Abstract Book JCDMCOP Final (1)

IPGA Welfare Trust Sponsored Nationl Seminar “CURRENT TRENDS IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH” IPGA Welfare Trust Sponsored Nationl Seminar “CURRENT TRENDS IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH”

JAN NAYAK CH. DEVI LAL MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, SIRSA-125055, HARYANA

3/12/2011

Organized by: Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Barnala Road, Sirsa-125055, Haryana.

IPGA

WELFARE

TRUST

SPONSORED

NATIONAL SEMINAR

“CURRENT TRENDS IN PHARMACEUTICAL

EDUCATION AND RESEARCH”



Source of Inspiration

Man of The Masses

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Ji

(25.09.1914 – 06.04.2001)



ABOUT JAN NAYAK CH. DEVI LAL MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF

PHARMACY

JCDM College of Pharmacy is a pioneer institute in providing Pharmaceutical Education in India. The college offers

B.Pharmacy and M.Pharmacy programs approved by AICTE & PCI, New Delhi. The college is affiliated to Pt. B.

D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak. The Pharmacy programs at JCDM College of Pharmacy are

grounded in continuous quality improvement with greater emphasis on the integration of a strong science foundation

with the professional skills required for successful pharmacy practice. JCDM College of Pharmacy embodies a spirit

of community in which cooperation, trust, and mutual respect are valued elements. The college has an excellent

infrastructure, well-experienced faculty, well equipped Pharmaceutics, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and

Pharmacognosy laboratories of International standards and as per the norms of AICTE and PCI, New Delhi. The

major facilities available at JCDM College of Pharmacy include Central instrumental facility (CIF), Medicinal

Garden, Animal House, Museums etc. The major thrust areas of research activities being carried out in the college

are Nanotechnology Drug Delivery, Molecular Modeling in Drug Designing, Medicinal Chemistry and

Phytochemistry.

COURSES OFFERED:

Name of the

Course

Discipline No. of

Seats

Approved by

B. Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences 60 AICTE and PCI, New Delhi

M. Pharmacy Pharmaceutics 18 AICTE, New Delhi

M. Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Chemistry 18 AICTE, New Delhi

M. Pharmacy* Pharmacology 18 AICTE, New Delhi

M. Pharmacy* Pharmaceutical Management and

Regulatory Affairs

18 AICTE, New Delhi

* Expected to start w.e.f. the academic session 2011-12

Besides the main aim of providing Pharmaceutical education, the college is involved in social activities in

surrounding villages and towns to educate the people about prevalent and common diseases, awareness about safe

use of drugs, common or home remedies for treatment of different illnesses. The college is providing knowledge

about various generic and branded medicines available in the market, the side-effects of consuming drugs without

prescription, drug interactions, drug and alcohol abuse etc. The college is regularly organizing National level

seminars and workshops, blood donation camps, and other health related events for the concern and benefits of

people. JCDM College of Pharmacy has four full-fledged Departments with state of the art facilities and well

experienced faculty members.



DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS

Course work: Design, formulation, and characterization of different dosage forms like Tablets, Capsules,

Injectables, Syrups, Cosmetics, etc.

Facilities: Rotary multipunch tablet making machine (16-station), Tablet coating pans, Tray Dryers, Capsule filling

machine, Ball Mill, Micropulvenizer, Deionizer, Filter press, Venturi meter, Bottle sealing machine, bottle filling

machine, Bulk density apparatus, ointment filling machine, Tincture press, Double cone blender, Ampoule clarity

test apparatus, Ampoule filling and sealing machine, Homogenizers, Dissolution test apparatus, Disintegration test

apparatus, Ultrasonicator, Aseptic room, Laminar air flow, Autoclaves, Silverson emulsifier, Electronic and

Analytical balances, pH meters, Colloid mills, B. O. D. incubators, Triple distillation water assembly.

Thrust areas of Research: Nanotechnology, New drug delivery systems, Gene delivery, Pre-formulation studies

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Course work: Design, Synthesis and Analysis of Drug Molecules.

Facilities: Linux based OS for Molecular Modeling, Flame photometer, Fluorimeter, Potentiometer, Colorimeters,

pH meters, Melting point apparatus, Distillation assemblies, Electronic and Analytical balances, Kipps apparatus,

Moisture balance.

Thrust areas of Research: Structure based drug design, QSAR (Linear and Non-linear), Pharmacophore modeling,

Virtual screening, Bioinformatics, Medicinal chemistry.

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY

Course work: Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Screening, Extraction and isolation of secondary plant

metabolites and Standardization of herbal drugs, Plant tissue culture.

Facilities: Paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, Preparative Thin layer chromatography, Thin layer

chromatographic chambers, Soxhlet apparatus, Clevenger’s apparatus, Simple microscope and compound

microscopes, Camera lucida, Distillation assembelies, Shaker, UV Chamber, Slides Projector, Charts related to

microscopy and morphology of medicinal drugs, Microtome, Weighing balances, Furnace, Hot air ovens, Plant

tissue culture facility.

Thrust areas of Research: Phytochemistry (Isolation, identification of naturally active plant metabolites),

Pharmacognostic standardization of Herbal drugs, Plant tissue culture.

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

Course work: Pharmacological studies of different drug molecules on various disease models like pain,

inflammation, muscle-relaxant properties, convulsions, anxiety etc.

Facilities: Actophotometer, Rota-rod, Analgesiometer, Langendorff’s, Organ bath, Elevated plus maze,

Plethysmograph, Eddie’s hot plate, Electorconvulsiometer, Poll climbing apparatus.

Thrust areas of research: Neuropharmacological studies, cardiovascular studies, Diabetic studies, anti-inflammatory

studies.



CENTRAL FACILITIES

• Central Instrumental Facility (CIF): High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Double beam UV-VIS

Spectrophotometer, Fourie-Transform Infra-red Spectrophotometer, Flame photometer, Fluorimeter,

Potentiometer, Colorimeters, Kjheldal’s apparatus, Microbalances, Karl- Fischer apparatus, De-ionizer,

Ultrasonicator, Ultracentrifuge, Rotavapor, pH meter, Gel electrophoresis, Spectrofluorimeter, Binocular

microscopes.

• Library: The college library is well-stocked with more than 7000 scientific and technical reference books,

text books covering all areas of pharmaceutical sciences, possesses more than 20 technical national and

international journals, magazines, and newspapers. The Library has also the access to many national and

international online journals. An ample space in the library provides a cozy environment to the students for

studies.

• Medicinal Garden: Planted with more than 150 plants of medicinal importance.

• Animal House: With centralized temperature control facility.

• Computer Lab: Installed with Intel Core2 duo processors, LAN and Wi-fi facility, Scanner, Windows and

Linux OS, Laser Printers, software for statistical analysis like Sigmaplot, SPSS, X-Pharmacology for

virtual pharmacology experiments, Chemical structure editing tools etc.

• Industrial Visit: To acquaint the students with the real Industrial environment, collaborative arrangements

have been developed with the industrial organizations. From time to time industrial visits are arranged so

that students can get exposure to operational activities of various organizations.

• Herbal tours: To familiarize the students with vast medicinal potential of Indian flora, educational tours are

being organized for different Indian habitats enriched with natural medicinal plants.

• Training and Placement Cell: To cater the needs of rapidly growing Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, an

active Training and Placement Cell has been established at a central level of JCD Vidyapeeth, which

regularly invites MNCs and National companies for the campus interviews to train and place our budding

pharmacy professionals.



Dr. Ajay Singh Chautala, MLA

Chairman

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Vidyapeeth, Sirsa

It is a matter of great satisfaction for us that JCDM College of Pharmacy is conducting a National Seminar

on ‘Current trends in Pharmaceutical Education & Research’, on 12th March, 2011.

The seminar would no doubt give a boost to the ongoing research in the field of Pharmacy by providing

platform to teachers, scientists, industrialists and students for establishing a healthy and professional interaction. It

will not only help in updating knowledge but also in understanding recent advances in Pharmaceutical sciences and

establishing benchmarks in health care.

I extend my best wishes to all team members and the participants for the success of the event.

Dr. Ajay Singh Chautala



Sh. Maninder Paul Singh Brar

Vice-Chairman


I feel immense pleasure to note that JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa is organizing a National Seminar

entitled ‘Current trends in Pharmaceutical Education & Research’, on 12th March, 2011.

I welcome all eminent speakers and delegates in this event. This interaction would keep us as a long way in

the development of this noble profession. I extend my best wishes to the Principal and his team for their sincere

efforts to make the event memorable and successful.

I wish this seminar a great success.

Maninder Paul Singh Brar



Dr. Shamim Sharma

Executive Director


I am glad to learn that JCDM College of Pharmacy is hosting an IPGA Sponsored National Seminar on the

theme ‘‘Current trends in Pharmaceutical Education & Research’’ on 12th March, 2011.

Pharmacists are the key stakeholders in the delivery of Health Care to the society. Keeping in view the vital role of

Pharmacists within the total health care equation, the theme chosen for the seminar is of utmost importance, as it

will provide an excellent platform for the professionals in the field to interact and share their knowledge because in

my opinion sharing knowledge paves the way for creating and innovating knowledge.

I am sure the eminent scholars and professionals participating in the seminar will deliberate upon the form

new strategies for drug discovery and formulation development and thus add a new chapter to their service to

mankind.

I extend my best wishes for the success of this venture.

Dr. Shamim Sharma



Mr. Atul Kumar Nasa

President –IPGA

Managing Trustee-IPGA Welfare Trust

It is a matter of great pride and immense pleasure to note JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa alongwith IPGA

Welfare Trust has organized a National seminar and scientific event on the theme “Current Trends in

Pharmaceutical Education & Research”.

It is heartening to note that the Organizing Committee has chosen a right theme for the present scenario of the

pharmaceutical sciences, as the pharmaceutical companies and pharmacists are playing a major role in the health

care profession of our country. I also note that the conference would have plenary sessions and panel discussions

for the benefit of the participants.

As the Managing Trustee of IPGA Welfare Trust I welcome the participants and wish the conference a grand

success.

Atul K. Nasa



Dr. Viney Lather

Chairman, Organizing Committee


The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a leading science-based industry with wide ranging capabilities in

the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. Rapidly growing Indian Pharma Industry has opened the

doors for the MNC players to bring global blockbusters in the Indian market. Many of these MNCs are collaborating

with Indian companies, which offer as much as 30% to 50% savings in total drug discovery and development costs.

Recent amendments to India's patent laws have also made India more attractive as a drug discovery destination.

JCDM College of Pharmacy is producing the young talented professionals looking to meet the challenges

and standards of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. The institute is now looking to place itself amongst some of the top

research institutes. Best-in-class facilities, faculty, and team efforts will put us there very soon.

This one day seminar at JCDM College of Pharmacy aims up in bringing the eminent academicians,

researchers, and industry personal to share their experiences with the students, research scholars and faculty

members of various academic institutes in India. The Seminar has been planned in a view to focus on the current

areas of Pharmaceutical research emphasizing on Drug Discovery and Development, NDDS, Nanotechnology,

Phytochemistry, IPR, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Biotechnology, Clinical research etc. The

seminar offers an opportunity to research scholars and students, of exchanging knowledge with eminent researchers

and Professors in Pharmaceutical Sciences and related fields of biotechnology.

I extend my warm welcome to all delegates and participants who have come all the way for attending this

seminar. We would like to thank all the invited speakers, who have agreed to spare their valuable time and come to

share their experiences. It is my pleasure to highlight the worthy contribution and immense efforts of my entire team

at JCDM College of Pharmacy to make this seminar a great success.

Dr. Viney Lather



Dr. Deepti Pandita

Convener


There seems no limit to research,

for as been truly said,

the more the sphere of knowledge grows,

the larger becomes the surface of contact with the unknown.

Sir William Cecil Dampier

Welcome... to the IPGA Welfare Trust sponsored National Seminar on “Current Trends in Pharmaceutical

Education and Research”, March 12, 2011, at JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa.

This National seminar takes a highly applied and practical focus. In a period when research and

development has become a vital part of science and medicine it is imperative to keep up with the latest trends,

technologies and tools. The aim of this seminar is to provide a platform for students, eminent academicians and

researchers, with an interesting mix of highly focused & streamed scientific sessions, debates and poster

presentations. It is an academic seminar, focussing primarily on the presentation of research findings.

I hope that all the delegates will be able to use the seminar as an opportunity to meet researchers from all

parts of India and beyond, to gain new impetus to take their own research endeavours forward in the future, and to

foster new relationships and friendships.

I would like to thank Indian Pharmacy Graduates’ Association (IPGA) Welfare Trust and Mr. Atul K.

Nasa, President, IPGA for their support.

I extend my thanks to the entire team at JCDM College of Pharmacy to make this seminar a great success.

On behalf of the college and organizing committee, I wish to thank all our contributors and well wishers.

Dr. Deepti Pandita



ORGANIZING COMMITTEEORGANIZING COMMITTEEORGANIZING COMMITTEEORGANIZING COMMITTEE

CHIEF PATRONS:CHIEF PATRONS:CHIEF PATRONS:CHIEF PATRONS: Dr. Ajay Singh Chautala, Chairman, JCD Vidyapeeth, Sirsa

Sh. Maninder Pal Singh Brar, Vice-Chairman, JCD Vidyapeeth, Sirsa

PATRONPATRONPATRONPATRON: : : : Dr. Shamim Sharma, Executive Director, JCD Vidyapeeth, Sirsa

CHAIRMANCHAIRMANCHAIRMANCHAIRMAN: : : : Dr. Viney Lather, Principal, JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

CONVENERCONVENERCONVENERCONVENER: : : : Dr. Deepti Pandita, Assoc. Prof., JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

ORGANIZING SECRETARIESORGANIZING SECRETARIESORGANIZING SECRETARIESORGANIZING SECRETARIES:::: Mr. Ashish Singla, Mr. Dharmender Rathee

COCOCOCO----ORDINATORSORDINATORSORDINATORSORDINATORS: : : : Mr. Anuj Kumar, Ms. Deepti, Ms. Monika Singh

MEMBERS: MEMBERS: MEMBERS: MEMBERS: Mr. Bharat Bhushan, Mr. Sukhbir Singh, Mr. Amit Girdhar,

Ms. Shakuntla, Mr. Vikas Bansal, Mr. Ashwani Kumar,

Mr. Manish Dev Indoria, Mr. Naveen Kumar Goyal

TREASURERTREASURERTREASURERTREASURER: : : : Mr. Deepak Bishnoi



PROGRAMME

TIME EVENTS

7:30- 8:30 Seminar Registration

8:30- 9:00 Inauguration by

Dr. Shamim Sharma

Executive Director, JCD Vidyapeeth, Sirsa

9:00- 9:30 Breakfast

SCIENTIFIC SESSION-1

Chairpersons- Dr. Farhan J. Ahmed, Prof. N. Mahadevan

9:30- 10:15 Academic Talk

Prof. A. K. Madan

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma Univ. of Health Sciences,

Rohtak


Prof. M. N. Noolvi

ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela, Punjab


Chairpersons- Prof. A. K. Madan, Prof. M. N. Noolvi


Dr. Farhan J. Ahmed

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi


Dr. Asmita Gajbhiye

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar, M. P.

12:05- 12:35 Poster Evaluation-I

12:35- 1:30 Lunch


Chairpersons- Prof. S. K. Gehlawat, Dr. Deepti Pandita


Dr. Gaurav Jain

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi


Mr. Sanjay Gupta

Catalyst Clinical Services Ltd., New Delhi


Dr. Raj Kumar Salar

Dept. of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa




Chairpersons- Dr. Viney Lather, Dr. Yash Paul Singla

3:00- 3:45 Industrial Talk

Mr. B.P. Bhaskara

Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., India


Prof. S. K. Gehlawat

Dept. of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa

4:15- 4:45 Oral Presentation / Poster Evaluation-II

4:45- 5:00 Tea Break

5:00- 5:30 Valedictory Function

5:30- 6:30 Cultural Programme



SCIENTIFIC TALKS



PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: CURRENT STATUS & FUTURE TRENDS

Prof. A. K. Madan

Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak 124-001

Pharmaceutical industry is undergoing drastic changes owing to globalization and sharp decline in the revenues due

to patents expiration tsunami. Moreover, very few new drugs are currently in the pipeline due complex and

expensive drug discovery process. Ever increasing cost of drug and wastage of time has led the scientists to follow a

systematic approach for development of new drugs with desired pharmacological efficacy, safety and clinical utility.

Presently it requires about US $ 1 Billion and a time span of more than 10 years so as to introduce a new drug

molecule into the market and that too with a success rate of only 10%. As a consequence very few companies are

now willing to invest in new drug discovery process.

Though the emergence of new economies like China, India, Russia and Mexico has led to expansion of markets in

the pharmaceutical sector but the majority of the demand will be for generics. As a consequence the very set up of

pharmaceutical industry is rapidly changing at global level. However, the future is highly promising for Indian

pharmaceutical industry. According to recent estimates the Indian pharmaceutical sector is the world's second-

largest by volume and in all probability, leads the manufacturing sector in India. Though India currently holds a

modest share of only 1-2% in the global market, but it has been rapidly growing at approximately 10% per year.

India has also gained its strong foothold in the new global scenario with its innovatively engineered generic drugs

and active pharmaceutical ingredients.

According to recent survey the Indian pharmaceutical industry now ranks 14th in terms of value at over a whooping

Rs. 1 trillion. Just like any other industry, the Indian pharmaceutical industry also has to face several challenges

such as regulatory issues, absence of proper infrastructure, under-qualified or inexperienced professionals apart from

expensive research instruments among several others. However, they can be resolved through proper and systematic

planning. Exports have also contributed to the accelerated growth of the pharmaceutical industry in India. Export

has become a major driving force for growth in this industry with over 50 % revenue coming from the overseas

markets. The export of drugs is presently estimated to be $8.25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of

India, set up by the Government of India.

India is rapidly emerging as a centre for pharmaceutical manufacturing outsourcing and contractual research. With

several multinational companies slated to make huge investments in India, the future scenario of the pharmaceutical

industry looks highly promising. There seems to be a tremendous potential for further growth considering the rate at

which the pharmaceutical industry is growing.



USE OF SPECTROCOPY IN DRUG DESIGNING

Dr. Malleshappa N. Noolvi

Computer Aided Drug Design and Discovery Lab, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM College of

Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar)-140111, Punjab

Drug discovery is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of the biological target.

The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule which activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecules

such as a protein which in turn results in a therapeutic benefit to the patient. In the most basic sense, drug discovery

involves design of small molecules that are complementary in shape and charge to the bimolecular target to which

they interact and therefore will bind to it. As experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography and NMR,

develop the amount of information concerning 3D structures of bimolecular targets has increased dramatically. In

parallel, information about the structural dynamics and electronic properties about ligands has also increased. Drug

discovery is an important step in research and development area. To succeed in this era one should understand the

interpretation of spectral data, which is crucial key step for getting success in drug discovery. This has encouraged

the rapid development of the structure-based drug design. Once the drug target is characterized, initial hits have to

be found. Several spectroscopical techniques are applicable for this purpose such as UV, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR,

Mass etc. The lecture is planned to understand how to approach for interpretation of new hits using UV, IR and

NMR spectral data with outstanding example.



APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HERBAL CONSTITUENTS

Dr Farhan J. Ahmad

Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062

E-mail: [email protected], Tel: 911126059688, M:9810720387

Nano technology is a multidisciplinary field, which recently has emerged as one of the most promising field in drug

therapy. Nano technology is definitely a medical boon for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of several diseases. It

supports and expands the scientific advances in genomic and proteomics. The various nanotechnological approaches

we have adopted in converting herbal constituents in the nanoform and their application is discussed here, we have

converted many herbal constituents and evaluated them for variety of afflictions and indications in animal models.

In order to prepare nanoherbal formulations we have selected certain medicinally important herbal compounds like

curcumin, Berberine, Piperine & Artemisinin. These compounds were encapsulated in polymeric micelles of

biocompatible polymers and were characterized by DLS (Dynamic light Scattering), TEM (Transmission electron

micrograph), IR and NMR which confirms a highly mono disperse size distribution less then of 50nm range. These

polymers not only keep these compounds in nano range but also enhance their stability against pH and temperature.

These herbal compounds loaded polymeric micelles were made targetable to the desired site in the body by coating

their surfaces with suitable surfactants or chemical moieties.

Nanocurcumin showed comparable in-vivo therapeutic efficacy to free curcumin in animal model for liver cirrhosis,

brain stroke and visceral leshmaniasis.

Similarly Berberine, Piperine & Artemisinin were also converted to nanoform and found to be effective in animal

models of visceral leshmaniasis.



GREEN CHEMISTRY IN THE ACADEMIC LABORATORY

Dr. Asmita Gajbhiye

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar, M. P.

Green Chemistry is defined as invention, design, development and application of Chemical products and processes

to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of substances hazardous to human health and environment. This

paper suggests modifications of the hazardous laboratory experiments, currently practiced in our academic

laboratory. Traditional methods of organic synthesis are orders of magnitude too slow to satisfy the demands for

these compounds. The efficiency of microwave flash-heating chemistry in dramatically reducing reaction times

(reduced from days and hours to minutes and seconds)has recently been proven in several different fields of organic

chemistry. The time saved by using microwaves is potentially important in traditional organic synthesis but could be

of even greater importance in high speed combinatorial and medicinal chemistry. Synthetic methods should be

designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final products. It is always better

to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. Green chemistry experiments not only provides a

wider view of various techniques but also imbibes inquest in innovative minds for future development and growth of

the subject in general. Wherever possible and feasible, the conventional process should be replaced with the greener

ones to transmit the message of this issue.



DEVELOPING RESEARCH PLANS: DESIGNING CARRIERS FOR OCULAR DELIVERY

Dr. Gaurav K Jain

Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062

Designing research plans at M. Pharm or Ph.D stage is amalgamation of both art and science. The presentation

focuses on how a research work could be decided and planned utilizing ocular delivery as an example. The

responsiveness towards conventional ophthalmic formulations is limited and most fail to correct the underlying

problem. The main reasons for these limitations are biopharmaceutical as well as pharmacological problems related

to the special characteristic of the eye that restricts drug bioavailability. Within the last few decades, in response to

the advent of potent and versatile therapeutic agents, the diversity of conventional ophthalmic formulations has

gradually evolved, extending well beyond simple solutions, and now includes a variety of types of drug

administration. The presentation explores the evolution of ocular carriers, their functional activity and development

strategies, uptake pathways and molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic activities. This presentation summarizes

experimental results from our group and others to deliver drugs to different locations in the eye. Information and

discussions summarized in this presentation should facilitate researchers in preparing their research plans.



CLINICAL RESEARCH: AN EMERGING CAREER AVENUE FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS

Mr. Sanjay Gupta

Director-Clinical Operations, Catalyst Clinical Services Pvt. Ltd.

Email: [email protected]

Clinical Research is an indispensable part of drug discovery process to ensure the safety and efficacy of a new drug.

