jai zlugti ir uzleisti viet

ISskirtinis zalvario amziaus pradzios dirbinys -rai durklas. Danijoje net pereinamasis laikotar-pis tarp akmens ir zalvario amziaus vadinama~ durklq laikotarpiu (Lomborg, 1973; Petersen, 1993, p. 126- 135). Jie, be abejo, megdziojo zalvarinius, bet greitai eme su zalvariniais konkuruoti. Ir nors Lietuvoje titnaginiq durklq maza, taciau jie aiskiai rymi zalvario amziaus pradzi~1 tokiose Pietq Lietu-vos gyvenvietesc kaip Barzdzio misko (zr. p. 190- 191), Katros istakq l-ojoje (Ostrauskas, Rimantienc, 1998), Karaviskiq 6-ojoje (zr. p. 234).

Antras isskirtinis zalvario amzialls pradzios dirbinio tipas - tvirtas, gerai retusuotas titnago peilis. Peiliai pasizymi stambumu ir isbaiglumu, daznai su darbo zymemis, ypac naudotieji kaip pjautuvai. Tokie peiliai-pjautuvai vienu metu buvo paplitc; visojc Europoje (Anderson ir kt., 1992). Pietq Lietuvoje budingq peiliq gausiai aptikta visose zalvario amziaus pradzios gyvenvietese, tokiose kaip Barzdzio misko (zr. p. 191-192), Margiq 1-osios (zr. p. 133- 139), Katros istakq I-osios, Dubiciq 3-iosios A sluoksnyje (zr. p. 99).

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Zalvario amziaus strCliq antgaliai, tc;sdami ncolito tradicijas, vis delto igijo tik siam laikotarpiui bCldingll bruozq: tai kanaleliq pavidalo retusas, smailios atsakos, profiliuotos briaunos. IS Pietq Europos plito ir zalvarinius megdziojantys trikampiai antgaliai su itvara (Juodagalvis, 1998a).

IS neolito ir dar sencsniq epochq paveldetieji dirbiniq tipai, kaip gremztukai, rcztukai, issiskiria stambumu, geru apdirbimu, kartais ypatingesncmi~ formomis. OvalLis titnago kirveliai taip pat pavel-deti is senesniq kultunl. Taciau ir Barzdzio misko, ir Margiq l-osios, Papiskiq 4-osios ir Dubiciq Salaitcs kirvcliai buvo bent sick tick gludinti. TaCiau elgdamiesi neatsargiai zmones juos apdauzydavo ir pataisydavo nebe gludindami, 0 is naujo I1Llskel-dami. Todel daznai to pirminio gludinimo tik zyme likusi. Tiktai Dusios 8-osios gyvenvietCs (zr. p. 261) kirveliai ne ncbandyti gludinli.

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Siuo laikotarpiu ypating

puosiami duobutemis, virvcli4 jspaudais, uzbruks-niuot4 trikampi4 jraizomis. lr titnago dirbiniuosc daugiau archaisk4 bruoz4: skcltes dalijamos mikrorcztuko tcchnika, ovaWs kirviai ncgludinami, dar vartojami lancctai ir trapccijos, nors salimais ir trikampiai antgaliai su jkotemis, ir ialvarine ivijele (zr. p. 256, 270).

Skiriasi ir viaurines Pict4 Lictuvos dalics pamink-lai, kur matyti jtakos is Narvos kulturos sritics, pvz., Papiski4 4-ojojc gyvcnvictejc (Braza itis, 1998). Nors ji yra titnago turtingojc Lictuvos dalyjc, taCiau titnagas

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taip naudojamas, kaip ir ncturtingojc Siaures rytl! Lictuvojc. Ruosiniai daugiau ia amorfines nuoskalos, skcliamos nuo diskinio skaldytinio. TodCl daug demc io skiriama antriniam apdirbimui - ploksCiam rctusui, gludinimui. 0 kcramika artima vclyvosios Narvos kulturos kcramikai.