Clinical trials are the mainstay for bringing out new drugs to the market and constitute approximately 70% of the

total time and money spent in overall drug development. Typically it takes approximately 12 years and 800 million

US$ to bring one new drug from conception to market out of which 6-7 years are spent in various phases of clinical

trials. It is the most expensive and time-consuming component of the drug development process.

India is fast emerging as a preferred destination for the conduct of global clinical trials as there is an inherent

advantage of cost, speed and quality. The value of clinical trials outsourced to India is soaring high and is expected

to reach US$2 billion by the year 2012. With nearly 50-60% cost saving associated with conducting clinical trials in

India, large number of foreign and private pharmaceutical, biotechnology and contract research organizations are

expanding their operations to Indian shores.

Being a sunrise industry it is offering exciting career avenues as well as an accelerated growth path to Pharmacy

students (B.Pharm, M.Pharm) and more number of students are opting it is a preferred career option. However, still

a vast majority of B.Pharm students are unaware of this emerging stream and are unable to think beyond the

conventional career options of Sales (Medical Representative) and Production (Production Executive). While only a

handful can qualify for higher studies (M.Pharm, MBA, PhD) due to limited number of seats, majority of them are

left with no option except for joining the sales or production. Now, they can explore clinical research as a new and

rewarding career option thereby enhancing the overall employability.

Career Path for Pharmacy Post-Graduates/Graduates in Clinical Research

Generally, entry level positions of Clinical Research Coordinator or Clinical Research Associate is offered to post-

graduates/graduates from Pharmacy stream. However, the professional growth in this field is very rapid and a person

can attain a senior level position in a short span of time. Though clinical research is becoming a lucrative career

option for pharmacy post graduates and graduates, an unmet need of clinical research training exists at the

curriculum level. Recent trends in clinical research industry are suggestive of employment preference to the

personnel having a basic orientation and certification of clinical research. Since, pharmacy curriculum is fairly

exhaustive and only a basic knowledge and certification of clinical research is required to enter into clinical research

filed, I advise all the aspirants to consider following points while selecting a clinical research training

program/Institute:

1. Optimal duration of training program (3-6 months),

2. Fee of training program in terms of its worth and employability,



3. Reliability of the training program/Institute in terms of years of existence, quality of training and relevant

industry experience of the core faculty,

4. Number of participants who have successfully completed the training program and got employed in the

clinical research industry.

Conclusion

Ethical companies set globally consistent standards and conduct trials only in the countries where GCP compliance

is assured. The foundation of knowledge-based industries in India was laid down by the Information Technology

industry and clinical research is fast following the footsteps to become the next sunrise industry. In conclusion, I re-

iterate the relevance of clinical research profession to pharmacy students as a rewarding career option having an

unmatched professional growth.



GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE AND CLINICAL STEPS IN BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY CONDUCT

Mr. B. P. Bhaskara

Clinical Pharmacology Unit (CPU), NOIDA

Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, India

A basic knowledge of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is essential for any individual who aspires to pursue their career

in clinical research or who want to conduct research involving human subjects. GCP describes Principles of GCP,

Responsibilities of Investigators, Institutional Review Board, Monitors and Sponsors in clinical research.

Clinical Steps in Bioequivalence studies: Bioequivalence is a relative term which denotes that the drug substance in

two or more identical dosage forms, reaches the systemic circulation at the same relative rate and to the same

relative extent i.e their plasma concentration time profiles will be identical without significant statistical differences.

Bioequivalence studies are those studies which determine the equivalence between the test product (product under

investigation) and the reference product (innovator product which is already in market for use) using in vivo and/or

in vitro approaches. These studies are conducted to evaluate the possibility of alternative use of them. Once the test

product is proved to be in equivalence with the reference product Pharmaceutical Company apply for marketing

approval. Before a marketing approval is given, particular regulatory review the source documents, raw data and

clinical study report (all these are the documents/records generated during a bioequivalence study). Once it is found

that the studies are conducted, reported, recorded and monitored as per GCP and applicable regulatory requirements,

pharmaceutical company will get a regulatory approval to market their products. This presentation speaks about the

clinical procedures (like recruitment of volunteers to volunteer bank, Screening of volunteers for the suitability,

Admission of subjects in to bioequivalence studies, confinement, restrictions, administration of investigational

products, biological sample collection, safety aspects and discharge of the subjects) that are followed during the

conduct of bioequivalence studies in any of the Clinical Pharmacology Unit.



ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACY

Prof. S.K. Gahlawat

Department of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa

RNA interference, DNA Microarray, Bioinformatics and recombinant DNA technology is now routinely used in

pharmaceutical industry. RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by

which double stranded RNA (dsRNA), when introduced into a cell, causes sequence-specific degradation of

homologous mRNA sequences. RNAase III enzyme (Dicer) process the dsRNA into 21-23nt short interfering RNA

(siRNA) with 2-nt 3' overhangs. This technology is used in inhibition of HIV type 1, HPV and Human cervical

carcinoma cells treatment.

Microarray is the most attractive application in which differential gene expressions were studied in relation to

pathogens. It will identify genes that are turned on in vitro but not at the site of infection in vivo, and vice versa—

and those genes that are only turned on during infection in vivo. Identification of genes involved in conferring drug

sensitivity or resistance can be achieved easily by this technique. Pharmacogenomics is the whole genome

application of pharmacogenetics, which examines the single gene interactions with drugs and personalized medicine.

It was only possible after complete sequencing of total human genome in which drugs and drug combinations are

optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. It is used for all critical illnesses like cancer, cardio vascular

disorders, HIV, tuberculosis, asthma, and diabetes.

Recombinant DNA technology is being used in production of human Insulin, Growth Hormone, Blood Clotting

Factors and transgenic animals for pharmaceutical products.



NUTRACEUTICALS FOR HERBAL PHARMACOTHERAPY

Dr. Raj Kumar Salar

Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa – 125 055, India

Nutraceutical is a food or food product that provides health and medical benefits including the prevention and

treatment of diseases. This is an emerging field of therapy. In twenty first century, more and more people are getting

health conscious and are looking at dietary substances for preventive or curative effects. Recently, researchers and

manufacturers have become increasingly interested in nutraceuticals that may range from isolated nutrients, dietary

supplements and specific diets to genetically engineered foods, herbal products, and processed foods such as cereals,

soups, and beverages. Nutraceuticals have opened up an entirely new field for exploration and, in near future,

dietary modulation of diseases may emerge as an alternative mode of therapy. In this presentation an overview of

nutraceuticals for herbal pharmacotherapy will be presented and discussed.



ORAL PRESENTATION ABSTRACT



OP_1

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT (TPC) OF IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

RAISED TISSUE OF Ficus religiosa L.

Priyanka Siwach, Anita Rani Gill, Anita, Shilpa, Deepti

Department of Biotechnology, Ch Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana

Ficus religiosa L., commonly known as Pipal, holds a sacred place among the followers of Hinduism, Jainism and

Buddhism, and hence the name 'Sacred Fig' was specified to it. Ficus religiosa is traditionally used for about 50

types of disorders including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, ulcer, bacterial infections,

diabetes, gonorrhea, skin diseases, and inflammatory disorders, infectious and sexual disorders. Many of the

applications have been proved by different scientific studies. Various extracts prepared from different parts of the

tree have been reported to be rich in various secondary metabolites; still the tree has not been exploited

commercially for the pharmaceutical purpose. The religious holdings and social values associated with this tree

restrict its use for isolation, identification, characterization and commercial supply of secondary metabolites. Hence,

there is an urgent need for alternative source. Plant cell cultures were introduced as an important tool for studying

and producing plant secondary metabolites in the mid 1960s. The direct manipulation of plant cell and tissue culture

systems has many advantages over the conventional isolation of secondary metabolites like enhanced production of

some desired metabolites as well as production of some novel metabolite. Till now there is no report of production

of any secondary metabolite from the callus tissue of Ficus religiosa L. We carried out an extensive study for

continuous and efficient production of callus cultures from the nodal segments of a 45-50 year old Pipal tree. Now at

present we have some callus lines more than one year old which are still proliferating with very good growth rate.

We basically aimed at carrying out the biochemical characterization of the callus lines of different age, grown on

different growth conditions and comparing this profile to that of the in vivo tissue. In the present paper we report the

comparative analysis of total phenolic content of six months old callus grown on a particular growth conditions and

comparing it with that of the extracts of the stem segments of the mother plant. Extracts were prepared with solvents

(water, methanol, acetone, chloroform and benzene) in decreasing order of their polarity by taking 15 grams of dried

fine powder of each i.e. stem segments as well as callus tissue. Aqueous and methanolic extract were selected for

TPC quantification. Total phenolic content is found to be many folds more in callus cultures as compared to in vivo

source, as indicated by different quantitative tests. The paper describes a rapid, highly efficient, economical and

easier technique for extraction of secondary metabolites of this medicinally important tree which can be applied

commercially.



POSTER ABSTRACTS



P_1

DEVELOP NEW EXICIPIENT (SAGOPALM, SABUDANA)

Puniyani Gaurav, Sharma Manjula, Ahuja Naresh

Bharti Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sri Ganganagar (Raj.) 335001

We investigating the Tropicana starch will be better excipient as compare to traditionally use various starches.

Exicipients are most important life partners of all type of pharmaceutical preparations i.e. tablet, capsules, syrups

etc. Excipients are pharmacologically inactive substances used to produce the final pharmaceutical products such as

diluents for increasing the bulk of drug, binders using in granulation for tablet, disintigretors promote dissruption of

drug mass, lubricants to reducing the friction b/w tablet die punches and tablet, glidents for improving the flow of

granules, preservatives, colour, flavours for desired organoleptic properties of any compound. In today’s fashion

tablets are most widely used dosage form in the world, which contain a large number of above stated exicipients.

According to increased use of tablet, it is a great need to develop the new excipients to fulfill the requirement in

pharma market. Starch is the major excipient in tablet dosage trade as binder & disintegrator to prepare the desired

product as per requirement of patient. Starch also may be used as diluents. There are various types of starches

available in the market i.e. Maze starch, Corn starch, Potato Starch etc. Starch is the major Polysaccharide

carbohydrate obtained from various sources. Maze starch, Corn starch, Potato Starch is mostly usable starches.

Sagopalm (sabudana) is a household kitchen dish which contains a great proportion of starch, known as Tropicana

Starch, obtained from the plant Cycus revoluta, family Cycadaceae. Metroxylon sagu plant is the another major

source of Sagopalm (sabudana). Starch is extract from the pith of plant stem. Sagopalm pith consists of 6-12% of

soluble solids (dry substances), 1-3% of ash, 79-88% of starch, fibers. Commercially sago palm is produced in the

form of ‘Pearls’. Tropicana starch has various advantages over the other traditional starches. Tropicana starch paste

have high binding power; controlled as per according to need. Paste has high plasticity also i.e. the main property of

binder. In the powder form it shows better flow property over the other conventional starches. It is very less

effective by environmental humidity in powder form as compare to maze & corn starch. Due to high density it

retains less space for storage then other forms of starch. It is less sticky with body parts as compare to traditional

starches. Tropicana starch shows almost better properties in commercial form over the traditional pharmaceutical

grade starches. Bioavailability properties under research phase show good results.



P_2

MULTIPLE EMULSIONS

Amit Girdhar1, Bharat Bhushan

1, D.N. Mishra

2

1JCDM College of Pharmacy, Barnala Road, Sirsa, Haryana

2 Guru Jambheshwar University Of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana

Multiple emulsions or emulsions having ternary, quaternary, or more complex structures, have been studied since

their first description in 1925. Multiple emulsions are the poly dispersed system where the internal phase itself

contains dispersed globules which are miscible with the continuous phase. Multiple emulsions are the complex

systems and may be called “emulsions of emulsions” “double or triple emulsion” in which the miscible phase is

separated by an immiscible phase. This phase is sometimes called a “liquid membrane” which act as semi permeable

membrane through which a solute may diffuse from one part to another, hence in some disciplines multiple

emulsions are also called as ‘liquid membrane systems’. Characterization of any drug delivery system is important

both from the manufacturing & therapeutic point of view to obtain product reproducibility. Several methods

determine the multiple characters of the system while others determine the stability & efficacy are macroscopically,

macroscopically, percent drug entrapment, nuclear magnetic resonance, area of interfaces, number of globules, zeta

potential, rheological evaluation, in vitro release of drug from o/w/o emulsion, in vitro stability studies. Some of the

attempt or studies made to restore or strengthen the stability of multiple emulsions are liquid crystal stabilized

multiple emulsion, stabilization in presence of electrolytes, stabilization by forming polymeric gel, stabilization by

interfacial complexation between non-ionic surfactant and macromolecules, stearic stabilization, phase inversion

stabilization of w/o/w emulsions. As is the case for simple emulsions, multiple emulsions are thermodynamically

unstable due to the excess free energy associated with the surface of the emulsion droplets. The excess surface free

energy arises as a result of the cohesive forces between the molecules of an individual liquid being greater than the

adhesive forces between the liquids. Multiple emulsions are often stabilized using a combination of hydrophilic and

hydrophobic surfactants. The ratio of these surfactants is important in achieving stable multiple emulsions.

Applications of Multiple Emulsions: Prolonged & controlled drug delivery, Targeting of drugs, Vaccine adjuvant,

Cosmetology, Masking of taste, Drug overdose treatment, Immobilization of enzymes, Extraction/ Separation of

components, As a basic preparative step for micro encapsulation, Food applications.

Future Prospective: Optimizing stability of oil membrane, Reducing the size of multiple emulsion droplets, Potential

as single unit, multiple drug encapsulated system, Targeting of the system through surface modification, Pro-

multiple emulsion formulation.



P_3

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF COUMARINS

Anil Malra, Harish Kumar, Sandeep Jain

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University Of Science & Technology,

Hisar 125001, Haryana

Coumarins are benzo-2-pyrone derivatives that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and occupy a special role

in the realm of natural and synthetic organic chemistry. The synthesis of coumarins & their derivatives has attracted

a considerable attention from medicinal chemists because of their diverse biological activities like antiviral,

anticancer, antihelmintic, hypnotic, insecticidal & as a precursor molecule in synthesis of a number of synthetic

anticoagulant agents or fluorescent brighteners in various optical devices. They have been synthesized from various

routes viz. Pechmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel, Reformatsky & Wittig reaction through conventional as well as

microwave methods employing several catalysts such as H2SO4, TFA, P2O5, AlCl3, Znl2, TiCl4, Bi(NO3)3•5H2O,

ionic liquids, sulphated zirconia, indium halides & palladium. The conventional methods suffer from several

disadvantages as they need several hours or even days to complete the reaction and also some undesired products

such as chromones may be formed during the reaction following the tedious work-up procedure. The microwave

enhanced chemical reactions in solventless system have gained popularity as they can be conducted efficiently &

rapidly to afford pure products & in quantitative yields due to greater selectivity & experimental ease of

manipulation.



P_4

CLOVE: A MEMORY ENHANCING SPICE

Deepa Khanna and Milind Parle

Pharmacology Division, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &

Technology, Hisar 125001(Haryana)

Email: 7drdeepa @ gmail.com

There has been steady rise in the number of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) all over the world.

AD is characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment and personality defects accompanied by

diffuse structural abnormalities in the brain. The main histological features of AD include slow death of brain cells

particularly cholinergic neurons, extra neuronal deposits of β-amyloid plaques & intra neuronal fibrillary tangles. A

total of 350 Swiss young and aged mice divided in 70 groups were employed in the present study. Each group

comprised of a minimum of 5 animals. Clove powder was administered for 7 consecutive days along with diet (in

the dose of 400 mg, 800 mg, and 1600 mg/kg p.o.). The memory was assessed using elevated plus maze, passive

avoidance paradigm and Hebb- William’s maze. Clove showed significant improvement in the memory of young

and aged mice as reflected by decreased TL (transfer latency),diminished TRC (time taken to reach reward chamber)

values and increased SDL (step down latency) values as compare to respective control groups. Piracetam was used

as a positive control. Furthermore, Clove reversed the amnesia induced by ethanol & diazepam. 400mg and 800

mg/kg doses of Clove powder showed significant reduction in brain acetyl cholinesterase activity and total

cholesterol levels of young and aged mice. These findings suggest that Clove appears to be a promising spice for

improving memory and it’s therapeutic potential in the management of Alzheimer’s disease may be explored.



P_5

FRIEDEL CRAFTS ACYLATION UNDER SOLVENT FREE CONDITIONS

Harish Kumar, Anil Malra, Sandeep Jain

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University Of Science & Technology,

Hisar-125001, Haryana

The Friedel Crafts Acylation are fundamental C-C bond forming reactions, most widely used reactions in variety of

fields including Pharmaceuticals, Fragrances, Polymers, Agrochemicals. These Reactions Generates Products that

are very important from synthetic, industrial & Pharmacological point of view. From last many years, Reactions are

being Carried out under reflux in the presence of Lewis acids (AlCl3, FeCl3), but catalyst requirement in more than

stoichiometric amount, failure to recovered & reused catalyst, use of excess solvent, undesirable waste production &

low product yields makes the synthetic procedure very complex & time consuming. So, There was a strong need of

an eco-friendly green protocol. Finally, after a long research, Catalytic Friedel Crafts Acylation Under Solvent free

conditions was developed. Reactions were carried out under Microwave, Solvent free conditions using Metals (Zn,

Al), Metal oxides (ZnO, TiO2), Triflic acids, Metal triflates, Trifluoro methane sulfonic acids, sulfonic acid resin,

polymer supported AlCl3, Zeolites, Envirocats, Clays, Dialkylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminates, Aluminum

dodecatungstophosphate. Microwave accelerates Friedel Crafts Acylation under solvent free conditions & have

witnessed an explosive growth. Microwave irradiation often leads to shorter reaction time, increased yields & easier

work-up matching with “Green Chemistry” protocols. The availability of several publications in the literature clearly

indicates the impact of microwave assisted Friedel Crafts Acylation Reaction in Organic Synthesis &

Pharmaceutical industry.



P_6

DENDRIMERS AS THERAPEUTIC NANO-DEVICES

Mohit Batra, Rahul Nainwani, Mr. Amit Jain, Mr. Manoj Sharma

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Mahatma Gandhi College Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur

Dendrimer is described as NANO-DEVICE, with a regular and highly branched three dimensional architecture.

They consist of three major architectural components: core, branches, and end groups. First discovered in the early

1980’s by Donald Tomalia. A dendron usually contains a single chemically addressable group called the focal

point.These hyperbranched molecules were called dendrimers Dendritic molecules are characterized by structural

perfection.. At the same time, Newkome’s group independently reported synthesis of similar macromolecules. They

called them arborols from the Latin word ‘arbor’ also meaning a tree. The uniqe properties of dendrimers such as

uniform size, high degree of branching, water solubility, multivaelency, well defined molecular weight it’s

important for biological activity and drug delivery application. These properties are important in pharmaceutical,

nano technology and medicinal chemistry particularly. In addition nano particles drug delivery systems are the

popular once as are able to increase selectivity and stability of therapeutic agents.



P_7

ADVANCES IN OCCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM –A REVIEW

Ravi Shankar Kumar, Prashant Kaushik, Arun Gupta, Rohit Bhandari

Chandigarh College of Pharmacy Landra (Mohali), Punjab, India


The eye is a unique organ, both anatomically and physiologically containing several widely varied structures.

Transport of drugs applied by traditional dosage forms is restricted to the eye, and therapeutic drug concentrations in

the target tissues are not maintained for a long duration since the eyes are protected by a unique anatomy and

physiology. The bioavailability of ocular drugs topically applied in eye-drops is very poor, with ocular drug

absorption limited by protective mechanisms. Treating various ailments of eye utilizes mostly two strategies i.e.

delivery of the therapeutic agent by development of a novel delivery system or by enhancing the permeation of

therapeutically active agent by the use of penetration enhancers or by the alteration of its physicochemical

properties. One of the important considerations in developing delivery system is the release behavior of the active

molecule from the delivery system. Advanced technology based on the use of Nano carriers (nanoparticles

liposomes, dendrimers) has been investigated with the aim of enhancing FOTE ocular drug delivery. These systems

are claimed to provide a prolonged residence time at the ocular surface. The use of nanoparticles and other forms of

ocular drug delivery have been reviewed in several excellent texts. In these days niosomes and mucoadhesives

systems have an excellent research area in case of ocular drug delivery system.



P_8

IMPORTANCE OF FACTORIAL DESIGN IN TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY

Kapil Singla1 , Rekha Rao

1, Navin K Dahiya

1, Sanju Nanda

2

1M.M College of Pharmacy, MM University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana

It is well known that traditional experimentation involves a good deal of efforts and time especially when complex

formulations are to be developed. It is desirable to develop an acceptable pharmaceutical formulation in shortest

possible time using minimum number of man hours and raw materials. In addition to the art of formulation, the

technique of factorial design is an efficient method of indicating the relative significance of a number of variables

and their interactions. Factorial design is an important statistical tool to study the effect of several factors

influencing responses by varying them simultaneously by carrying out limited number of experiments. Here, we

have reviewed the literature on various transdermal delivery techniques using factorial design. It is well known that

the most appropriate data relating to percutaneous penetration in transdermal delivery is that generated in- vivo in

humans. Animal models are often used as a substitute such as hairless mouse, rat and guinea pig for human skin in

transdermal research. But, an ethical principle of animal use in biomedical research is that alternatives to live

animals should be used whenever possible. Alternative definition covers replacement, reduction and refinement of

experimental animals. Statistical methods can be used to reduce number of animals needed in research. One such

approach is factorial design. Literature reports suggest that factorial design helps in reduction in the number of

animals to be sacrificed for conducting in-vitro studies in transdermal formulations. This paper reviews the factorial

design, experimental factors and its applications underlining its versatile application in the area of topical and

transdermal delivery of drugs.



P_9

TAPE STRIPPING IN TOPICAL AND TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY

Shishant Veer1, Rekha Rao

1, Navin K Dahiya

1, Sanju Nanda

2

1M.M College of Pharmacy, MM University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak, Haryana

Transdermal delivery of drugs to the systemic circulation through the skin provides a convenient route of

administration for a variety of clinical indications. Quantification of drugs within the skin is essential for topical and

transdermal delivery research. Current methods for measuring dermal concentration of drugs have significant

drawbacks for exposure assessment. Over the last two decades, horizontal sectioning, consisting of tape stripping

(TS) throughout the stratum corneum, has become one of the traditional investigative techniques. Tape stripping of

human stratum corneum is widely used as a method for studying the kinetics and penetration depth of drugs. TS its

standardized form also offers the possibility of evaluating bioequivalence and dermatopharmacokinetics of topical

dermatological dosage forms. Additionally, the method can be used to obtain information about the homogeneity

and the distribution of formulations on the skin and in the stratum corneum. After topical application and penetration

of formulations, the cell layers of the stratum corneum are successively removed from the same skin area using

adhesive films. The number of tape strips needed to remove the SC varies with age, gender and possibly ethnicity, as

well as the application pressure. The tape strips contain the amount of corneocytes and the corresponding amount of

the penetrated formulation, which can be determined by classical analytical chemical methods. Different

formulations can strongly influence the amount of stratum corneum removed with every tape strip. This is a

minimally invasive technique to sequentially remove SC by the repeated application of appropriate adhesive tapes.

This paper reviews the tape stripping method, experimental factors and its applications underlining its versatile

application in the area of topical and transdermal delivery of drugs.



P_10

NIOSOMES: A PROMISING DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY

Rohit Chaudhary and Dharmender Rathee

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Sirsa


Abstract: Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated in a vesicle. The

vesicle is composed of a bilayer of non-ionic surface active agents and hence the name niosomes. They are vesicular

systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs.As it being on-ionic so

it is non toxic in nature. Niosomes have microscopic lamellar structures formed on admixture of non-ionic surfactant

of the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol with subsequent hydration in aqueous media. Due to

different advantages like vesical suspension is water based which provide high patient compliance, can

accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility’s because it has hydrophilic, amphiphilic and

lipophilic moieties in their structure, osmotically active and stable, handling and storage of surfactants requires no

special conditions, surfactants are biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic, improve the therapeutic

performance of the drug by delayed clearance from the circulation, protecting the drug from biological environment

and restricting effects to target cells etc. Niosomes have wide importance in pharmaceutical field especially in

cosmetic formulation. There are wide applications of niosomes like drug targetting to reticulo-endothelial system or

any carrier system like antibiotic is also attached to the niosomes for drug targeting. Due to enlisted advantages and

applications niosomes represent a promising drug delivery technology and have good position in novel drug delivery

system.



P_11

DISCOVERY OF NOVEL LIGANDS FOR PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED

RECEPTOR-γ USING IN SILICO APPROACH

Kumar Sahila, Kumar Ashwani

a, Kaushik Anupama

a, Jain Sandeep

a, Kumar Parvin

b

aDept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology , Hisar

bDept. of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are a group of nuclear hormone receptors that control cellular

metabolism and proliferation through the modulation of gene expression. The binding of various endogenous and

exogenous ligands to PPAR - γ has been shown to regulate cellular differentiation, apoptosis, glucose homeostasis,

and anti-inflammatory responses. Thiazolidinediones, a class of PPAR – γ agonists that reduce insulin resistance are

used to treat type 2 diabetes. Due to withdrawal of Troglitazone & Rosiglitazone, there is urgent need to discover

new PPAR – γ agonist for treatment of type – 2 diabetes. Development of new ligands requires structural insight

into the factor controlling receptor binding and activation as well as subtypes selectivity. Eleven new ligands for

PPAR- γ receptors are discovered by docking. All the ligands show vander walls interaction and hydrogen bonding

with various residues present in active site of PPAR- γ receptor. Z-score value for all the ligands is above 2. The

value of fitness energy is very good for all the developed hits and the suggested new hits are available

commercially. If tested in sophisticated laboratory they can be new therapeutics for treatment of type 2 diabetes.



P_12

QUORUM SENSING: AN EXCELLENT TARGET FOR DEVELOPMENT OF

NOVEL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Ravindera, Kumar Ashwani

a, Jain Sandeep

a, Kumar Sunil

a, Kumar Parvin

b

aDept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technolohy, Hisar

bDept. of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

Bacterial quorum sensing refers to the ability for bacteria to control gene expression through the detection of a

minimum threshold stimulatory concentration of certain chemicals (Autoinducers) which are secreted by self and/or

other bacteria. Bacteria regulate community wide behaviours like bio film formation, virulence, conjugation,

sporulation, and swarming motility through this process. The autoinducers are generally oligopeptides and N-acyl

homoserine lactone present in gram positive and gram negative bacteria respectively. Blocking quorum sensing is a

valuable approach for the development of novel therapeutics in treating bacterial infections. There are several ways

to inhibit quorum sensing in each pathway. They can be summarized as (1) inhibition of autoinducer synthesis, (2)

autoinducer receptor antagonism, (3) inhibition of targets downstream of receptor binding, (4) sequestration of

autoinducers using, for example, antibodies against autoinducers, (5) the degradation of autoinducers using either

enzymes (such as lectonases) or catalytic antibodies (abzyme), (6) inhibition of autoinducer transport/secretion, and

(7) antibodies that “cover” and block autoinducer receptors. Therefore quorum sensing is an excellent target for

discovery of newer drugs for treatment of resistant bacterial infections.



P_13

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LOSARTAN AND ATENOLOL BY HIGH PERFORMANCE

LIQUID METHOD

A. Gajbhiye, N. Dwivedi, S. Patil

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) India

Email ID: [email protected]

Losar-beta is available for the treatment of Hypertension. It contains Losartan Potassium (LS; 50 mg) and Atenolol

(AT; 50 mg). In the present study, simple, rapid, precise and accurate methods for the simultaneous estimation of

these drugs have been developed and validated by HPLC. The method was validated with respect to its linearity,

limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), precision, accuracy and robustness. HPLC was carried out

with C-18 ODS column having 5µm, 250 mm × 4.60 mm specifications along with a UV detector (235 nm). The

mobile phase used was acetonitrile : water : methanol (60 : 30 : 10) at a flow rate of 1 ml/minute. Linearity was

established by least square linear regression analysis and it was found to be linear over the concentration range of 5-

50 µg/ml for LS and AT. LOQ was found to be 0.071 µg/ml for LS and 0.98 µg/ml for AT. The LOD was 0.002

µg/ml and 0.032 for LS and AT respectively. In precision studies, the % RSD was found to be 0.212 and 0.094 for

LS and AT respectively. Percentage recovery was found to be 99.32 ± 0.23 for LS and 99.34 ± 0.28 for AT.



P_14

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORO-DISPERSIBLE TABLETS OF LEVOCETRIZINE

DIHYDROCHLORIDE USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Dharmila1, Sonia Dhiman

1, Surender Verma

2

1Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab

2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

The objective of present study was to formulate and evaluate oro-dispersible tablets of Levocetrizine

Dihydrochloride using natural and synthetic superdisintegrants. Different formulations were prepared by direct

compression method using varying concentrations of natural superdisintegrant, isolated mucilage of plantago ovata

and synthetic superdisintegrants namely crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (2-5%). Selection of natural

source was made on the basis of preformulation studies like swelling index, easy availability and compatibility with

various excipients used in the formulations. The blend was evaluated for various precompression parameters mainly

bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. Formulated tablets were evaluated

for various parameters like tablet weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, wetting time, water absorption

ratio and content uniformity and in vitro drug release. Minimum time for the disintegration of oro-dispersible tablets

can be achieved using crospovidone followed by mucilage powder isolated from Plantago ovata. Formulated mouth

dissolving tablets were found to best fit into first order and Korsmeyer-Peppas model. All the tablets were found to

be in official limits and in vitro dispersion time for the formulation ranged from 23 sec to 48 sec.



P_15

siRNA: DESIGNING, METHODS OF DELIVERY AND ITS THERAPEUTICS

Tarun Kumar Dhamija and Dharmender Rathee

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa


RNA interference (RNAi) is a novel and essential biological process, as well as a powerful experimental tool with

the potential to be used in therapeutic development. RNAi based strategies have the capability of being able to be

driven from bench to bedside. It is very important to develop the precise tools for designing the siRNAs in order to

get the most efficient knock down of the target genes and to reduce any off target effects. RNA interference (RNAi)

is a sequence-specific mechanism to control the expression of target genes. This technique has proven potentials

both in vivo and in vitro. The discovery that 21–23 nucleotide RNA duplexes (small-interfering RNAs, siRNAs)

mediate RNAi in mammalian cells opened the door to the therapeutic use of siRNAs. The main hurdle for using

RNAi-based therapy is the effective delivery of RNAi based drugs to the target cells or tissues in vivo. The aspects

of off-target effects, delivery methods, induction of immune response and dose determination for delivery should,

however, is considered carefully. While much work remains to optimize delivery and maintain specificity, the

therapeutic advantages of siRNAs for treatment of viral infection, dominant disorders, cancer, and neurological

disorders show great promise. If these challenges associated with siRNA can be met, then the potentials of RNAi

could be exploited to the full for the development of therapeutic tools and drugs.



P_16

PHARMACOLOGICAL TARGET SITES TO IMPROVE THE FUNCTION OF FAILING

MYOCARDIUM

Sonam Kathuria, Gaurav Taneja, Neha Falls, Nanjaian Mahadevan, Pitchai Balakumar

Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa

In heart failure, the cardiac muscle becomes weak and fails to attain sufficient pumping ability, and is unable to meet

the metabolic requirement of body. It is associated with exercise intolerance, fatigability, dyspnea and fluid

retention. Chronic heart failure is a complex neurohumoral disorder. Progression of heart failure occurs as a result of

over-activation of sympathetic system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Drugs like -blockers, angiotensin

converting enzyme inhibitors, inodilators and diuretics are often employed to improve the functional status of

patients with heart failure. However, these agents are unable to effectively control the symptoms of chronic heart

failure. Hence, there is a continuing need to develop efficient pharmacological interventions in treating heart failure

optimally. Numerous studies showed that aldosterone receptor antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone), natriuretic

peptides (nesiritide, anaritide), arginine-vasopressin receptor antagonists (tolvaptan, conivaptan), endothelin receptor

antagonists (bosentan, tezosentan, darusentan), dopamine -hydroxylase inhibitor (nepicastat), xanthine oxidase

inhibitor (oxypurinol), partial fatty acid oxidation inhibitor (ranolazine) and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors

(batimastat, ilomastat, marimastat, prinomastat) are promising agents in improving the functional status of failing

myocardium. However, further studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of these agents in treating heart failure.



P_17

PHARMACOLOGICAL MODULATION OF MAS AND (PRO) RENIN RECEPTORS IN PREVENTING

CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES

Lalita Babbar, Supriya Kadian, Harish Bishnoi, Nanjaian Mahadevan, Pitchai Balakumar


The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) over-activation is implicated in the induction and progression of

hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and ischemic heart diseases. The RAAS over-activation is halted by

employing angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) blockers.

However, these agents certainly increase renin levels by interfering with the feedback loop exerted by angiotensin-II

(Ang-II) on renin formation. Recent studies demonstrated that prorenin and renin act on (pro)renin receptors, which

mediate angiotensin-dependent and -independent pathways, resulting in cardiovascular abnormalities. Studies are on

the track in developing novel (pro)renin receptor blockers. Ang-I can be converted into Ang (1-9) by ACE2, which

also involves in the direct conversion of Ang-II into Ang (1-7). The Ang (1-7) is a biologically active peptide and it

has functions opposite to that of Ang-II. Thus, Ang (1-7) and Ang (1-9) are prospective therapeutic targets to

counterbalance the detrimental effects of Ang-II. The physiological functions of Ang (1-7) are mediated through a G

protein-coupled receptor called as Mas receptor. The non-peptide Ang (1–7) receptor Mas agonists are under

development to manage cardiovascular abnormalities. Taken together, pharmacological modulation of Mas and

(pro)renin receptors are novel target sites in preventing cardiovascular abnormalities.



P_18

NOVEL TARGET SITES TO EXPLORE POTENTIAL DRUGS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS:

A FOCUS ON CARDIAC GPCR-SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

Nidhi Sharma, Sushma Dabra, Nanjaian Mahadevan, Pitchai Balakumar


G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce signals in response to binding of ligands, involving heterotrimeric G

proteins. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was given to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell in 1994 for

their discovery of G proteins. The binding of a ligand to GPCR activates G proteins. The allosteric change in the

ligand-activated GPCR causes a replacement of guanosine diphosphate in the G subunit with guanosine

triphosphate (GTP), resulting in dissociation of G-GTP and G, which initiate the intracellular signal

transduction in myocardial cells. The abnormal GPCR-signaling accounts for the induction and progression of

diverse cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The pharmacological

inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC)- and CaM kinase II have been identified as potential therapeutic targets to

prevent the induction of cardiac hypertrophy. Agents that selectively upregulate the regulator of G protein signaling

(RGS)2/5 may have potential in preventing Gq-mediated induction of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart

failure. Development of agents targeting β-arrestin signaling may be of potential therapeutic value in treating

various cardiac complications. Understanding the key functional regulation of cardiac GPCR-signaling is

considerably important in the fundamental process of drug discovery in the area of cardiovascular sciences.



P_19

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF NEBIVOLOL AND AMLODIPINE BY UV

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD

A. Gajbhiye, N. Khurana, N. Dwivedi, S. Patil

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) India


Nebistar is available for the treatment of Stage II Hypertension. It contains Nabivolol (NV; 5 mg) and Amlodipine

(AM; 2.5 mg). In the present study, simple, rapid, precise and accurate method for the simultaneous estimation of

these drugs have been developed and validated by UV spectrophotometry. The method was validated with respect to

its linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), precision and accuracy. In this method, the NV

and AM were scanned using methanol as solvent and λmax were found to be 218 nm and 237 nm for NV and AM

respectively. For NV (A1 = 0.0182 Cx + 0.0409 Cy) and AM (A2 = 0.0016 Cx + 0.0034 Cy), the equations were

developed by Vierodt’s method. LOD was found to be 0.086 µg/ml for NV and 0.021 µg/ml for AM. LOQ was

0.262 µg/ml for NV and 0.064 µg/ml for AM. The % RSD for day to day precision was 0.5316 for NV and 0.0056

for AM. The linearity was found to be in the range of 5-50 µg/ml for NV and AM.



P_20

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS NATURAL GUMS

Rimple Sharma , Munish Ahuja

Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar

The objective of present study was to comparatively evaluate mucoadhesion of Carboxy Methyl Tamarind Kernel

Powder (CMKTP), Pectin and Gum Kondagogu. Aqueous gels containing 7% (w/v) of CMTKP, Pectin,

GumKondagogu were formulated and their mucoadhesive properties were evaluated employing Modified Physical

Balance Method using Goat intestinal mucosa as biological membrane.This apparatus consisted of two arm

balance.One side of the tared balance had glass slide adhering at its base and another glass slide was attached to base

of pan. An accurately weighed 0.8g of gels were placed between pieces of fresh goat intestine glued to lower side of

upper glass slide and upper side of lower glass slide. The weight required for the detachment of glass plate adhering

to balance from intestinal membrane measured as parameter of ex-vivo mucoadhesive force for applied gels. The ex-

vivo mucoadhesive follows the order Gum Kondagogu >CMTKP >Pectin.



P_21

DOTS: POTENTIAL WAY TO CURE TUBERCULOSIS

Bharti Thaiya and Archana Kapoor Rajpal

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar

Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a small

aerobic, non-motile, gram positive bacilli which lack phospholipid outer membrane. Chest X-Ray, tuberculin skin

test (Mantoux test) are done for the identification of the mycobacterium. Slow growing rate of the mycobacterium

(16 to 20 hours) in laboratory is the main problem in its diagnosis. BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) was the first

vaccine introduced for the prevention of tuberculosis. In DOTS – SSC (directly observed treatment short course–

short course chemotherapy) isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, recommended by WHO

are the major antibiotics used in combination for the treatment . They are highly efficacious with synergistic effects

but resistance shown by the combined form is the limiting factor in their use. The therapy of tuberculosis has

undergone remarkable changes and now novel DOTS PLUS has subsided the DOTS therapy to diagnose and treat

MDR–TB (multi drug resistance–tuberculosis) infections. Advanced research is being done to carry out high quality

diagnose and the treatment of this infectious disease.



P_22

VIRUS: THE ULTIMATE EXPRESSION OF PARASITISM

Sudesh Mahlan, Sunil kumar, Sandeep Jain


Virus is the parasite smaller than bacteria and encapsulated by protective coating which is difficult to damage. They

cause infection including various parts of the body and it can be either local or systemic. They have the unique

characteristic of using host’s machinery to replicate. They easily colonize in the host body and multiply quite

rapidly. Viral infection can be distinguished from other infection by the fact that they can not be cured by

antibiotics. Herpes, hepatitis, infectious mono nucleases and cytomegalovirus are the viruses resulting in chronic and

persistent infections. The most fatal persistent viral infection is HIV. Various other viral infections are chickenpox,

measles, rubella, mumps, influenza etc .Viral infection spreads by swallowing, inhaling or by insect or parasites.

The successful implementation of antiviral agents involves- anti herpes, anti retrovirus, anti influenza. Fatigue, ache,

malaise, dizziness, anorexia, neurotoxicity and myelosuppression are the side effects shown by these antiviral drugs.

Various research is being going on to develop an effective anti viral agent.



P_23

MUCOADHESION: CONCEPT AND CURRENT STATUS

Nidhi Singh, Shikha, Jyoti, Mahek, Reena

Shri Baba Mast Nath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rohtak

This paper aims to review the current progress in mucoadhesion for drug delivery applications as well as new

techniques related to this field. The ability to maintain an oral delivery system at the target absorption location for an

extended period of time has great appeal for treatment of both local conditions as well as for sustained systemic

absorption. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system utilise the property of bio adhesion of certain hydrophilic polymers

and hydrogels. The use of mucoadhesive polymers as means of delivering therapeutically active drugs, including

proteins and peptides, to or via mucosal membranes has been the focus of attention in recent years. Further,

mucoadhesive drug delivery system enhance the bioavailability of drugs, avoids first pass metabolism and are

particularly useful for drugs having short biological half life therefore, offer minimal side effect. Starting with a

review of mucosa, mechanism of drug permeation, and characteristics of the desired polymer, this article than

proceeds to cover the theories behind the adhesion of bioadhesive polymers to the mucosal epithelium. Various

mucoadhesive dosage forms encompass mucoadhesive tablets, patches, microspheres and adhesive ointments. For

instance, pioglitazone mucoadhesive microcapsules were prepared using Sodium alginate as a shell forming and

Carbopol 974, HPMC, Sodium CMC as mucoadhesive polymer for the potential use of treating acute and chronic

diabetes mellitus. These mucoadhesive dosage forms can be evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, in

vitro release characters, in vivo mucoadhesion capacity, for SEM, DSC and particle size analysis. In nutshell we can

say that it will play a significant role for drug targeting in near future.



P_24

NANOTECHNOLOGY: DEMAND OF NEW CENTURY

Ajit Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Senthil Kumar M., N. Mahadevan.

Nanomedicine Research Center, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa

Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of materials, devices, and

systems at the nanometer scale. Nanotechnology provides the field of medicine with promising hopes for assistance

in diagnostic and treatment technologies as well as improving quality of life. Nanotechnology can be used to achieve

positional control with a high degree of specificity which ensures the product of desired physical and chemical

properties. This is the greatest advantage of using nanotechnology and brings mankind one step closer towards

perfection. Nanobots are robots that carry out a very specific function and are just several nanometers wide. They

can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs works through the entire body before they reach the

disease-affected area. Using nanotechnology, the drug can be targeted to the desired location which would make the

drug much more effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects. It is believed that the speculative field of

molecular nanotechnology will revolutionize medicine and the medical field.



P_25

A BRIEF REVIEW ON FICUS RACEMOSA LINN

Benu Kumari and Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal

Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk (Raj.), India

Ficus racemosa or gular tree is medium tall with quite rich green foliage that provides good shade The fruits

resemble figs and are obovate in shape with innumerable tiny grain-like seeds. In excessive it used as astringent,

carminative, vermifuge and an anti - dysentery drug. It is a good remedy for appetite.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Gular contain Glycoside-cetosterol & lupeo. lIt also contain Tannins & Psoralens.

ACTION & USES: The extract of fruit is used in diabetes, leucoderma and nienorrhagia. It is used locally to relieve

inflammation of skin wounds, lymphadenitis, in idesprains and fibrositis. The alcoholic extract of the stem bark of

the plant possessed antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica. Dried bark is given orally to cure diarrhea.

It is also used in abscess, dysentery, skin crack, mouth sores, jaundice & gynaecological disorder. The plant Ficus

Rasemosa provides a brief outline on pharmacognostic characters, traditional use, phytochemical and

pharmacological action.



P_26

APPROACHES FOR IN VITRO EVALUATION OF DRUG TRANSPORT ACROSS

THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

Kalpana Nagpal, S. K. Singh, Neeraj Dilbaghi, D. N. Mishra

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana

The brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) constitute Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), a barrier that restricts the access

of unwanted substrates towards brain. The characteristics features of BBB i.e., low permeability tight junction, low

endocytosis rate and presence of specific transport/carrier molecules make it significantly different compared to the

capillaries of the other organs and pose them as unique barrier with selective permeability. Because of the BCEC

restriction, the treatment of various CNS disorders is difficult as the amount of drug in brain is significantly lower

than its plasma concentration and therapy is not upto the mark. Various approaches have so far been reported to

study the permeability of drugs across BBB. The oldest among them is octanol-water partition coefficient, which is

relatively easy but not accurate one as the interface so formed represents the physical barrier not the biological one.

To mimic the situation more precisely, liposome-buffer partition was utilized but it represent only half a membrane

(Robertson unit membrane). Thereafter, several cell culture models like Caco-2 cell monolayer have been utilized to

assess the drug permeability across BBB followed by primary culture approach of BCEC and co-culture approach of

BCEC and astrocytes. Among all the in vitro approaches, the co-culture of BCEC and astrocytes, provides an easier,

reproducible and more closer method to mimic drug transport across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).



P_27

NEUTRACEUTICALS AS DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS

Mahek, Reena, Shikha, Nidhi, Jyoti, Vinay

Shri Baba Mast Nath Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rohtak

The use of neutraceuticals, as an attempt to accomplish desirable therapeutic outcomes with reduced side effects, as

compared with other therapeutic agent has met with great monetory success. The preference for the discovery and

production of neutraceuticals over pharmaceuticals is well seen in pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies.

The term neutraceuticals was coined from “nutrition” and “pharmaceutical”. When a functional food aids in the

prevention and/ or treatment of diseases (except anaemia) it is called a neutraceuticals. Some important

neutraceuticals are Glucosamine, Chondritin sulphate and Hyaluronic acid which are used in osteoarthritis. Soy

isoflavones, Lycopene and Ellagic acid provide beneficial effects for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Ginger

powder, ginger oil (Zingiber officinale), curcumin (Curcuma longa) and Myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) are very

helpful as digestive support. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is useful in immune system and gives physical

energy to the body.. Some recent neutraceuticals includes production of K- Casein Macro peptide from cow’s milk.

Neutraceuticals still need support of extensive scientific study to prove their effect with reduced side effects. This

can be achieved by a continuous review and approval of neutraceuticals by the enactment of NERA (Neutraceutical

Research and Education Act).



P_28

A BRIEF REVIEW ON CASSIA ABSUS

Pallavi Verma and Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal

Dept. of Pharmacy, BanasthaliUniversity, Banasthali, Tonk, Rajasthan, India

Cassia absus is a member of Caesalpiniacea plant family.This is a suffruiticose, eract herb with a height of about 2

meters, clothed with white pubescnce. Plant parts used are seeds which are 3 to 5,shining black,smooth, glabrous,

compressed and oblong.It is reported to contain chaksine,isochaksine,3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid,vanillic acid,caffeic

acid,sinapic acid,iron and molybdenum. It posseses Ayurvedic properties such as tikta rasa,ruksha guna,katu

vipaka,sheet virya and chakshusya in prabhava. Its pharmacological actions include suppression of kapha and

pitta,coagulation of blood,diuretic,is used externally for cure of inflamation and treatment of eye diseases,useful in

eliminating poisons from the body. The review provides us a brief knowledge on pharmacognostic characteristics

and pharmacological actions of Cassius absus.