Artejant j II t-mccio pr. Kr. vidurj, visa Vidurio Europos siaure patcko j tarpkulturiny Tscincco tradicijl! zanij (Gardawski, 1968; Miskicwicz, 1978; KpblBaJTbueBJ!

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Wclindcr S., 1998 - Pre-Neolithic Farming in the Skandinavian Peninsula /1 Harvesting the Sea, Farming the Forest. Sheffield. 1998, p. 165- 173.

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fpaYIlolllfe H . .H., 1980 - WTpIIXOnaJlJla51 Kepa-~IlIKa lIa TeppllTOplll1 JTaTl3lliicKOii CCP II JleKOTOpblC nonpOChl JTJlOrCIIC3a 6a~Toll I I vb IlpeBJleilwef.i IICTOPl1l1 6aJITCKlIX JlapoJ.ol3 no IlaJlllblM apXCOJlonJlI H allTpono-non Ill. PlIra, 1980, p. 59-69.

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TCJlenm ,ll . .H., 1966 - IlcoJllITlI'leCKlIe CT05J1IKII THna CTPYMCJI5I-faCHITIIJla cel3epJloii KIICI3WIlJlbl II ,llpeBJlOCTl! 6eJlopyccIIIl. MIJlICK. 1966, p. 63- 67.

TeJlerill ,ll" 1968 - ,llllinpo-,llOJleUKa KyJlbTypa. KHil3. 1968.

LJapll5lycKi M. M., 1979 - IleaJllIT 6e.1apycKara naJleMOlll151. MiJlcK. 1979, p. 55-60.

t.lapll5lYcKi M. M., KaJIC'lbIU A. r., 1997 -ApxeoJlofll51 6eJlapyci. T, Ka~leJlJlbl i 6POJl30Bbl I351Ki. MiJlcK. 1997.

NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE IN SOUTH LITHU IA

SUMMARY

The appearance of ceramics along with the Mesolithic flint artefacts is a distinguishing feature of the Mesolithicl eolithic Age. Changes of the forms of economy in sandy Stone Age settlements of South Lithuania are orten intangible, whereas the appearance of ceramics is at least evident. Besides, ceramics marks also other changes, namely, a settled way of life. It is a common knowledge that under different circumstances people belonging to the same culture earn their living by dilTerent forms of economy. IIowever, the main fea-tures of a culture do not change.

emunas culture was the dominating one in the eolithic and Early Bronze Age which lasted about two

millennia (the middle of the fourth millennium BC-the middle of the second millennium BC). It coexisted with a few cultures brought by mobile newcomers. Nemunas culture changed as a result of natural devel-opment and the influence of other cultures.

Neolithic emunas culture was spread in the upper-course area of the Nemunas River. In the south this area was bordered by the Pripet River (Belarus), in the west (Kaliningrad district and northeastern Poland) it had adapted new features from the Narva and Funnel Bea-ker culture and was called Zedmar type culture. The earliest emunas culture ceramics (Fig. 1) was made from clay mass with purely organic temper. The pots had wide mouths, were lillIe profiled, with pointed bases and dccorated with pinches and primitive impressions (Dubiciai 3, layer B, Margiai I, layer C). The flint artefacts were of Mesolithic type. They should be re-

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lated with the influence from the south - the Dnieper -Donetsk cultural region. From the Volga upper-course cultural area in the cast there came an influence which resulted in a thin-walled ceramics ornamented with thrusted pinches and other sorts of small impressions (Versminis I, Ezerynas ~3).

Already in the Early eolithic Age clay mass was prepared with mineral temper.

Middle eolithic emuna~ culture (Fig. 2) is distin-guished by a more strongly profiled form of pots, more abundant mineral tempers (particularly those or crushed quartzite) and peculiar ornaments - knobs on the pot neck, checkwork, lines of grain-shaped incisions, terrace stripes. Among flint artefacts there appeared triangular spearheads made of blades.