P_29

SPERMACOCE ARTICULARIS: A POTENT MEDICINAL HERB

Sumitra Singh and Pooja Solanki



Spermacoce articularis L.f.(F.N.Williams) is an important medicinal plant used widely in Indian folk medicine.It is

popular as ‘Madana-ghanti’ in ayurveda and as ‘Shaggy button weed’ in English. This annual, procumbent herb with

opposite leaves, small flowers and dehiscent fruits, it belongs to family Rubiaceae. It is commonly grown in sandy

wastelands and widely distributed throughout India, naturalized in Africa, parts of Asia, and Australia, possibly

native to Thailand. The plant is used traditionally to treat various diseases viz. seeds as demulscent in the treatment

of diarrhoea and dysentery, seeds paste is used orally to treat stomach problems ,roots extract in mouthwashes to

relieve toothache, leaf extract in jaundice and conjunctivitis , plant juice used in fever ,decoction of the herb used

to relieve headache and extract is used as astringent in gall stones and haemorrhoids. The principal

phytoconsituents reported in the plant are alkaloid(Borreline), steroids (β-sitosterol, ursolic acid ), triterpenoids (β-

amyrin and 3-acetoxy-oleana-12-en-29-oic-acid), carbohydrate (D-mannitol), flavanoid (iso- rhamnetin), tannins

and is also rich in calcium and phosphorous. The various pharmacological studies on Spermacoce articularis

revealed that it has anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and

hepatoprotective activities. The present paper aims to highlight the medicinal importance of Spermacoce articularis

which is a weed, commonly available throughout India.



P_30

FORMULATION AND COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF NIOSOMAL GEL OF ACECLOFENAC

Preeti, Swati Gupta, D.C.Bhatt

Pharmaceutics Division, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science &

Technology, Hisar, Haryana

Aceclofenac (ACF) is a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug. It is a widely used as analgesic for the treatment of

rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis of local and systemic inflammatory pathologies. With

chronic use, the oral administration of Aceclofenac (ACF) causes gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. Because

of GI bleeding, it may also cause anemia. The transdermal route eliminates these side effects, increases patient

compliance, avoids first-pass metabolism, and maintains the plasma drug levels for a longer period of time. ACF is a

highly lipophilic drug and its physiochemical properties suggest that it has good potential for transdermal delivery.

Niosomal gels containing ACF were prepared using Span 60 as the surfactant by ether injection method and

compared with a normal gel containing dispersed ACF. These formulations were lyophilized and characterized by

DSC. The drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be in the range of 63%-87 % for the niosomes. In vitro drug

release studies were carried out and the formulations exhibited extended release of the drug for 24 hours.

Furthermore, the niosomal gel formulations are being evaluated for transdermal in vitro release across excised

animal skin, which would be followed by in vivo transdermal permeation studies.



P_31

A BRIEF REVIEW ON CYPRUS ROTUNDUS

Preeti Singh, Samriti Faujdar, Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal

Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk(Raj.)India.

Cyprus rotundus or Nut Grass is a perennial weed with dark green glabrous culms or underground tubers. The herb

has- been in use for centuries for anointing body. It is also widely used for skincare, loose motions, and excessive

thirst also for reducing swellings.

Constituents: Nagarmotha contains pinenes (monoterpene) cineole, a-cyperone, B-selinine, cyperene,

cyperotundone, patchoulenone, sugeonole, kobusone, and isokobusone .Sesquiterpenes - such as cyperol,

isocyperole, and cyperone.

Pharmacological activities: It is a neutral waxy substance and is used as a hair wash and treating hair and scalp

disorders. It dilates the small capillary and an act on the sebaceous glands at the hair rootand stimulates them. It has

been in use for centuries for anointing body. It is also widely used for skincare, loose motions, excessive thirst and

for reducing swellings. The tubers of Nagarmotha are diaphoretic and astringent and posses antipyretic, analgesic,

anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antihelmintic, carminative, stomachic, emmenagogue and stimulant properties. The

tubers also contain an essential oil which is helpful with bronco-pulmonary congestion, mucus, and scabies.

Nagarmotha is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine, a general and nervine tonic, a promoter of uterine

contractions and an excellent binder of stool.

This article provide a detailed information regarding this most useful plant ,including its pharmacognostic

characteristics , traditional use, photochemical and pharmacological action on plant.



P_32

ULTRASONIC MICROBUBBLES- A PROMISING APPROACH IN DRUG DELIVERY

Priti Girotra

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar-125001

Ultrasound mediated destruction of microbubbles has become a promising tool for site specific drug and gene

delivery. Micobubbles are small (typical 1-8 micron) gas filled microspheres. Microbubbles can be destroyed by

ultrasound irradiation. This destruction phenomenon can be applied to targeted drug delivery and enhancement of

drug action. For active targeting, microbubbles are designed to adhere selectively to cellular epitopes and receptors.

Since, the microbubbles remain within the vasculature because of their micron size, specific marker molecules have

to be located in the intravascular space, example on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium. The ultrasonic field

can be focused at the target tissues and organs; thus, selectivity of the treatment can be improved reducing

undesirable side effects. Microbubbles can have drug molecules incorporated within the thick polymer shell or

inside the core of thick shelled bubbles. Drug could be attached to the external surface of the thin lipid monolayer

bubbles by covalent or noncovalent bonds, or incorporated in liposomes or nanoparticles that are then associated

with the bubble surface. Co-administration of ultrasound microbubbles, and thrombolytic enzymes result in rapid

and minimally invasive clot lysis, target vessel recanalization and positive patient outcome, such as for the treatment

of stroke. Overall, ultrasound assisted drug delivery combined with microbubble contrast agents will aid in the

treatment of debilitating diseases.



P_33

A BRIEF REVIEW ON BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF MURRAYA KOENIGII

Sakshi Guleria and Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal

Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk, India

Murraya koenigii L. is a deciduous shrub of family Rutaceae, cultivated for its leaves, fruits, bark and roots used

in traditional medicines. The plant is reported to contain mainly carbazole alkaloids (mahamimbine, girinimbine,

murrayanine, murrayafoline-A), volatile oils (α and β pinene, sabinene, trans-β-ocimene ,β-cadinene, β-

caryophylene, limonene, β- bisabolene), terpenoids, mineral content, essential oils and phenolic compounds. The

plant is reported to have various beneficial pharmacological activities such as immunomodulatory, anticancerous,

analgesic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, radioprotective activity, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal,

febrifuge, antioxidant, antihypercholesterolaemic, anti-microbial, anti-fungal and has acceleratory effect. This

review provides a brief knowledge on pharmacognostic characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry,

pharmacological action and beneficial effects of the plant.



P_34

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTIVES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS

(TB)

Sanjeev Kumar, Daisy Khurana, Bharat Khurana, Senthil Kumar M. N. Mahadevan.


Despite the fact that we live in an era of sophisticated technology and innovation, infectious diseases, like

Tuberculosis (TB), continue to be one of the greatest health challenges worldwide. Current Chemotherapeutic

regimens suffer with the drawback of depleted resources for proper implementation and control of TB. Although

antitubercular agents are available, inappropriate use and lack of patient compliance led to the emergence of multi-

drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, new approaches for the treatment of TB are needed.

Several new chemothrapeutic agents are under clinical trials. Nucleic acid technology is thought to provide quick,

precise, and responsive diagnostic tests and rapid detection of drug resistance. A new vaccine able to prevent the

surfacing of post primary, infectious tuberculosis will be one of the primary means of controlling tuberculosis. An

immunotherapeutic agent used in combination with chemotherapeutic agent treatment will able to decrease the

failure rate, even in cases of drug resistant disease, and new “designer” drugs with specific antitubercular activity

will be used to treat resistant cases. From the global increase in number of TB patients, it seems that several novel

effective vaccines and therapeutic agents for TB will be available in next few years.



P_35

DRUG TARGETING: AN OVERVIEW

Shikha Patwa, Ritu, Nidhi, Jyoti.


Drug targeting means predominant drug accumulation in the target zone. Currently, the principal schemes of drug

targeting include direct application of a drug into the affected zone, passive drug targeting (spontaneous drug

accumulation in the areas with leaky vasculature, or Enhanced Permeability and Retention-EPR-effect),physical

targeting (based on abnormal pH value and/or temperature in the pathological zone), magnetic targeting (or targeting

of a drug immobilized on paramagnetic materials under the action of an external magnetic field), and targeting using

a specific 'vector' molecules (ligands having an increased affinity toward the area of interest). The last approach

provides the widest opportunities. The pharmaceutical carriers such as soluble polymers, microcapsules,

microparticles, cells, cell ghosts, liposomes, and micelles have been successfully used for targeted drug delivery in

vivo. Though the direct conjugation of a drug molecule with a targeted moiety is also possible (immunotoxin), the

use of micro reservoir-type systems provides clear advantages, such as high loading capacity, possibility to control

size and permeability of drug carrier systems and use relatively small number of vector molecules to deliver

substantial quantities of a drug to the target. Monoclonal antibody is an antibody that is produced artificially from a

single cell clone and therefore consists of a single type of immunoglobulin. The goal of brain drug targeting

technology is to delivery of therapeutic across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).Certain endogenous peptides, such as

insulin or transferrine, undergo receptor-mediated transport (RMT) across the BBB in vivo. The practical use of the

listed systems and approaches for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents will be considered.



P_36

A BRIEF REVIEW ON DIOSCOREA DELTOIDAE

Sonika Lohan and Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal


PARTS USED: Dioscorea deltoidae is a herbaceous perennial climber with stem twining to root .Rhizomes,roots

tubers,leaves,flowers,fruits of this plant are used. The plant is reported to contain medicines. Saponin,acrid

resin,diosgenin,starch,calcium oxalate.orbiculatoside was isolated and identified as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-

ergost-5-ene-3-beta,26 –diol-26-O-beta D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. PHARMACOLOGICAL

ACTIONS: Contraceptive,parasiticide,antirheumatic,antiasthmatic,antiheliminitic,cytotoxic to cancer line. This

review provides us a brief knowledge on pharmacognostic characteristics,traditional uses and pharmacological

actions of plant.



P_37

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN-ALGINATE NANOPARTICLES OF AN

ANTITUBERCULAR DRUG

Swati Gupta, Preeti Panchal, D. C. Bhatt

Pharmaceutics Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of science and

Technology, Hisar- 125001(Haryana)

In this study, biodegradable nanoparticles were formulated and investigated for various drug delivery applications.

Nanoparticles were prepared using sodium alginate and chitosan by Ionotropic gelation method. This study was

specifically aimed at studying the effect of a cross linker on the characteristic properties of nanoparticles and its

influence on the encapsulation efficiency, particle size and stability. Rifampicin, a first line antitubercular drug, was

used as a model drug. Results demonstrated that a rise in concentration of cross linker leads to an improved

encapsulation efficiency. The studies showed that the concentration of cross linker may prove to be one of the

significant parameters which would be considered while preparation of rifampicin nanoparticles using Chitosan and

sodium alginate.



P_38

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Ritu, Jyoti, Nidhi, Vinay, Mahek



Today about 74% of drugs are taken orally and are found not to be as effective as desired. To improve such

characters transdermal drug delivery system was emerged. Drug delivery through the skin to achieve a systemic

effect of a drug is commonly known as transdermal drug delivery and differs from traditional topical drug delivery.

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are dosage forms involves drug transport to viable epidermal and or

dermal tissues of the skin for local therapeutic effect while a very major fraction of drug is transported into the

systemic blood circulation. The adhesive of the transdermal drug delivery system is critical to the safety, efficacy

and quality of the product. Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers many advantages over conventional

oral and invasive methods of drug delivery. Several important advantages of transdermal drug delivery are limitation

of hepatic first pass metabolism, enhancement of therapeutic efficiency and maintenance of steady plasma level of

the drug. This article provides an overview of types of Transdermal patches, components of transdermal patches,

market research, myths about TDDS and its physicochemical methods of evaluation.



P_39

GASTRIC RETENTIVE DRUR DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Jyoti, Shikha, Nidhi, Mahek

Shri Baba Mast Nath Institute of Pharmaceutical sciences and Research, Rohtak

Gastric retentive dosage forms have been investigated to provide controlled release therapy for drugs with reduced

absorption in the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract or for local treatment of diseases of the stomach or upper GI tract.

Gastric retentive dosage forms rely on either natural GI physiology, such as floating or large tablets that depend on

delayed emptying from the fed stomach, or those dosage forms that are designed to fight the physiology and avoid

emptying in the fasted state through dosage forms of even larger sizes with or without flotation or bioadhesion. To

understand the behavior of the dosage forms, an introduction to GI motility and its measurement is provided.

Because the fed mode underlies the successful development of dosage forms that rely on size or flotation, the

emptying of these dosage forms in the fed mode and identification of the key factors influencing the variability of

gastric retention are discussed. The design and limitations of size or density-based fed mode, and mucoadhesive and

expandable fasting-state gastric retentive systems are presented.



P_40

NOVEL DRUG DELIVER SYSTEMS IN TREATMENT OF AIDS

Manjula Sharma and Gaurav Puniyani

Bharti Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sri Ganganagar (Raj.) 335001

We are studying about the treatment of AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by using Novel drug delivery

system(NDDS). AIDS was firstly identified in 1981 in California.Virus responsible for AIDS, was named as HIV

(Human immunodeficiency Virus) in May 1986. This virus cause immunosupression in humans by suppression of

T-lympocyte cells of body defense mechanism. In the current treatment therpy, anti-HIV drugs are used to block

viral replication within the cell by inhibiting either Reverse Transcriptase or the HIV Protease. But there are some

problems in the present AIDS therpy i.e. non target, very short biological half life, low bioavailability, Poor CNS

pentration and retention. To remove these problems Novel Drug Delivery System may be very useful for delivery of

anti-HIV drugs. Usage of Novel Drug Delivery System is a logical approach to remove the above stated and

metabolism related problems of drugs and for effective treatment of HIV infection. One of the major advantage of

NDDS in anti HIV drugs is to maintain the suitable plasma concentration through a non invasive zero order delivery.

There are various useful Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the treatment of AIDS like Liposomes(as a carrier),

Resealed Erythrocytes(as a carrier), Transdermal drug delivery, Microparticulate carriers etc.Brain Targeting of anti

HIV drugs is also possible in the NDDSs. Dual Targeting of anti HIV drugs by using neoglycoproteins is also

possible by NDDS, for control release of drugs with minimum toxicity.



P_41

METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS: POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Anupama Kaushik, Ashwani Kumar, Sahil Kumar, Sandeep Jain

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar-125001, Haryana

Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and mediates its effects through both the

ionotropic, i.e., N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA),

and kainate receptors, and eight metabotropic receptors (mGluR 1-8). Metabotropic glutamate receptors are a

heterogenous family of G-protein coupled receptors. There are three types of mGluRs. Group 1 receptors coupled to

phosphoinositide hydrolysis and include mGluR1 and mGluR5. Group 2 receptors coupled to the inhibition of

cAMP formation and include mGluR2 and mGluR3. Group 3 receptors (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGluR8)

are negatively coupled to cAMP. These receptors are involved in pathogenesis of a host of neurological disorders

like epilepsy, ischemia, central nervous system trauma, neuropathic pain and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

Because of heterogenous distribution and wide diversity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes their exist

opportunity for the discovery of highly selective drugs that influences a limited number of CNS functions. The

mGluRs therefore provide known and potential targets for the development of therapeutic agents, that could have

dramatic impact on the treatment of CNS disorders.



P_42

ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STUDIES OF ACRIDONE DERIVATIVES

Meena Kumari, Mandeep Kaur, Ramesh Kumar

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

Acridone is the heterocyclic nucleus upon which a number of drugs are based. Neovir is one such drug which is

based on the acridone nucleus and has antiviral activity. Therapeutic agents based on acridone nucleus possess

diverse pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antimalarial activities etc. In

present study, six thiazolidinone derivatives of acridone were synthesized. These compounds were screened for their

anti-inflammatory activity and analgesic activity by using hind paw oedema method and tail flick method,

respectively. Diclofenac was taken as standard for both anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Carrageenan

(1%w/v) was used to induce inflammation. Out of six compounds, two compounds Spiro [acridine-9, 2’, 3’

(4’’Chlorophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone and Spiro [acridine-9, 2’, 3’ (3’’hydroxyphenyl)-4-thiazolidinone showed good

anti-inflammatory activity. While good analgesic activity was shown by compound Spiro [acridine-9, 2`-3` (4``-

methoxyphenyl)-4-thiazolidinone] and Spiro [acridine-9, 2`-3` (4``-chlorophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone]. Rest of the

compounds showed less activity with respect to the standard drug.



P_43

HERBAL EXCIPIENTS

Rishipal, Mahek, Shikha, Vinay, Jyoti, Reena, Nidhi

Shri Baba Mast Nath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Rohtak, Haryana

Today the stress is on patient compliance and to achieve this objective there is a spurt in the development of novel

drug delivery (NDDS). Present day consumer looks out for the natural ingredients in food, drug and cosmetics as

they believe that anything natural will be more safe. Excipients which are primarily used as diluents, binders,

disintegrants, adhesives, glidants and sweeteners in conventional dosage forms like tablets and capsules should be

natural and safe, as the traditional view that excipients being inert has changed and now it is recognized that

excipients can potentially influence the rate and/or extent of absorption of a drug. Therefore herbal excipients being

compatible and non toxic are now the area of interest for researchers. They are highly stable, safe, non-toxic,

hydrophilic and gel forming nature. Few excipients are Non-starch linear polysaccharides (pectin & pectin

derivatives), Natural polysaccharides (alginate, starches), Gums (guar gum, karaya gum, gellan gum, gum acacia,

tragacanth), Volatile oils (menthol, caraway), and its aromatic derivatives mixed with terpenes (thymol and

carvacrol).



P_44

SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF PICROSIDE I AND KUTKOSIDE

USING HPTLC FROM PICRORRHIZA KURROA BENTH

Deepti Rathee and Dharmender Rathee

Dept. of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa


Picrorrhiza kurroa Benth. is an important plant of Indian System of Medicine for its well known pharmacological

activities. In the present paper we report our work on simultaneous quantification of Picroside I and Kutkoside by

thin layer chromatography densitometric methods using high performance thin layer chromatography. To the best of

our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous quantification of these two compounds using HPTLC from

this plant. The thin layer chromatography densitometric methods were found to be precise with RSD for intra-day in

the range of 2.69–4.16 and 0.45–2.3 and for inter-day in the range of 1.96–4.25 and 0.75–3.09 for different

concentrations of Picroside I and Kutkoside respectively. Instrumental precision was 3.19 and 3.05 (% RSD) for

Picroside I and Kutkoside respectively. Accuracy of the method was checked by conducting recovery studies at

three different levels for both the compounds and the average percentage recoveries obtained were 99.9 and 99.92 %

respectively for Picroside I and Kutkoside. Picrorrhiza kurroa sample was found to contain 3.66% and 4.44% w/w of

Picroside I and Kutkoside respectively.



P_45

SYNTHESIS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF N4-(4-ETHYL PHTHALIMIDO) SUBSTITUTED

PHENYL THIOSEMICARBAZIDE DERIVATIVES

Bharat Bhushan1, Amit Girdhar

1, Jagdish Chander

2, Ashish Gaur

3

1J.C.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana)

2J.C.D.M. College of Engineering, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana)

3Nectar Life Sciences Ltd., Distt. Solan (H.P.)

In recent years, Aryl thiosemicarbazides are reported to display excellent anticonvulsant activity in mice and rats

compared to that of phenytoin. More recently, a variety of substituted N-phenyl phthalimido derivatives have

emerged as potent anticonvulsant. In view of these data we have undertaken the synthesis and anticonvulsant

evaluation of hybrids of aryl thiosemicarbazide and N4-4-Ethyl phthalimides. A series of N4-(4-Ethyl Phthalimido)

Substituted Phenyl thiosemicarbazide was synthesized by reaction of substituted phenyl thiosemicarbazide with 4-

ethyl phthalic anhydride. All the synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their IR, 1HNMR and

elemental analysis. The phenyl thiosemicarbazide derivatives of phthalimido pharmacophores were synthesized and

evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant activity of the synthesized compounds revealed that

they exhibited highly significant and comparable anticonvulsant activity with respect to standard drug Phenytoin.



P_46

APPLICATIONS OF LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: A REVIEW

Kuldeep Varma, Rekha Kumari, Balwan Singh, Ramanpreet Walia

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, UP 201306


Lipsomal drug delivery systems have emerged in recent years. Several Lipsomal drugs currently in advanced

clinical trials or already on the market. These are concentric bilayered structure made of amphipathic phospholipids

and depending on the number of bilayers. They are characterized with respect to physical, chemical and biological

parameters. The discovery of liposome or lipid vesicle emerged from self forming enclosed lipid bi-layer upon

hydration; Amongst various carrier systems, liposomes have generated a great interest because of their versatility

and have played a significant role in formulation of potent drugs to improve therapeutics. . This mode of drug

delivery lends more safety and efficacy to administration of several classes of drugs like antiviral, antifungal,

antimicrobial, vaccines, anti-tubercular drugs and gene therapeutics. Recently the liposome formulations are targeted

to reduce toxicity and increase accumulation at the target site. Recent applications of the liposomes are in the

immunology, dermatology, vaccine adjuvant, eye disorders, brain targeting, infective disease and in tumor therapy.

Numerous preclinical and clinical studies shows that drugs, such as antitumor drugs packaged in liposomes exhibit

reduced toxicities while retaining, or gained enhanced efficacy. This result in part, from altered pharmacokinetics

which lead to drugs accumulation at disease site such as tumors, and reduced distribution to sensitive tissues.

Liposomes, which are biodegradable and essentially non-toxic vehicles, can encapsulate both hydrophilic and

hydrophobic materials, and are utilized as drug carriers in drug delivery systems. In addition, liposomes can be used

to carry radioactive compounds as radiotracers can be linked to multiple locations in liposomes.



P_47

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND DRUG DELIVERY: A REVIEW

Balwan Singh, Ramanpreet Walia, Khalid Iqbal, Md. Shahbaz Shams

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.

E-mail: [email protected]

Drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes create a major challenge for pharmaceutical scientists, during their

developments. Application of nanotechnology for the delivery of such drugs can significantly overcome this

problem. The use of nanotechnology in medicine is a burgeoning field. Some developments of the new science are

already being used, and many others are undergoing development and testing. One current use is nanotechnology

drug delivery. Nanotechnology, which is still not a mature technology and thus, more appropriately called

Nanoscience, usually refers to research at the scale of 100 nm or less. It has incredible potential for revolutionizing

the therapeutics and diagnostics under the premise of developing ingenious nanodevices. The ultimate application

goal of nano drug delivery systems is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases in patients.