At the end of the Middle Neolithic Age in Belarus and northeastern Poland there appeared tribes of Globu-lar Amphora culture. They settled in the neighbourhood of the local people with whom they evidently kept not only exchange relations but exogamic relations as well. They introduced clements of productive economy in Southern Lithuania. The types and ornaments of their ceramics influenced Late Neolithic emunas culture (Fig. 3).

At the end of the eolithic Age Southern Lithuania was inhabited by small family communities of Corded Ware Baltic Coastal culture. They used temporarily to occupy the abandoned homesteads of local inhabitants situated around lakes. Such homesteads usually had only

v

one fire-place (Sakes, Dubiciai ~, Margiai I). The new

,

comers had entirely different customs, though their Illode of subsistence was the same as that of the locals (fishing and hunting). The newcomers were culturally advanced people. They had different vessels produced from a spe-cial different density clay mass. Their pots had peculiar ornaments and forms (Fig. 4). They lived as separate fami-lies but evidently communicated with the local popula-tion, what is proved by mutual influence obvious in some small settlements (Lynupis, Kubilcliai).

The beginning of the Bronze Age (the first quarter of the second millennium BC) was marked by an invasion of various phenomena that were spreading throughout Europe. They merged with local cultures, producing vari-ous new cultural groups which are diflicult to indentify, because many ideas were common for the whole Europe. The artefacts found throughout Europe revealed that flint articles had undergone considerable changes: they had obtained larger dimensions (knives-sickles, daggers), tri-angular spearheads had profiled edges, very pointed wings, the technique o( stemmed blades had become ob-solete. There appeared artefacts imitating bronzl.: ones. Flint axes were at least partly ground. Stone axes with a shaft-hole became rather popular. There were many spe-cial tools designed for working bone artefacts and jewellery. Bronze artefacts were almost absent.

Ceramics still bore distant reflections of Nemunas culture, namely, crushed quartzite and organic temper in the clay mass. There survived some motifs of eolithic ornaments. However, the prevailing motifs were inhertited (rom the Globular Amphora and Trzciniec cycles (Fig. 5). The (orm of pots represented a continu-ation of all eolithic cultures. They were as follows: S-shaped with a profiled neck, tulip-shaped funnel bea-kers, beakers with notches on the neck, a bucket-shaped pot (Barzdis, Margiai ], Dusia).

In about the middle of the second millennium BC, the Bronze Agc culture in Lithuania fell to separate cultural groups distinguished by some developed fea-ture of ceramics. In the southern part of Middle Lithuania, including part of South Lithuania, we can

• dist i ngu ish a group of so-ca I',ed Zal ioji type cult ure char-acterized by a rather simple and uniform ceramics. The clay mass had coarse mineral temper. Only three forms of pots were known (Fig. 6). The surface of pots was slightly brushed, without ornaments. They were perhaps the last representatives of the Globular Amphora and

• Corded Ware cultures (Zalioji, Bratoniskcs, Darsuniskis). This is one of the groups that participated in the devclopment of Brushed Pottery culture in the Roman Iron Age.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. t. Main shapes and ornamentation of Early Neolithic Nemunas culture pottery (according to the finds of Dubiciai 3, layer B) Fig 2. Main shapes and ornamentation of Early

eolithic Nemunas culture pottery (according to the finds of Margiai I, layer B) Fig 3. Main hapes of Globular Amphora culture pot-tery and ornamentation (according to the finds in Belarus)

~

Fig. 4. Main shapes and ornamentation of Corded Ware •

culture pottery (according to the finds of Sakes and Dubiciai 2) Fig 5. Main shapes and ornamentation of the beginning of the Bronze Age (according to the finds of Barzdis settlement)

• Fig. 6. Shapes of Zalioji-Bratoniskes type pottery

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