Nanotechnology has a great potential in revolutionizing the drug delivery field, but realizing such a potential

requires harmonized efforts among scientists in different disciplines. Nanotechnology is the engineering and

manufacturing of materials at the atomic and molecular scale. The emergence of nanotechnology is likely to have a

significant impact on drug delivery sector, affecting just about every route of administration from oral to injectable.

Nanotechnology is already generating new dosage forms that are easier to administer, more pleasant for the patient

receive and confer a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Nanotechnology is also opening up new

opportunities in implantable delivery systems, which are often preferable to the use of injectable drugs, because the

latter frequently display first-order kinetics. There are some areas where nano-enhanced drugs could make a big

difference in increasing oral bioavailability and reducing undesirable side effects. By increasing bioavailability,

nanoparticles can increase the yield in drug development and more importantly may help treat previously untreatable

conditions. Some very popular outcomes are: Nanoparticles, Nanofibers, Nanomedicine, Nanodevices, Dendrimers,

Nanocrystals, Nanovehicles, , Nanofiltration, Nanobatteries, Nano-RAM, Carbon Nanotubes, Nanosensors,

Nanoencapsulation, Nanocomposites, Nanoceuticals, Nanodrops, NanoClusters, Flash NanoPrecipitation,

Nanoshells, Nanobiotix, Nanosphere, Nanocapsules, Nanorobot etc.



P_48

PHARMACOVIGILANCE AS CAREER OPTION: A REVIEW

Khalid Iqbal, Balwan Singh, Md. Shahbaz Shams, Ramanpreet Walia

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida U.P.


Pharmacovigilance is a new discipline to the students of India which provides newer and better opportunities to

aspirants across the country who wish to build their career in the field of pharmacological science.

Pharmacovigilance is a discipline which is concerned with identifying, validating, quantifying, evaluating and

minimizing the adverse effects of medicine thereby increasing the safety of drugs in use. It is a study of drug related

adverse effect carried out by pharmaceutical industries to suggest warnings and recommendation for product

withdrawal. Pharmacovigilance is not only an academic necessity but also a need to ensure security of human

beings. It is an accepted opinion of the mass to scrutinize the adverse effects of medicines which have been released

in the market. The Government also puts forward a supportive hand and takes immediate actions for the

implementation of such a course so that people become aware of the adverse effects of drugs which can be reduced

by a discipline like pharmacovigilance. Pharmacovigilance is important to implement quality systems in all

pharmaceutical companies which produce huge amount of medicines that are marketed in India and Western

Countries. Pharmacovigilance at the clinical trial stage, involves drawing up protocols for setting up systems to

assess the aim of the research, consider the reasons for recording and notifying adverse events at the trial and which

events should be recorded and why. Pharmacovigilance and data management are vast fields of knowledge and

information, which may not be addressed with its due importance in a regular course of Clinical Research.



P_49

DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT: OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGES

Amit Kaushik, Balwan Singh, Deepak Kumar Rahul, Vineet Kumar

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida U. P.


In the past most drugs have been discovered either by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or

by serendipitous discovery. A new approach has been to understand how disease and infection are controlled at the

molecular and physiological level and to target specific entities based on this knowledge. The process of drug

discovery involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, screening, and assays for therapeutic

efficacy. Once a compound has shown its value in these tests, it will begin the process of drug development prior to

clinical trials. Despite advances in technology and understanding of biological systems, drug discovery is still a

lengthy, "expensive, difficult, and inefficient process" with low rate of new therapeutic discovery. Currently, the

research and development cost of each new molecular entity (NME) is approximately US$1.8 billion. The typical

development time is 10-15 years. Information on the human genome, its sequence and what it encodes has been

hailed as a potential windfall for drug discovery, promising to virtually eliminate the bottleneck in therapeutic

targets that has been one limiting factor on the rate of therapeutic discovery. However, data indicates that "new

targets" as opposed to "established targets" are more prone to drug discovery project failure in general. This data

corroborates some thinking underlying a pharmaceutical industry trend beginning at the turn of the twenty-first

century and continuing today which finds more risk aversion in target selection among multi-national

pharmaceutical companies. Two main approaches exist for the finding of new bioactive chemical entities from

natural sources: random collection and screening of material; and exploitation of ethnopharmacological knowledge

in the selection. Molecular Docking, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR), Pharmacopoeia

Mapping are three virtual screening or computational methods are used in the modern drug discovery process.



P_50

FERMENTATION IN ANAEROBIC CONDITION

Aruna, Aditi Chauhan, Komal Thakur, Adish, Vandana Chaudhary

Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar

Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, and

using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic. Fermentation is important in anaerobic

conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

by glycolysis. During fermentation, pyruvate is metabolised to various different compounds. Sugars are the most

common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products are ethanol, lactic acid, and

hydrogen. Fermentation products contain chemical energy (they are not fully oxidized), but are considered waste

products, since they cannot be metabolized further without the use of oxygen. (or other more highly-oxidized

electron acceptors).



P_51

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF METHI

Ashwani Kumar Dhingra1, Bhawna Chopra

1, Sakshi Bhardwaj

1, Vandana Chaudhary

2

1 Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana

2 B.S. Anangpuria College of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana

Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (family:Leguminosae) is a self pollinated, small-seeded annual legume that is

grown as a spice and a forage crop. It is commonly known as Alholva, Fenugreek, Methi and Trigonella. The plant

is widely cultivated in warm, temperate and tropical regions in the Mediterranean region, Europe and Asia. Methi is

perhaps the most useful traditional medicinal plant in India. As a medicinal plant, methi has traditionally been

considered a carminative, demulcent, expectorant, laxative, and stomachic. In Ayurvedic and Unani system of

medicine, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy, paralysis, gout, dropsy, chronic cough and piles. Apart from this it

also posseses antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antihelmentic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic, anti-

histaminic, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, cardio-tonic, anticholinergic,

immunomodulatory, galactogogue and antioxidant activity. Fresh fenugreek leaves paste applied over the scalp

regularly before bath helps hair grow, preserves natural color, keeps hair silky and also cures dandruff. It has also

been applied as a warm poultice to relieve muscle aches and gout pain. During the last five decades, apart from the

chemistry of the Methi compounds, considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological and

pharmacological application of methi. The main chemical constituent of methi includes steroidal sapogenins,

phenolic compounds, lipids, flavanoid glycosides, alkaloids etc. Therefore, it is now considered as a valuable source

of unique natural product for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of the

industrial products.



P_52

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION: AN EMERGING EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE

Bhawna Chopra1, Ashwani Kumar Dhingra

1, Sakshi Bhardwaj


2



Worldwide, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) Technology has emerged as a superior alternative to the

conventional techniques for extraction of natural products in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. It is also

a valuable method both for industrial scale food processing and also for analytical scale studies, to reduce the use of

liquid solvents (mainly organic solvents). It has proved to be effective in the separation of essential oils and its

derivatives for use in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other related industries, in wide range of textile and

fiber industries including quality control analysis of fiber finishes. India is rich in botanical resources possessing

high potential for the use of SCFE to achieve value added natural products e.g. Decaffeination (coffee & tea), Hop

extracts (bitter), Spice extracts (oil & oleoresin), Flavours & fragrances, Food colours, Food preservatives, Herbal

medicines, Pesticides (neem), Deoiling of fast foods, Cholesterol free food products, Nicotine / tar free tobacco.

SCFE is comparatively more capital intensive due to the requirements of high pressure operation (100-500 bar) and

very accurate process control. SCF extraction depends on the various parameters like solute and modifier polarity,

physical and chemical state of the solute, solubility of the solute in the modifier, miscibility of the modifier

supercritical fluid mixture under a wide variety of temperature and pressure conditions. SFE is also coupled with

GC, MS and also with LC. SFE/GC/MS appears to be a promising method for SOA chemical composition analysis

allowing to perform simulation chamber experiments at low precursor concentrations and to collect aerosol with

relatively high frequency. Thus, SFE in chemical analysis cover a broad spectrum of samples, including food stuffs,

natural products, agrochemicals, environmental samples, fuels and lubricants, synthetic polymers and oligomers,

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from soils, sediments, fly ash,

organometallic compounds, achiral pharmaceutical agents and biologically important chiral compounds.



P_53

ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY: A NEW WAY IN MEDICINE

Deepak Kumar Rahul, Balwan Singh, Amit Kaushik, Vineet Kumar

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U. P.


Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary science, applied to living cells, with the possibility of producing substances

and compounds essential to life and the well being of man. Application of biotechnology include medical research,

designing new biotech products, developing vaccines and diagnostic tools, production of biotech products, tissue

culture for agriculture, marketing of biotech products, in areas of management, academics and training and so on.

Current applications of biotechnology are predominately in agriculture and medicine, both in the private and public

sector. Biotechnology applications in medicine have resulted in new antibiotics, vaccines for malaria, and improved

ways of producing insulin. Diagnostic tests for serious genetic disease such as hereditary cancers, diabetes and

Huntington’s chorea have been developed as well as ways of detecting and treating AIDS. With a pharmacy

background we are specialize in medical biotechnology which deals with the healthcare and pharmacy sectors,

leading to discoveries in the field of drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, etc. Modern biotechnology plays a crucial role

both in the elucidation of the molecular causes of disease and in the development of new diagnostics methods and

better targeted drugs. Insulin is first biotechnologically manufactured product. Complex biomolecules such as

proteins can only be produced by living cells in complex fermentation process; they have open up entirely new ways

in medicine. Techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the development of DNA chips have

opened up new horizons in the fields of basic research and drug and diagnostics test development. The major steps

in biotechnological drug development include; Identification of newer molecular targets, Assessment of available

and newer targets, Lead Identification and Lead Optimization. Therapeutic antibodies form a relatively new drug

class that was only possible by modern biotechnology. Molecular diagnosis provides modern medicine with an

entirely new tool. As well as the therapeutic possibilities it offers, modern biotechnology can lead to novel ways to

combating disease such as diabetes, cancer and rheumatic disease like early and specific diagnosis, and also tests

that can monitor treatment and the course of illness, can results in more effective treatment in the patient.



P_54

FORMULATION OF MISCROSHPERE OF LAMIVUDINE BY SOLVENT DIFFUSION TECHNIQUE

USING ETHYLCELLULOSE

Vandana Chaudhary1, Sakshi Bhardwaj

2, Giri Chaudhary

3, Bhawna Chopra

2, Ashwani Kumar Dhingra

2

1B.S. Anangpuria College of Pharmacy, Faridabad, Haryana


3 Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., New Delhi

Objective-The objective of study was to modify and retard drug release of Lamivudine ethylcellulose microspheres

were prepared by solvent diffusion method.

Materials and method- Lamivudine, Ethylcellulose, Dichloromethane, Acetonitrile, light liquid paraffin and n-

hexane were also used. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical grade satisfying pharmacopoeial

standards.Volume of processing medium and stirring speed of secondary emulsification process was evaluated with

respect to entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release behaviors. Infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning

calorimetric analysis confirmed the absence of any drug polymer interaction.The in vitro release profiles from

microspheres of different polymer-drug ratios were applied on various kinetic models. The best fit with the highest

correlation coefficient was observed in higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled principle.

Result- Microspheres are spherical free flowing and exhibited porous surfaces, having an entrapment efficiency of

35-56%. The faster drug release was observed from microspheres prepared using large volume of processing

medium. It may be due to the higher migration of drug to the surface of the microspheres during solvent evaporation

from the freely moved emulsion droplets in large volume of processing medium. The n value varies between 0.21-

0.56 obtained from korsemeyer-peppas model confirmed and the microspheres after release study showed bigger

pores suggesting that the drug was released through pores and the mechanism of drug release was diffusion

controlled.

Conclusion- The attempt to prepare controlled release microspheres of Lamivudine with increased entrapment

efficiency was successful, even though the entrapment efficiency was still lower compared to the same process

reported for other hydrophilic drugs. Further studies are required to find out the exact cause for the difference and to

improve the entrapment efficiency.



P_55

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

Ankit Bhardwaj , Sandeep Vadhera, Vandana Chaudhary

Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar

How does Tobacco Mosaic Virus isolated from commercially purchased cigarettes infect a variety of common

garden plants? Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that infects plants,

especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns

(mottling and discoloration) on the leaves and body. On basic of results we concluded that tobacco mosaic virus

affects the chlorophyll content in plant body which decreases photosynthesis and growth gets restricted.



P_56

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PIPER CUBEB

Sakshi Bhardwaj1, Bhawna Chopra

1, Ashwani Kumar Dhingra


2



Piper is a very large genus of shrubs, rarely herbs and trees, belonging to the Piperaceae family. The species of the

genus Piper are among the important medicinal plants used in various systems of medicine and also possess

commercial value. A large number of species of this genus have been recorded as occurring wild in various tropical

and subtropical parts of India. The plants belonging to the genus Piper are reputed in the Indian Ayurvedic System

of medicine for their medicinal properties and in folklore medicine of Latin America and West Indies. The Piper

species have been widely investigated both phytochemically and biologically. These investigated study reports that

the plant has a variety of biologically active compounds viz. alkaloids, amides, propylphenols, lignans, neolignans,

terpenes, steroids, kawapyrones, piperolides, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, flavones and flavanones. Piper cubeba

inhabits Java and Prince of Wales Island, Sumatra, Southern Borneo and other isles in Indian ocean, growing

without cultivation in forests. They are also cultivated to some extent in coffee plantation of Java. The fruits are

gathered before fully ripe and then dried for use in medicines. Piper cubeba has immense biological potential viz

stimulant, local irritant, expectorant, stomachic, digestive, carminative, diuretic, gonorrhea, dysentry, enteritis,

syphilis, diarrhoea, asthma, abdomonal pain. Cubeb was frequently used in bronchitis, rheumatism, intestinal

diseases, anthelmintic, antileshmanial, Potent CYP3A4 Inhibitors, Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, Antigenotoxic,

Antiestrogenic, Antiinflammatory, Antifeedant, Hepatitis C virus inhibitor, Antibacterial, insecticidal,

hepatoprotective, urethritis, leucorrhoea, cystitis, amenorrhoea, disease of spleen and liver problems. Charaka and

Sushruta prescribed cubeb paste as a mouthwash and the dried cubebs are used internally for oral and dental

diseases, loss of voice, halitosis, hey fevers, and cough.



P_57

HOW TO INTERPRET BETA HEMOLYSIS ON BLOOD AGAR

Riya Kharbanda, Tanusha Kapoor, Mohit Mittal, Vandana Chaudhary

Guru Gobind singh College of pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar

Streptococcal pharyngitis, (known colloquially as strep throat) is a type of pharyngitis caused by a group A

streptococcal infection. It affects the pharynx including the tonsils and possibly the larynx. The typical symptoms of

streptococcal pharyngitis are a sore throat, fever of greater than 38 °C (100 °F), tonsillar exudates (pus on

thetonsils), and large cervical lymph nodes. Blood agar (BAP) is a differential growth medium used to distinguish

clinically significant bacteria from throat and sputum cultures. Certain bacteria produce enzymes (hemolysins) that

act on the red blood cells in BAP to lyse or break them down. There are three possible hemolysis patterns that can be

observed when organisms are growing on Blood Agar (BAP):i.e. alpha haemolysis,beta haemolysis and gamma

haemolysis. Beta hemolysis on BAP does not always indicate strep throat. There are other microbes that will

produce B-hemolysis, including some Gram negative enteric bacteria (poop bacteria). In addition to examining the

colony morphology, there is a more precise way to determine if the B-hemolytic bacteria are Strep. Plating another

throat sample onto Blood Agar, then adding a bacitracin antibiotic disk will help reveal if the unknown bacteria

are S. pyogenes. Bacitracin inhibits the growth of Streptococcus. Therefore, if, after incubation, the plate shows

Beta-hemolytic colonies that will not grow near the bacitracin disk, this is indicative to Strep throat bacteria.



P_58

ISOLATION OF BACTERIA BY DIFFERENT MILK SAMPLES (SOURING)

Reena, Pooja, Priya Tyagi, Vandana Chaudhry

Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar

Soured milk is a food product, distinguished from spoiled milk, and is a general term for milk that has acquired a tart

taste, either through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar, or through bacterial fermentation. The

acid causes milk to coagulate and form a thicker consistency. Soured milk that is produced by bacterial fermentation

is more specifically called fermented milk or cultured milk. Five test samples are taken as from cow, buffalo, goat,

pasteurized skimmed milk, pasteurized toned milk and left in warm place for five days. Reazurin (or methylene

blue) indicator indicates the number of bacteria present in samples. Purple color: indicates no bacteria i.e.

completely sterilized .Blue indicates few bacteria but milk is still fresh. Pink indicates some i.e. enzyme on the turn.

Colourless indicates many i.e. milk has gone. We finally concluded that fresh milk from sources like goat milk, cow

milk, buffalo milk indicates some bacteria but these are still safe to drink as these bacteria are not harmful whereas

pasteurized milk is found to be sterilized as compare to other samples.



P_59

THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY AGAINST

COAGULASE-NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI

Pooja and Vandana Chaudhary

Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy

Development of antibiotic-resistant strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci has complicated the management of

infections associated with the use of invasive medical devices, and innovative treatment and prophylactic options are

needed. Honey is increasingly being used to treat infected wounds, but little is known about its effectiveness against

coagulase-negative staphylococci. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum active dilution of two

standardized, representative honeys for 18 clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci. An agar

incorporation techniquewasused to determine the minimum active dilution, with dilution steps of 1% (v/v). The

plates were inoculated with 10 mL spots of cultures of the isolates. On basis of predictions these samples were

inhibitory at dilutions down to 3.6 – 0.7% (v/v) for the pasture honey, 3.4 – 0.5% (v/v) for the manuka honey and

29.9 – 1.9% (v/v) for the sugar syrup. Typical honeys are about eight times more potent against coagulase-negative

staphylococci than if bacterial inhibition were due to their osmolarity alone. Therefore, honey applied to skin at the

insertion points of medical devices may have a role in the treatment or prevention of infections by coagulase-

negative staphylococci.



P_60

DRUG COUNTERFEITING: A GLOBAL PROBLEM

Pankaj Kumar1 and Balwan Singh

2

1Ram-Eesh Institute of Vocational and Technical Education, Greater Noida

2HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida


Counterfeiting is a global problem, as it represents a growing threat to public health and has been largely

underestimated to date. It refers to theft of the product or brand by reproducing and substituting a similar product.

The pharmaceutical industry is facing one of its biggest collective challenges in the fight against counterfeit and

diverted products. To the naked eye, counterfeit drugs often appear to be perfect copies of the original drugs. They

are difficult to detect and generally contain the same salts but their purity and quantity is always suspected. They can

escape all controls. Due to these reasons counterfeiting has become a global problem. It is more prevalent in

developing countries rather than developed countries as in developing countries the regulatory control is limited. No

country is immune to the threat of drug counterfeiting. Global scenario has changed and various countries have

come forward on common platform to eradicate this problem. WHO has taken all positive initiatives against this and

laid various guidelines also. Regulatory bodies of different countries also playing their role in controlling this threat.

Since it is a global phenomenon, therefore it can be controlled only through unified approach under the leader ship

of WHO and Regulatory Authorities.



P_61

INTELLACTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT: AN OVERVIEW

Vineet Kumar, Balwan Singh, Deepak Kumar Rahul, Amit Kaushik

HIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida U. P.


Intellectual Property Rights (IPRS) Have Been defined as ideas, inventions and creative expression on which there

is a public willingness to bestow the status of property. IPRs provide certain exclusive rights to the creators of IP, in

order to enable them to reap commercial benefits from their creative efforts or reputation. The purpose of IPR

legislation is to protect against unauthorized imitation, copying or deceptive usage of identifying marks. Pharmacy is

a field which orients as a life saving sector, performing needs with better focus saving sector, performing needs with

better focus and approach in the coming era. Hence at the same time the protection for IPRs seems to be considerably

week specifically in pharma sector in India. At this junction we can see both face i.e. pre- IPR scenario and post-IPR

scenario to advance beyond being primarily an outsourcing arm to global pharmaceutical industry; Indian companies

need to develop their own “upstream “R&D relationships. The pharmaceutical sector has unusual prominence in

debates about IP policy, and has served as the front line for national and international controversies about the

relationship between IPRs, R&D incentives, pricing and access to medicines. Notwithstanding the intensity of debate,

on some crucial questions there is relatively little empirical evidence to support policy-making. This paper surveys the

empirical literature on intellectual property and pharmaceuticals, discusses methodological issues and key sources of

data, and identifies some of the key research issues and major gaps in the literature. The pharmaceutical sector is

complex and highly regulated in most economies. Government price controls and purchasing, public and private

insurance schemes, restrictions on marketing and promotion, and the involvement of “learned intermediaries” such as

physicians and pharmacists powerfully influence demand for pharmaceuticals. On the supply side, stringent product

safety review, regulatory oversight of manufacturing, and legal frameworks governing technology transfer between

publicly-funded biomedical research institutions and commercial entities play an equally significant role in shaping

competition. Importantly, since much of the research on pharmaceuticals has been focused on questions specific to the

market institutions and regulatory framework of high-income economies such as the US and the EU, the extent to

which this literature provides a firm foundation for evaluating the impact on policy changes in developing countries

and countries with economies in transition is therefore unclear. The pharmaceutical industry is unusually knowledge-

intensive, and the economics of this sector are widely recognized to be unusually sensitive to IPRs. Some progress has

been made in documenting and understanding the interactions between IPRs, complementary regulatory and policy

provisions, the international expansion of the industry, and the implications of these for pricing and access to drugs,

R&D, trade and production. However, opportunities abound for developing and analyzing more comprehensive data

on this complex and critical sector, particularly in developing countries and countries with economies in transition.



P_62

CAYRATIA TRIFOLIA LINN DOMIN. (VITACEAE): A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ITS

CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Jyoti Gupta, Gagandeep, Vimal Arora, Ankit Gupta, Ruby Tuteja

Baba Isher Singh College of Pharmacy, Gagra (Moga) Punjab

Cayratia trifolia linn. Domin Syn.vitis trifolia (Family Vitaceae) is commonly known as amlabel, ramchana, three

leaflet, bosh grape & amlavetash. It is native to India, Australia & Asia. It is a perennial climber leaves having

trifoliate with petioles 2-3 cm long & leaflets are ovate to ablong ovate. Flowers are small greenish, white & brown.

Fruits are fleshy, juicy, dark purple or black, nearly spherical& about 1cm in diameter. It is found through the Indian

on hills. This perennial climber also found in the hotter part of India from Jammu & Rajasthan to Assam extending

in to the peninsular India upto 600cm. Whole plant contains yellow waxy oil & steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids,

tannin, Phenolic. Its seeds & fruits contain cynogenic compounds. Stem, leaves & roots contain hydrocyanic acid,

presence of delphidin. Its fruits contain calcium oxalate that caused irritation in the mouth. A leaf also contains

piceid, reveratrol, viniferin, ampelopsin. This plant also contains Kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin & epifriedelanol.

Extract of tubers along with infusion of seeds is given orally to diabetic patients to check sugars level of blood. Paste

is applied on the affected part in the case of snake bite. Whole plant is used as diuretic & tumors, neuralgics &

splenopathy. Its climbers wrapped ground the neck of frantic bullock & poultice of leaves used to yoke sores of

bullock. The bark extract shows the antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, Hypoglycemic, anticancer, diuretic

activity.



P_63

DENDRIMERS: THE HOPE OF FUTURE PHARMA COMMUNITY

Garima Bhayana1, Monika Bhat

1, Ketan

1, Ram Pal Rajera

2, Kalpana Nagpal

2

1JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jumbheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001

Dendrimers are the macromolecules having highly branched, three dimensional, nanoscale architecture with very

low polydispersity and high functionality. This is a class of regularly branched mono-dispersed polymer which have

diameter of 5-10 nm. They serve as a connecting unit between the moleculer chemistry and polymer chemistry due

to its step-by-step synthesis using the repeating monomer units. It would not be wrong to refer dendrimers as the

“polymer of 21st century”. The characteristics of dendrimers depend on the functional group present on the surface

of the molecule. As an example, water soluble dendrimers can be prepared if any hydrophilic group like hydroxyl

and carboxy group present on the molecular surface. To serve the purpose of synthesis of dendrimers, different types

of polymers may be utilized e.g. poly-benzyl ether, polyphenylenes, polyamido-amine and poly (propylene) imine.

One of the applications of dendrimers is as a drug delivery system (DDS) that can administer the drug directly to the

affected body part. The possible applications under drug delivery system covers gene and oligonucleotide delivery,

targeting of anticancer drugs, in vivo diagnosis, targeted and controlled drug release, photodynamic therapy, X-ray

and NMR contrast agent. In nut shell, the present review is an effort to describe the dendrimers in terms of their

structure, properties and applications specially in the field of drug delivery so as to serve as a substantiates for the

high hopes for future drug delivery system.



P_64

TRIAZINONE SCAFFOLD: AS POTENTIAL ANTICONVULSANT

Gurpreet Singh, Darpan Kaushik, Ankit Jain, Nanjan Mahadevan

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajendra institute of Technology & Sciences, Sirsa(Hry.)

Triazinones represents a class of heterocyclic compounds possessing significant biological activities which makes

them potential candidates for research in the field of medicinal chemistry. 1,2,4 Triazinones have gained

considerable pharmacological interest due to their anticonvulsant activity. Many researchers have identified a

common pharmacophore model based on some well known voltage-gated sodium channel blockers including

phenytoin and lamotrigine. The compounds synthesized based upon this model comprised of the essential

pharmacophoric elements that are necessary for good anticonvulsant activity. The essential structural features which

could be responsible for an interaction with the active site of voltage-gated sodium channels are hydrophobic unit,

electron donor group, and hydrogen donor/acceptor unit. Attempts are being made to synthesize newer triazinones as

a part of refinement of lamotigine, a novel antiepileptic drug that shares a similar mode of action on neuronal

sodium channels as phenytoin.



P_65

VARIOUS HERBS USED IN TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Pallavi K.J, Karam Singh, Ramandeep Singh, Sarabjeet Singh, Vinod Singh*, Mamta Singh*

Department of Pharmacology A.S.B.A.S.J.S.M College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab. (India).

*Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences SBS (PG) Institute of Biomedical sciences & Research, Balawala,

Dehradun. (India)

E-mail Id: [email protected]

Although medicinal plants have been historical used for diabetes treatment throughout the word, few of them have

been validated by scientific criteria. Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by inappropriate

hyperglycemia caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or by a resistance to the action of insulin at the

cellular level.various herbal drugs have been studied for the treatment of diabetes that are Momordica charantia,

Averrhoa bilimbi, Allium cepa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Aloe Barbedensis, Gymnema sylvestras, Azadirachita

indica,Allium sativum Linn. , Aegle marmelos,Lepidium sativum, petrocarpus marsopium. These herbal drugs have

less adverse effects then synthetic drugs. Drugs acting on insulin secreting beta cells and act by modifying glucose

utilization. Extract of these drugs were found to reduce blood sugar levels during various administration.



P_66

ORPHAN DRUGS: A RAISING ISSUE

Ketan Kumar1, Rampal Rajera2

1JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa (Haryana)

2 Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana) 125001

Orphan drugs are those drugs which are mainly used in the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of the rare disease. In

other words, drugs which are intended to treat diseases affecting a small number of patients. For example, drugs and

vaccine for tropical diseases are also defined as orphan drugs because patient sufferings from these diseases,

although numbering tens of millions, are too poor to pay the price of medications. Vaccines are virtual orphans and

also called economic orphans. The number of vaccines introduced in the market has decreased drastically in the

recent years. These drugs include drugs which are used in Wilson’s disease, which can now be treated with

penicillamine, zinc and triethylenetetramine and rare bacterial diseases that can be treated with antimicrobials. The

issue of orphan drugs becomes more important because why no new drug is coming up or nobody is investing in

research and development (R&D) in malaria, leishmania etc. Usually we criticize the pharmaceutical industry or

manufacturers for this. This is a controversial issue. The manufacturers cannot be entirely blamed for this. It is not

easy to produce and market orphan drugs. The manufacturers of drugs have to amortize their operational expenses,

their research investment and they have to make reasonable profit so that they can finance new ventures in the

future. It is calculated that return on investment for the average new chemical entity (NCE) is barely 6-8%, a figure

with serious implications for a prudent businessman. So, if government considered in this area more strongly then it

will help in development of few new drug entity for treatment of rare disease



P_67

SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF ACRIDINONE DERIVATIVES FOR THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL

ACTIVITY

Mandeep Kaur, Meena Kumari, Ramesh Kumar, Sandeep Jain


Abstrat: In the present study, substituted acridinone derivatives were synthesized by Ullmann Condensation. These

substituted acridinone derivatives were then treated with various aromatic amines in the presence of zinc chloride to

form the schiff’s bases. Further the reaction of these schiff’s bases with thioglycollic acid in the presence of zinc

chloride yielded the titled compounds i.e Spiro derivatives of acridinone. All the synthesized compounds were then

screened for antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity was carried out in vitro by using cup plate method.

The antimicrobial activity was performed against four bacterial strains viz. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus

(Gram positive); Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative) and two fungal strains Candida

albicans and Asperagillus niger. Ciprofloxacin was taken as standard for antibacterial activity and Fluconazole for

antifungal activity. Different derivatives showed different activity against different micro-organisms.

Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3` (phenyl)-4-thiazolidinone] showed good activity against B.subtilis. 3` (4``-methoxyphenyl)-

4-thiazolidinone] showed maximum activity against S.aureus. Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3`(4``-chlorophenyl)-4-

thiazolidinone] showed good activity against P. aeruginosa. Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3`(4``-hydroxyphenyl)-4-

thiazolidinone] showed best activity against E.coli. Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3`(3``-hydroxyphenyl)-4-thiazolidinone]

showed good activity against C. albicans and Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3`(4``-chlorophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone], and

Spiro[acridine-9, 2`-3`(3``-hydroxyphenyl)-4-thiazolidinone] showed maximum activity against A.niger.



P_68

NANOBOTS (NANOTECHNOLOGY ROBOTS): A MODERN APPROACH

Karunesh Kumar, Dinesh Kumar, Renu

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U.K.

Nanobots are robots that carry out a very specific function and are just several nanometers wide. These robots carry

drug which can be targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective and reduce the

chances of possible side-effects. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. A nanometer (nm) is one

billionth of a meter. For comparison purposes, the width of an average hair is 100,000 nanometers. Human blood

cells are 2,000 to 5,000 nm long; a strand of DNA has a diameter of 2.5 nm. Special sensor nanobots can be inserted

into the blood under the skin where they check blood contents and warn of any possible diseases. They can also be

used to monitor the sugar level in the blood. Nanobots can also be used to prevent heart-attacks which are caused by

fat deposits blocking the blood vessels. Special nanobots can be made for removing these fat deposits.

Nanotechnology is still in its early stages. The applications discussed in this report have already been developed and

are already helping patients all over the world.



P_69

COCCYDYNIA: SYMPTOMS AND CURE

Pankaj Rakha1, Raj Kumar

1, Milind Parle

2

1Rajendra Institute of Technology & Sciences, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana)

2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sci., G.J.U.S. & T., Hisar-125001 (Haryana)

The coccyx commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column. It comprises of three

to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum. It is attached to the sacrum by a

fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and

the coccyx. Coccydynia is a medical term meaning pain in the coccyx or tailbone area, usually brought on by sitting

too abruptly. Coccyx is infact the remnant of the tail, from the time when man came into existence and has not been

fully lost during evolution. Patients are often uncertain to call it tailbone, hip or back pain. It affects females more

than males because the coccyx is more exposed and prominent in women. A number of different conditions can

cause pain in the general area of the coccyx, but not all involve the coccyx and the muscles attached to it. The first

task of diagnosis is to determine whether the pain is related to the coccyx. Physical examination, high resolution x-

rays and MRI scans can rule out various causes unrelated to the coccyx. Pain after a fall onto the buttocks or being

hit directly could cause a fracture in the coccyx or strain on sacrococcygeal joint. The main complaint is the

experience of discomfort/ pain while sitting or lying down flat on the back which is probably due to the pressure

being exerted on the tailbone. A pillow or donut cushion is ideally suited to relieve pressure on the area. Massage of

pelvic floor muscles facilitates a reduction of pain instantly. Some relaxation exercises can also relieve the pain.



P_70

THIOLATED POLYMERS: A NEW GENERATION OF MUCOADHESIVE POLYMERS

Raj Kumar1*

, Pankaj Rakha1, D.N. Mishra

2, S. K. Singh

2

1Rajendra Institute of Technology & Sciences, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana)

2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sci., G.J.U.S. & T., Hisar-125001 (Haryana)

A new generation of mucoadhesive polymeric drug carrier systems has been established in the past years. In contrast

to traditionally used mucoadhesive polymers, which adhere to the mucus by non-covalent bonds, such as hydrogen

bonds and ionic interactions, thiomers are capable of forming covalent bonds leading to improved mucoadhesie

properties. These thiolated polymers or so-called thiomers are hydrophilic polymers such as poly(acrylates),

chitosan or deacetylated gellan gum derivatised with thiol groups on their side chains. Due to the formation of inter-

and/or intrachain disulphide bonds, these conjugates show strongly improved cohesive properties. The underlying

mechanism is based on thiol/disulfide exchange reactions and on an oxidation process between the reactive thiol

groups of the mucoadhesive polymer and cysteine-rich subdomains of the mucin glycoproteins. The formed

disulfide bonds are representatives of the bridging structure most commonly encountered in biological systems,

providing covalent adhesion of thiomers to the mucus layer. Within this review an overview of the mechanism of

adhesion and the design of thiomers as well as delivery systems comprising thiomers is provided.



P_71

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES FOR

DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUG

Raman Singla1, Twinkle Singla

1, Munish kumar

1, D.A. Jain

2

1Swami Devi Dyal Institute of Pharmacy, Barwala, Panchkula

2Bhagwant University, Ajmer

Nanocolloidal drug delivery systems are emerging as newer type of delivery system that facilitate the product line

extensions through improved therapeutic regimes for existing drug molecules. For the preparation of nanoparticles,

water soluble polymers are available and chitosan is one of the most extensively studied. This is because chitosan

possesses some ideal properties of polymeric carriers for nanoparticles such as biocompatible, biodegradable,

nontoxic and inexpensive. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on the ionic gelation of chitosan with

Tripolyphopshate anions. Chitosan was dissolved in acetic aqueous solution at various concentrations (1.0, 1.2, 1.44,

1.6, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg/mL). The concentration of acetic acid in aqueous solution was in all case, 1.5 times that of

chitosan. Under magnetic stirring at room temperature 4mL sodium tripolyphosphate TPP aqueous solution with

various concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mg/mL) was added into 10mL chitosan solution, respectively. Three

kinds of phenomena were observed: solution, aggregates and opalescent suspension. The zone of opalescent

suspension was further examined as nanoparticles. PEG-modified nanoparticles were formed spontaneously upon

incorporation of 4mL TPP solution (0.6 mg/mL) into 10mL chitosan solution containing various concentrations of

PEG (10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0 mg/mL). The daunorubicin was dissolved in heated distilled water. Daunorubicin

loaded nanoparticles were formed upon incorporation of 4mL TPP solution (0.6, 1.0 mg/mL) into 10mL chitosan

solutions containing daunorubicin (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mg/mL). The formulated nanoparticles were then evaluated

for various physicochemical parameters of the dosage form.



P_72

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF FICUS ARNOTTIANA MIQ. LEAVES EXTRACT

FOR THEIR THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Pallavi K.J, Ramandeep Singh, Sarabjeet Singh, Karam Singh, Mamta Singh*, Vinod Singh*

Dept. of Pharmacology & Toxicology A.S.B.A.S.J.S.M College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab. (India).

*Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences SBS (PG) Institute of Biomedical sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun

The objective of present study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Ficus arnottiana Miq. leaves as

antioxidant. The Methanolic extract was prepared by using soxhlet method and its phytochemical screening was

carried out. The free radical- scavening activity of the leaf extract was evaluated in terms of Hydrogen peroxide and

DPPH (1-1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl) methods. The extract showed maximum antioxidant potential 74.9% and

81.3% at 300 ug/ml concentration by DPPH method and hydrogen peroxide method respectively as compared to the

standard solution (ascorbic acid).The Present study concludes that has potent antioxidant Potential and can be used as

health benefits.



P_73

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE DRUG THERAPY : NEED FOR BETTER THERAPIES

A.S.Kushwah, Sarabjeet Singh, Ramandeep Singh,*Ramandeep Kaur, Karam Singh

Department of Pharmacology A.S.B.A.S.J.S.M.College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar (Punjab)

*Rayat Institute of Pharmacy, Rail-Mazra Ropar


Dementia is one of the most common disorder or negative effect of aging which is characterized by loss of

intellectual capabilities which include learning and memory of an individual. Alzheimer’s disease is one the type of

dementia from which 60- 80% patients are suffering from this disasterous disease.around 604$ are spent on care and

management of patient suffering from this disease. In 2010 36.7 million people were effected from AD across the

world and this figure is expected to rise up to 65.7 & 115.4 millions by 2030 and 2040 respectively. The main

stays of current therapy for AD are by acetylchlinestrase inhibitor – like donepezil, tacrine, rivastigmine etc .

NMDA receptor antagonists such as memantine are appproved drugs for treatment of AD. There is great research

going in this field with development and increase in knowledge of mechanisms responsible for neurodegenration in

AD brain. The new therapies are based on use of antioxidants anti-inflammatory drugs, plant based therapy,immune

therapy, anti-amyloid therapy, hormone replacement therapy etc., the drug therapy is highly based on modulation

or replacement of neurotransmitter which posses certain side effects with some syptomatic relief. Therefore pursuit

for newer, safer, and effective drugs for AD is on. The introduction of Ach inhibitors and NMDA inhibitors are

prooven good and highly welcomeed in past decade, but this doesnot detract from the need for safer and more

effective neuroprotective agents.



P_74

ANTICANCER AGENTS FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS

Satish Kumar, Rajbala Singh, Ramandeep Singh*, Mamta Singh**,Vinod Singh**

Dept. of Pharmacology Siddhartha institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun Uttarakhand.

* Dept. of Pharmacology A.S.B.A.S.J.S.M College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab (India)

** Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences SBS (PG) Institute of Biomedical sciences & Research, Balawala, Dehradun

E-mail Id: [email protected]

Many traditional systems depend on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases, including cancer.

Cancer is a major public health burden in both developed and developing countries. Plant derived agents are being

used for the treatment of cancer. Various herbal drugs have been studied for the treatment of Cancer that are

Catharanthus roseus G. Don., Taxus brevifolia Nutt., Cephalotaxus harringtonia var., Bleekeria vitensis A.C. Sm.,

Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. f. Several anticancer agents including taxol, vinblastine, vincristine, the

camptothecin derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, and etoposide derived from epipodophyllotoxin are in clinical

use all over the world. A number of promising agents such as flavopiridol, roscovitine, combretastatin A-4, betulinic

acid and silvestrol are in clinical or preclinical development.



P_75

1, 3, 4-OXADIAZOLES: AN OVERVIEW

Sonika Redhu, Deepak Goyal, N. Mahadevan

Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, Haryana-125055

1, 3, 4-oxadiazole are 5-membered heterocyclic compounds which have attracted significant interest in medicinal

chemistry due to their wide range of biological effects, which include antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiplatelet,

antiamebic, anticonvulsant, antimycobacterial, anticancer, muscle relaxant, sedative hypnotic, analgesic, anti-

inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antihypertensive and antiparasitic activities. In addition, they have been

utilized as cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase-3β

inhibitors, tyrosinase inhibitors, EP1-receptor antagonist, cathepsin K antagonist and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

The wide spread use of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as a scaffold in medicinal chemistry using this moiety as an important

bioactive class of heterocycle. Number of marketed drugs such as antihypertensive agents (tiodazosin and nesapidil),

HIV-integrase inhibitor (raltagravir), antibacterial (furamizole), and a potent PDF inhibitor (BB-83698) possess

1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.An overview of biological activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole will be discussed.



P_76

NANOBIOCOMPOSITES: A PROMISING SYSTEM IN HEALTHCARE AND DRUG DELIVERY

Sunena, Kalpana Nagpal, S.K.Singh, D. N. Mishra

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana)


Nanobiocomposites, an emerging novel drug-delivery vehicle, enable the therapeutically effective moieties to

actively target discrete cells. The incorporation of biological molecules such as DNA, bacteria, viruses; has provided

their improved therapeutic activities. Their characteristic property may be attributed to their multi-modular structure,

ability to pass through biological barriers, as well as carry multiple drugs of different chemical structures

simultaneously. Beside this, they are simple to multifunctional in structure, are biodegradable, non toxic and non

immunogenic. Synthesizing safe and efficient multifunctional nanoconjugates could serve as a potential

biodegradable platform for multitargeting of drugs, tissue localization, imaging and biosensing. Moreover, these

biomolecules can passivate the surfaces of nanoparticles to improve their biocompatibility and tissue/organ

targeting. Compared to other colloidal carriers used for drug delivery and targeting, the nanoconjugates do not leak

drug on their delivery pathway and therefore will not induce toxicity towards healthy tissue/cells. In nut shell, the

present review is an effort to introduce the emerging novel drug delivery system, the nanobiocomposites, their

characteristic features and future aspects thereof. Thus, nanobiocomposites’ drug delivery system, because of its

myriad of applications, makes it an ideal candidate for future study.



P_77

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINES

Varun and Vineet

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra


OBJECTIVE: The main aim is to show use of nanotechnology in medicines.

METHOD: In the present study we collect and analyze the data regarding the applications of Nanotechnology in

medicines and health. The data was collected and analyzed from various sources such as (1) journals (2) news

articles (3) expert lectures (4) internet. In this, we studied the use of Nanotechnology in drug analysis, drug delivery,

diagnosis, treatment etc.

RESULT: The principle rationale behind studying application of Nanotechnology in medicines for encouraging

further development of the new processes, substances & systems for treating various infectious diseases with more

target specificity and less adverse effects. Nanomedicine is a relatively new area of biotechnology, but the

possibilities for new therapies and surgeries to treat illnesses and diseases such as cancer, seem endless. The concept

of nanorobots and cell repair machines is also viable and may some day be as commonplace as taking an asprin is

today.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that various fields of applications of Nanotechnology are now extensively probed and

moving closer to medical industry. So, nanotechnology could be useful making nanorobots, cell repairing machines,

in kidney treatment (Nanonephrology) etc. Nanotechnology has bring new revolution in medical sector but still lots

of things have to be studied regarding absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity of nano based medicines.



P_78

FIFTH GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS: A NOVEL STRATEGY AGAINST MULTIDRUG

RESISTANT PATHOGENS

Vikas, Kalpana Nagpal, Ram pal

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar (Haryana) 125001


Research and development industry demands for new anti-infective moieties so as to combat multi drug resistant

pathogens. The introduction of cephalosporins, specially, fifth generation cephalosporins serves a major step in that

direction. Cephalosporins, the beta lactam antibiotics, were first isolated by an Italian scientist, Giuseppe Brotzu,

from the cultures of Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948 in Sardinia. These substances were effective against

Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. Cephalosporins are bactericidal in nature and they act by

disrupting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall. Cephalosporins competitively inhibit

penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) cross linking of peptidoglycans On the basis of the spectrum of antimicrobial

activities; cephalosporins are classified into “generations”. Thus, cephalosporins fall into five major classes or

generations. As the generation progress from first to the fifth generation, a significant shift towards greater gram-

negative antimicrobial properties takes place with decreased activity against gram-positive microbes. The third

generation drugs among them are capable of penetrating CNS. Fourth-generation cephalosporin’s, however, have

true broad-spectrum activity. Ceftobiprole and Ceftaroline come under fifth generation cephalosporins. Ceftobiprole,

having more affinity to bind Penicillin-binding protein 2a, is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococci, and is

thus found to be effective against complicated skin and skin structure infection. Another fifth generation

cephalosporin, ceftaroline has found to be effective against the resistant aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and

gram-negative bacteria associated with skin and respiratory infections, MRSA and Streptococcus pneumonia.

Therefore, it has been approved by FDA for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and

complicated skin and skin structure infections. The present review is an effort to summarise the structure and

properties (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic), in order to create awareness in the pharmacist’s community to

eradicate multidrug resistant organisms for the ultimate welfare of mankind.



P_79

NANOTECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS IN TUMOR TARGETING

Vikramjeet Singh, Rahul Sehrawat, Bhawna Gauri

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa 125055 (Haryana), India


Nanotechnology refers to the interactions of cellular and molecular components and engineered materials typically

clusters of atoms, molecules, and molecular fragments at the most elemental level of biology. It offers numerous

advantages, e.g. improved efficacy and reduced toxicity in tumor targeting, compared to conventional dosage forms.

Some basic approaches for tumor targeting through nanotechnologies are: avoiding reticuloendothelial system

(RES), enhanced permeability and retention (EPR), tumor-specific targeting, targeting through angiogenesis and

targeting tumor vasculature. Targeting to the cancer sites have been achieved by attaching monoclonal antibodies or

cell-surface receptor ligands to nanosystems likewise nanotubes or nanocontainers that bind specifically to

molecules found on the surfaces of cancer cells, such as the high-affinity folate receptor which are over expressed by

the tumor cell surface like transferrin and EGF receptor. Nanoscale drug delivery systems for chemotherapy can be

divided into two categories: polymer- and lipid based. Polymers, which are usually larger than lipid molecules, form

a solid phase, such as polymeric Nanoparticles, films, and pellets, while lipids form a liquid (or liquid crystalline

phase), such as liposomes, cubersomes, micelles and other emulsions. Some of the newer nano delivery systems that

are being developed include nanocages, nanogels, nanofibers, nanoshells, nanorods, nanocontainers, etc. In this

regard, the role of Nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutic drugs has been attracted a lot of attention of the

scientists working on oral drug delivery systems.



P_80

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL GELS OF PIROXICAM

Amit Beniwal1, Nishant Yadav

1, Yash Paul

1, Sameer Bhandri

2

1Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala


Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Being a

NASAID, chances of gastric irritation are high with piroxicam. Therefore, topical gels of piroxicam were formulated

using methanol, Tween 80, linseed oil, and capsicum oleoresin as penetration enhancers. Overall, 20 different

formulations of piroxicam were developed keeping the concentration of piroxicam constant. Carbopol 934 was used

as a gelling agent in all formulations with different concentrations to formulate a consistent gel. Triethanolamine

(TEA) was used as a neutralising agent, propylene glycol was used as a cosolvent and menthol was used as a

soothing agent in the constant concentration in all formulations. All the 20 formulations were evaluated for their

drug content, pH and extrudability characteristics. Out of the 20 formulations, 10 formulations were found

unacceptable due to their rheological characteristics. The remaining 10 acceptable formulations were evaluated for

their spreadability, viscosity and in vitro drug release and in vivo skin irritation test. Conclusion- Formulation F-14

having linseed oil, Tween 80 and methanol as penetration enhancers and 1% carbopol 934 as gelling agent was

selected as one of the best formulations for piroxicam topical gels. F-14 showed no irritancy when studied on a

group of mice and exhibited distinct superiority over the marketed gel formulation of piroxicam (Pirox;Cipla).



P_81

POTENTIAL OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN INHIBITORS TO OVERCOME MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE

(MDR) IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

Anil Jindal, Daisy Khurana, Senthil Kumar M., N. Mahadevan


This review emphasizes mainly on the latest findings in the field of modulating cancer multidrug resistance (MDR).

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the most significant obstacles in cancer chemotherapy. One of the

mechanisms involved in the development of MDR is the over expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). More than fifty

percent of existing anti-cancer drugs undergo inhibitable and saturable P-gp mediated efflux. Consequently, there is

an increasing trend to optimize pharmacokinetics, enhance antitumour activity and reduce systemic toxicity of

existing anti-cancer drugs by inhibiting P-gp mediated transport. Numerous reports on the chemopreventive and

anti-genotoxic effects of P-glycoprotein inhibitors have been studied. The cancer preventive effects have been

attributed to various mechanisms including the antioxidative activity, the inhibition of enzymes that activate

carcinogens, the modification of signal transduction pathways, and interactions with receptors and other

proteins.Although a wide variety of P-gp inhibitors have been discovered, research efforts are underway to identify

the most appropriate one.



P_82

DRUG DELIVERY TO EYE: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NOVEL DELIVERY SYSTEM

Arun Phogat, Daisy Khurana, Senthil Kumar M., N. Mahadevan


The ocular drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging field amongst the various routes of drug

delivery, the pharmaceutical scientists facing this challenging endeavor for past 10‐20 years. The anatomy,

physiology, and biochemistry of the eye shows this organ highly protected to foreign substances. In drug delivery to

the eye, the conventional systems (like eye solutions, suspensions etc) due to drainage of solution, tear turnover and

its dilution or lacrimation the main problems associated is low drug contact time and poor bioavailability.

Application of Novel drug delivery system has been very promising in the treatment of ocular diseases. So that

various novel approaches have been developed for this purpose like liposome, noisome, pharmacosomes,

cubosomes, discomes, micro/nanoparticles, ocular inserts, implants, hydrogel and prodrugs etc. These novel systems

offer manifold advantage over conventional system as they increase the efficiency of drug delivery by improving the

release profile and also reduce drug toxicity. Novel delivery system release the drug at a constant rate for prolonged

period of time so there is no need of administering drug at regular interval of time. Current situation in the invention

of new drug delivery systems shows a promise towards much improved therapies for the treatment of vision

threatening disorders.



P_83

PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND DISSOLUTION PROFILE OF SOLID DISPERSION OF

FUROSEMIDE INCORPORATING SUITABLE HYDROPHILLIC CARRIERS: A DETAILED STUDY

Bharti Sethi1, Vipan K Kamboj

2, Prabhakar Verma

2, Saahil Arora

1

1ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Panjab

2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MD University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana


A rapid onset of action of any drug is required in so many diseased conditions to get desired pharmacological

response. For a rapid onset of action, fast dissolution and absorption are primary objectives for any dosage forms.

Poorly soluble drugs that are administered orally will generally exhibit slow dissolution rates and incomplete

bioavailability due to poor wettability of

those drugs. Present study was carried out on furosemide (FUR), incorporating water soluble carriers like

polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone K-30 (PVPK-30) in different weight ratios (1:1, 1:5 and

1:10) by melting, co-evaporation and physical mixing methods. Phase solubility study increases solubility by 19-

fold and 14-fold for PEG and PVP, respectively. The Gibbs free energy and enthalpy indicates spontaneous

solubilization of FUR in aqueous solution of both polymers. Solid dispersions (SD) was characterized by FTIR,

DSC, XRD and dissolution studies. The highest improvements in solubility and in-vitro drug release were observed

in SD prepared with PEG by co-evaporation method. SDs of FUR with PEG and PVP significantly enhanced

dissolution rate of FUR (88-97%) within 4 h as compared to physical mixtures (PM) as well as pure FUR. Mead

Dissolution Time (MDT) value of pure FUR is very high (58.3 min). This value decreased after preparing its SDs

and PM with PEG and PVP. CEPEG 1:10 showed lowest MDT value (20.2 min). FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, and

XRD showed a change in crystal structure toward an amorphous form of FUR. These findings are extremely

important from a commercial point of view as prepared SD removes drawback of poor dissolution profile of FUR.



P_84

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FAT EMULSION FOR PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION

Manoj Kumar1, Arun Tyagi

1, Yash Paul Singla

1, Bhupinder Singh

2

1Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

2University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh


Parenteral emulsions serve not only the source of calories and essential fatty acids for nonambulatory patients but

may also serve as an excellent vehicle for the formulation and delivery of drugs having broad range of application.

The use of an o/w emulsion can reduce or overcome the problems like insufficient aqueous solubility and/or water

hydrolysis associated with various drugs. Therefore, it was decided to develop and evaluate fat emulsion for

parenteral administration. Soybean oil was selected owing to its protective and highly nutritional values. Also,

soybean oil is a rich source of essential fatty acids, which are polyunsaturated and are not produced endogenously in

humans and must be obtained from the diet. Twenty two different formulation each consisting of 10% soybean oil

were developed using egg lecithin as an emulsifying agent and l-arginine as isotonicity building agent. On the basis

of phase separation values determined for each parenteral fat emulsion formulation of soybean oil (10%), 1.2% egg

lecithin and 2.5% l-arginine concentration were selected for the formulation of different fat emulsions. Based on

phase separation values, homogenizing stirring speed and stirring time was also optimized. All the developed

parenteral fat emulsion formulations were evaluated in terms of their respective pH, viscosity, osmolality, etc.

Formulation F-20 was found to be best formulation as it was found to be devoid of phase separation and also has the

pH, viscosity and osmolality values within the desirable range. Formulation F-20 was also studied in terms of its

globule size, conductivity, sterility and finally for stability studies. Conclusion-The developed fat emulsion

formulation F-20 can be successfully used as a means of treating or preventing essential fatty acid deficiency to the

nonambulatory patients.



P_85

MUCOADHESION: A VITAL DRUG DELIVERY APPROACH

Rahul Sehrawat, Sunil Kumar, Yash Paul



Oral route is one of the most preferred routes for the drug administration. However, this route is associated with

certain disadvantages such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal

tract that leads hindrance to oral administration of certain classes of drugs, especially peptides and proteins.

Therefore, transmucosal routes such as mucoadhesion of drugs are better alternative for drug administration.

Mucoadhesion can be defined as the state in which two materials, at least one of which is biological in nature, are

maintained together for a prolonged time period by means of interfacial forces. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems

interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface and mucin molecules and increase the

residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. Mucoadhesive dosage forms such as tablets, films,

patches, microspheres, gels and ointment helps in the site specific delivery of the drug. The drugs which have local

action or those which have maximum absorption in GIT require enhanced stay in the GIT. Thus, these dosage forms

are advantageous in increasing the plasma drug concentration and also the therapeutic activity of the drug.

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems have applications from different angles, including development of novel

mucoadhesives, design of the device, mechanism of mucoadhesion and permeation enhancement. With the invasion

of a large number of new drug molecules, mucoadhesive drug delivery will play an even more vital role in

delivering these drug molecules.



P_86

CHIRAL AUXILLARIES: A TOOL FOR ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS

Vibhuti and Preeti Walia

Lord Shiva College of pharmacy, Sirsa 125055 (Haryana), India

Asymmetric synthesis has received considerable interest due to increasing demand of enantiomerically pure

compounds in pharmaceutical industry. This has lead to quest for the methodologies which allow stereoselective

synthesis of compounds in an efficient manner. Use of chiral auxiliaries remains one of the most reliable, efficient

and straight forward approach for generation of new chiral molecules in a highly enantiomericaly enriched form.

The basic strategy involves attachment of chiral auxiliary to a pro-chiral substrate leading to imposition of high

degree of asymmetric induction by means of non-interactive interactions. Variety of auxillary controlled reactions,

such as asymmetric alkylation, Aldol and Diel’s Alder reaction etc., have been reported in the literature. A brief

account of the methodology will be provided in the poster.



P_87

SKIN PENETRATION ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN TRANSDERMAL

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Vipra, Sunita Nirban, Sunil Kumar

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa-125055

Transdermal drug delivery system is the delivery of drug into systemic circulation via permeation through skin layer

at a controlled rate. Despite of important contribution of transdermal in medical practices, it has yet to achieve its

potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injection. The reason being large, ionic ,less lipophilic

and high dose drugs cannot be delivered via transdermal drug delivery system. Innovative research exploiting

penetration enhancing strategies like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, electroporation,

magnetophoresis, microneedles, vehicle drug interaction, prodrug selection, eutectic system, liposome and its

analogues are widely used. These techniques increased skin permeation either by forced repulsion of drug

molecules in the skin, electro-osmosis, disruption of stratum corneum lipids by formation of gas cavities or by

increasing blood circulation, blood vessel wall permeability ,rate limiting membrane permeability and drug

solubility, disruption of stratum corneum. These techniques holds promises for successful use of drugs as consumer

friendly, transdermal dosage form in clinical practices. Although all developments have been made but still it is

necessary to understand how the physicochemical properties of the penetrant impact on the transport rate. This can

be achieved in the future using sophisticated biophysical and computational techniques.



P_88

PHARMACOVIGILANCE: REDUCTION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DRUGS

Gurusewak Singh, Amit Monga

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa-125055 (Haryana)

Pharmacovigilance is the science of collecting, monitoring, researching, assessing and evaluating information from

healthcare providers and patients on the adverse effects of medications, biological products, herbalism and

traditional medicines. The objective of pharmacovigilance is the reduction of the frequency and the severity of

adverse effects of drugs while maintaining or, better, improving their efficacy. Pharmacovigilance serves to detect

previously unrecognised adverse events associated with the use of medicines. The simplest method for detecting

signals of such events is crude inspection of lists of spontaneously reported drug-event combinations. Quantitative

and automated numerator-based methods such as Bayesian data mining can supplement or supplant these methods.

Automated signal detection methods transparent to drug safety professionals of various backgrounds. This is

accomplished by first providing a brief overview of the evolution of signal detection followed by a series of sections

devoted to the methods with the greatest utilisation and evidentiary support: proportional reporting rations, the

Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network and empirical Bayes screening. Examples of drug-adverse

reaction combinations highlighted by the BCPNN as quantitative associations were selected. The anatomical

therapeutic chemical (ATC) group to which the drug belonged was then identified, and the information component

(IC) was calculated for this ATC group and the adverse drug reaction (ADR). Sophisticated yet intuitive

explanations are provided for each method, supported by figures in which the underlying statistical concepts are

explored. Finally the strengths, limitations, pitfalls and outstanding unresolved issues are discussed. BCPNN data-

mining approach can identify drug-specific as well as group effects. In the known examples that served as test cases,

beta-blocking agents other than practolol are not associated with sclerosing peritonitis, but all angiotensin-

converting enzyme inhibitors are associated with coughing, as are antihistamines with heart-rhythm disorders and

antipsychotics with myocarditis. The recently identified association between antipsychotics and myocarditis remains

even after consideration of concomitant medication.



P_89

PHARMACOGENOMICS: A ROBUST SYSTEM TO STUDY INDIVIDUALS’ RESPONSE TO THERAPY

Amit Monga 1

and Kalpana Nagpal 2

1Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa (Haryana) -125055,

2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana

Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology in which genomic information is utilized to study individuals’

response to drugs. The influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients is studied under

pharmacogenomics by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or

toxicity. Pharmacogenomics helps to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype. Thus it ensures

maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects and is thus a rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect

to the patients' genotype.



P_90

A REVIEW: COUMARIN

Rakesh Siwach and Deepika Choudhary

Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy

Heterocyclic compounds are of particular importance in pharmaceutical chemistry. A lot of the drugs contain the

heterocyclic nucleus. Coumarin is one such nucleus upon which a large number of the drugs are based. Coumarin

can be synthesized by various methods such as pechmann condensation, perkin reaction, knowevenagel

condensation, wittig reaction, reformatsky reaction etc. Coumarin derivatives are also found to be obtained from

plant kingdom. The rich sources of the naturally occurring coumarins belong to the family leguminoseae (melilotus

Alba), Umbelliferae (umbelliferone). Coumarins were first isolated from tonka beans (Diteryx odorata) in 1820. The

name comes from a French word, coumarou, for the tonka beans. . From the literature it was found that drugs based

on the heterocyclic nucleus contain various activities such as anticoagulant, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-

inflammatory, analgesic activities etc. Pyrazole derivatives of coumarin contain anticancer activity. Phenoxymethyl

derivatives of coumarin have good analgesic and antipyretic activity. Benzocoumarin derivatives were found to

contain antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities. Therefore Coumarin can act as important nucleus in research of

new therapeutic agents.



P_91

CHOCOLATES ARE HEALTHIER THAN FRUITS

Arpita Jindal, Parul Budhiraja, S. K.Sharma, Bharti Gupta

Sunder Deep Pharmacy College


Chocolate is made from plants, which means it contains many of the health benefits of dark vegetables. These

benefits are from flavonoids, which act as antioxidants. Antioxidants protect the body from aging caused by free

radicals, which can cause damage that leads to heart disease. Dark chocolate contains a large number of antioxidants

(nearly 8 times the number found in strawberries). Flavonoids also help relax blood pressure through the production

of nitric oxide, and balance certain hormones in the body. Dark chocolate is good for your heart. A small bar of it

everyday can help keep your heart and cardiovascular system running well. Two heart health benefits of dark

chocolate are: Lower Blood Pressure, Lower Cholesterol.Chocolate also holds benefits apart from protecting your

heart: it tastes good , it stimulates endorphin production which gives a feeling of pleasure , it contains serotonin

which acts as an anti-depressant , it contains theobromine, caffeine and other substances which are stimulants.

Some of the fats in chocolate do not impact your cholesterol. The fats in chocolate are 1/3 oleic acid- is a healthy

monounsaturated fat that is also found in olive oil., 1/3 stearic acid - is a saturated fat but one which research is

shows has a neutral effect on cholesterol , and 1/3 palmitic acid - is also a saturated fat, one which raises cholesterol

and heart disease risk. That means only 1/3 of the fat in dark chocolate is bad for you. This information doesn't

mean that you should eat a pound of chocolate a day. Chocolate is still a high-calorie, high-fat food. Most of the

studies done used no more than 100 grams,of dark chocolate a day to get the benefits.. The compounds in dark

chocolate are just as good as the botanical compounds in fruit. Cacao seeds should be considered a 'super fruit' and

products derived from cacao seed extracts such as dark chocolate, as 'super foods'.



P_92

IMPACT OF RETAIL CHAIN PHARMACY ON CURRENT DRUGS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Manish Jalandhara and Sandeep Kumar

Seth G. L. Bihani S. D. College of Technical Education, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research,

Gaganpath, Sriganganagar (Raj.) 335001

This concept was born in USA in 1980. Retail chain pharmacy outlets are new trend in India. Pharma appears to be

the new hope in retail with an increasing number of corporate entering into the segment. Retailing is considered a

sunrise industry today. This study draw a comparison between community, hospital & retail chain pharmacy outlets

in Bangalore with respect to investment, services offered & cost. It also focused at assessing the perception of whole

sellers towards these three kinds of pharmacy. The study also aimed to determine cost implication to consumer in

either case. Primary data was obtained from market research which was carried out by administering structured

undisguised questionnaire to community, hospital and retail chain pharmacists, pharmaceutical wholesalers &

consumer. Secondary data was obtained from pharmaceutical magazines, marketing journals & internet. The study

revealed that RCPs provide various types of facilities to consumers as compare to community & hospital pharmacy.

Most of community pharmacists considered springing up of RCPs as a threat to their business hospital pharmacies

were not much affected with opening of RCPs. The serve also revealed that role of whole seller is affected due to

opening of RCPs. Consumers find RCPs are more reliable & cost effective.



P_93

DENDRIMER: A TOOL IN NEW DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Ramchandra Gedar, L. D. Budania, Sandeep Kumar, Bhupender, Kiran Suthar

Seth G.L.Bihani S.D.College of Technical Education, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Sri

Ganganagar, Rajasthan

Dendrimers are synthetic macromolecules having a highly branched 3D structure, globular architecture with high

degree of surface functionality and versatility. Dendrimers play an important role in the field of nanotechnology,

pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. Dendrimers have improved physical and chemical properties then linear

polymers. Dendrimers in solution form lightly packed ball inspite of flexible coil by linear polymer, which impact

rheological properties of dendrimers. Dendrimers are prepared either by divergent or convergent strategies. Drug

molecules can be loaded both in the interior of the dendrimers as well as attached to surface groups. Encapsulation

of Sulfamathaxazole & Quinolone into dendrimers led to sustained release of drug. Dendrimer is used in boron

neutron capture therapy (BNCT) to treat cancer. Dendrimers act as vectors in gene therapy. The high surface area

and high solubility makes dendrimers useful as nanoscale catalysts. Toxicity problem may exist, but it can be sorted

by modification of structure of dendrimers. Thus dendrimers may be prove to a boon in pharmaceutical field.



P_94

NANO PARTICLES AS A DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Neeti Chauhan, Parul Budhiraja, S. K. Sharma

Sunderdeep Pharmacy College


Nanoparticle - any microscopic particle less than or about 100 nanometers (nm) in diameter.Systems of

administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches to the target site. Drug delivery

systems encompass the carrier, route, and target.Insulin molecule is too large to be absorbed from gastrointestinal

tract and is broken down before it is absorbed. The possibility of delivering insulin

orally is attractive, but is often limited by poor bioavailability. The poor

bioavailability of orally administered insulin is attributed to its degradation

or inactivation by presystemic metabolism due to highly acidic gastric fluid,

gastrointestinal pancreatic enzymes and intestinal proteolytic enzymes. A desire to deliver insulin orally has

prompted many scientists to explore the various possibilities of improving oral bioavailability of insulin by in vitro

and in vivo studies in animal models. Nanoparticles composed of naturally occurring biodegradable polymers have

emerged as potential carriers of various therapeutic agents for controlled drug delivery through the oral route.

Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide, is one of such biodegradable polymers, which has been extensively exploited

for the preparation of nanoparticles for oral controlled delivery of several therapeutic agents. In recent years, the

area of focus has shifted from chitosan to chitosan derivatized polymers for the preparation of oral nanoparticles due

to its vastly improved properties, such as better drug retention capability, improved permeation, enhanced

mucoadhesion and sustained release of therapeutic agents. Chitosan derivatized polymers are primarily the

quaternized chitosan derivatives, chitosan cyclodextrin complexes, thiolated chitosan, pegylated chitosan and

chitosan combined with other peptides. Novel nanoparticles (NPs) coated with chitosan which allow insulin to be

administered orally were developed. The NPs could transiently and reversibly open the tight junctions in Caco-2 cell

monolayers, thus increasing their Paracellular permeability. The insulin-loaded NPs suspended in water were stable

in typical storage conditions. Release of the loaded insulin depended greatly on the stability of the NPs at distinct pH

environments.



P_95

GENERIC DRUGS

Khushboo Pundir, Parul Budhiraja , S. K.Sharma



Generic drugs are considered identical, or bioequivalent to the brand-name originals.

They contain the same active substances and have the same quality, efficacy and

safety. Generics may contain different inactive ingredients that do not have therapeutic

effect. A generic drug is simply a branded drug that uses a different name. You’ll recognize many of the names. The

brand Tylenol has a generic called acetaminophen. Prilosec is the brand name for generic omeprazole which helps

people with reflux disease. Metformin, used by diabetes patients, is the generic name for the brand Glucophage.

Generic drug to be “identical, or bioequivalent, to a brand name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of

administration, quality, performance characteristics and intended use.” generic drugs are less safe or less effective

than their brand-name equivalents. It is important to note that many generic medications are produced under the

license of the manufacturer of the original brand-name product, with the lower-cost equivalent often introduced after

the drug’s patent has expired. Even when different manufacturers produce the branded product and the generic, strict

standards exist to guarantee the quality of generic drugs. Both brand-name and generic medications undergo similar

new drug application (NDA) procedures. The manufacturers of both are required to submit detailed evidence of the

chemistry, manufacturing, controls, labeling, and testing processes. A generic copy of a brand-name drug must

contain the same active ingredient, in the identical quantity, as the branded product—in the same dose formulation

and route of administration. It must also meet standards for strength, purity, quality, and identity. Generic

medications do not undergo the rigorous approval process required of original medications. Their effectiveness and

safety is expected to be equal to that of their more expensive counterparts. However, several case reports and studies

describe clinical deterioration and decreased tolerability with generic substitution. Clinical equivalence of generic

and brand-name medications, generic substitution, or issues about effectiveness, tolerability, compliance, or

economics encountered with generics. Generics do not always lead to the anticipated monetary savings and also

raise compliance issues. The rate of generic drug prescribing as a fair measure for pay for performance from both

provider and patient perspectives. Compared with brand-name drugs, generic drugs are usually cheaper to purchase,

can avoid confusion over different names for the same drug, minimize commercial influences from drug

manufacturers, and can allow pharmacists to dispense any medicine that meets the necessary specifications.



P_96

GRAPE FRUIT AS A DIET

Munender Kumar, Parul Budhiraja, S. K. Sharma



Grapefruit juice is consumed widely in today's health conscious world as a protector against cardiovascular diseases

and cancers. It has however, been found to be an inhibitor of the intestinal cytochrome P – 450 3A4 system, which is

responsible for the first pass metabolism of many drugs. The P – glycoprotein pump, found in the brush border of

the intestinal wall which transports many of these cytochrome P – 450 3A4 substrates, has also been implicated to

be inhibited by grapefruit juice. By inhibiting these enzyme systems, grapefruit juice alters the pharmacokinetics of

a variety of medications, leading to elevation of their serum concentrations. Most notable are its effects on the

calcium channel antagonist and the statin group of drugs. In the case of many drugs, the increased serum

concentration has been found to be associated with increased frequency of dose dependent adverse effects. In this

review, we have discussed the phytochemistry of grapefruit juice, the various drugs involved in the drug – grapefruit

juice eraction with their mechanisms of action and have presented the clinical implications of these interactions.

Flavonoids, which are major constituents of grapefruit juice, are not known to be mechanism-based inactivators.

Naringin, the major flavonoid present in grapefruit juice, and quercetin do not reproduce the grapefruit juice effect

when administered orally, also suggesting that flavonoids are not the active compoun. Edwards et al. recently

reported that 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB)1, a furanocoumarin present in grapefruit juice, is a potent inhibitor

of CYP3A enzymes in rat liver microsomes. Furanocoumarins are known mechanism-based inactivators of

cytochromes P450 and might be responsible for the loss of intestinal CYP3A4 protein following grapefruit juice

ingestion.



P_97

PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF HERBAL MEDICINES: CHALLENGES AND

OPPORTUNITIES

S. K. Sharma, Parul Budhiraja, Bharti Gupta



WHO defines pharmacovigilance as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding

and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem. Herbal formulations have reached

widespread acceptability as therapeutic agents for diabetics, arthritics, liver diseases, cough and cold, memory

enhancement and immunostimulation throughout the world. Herbals are traditionally considered harmless and

increasingly being consumed by people without prescription. Systematic data on the incidence of traditional

medicine-associated adverse effects are not available due to many complex issues including; products with multiple

ingredients, poor standardization, lack of clinical trials, variation in manufacturing processes, contamination,

adulteration and misidentification of herbs etc. Pharmacovigilance for herbal medicines is in its infancy and

monitoring the safety of herbal medicines presents unique challenges as such preparations are available from a wide

range of outlets where no healthcare professionals are available. The legal status and approval mechanism of herbal

medicine also vary from country to country. The success in any pharmacovigilance system is in the ability to prevent

further adverse reactions successfully by understanding and using the information collected. With herbal medicines,

the challenges would be at multiple levels: Communication between the practitioners and policy makers of orthodox

Western medicine and traditional Indian medicine is not adequate, Unbiased drug information about herbal drtugs is

not available easily, Patients are not adequately aware that herbal medicines can cause adverse reactions and can

take medicines for years on end with no monitoring as they believe that these medicines can do no harm. Hence,

they do not even give history of taking these medicines, Education in ayurveda or modern medicine at both under-

graduate and post-graduate levels does not cover pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines, thus never exposing the

young physicians to this concept. Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) should play a lead role

to strengthen national regulation, registration and quality assurance and control of herbal medicines. In addition, the

national health authorities should give greater attention to consumer education and to qualified practice in the

provision of herbal medicines.



P_98

ADVANCES IN POLYMERIC MICELLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY AND TUMOR TARGETING

Deepshikha, Permender Rathee, Arun Garg

P. D. M. College of Pharmacy, Bahadurgarh, Haryana

E-mail:[email protected]

Polymeric micelles (PMs) can be targeted to tumor sites by passive as well as active mechanisms. Some inherent

properties of PMs, including size in the nanorange, stability in plasma, longevity in vivo, and pathological

characteristics of tumor allow PMs to be targeted to the tumor site by a passive mechanism called the enhanced

permeability and retention effect. PMs formed from an amphiphilic block copolymer are suitable for encapsulation

of poorly water-soluble, hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Other characteristics of PMs such as separate functionality at

the outer shell are useful for targeting the anticancer drug to tumor by active mechanisms. PMs can be conjugated

with many ligands such as antibody fragments, epidermal growth factors, α(2)-glycoprotein, transferrin, and folate

to target micelles to cancer cells. Application of heat or ultrasound are the alternative methods to enhance drug

accumulation in tumoral cells. Targeting using micelles can also be directed toward tumor angiogenesis, which is a

potentially promising target for anticancer drugs. PMs have been used for the delivery of many anticancer agents in

preclinical and clinical studies. This article summarizes recently available information regarding targeting of

anticancer drugs to the tumor site using PMs.



P_99

MICROORGANISM AS TARGETED PROTEIN I.E. USE OF SALMONELLA AS

ANTI-VIRAL GENE THERAPY AGENT

Reeta Rani Thakur and Neelam Shahu

MM College of Pharmacy, MM University, Mullana, Ambala-133203, Haryana

A number of vaccines, including those for polio and smallpox, use live but weakened viruses to build up the immune

system. But the use of bacteria for treatment of a viral infection is now a day was susses fully started. The various

researches on Salmonella were particularly appealing because it has evolved to survive the human digestive system,

allowing it to be swallowed instead of injected or inhaled. It is well known that ribosome, enzymes that are able to

target and cut specific RNA molecules, can be used to inactivate a pathogen’s genes. Salmonella is very good at

invading cells, so the research findings emphasise to use the bacterium as a vector for the RNase P ribosome that

could stop the gene activity of cytomegalovirus, or CMV. CMV is in the same family of herpes viruses that causes

cold sores, mononucleosis and chickenpox. CMV infections are generally mild among healthy individuals, but they

can become deadly for people whose immune systems are compromised and are a leading viral cause of mental

retardation in newborns. The various researches pointed to the potential for developing this technique into a range of

gene-targeting therapeutics. The study focused on the use of Salmonella and ribosome to fight infections, but with

more research, the method could eventually be used to treat other conditions as well, including cancer



P_100

ORODISPERSIBLE TABLET (ODT) BEST DOSAGE FORM FOR BETTER PATIENT CARE IN

DYSPHASIA AND PSYCHOTICS

Reeta Rani Thakur and Kashiv Mridul


An orally disintegrating tablet or orodispersible tablet (ODT) is a drug dosage form available for a limited amount of

over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. ODTs differ from traditional tablets in that they are designed

to be dissolved on the tongue rather than swallowed whole. The ODT serves as an alternative dosage form for

patients who experience dysphasia (difficulty in swallowing) or for where compliance is a known issue and

therefore an easier dosage form to take ensures that medication is taken. Common among all age groups, dysphasia

is observed in about 35% of the general population, as well as up to 60% of the elderly institutionalized population

and 18-22% of all patients in long-term care facilities. During the last decade, ODTs have become available in a

variety of therapeutic markets, both OTC and by prescription. An additional reason to use ODTs is the convenience

of a tablet that can be taken without water that gives a better fill so that it can be used for psychotic patients easily.



P_101

TASTE MASKING OF ODTS FORMULATION BY WET GRANULATION METHOD.

Reeta Rani Thakur



Taste masking is more necessary and important to success of ODTs products on the market. Available taste masking

technologies include use of flavors and sweeteners, coating of drug particles with inert materials, formation of

inclusion complexes, molecular complexes of drug with other chemicals, microencapsulation, multiple emulsions,

prod rugs, liposomes, dispersion coating, and ion exchange resins. These technologies are not only used to mask the

taste of drugs but also to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Among these technologies, use of flavors and

sweeteners is simpler, cost effective, and suitable the Sweeteners and flavoring agents can be natural or Synthetic

such as peppermint, lemon oil, clove, balsam, stevia, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame potassium, sucrose,

sorbitol, xylitol, saccharin, and others. The use of xylitol which partly contributes to good taste of ODTs is

comparatively better. Furthermore, depending on the formulators addition of other sweeteners and flavors is also

sometimes required in order to minimize the bitterness. The class of drugs that belongs to a group of drugs called

histamine (H2) blockers is generally seen to be bitter. These drugs need taste masking in order to be acceptable to

patients who suffer from various problems Water granulation of these drugs were found to be better choice. The

granules were passed through No.25 sieve (710 µm) and dried overnigh tat 55°C. The dried granules were further

passed through a No.60 sieve (250 µm) and blended with additional super disintegrants, taste masking agents and

lubricant to prepare ODTs. Addition of 0.4% sucralose, 0.4% acesulfame potassium and 0.05% micronized menthol

could eliminate the bitter taste of the drugs.



P_102

ENHANCEMENT OF THE DISSOLUTION RATE OF POORLY SOLUBLE DRUGS BY SOLID

CRYSTAL SUSPENSIONS

Reeta Rani Thakur and Amit Verma


A novel extrusion based approach can enhance the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs (griseofulvin, phenytoin

and spironolactone).The rate of dissolution is can be significantly accelerated by using solid crystal suspensions. The

drug and highly soluble mannitol when co-processed in a hot melt extrusion process. The obtained product is an

intimate mixture of the crystalline drug and crystalline excipients, with the range of 25-50% (w/w) drug load. It was

reported that in vitro drug release from the obtained solid crystalline suspensions is over two orders of magnitude

faster than that of the pure drug. Since the resulting product is crystalline, the accelerated dissolution rate does not

bear the physical stability concerns inherent to amorphous formulations. This approach is useful in situations where

the drug is not a good glass former or in cases where it is difficult to stabilize the amorphous drug. Being

thermodynamically stable, the dissolution profile and the solid state properties of the product are maintained after

storage at 40 °C, 75% RH for at least 90 days.



P_103

CLINICAL RESEARCH IN THE CURRENT SCENARIO

Sandhaya Sharma, Kumari Anjali, Parul Budhiraja, S. K. Sharma



Clinical research is a branch of medical science that determines the safety and effectiveness of medications, devices,

diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment,

diagnosis or for relief of symptoms in a disease. It takes close to 800 million USD and 10-12 years to bring a single

drug molecule from Lab to the market. This one successful drug molecule will give a return of inspiring 3.0 billion

USD per year to the investor. So the multinationals never would like to fall behind in research. Out of 10,000

molecules tested, only 1 molecule reaches the market. So one can understand the amount of manpower and

resources required for every project. Clinical Trials are done in 4 phases Phase I – Safety trial , Phase II –

Therapeutic exploratory trial, Phase III – Therapeutic confirmatory trial, Phase IV – Post marketing

surveillance. It is mandatory to conduct the pre clinical and clinical trials for approval of drugs by any regulatory

authority. Most importantly the clinical trial data will be accepted by the regulatory authority if it is been conducted

in a registered clinical trial centre. Clinical trials were primarily conducted in the United States. Global Scenario

2,50,000 Clinical Research professional positions vacant, 30% of global clinical trials are done in developing

countries, MNCs are investing huge sums for clinical trials. Clinical trials in developing countries are exploding. It

is estimated that 20-30% of global clinical trial activities are being conducted in developing countries. The 2002

Indian clinical trials market of $30-35 million is projected to grow 8-10 times by 2010 to $ 250-300 million.

Clinical trials and research is now a major business in India. Over 100 companies are currently conducting the

clinical trials in India. Top multinational pharmaceutical companies like Pfizer, Glaxo Smith Kline, Aventis,

Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Astra Zenica, Eli Lilly are conducting clinical trials in India apart from the Indian

companies like Dr. Reddys, Nicholas Piramal, Cipla and Lupin.



P_104

METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF A PHARMACEUTCAL DRUG BY HPLC

Anjali Kumari, Parul Budhiraja, S. K. Sharma



High performance, liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method of choice for checking purity of new drug

candidates, monitoring changes during scale up of synthetic procedures, evaluating new formulations, and running

control/assurance of the final drug product.The wide variety of equipment, columns, eluent and operational

parameters involved makes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development seem complex.

The process is influenced by the nature of the analytes and generally follows the following steps:

Step 1 - Selection of the HPLC method: When selecting an HPLC system, it must have a high probability of actually

being able to analyse the sample; for example, if the sample includes polar analytes then reverse phase HPLC would

offer both adequate retention and resolution. 2 - Selection of initial conditions. This step determines the optimum

conditions to adequately retain all analytes; that is, ensures no analyte has a capacity factor of less than 0.5 (poor

retention could result in peak overlapping) and no analyte has a capacity factor greater than 10–15. Step 3 -

Selectivity optimization. The aim of this step is to achieve adequate selectivity (peak spacing). The mobile phase

and stationary phase compositions need to be taken into account. Step 4 - System parameter optimization. This is

used to find the desired balance between resolution and analysis time after satisfactory selectivity has been achieved.

The parameters involved include column dimensions, column-packing particle size and flow rate. Step 5 - Method

Validation.: Proper validation of analytical methods is important for pharmaceutical analysis when ensurance of the

continuing efficacy and safety of each batch manufactured relies solely on the determination of quality.



P_105

VERAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE LOADED SOLID LIPID MICROPARTICLES: DEVELOPMENT

AND CHARACTERIZATION

Dharmpal, Sukhbir Singh, Neelam Sharma, Deepti Pandita and Sandeep Arora

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Jan Nayak CH.Devi Lal Memorial College of pharmacy, Sirsa

Solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) were developed in early 1990 and have since gained increasing importance as oral

controlled drug delivery systems. Solid lipids are advantageous pharmaceutical excipients being low cost, natural

and biodegradable products with physiological, non-toxic properties They are commonly used as lipid matrices with

a variety of different function, which lead to the possibility of controlled drug release and drug targeting, sustained

release of highly soluble drugs, decrease of the effect of the drugs having gastric irritation properties. Their solid

matrix is composed of physiological and well- tolerated lipids, so toxicity is reduced. To investigate the potential of

physiological lipids as an alternative to synthetic polymer such as poly (lactide-co-glycolide), Verapamil

Hydrochloride containing glycerol tripalmitate were prepared. A w/o/w emulsion solvent evaporation method was

employed. The influence of formulation factors (polymer: drug ratio, emulsifier concentration, aqueous: oil phase

ratio, viscosity of aqueous phase, stirring speed and stirring time) on particle size, morphology, encapsulation

efficiency, drug loading, process yield and in vitro release behavior was studied. The in-vitro performances of

microparticles were evaluated by recovery efficiency, particle size analysis, surface topography (using scanning

electron microscopy), drug-polymer compatibility (Differential scanning calorimetry) and drug release studies. The

w/o/w emulsion solvent evaporation method was suitable for the preparation of microparticles in the size range of

101.75 ± 0.82 µm, the encapsulation efficiency was 74.879 ± 1.23% (w/w) and the process yield was 87.65 ± 1.89%

(w/w). SEM revealed that microparticles were smooth, spherical in shape. DSC studies showed no potential

chemical interaction between the drug and polymer used. In vitro release studies revealed a controlled release of

microparticles suitable for peroral administration. Drug release from micropaticles followed Higuchi kinetics.



P_106

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PHARMACEUTICALS: PRESENT STATUS FUTURE PROSPECTS

Neelam Dhanda, Kanika Madaan, Ashish Singla, Sukhbir Singh

Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Jan Nayak CH.Devi Lal Memorial College of pharmacy, Sirsa

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. Different trends that have been

discovered are molecular nanotechnology, productive nanosystems, and nanoparticles. Devices created using

nanotechnology are suitable to serve as customized, targeted drug delivery vehicles to carry large doses of

chemotherapeutic agents or therapeutic genes into malignant cells while sparing healthy cells. As nanotechnology

became an accepted concept, the meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometer-scale

technology. Their definition includes anything smaller than 100 nanometers with novel properties. Nanotechnology

is being used in medicines as diagnostic, drug delivery and tissue engineering. Nanotechnology, in its traditional

sense, means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned

as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman. It is a very emerging and exciting field of medicine

and pharmaceutical industry also very important for the economical point of view. It’s all the three generation given

their values to the different field of science and technology especially in the pharmaceutical industry as its first

generation passive nanostructures like dispersed and contact nanostructures (aerosols, colloids) and polymers are the

important part of the pharma industry. Similarly second generation targeted drugs and biodevices are also very

necessary and interesting field of current scenario. Nano-capsules, nano-sponges, nano-gels, nano-robots (System of

nano-systems third generation product), nano-particle formulations are very effective and nanodiagnostic

technologies like PCR, DNA array are quite efficient and very quick results giving techniques. The fourth

generation of nano-system is going to work in the coming future as molecular nanosystems like molecular atomic

designing is now a day is necessity of the pharma industry.



P_107

NANOROBOTICS: ADVANCES IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Sukhveer Singh, Naresh Bhakar, Deepti, Dharmender Rathee

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa


Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometre (10-9 metres),

machines constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body of its various ills.

This application of nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as nanomedicine. Nanotechnology

promises futuristic applications such as microscopic robots that assemble other machines or travel inside the body to

deliver drugs or do microsurgery. Taking inspiration from the biological motors of living cells, chemists are learning

how to utilize protein dynamics to power microsize and nanosize machines with catalytic reactions. Nanorobot’s

toolkit contains features like medicine cavity containing medicine, probes, knives and chisels to remove blockages

and plaque, microwave emitters and ultrasonic signal generators to destroy cancerous cells, two electrodes

generating an electric current, heating the cell up until it dies, powerful lasers could burn away harmful material like

arterial plaque. To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used which remove the right amount of

dead skin, remove excess oils, add missing oils, apply the right amounts of natural moisturizing compounds, and

even achieve the elusive goal of ’deep pore cleaning’. other fields of applications are to clean the wounds, to break

the kidney stones, to treat gout, for parasite removal, for cancer treatment, treatment of arteriosclerosis.



P_108

PRONIOSOMAL GEL: A NOVEL APPROACH FOR DRUG DELIVERY

Suman Saini, Kulwinder Kaur, Amita Mittal

Dept. of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET),

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

Various drug delivery systems have emerged in recent days for transdermal drug delivery but proniosomes are a way

ahead of them. Skin has a very tough diffusion barrier that is lipid bilayer in the stratum corneum inhibiting

penetration of drug moiety, which is rate limiting barrier for penetration of drugs. A number of vesicular drug

delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes and transferosomes were developed to cross this permeation barrier.

But their major drawback is their unstability, which can be overcome by utilizing provesicular approaches like

proniosomes. Proniosomes (gel) are semisolid liquid crystal products of nonionic surfactants which are easily

prepared by dissolving the surfactant in a minimal amount of an acceptable solvent (ethanol) and the least amount of

aqueous phase (water). Proniosomal gel offers a great potential to reduce the side effects of drugs and increased

therapeutic effectiveness. The new emerging concept of proniosome has demonstrated the potential of improving the

bioavailability and permeation of drugs across the stratum corneum. This review presents an overview about

proniosomes reporting the preparation methods, characterization techniques and the stability studies.



P_109

OCULAR INSERTS: A TOOL FOR OPHTHALMIC SUSTAIN DELIVERY

Sunil Kumar, Roshan Issarani, B. P. Nagori

Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur (Raj.)- 342 003

Drugs are commonly applied to the eye for a localized action. A major problem in ocular therapeutics is the

attainment of an optimal drug conc. at the site of action. Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage forms is

due to the precorneal loss factors, physiological and anatomical constraints. This leads to frequent instillations of

concentrated medication to achieve a therapeutic effect. These observations suggest that increasing the contact time

between drug and corneal tissue could be beneficial for patient compliance and for improving the therapeutic effect.

Numerous novel ophthalmic drug delivery systems are developed to achieve higher bioavailability of drugs and the

duration of therapeutic action of ocular drugs. Among these are in-situ gelling polymers, microspheres,

nanoparticles, liposome and ocular insert. One of the new classes of drug delivery systems, polymeric film ocular

drug delivery system/ ocular inserts, which are gaining worldwide accolade, serves as platform for the release of one

or more active substances. Ocular inserts are solid or semi-solid sterile preparations, of appropriate size and shape,

designed to be inserted behind the eyelid or held on the eye and to deliver drugs for topical or systemic effect. These

are polymeric systems into which the drug is incorporated as a solution or dispersion. The polymer matrix can be

classified as either degradable (dissolution or erosion) matrix or non-degradable matrix. A number of solid

polymeric inserts (Ocusert and Lacrisert) have been developed as ocular drug delivery systems and are currently

available in the market or are in the later stages of development. In this review, we will focus on the type of ocular

inserts and their method of preparations.



P_110

CHEMISTRY UNIFIES EVOLUTION- MASS SPECTROMETRY REFURBISHED

Lalit Kishore, Ashok Kumar, Navpreet Kaur

M. M. College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana- 133207, India


Spectrometry is a spectroscopic technique used to assess the concentration or amount of a given chemical species.

Instrument used to measure is a spectrometer. It’s used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of

substances through the spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most specific

and flexible technique for the detection and identification of organic and inorganic compounds. MS can provide not

only molecular weight information but also a wealth of structural details that together give a unique fingerprint for

each analyte. MS is by far the detector with the highest information output for unit of sample weight. The more

specific and sensitive method for the characterization of the components are : Liquid chromatography- Mass

spectrometry (LC-MS), Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC- ICP MS), Fourier

transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT ICR MS), Gas chromatography- Mass spectrometry (GC-

MS), Matrix assisted laser desorption and ionisation/ time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI- TOF MS) and

Electro spray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI -FT ICR MS). The field

of mass spectrometry has grown tremendously over the past century in the continued development of more powerful

ionization techniques, mass analyzer technologies, and ion dissociation techniques.



P_111

PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF PHASEOLUS TRILOBUS OF ROOTS

Navpreet Kaur, Jasmine Chaudhary, Akash Jain, Lalit Kishore

M. M. College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana- 133207, India


Phaseolus trilobus (Fabaceae) is a versatile plant with considerable potential found throughout tropics and in warm

temperate regions of the world. Different parts of the plant were used traditionally for the treatment of various

alignments like bitter, constipation, roborant, aphrodisiac and leaves are used in cataplasms for week eyes. Roots are

used for curing fever, cough, diarrhea, haemorrhoids, ophthalmology, dyspepsia. Further, it is extensively used by

tribal people of Nandurbar district of Maharashtra, India in the treatment of jaundice and other liver disorders.

Phytochemical investigation is very essential for identifying the constituents present in the plant. The prepared

extracts from the roots of Phaseolus trilobus were assessed for their phytoconstituents. The extracts were found to

contain glycosides, carbohydrates, saponins, fixed oils and fats, flavonoids, terpenoids and sterols. These findings

suggest that the rich phytochemical content of P.trilobus may be responsible for its popular and wide traditional

uses.



P_112

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME NEW THIAZOLIDINDIONE

DERIVATIVES

Poonam Rani and Vipin Kumar

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136119, Haryana

A series of thiazolidindiones were synthesized starting from urea and chloroacetic acid. The newly synthesized

compounds were characterised by means of IR, 1

H-NMR analysis. All the synthesized compounds were tested for

anti-bacterial, antifungal and anthelmintic activities. Compound 8a iii and 8a v, i.e., the mannich bases of

thiazolidindiones exhibited good antibacterial activity against the gram positive bacteria where as the compound 7a,

the benzylidine derivatives of thiazolidindiones shows good antibacterial activity against the gram negative bacteria.

Only the mannich bases of thiazolidindiones show (8a i-8a vii) antifungal activity. Compound 6a exhibited

anthelmintic activity comparable to that of standard drug. The preliminary results revealed that some of the

compounds exhibited promising antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities.



P_113

PHARMACOPHORE MODELING STUDIES OF ARYL THIOXOTHIAZOLIDINONES AS ADAMTS-5

(A DISINTEGRIN AND METALLOPROTEINASE WITH THROMBOSPONDIN MOTIFS 5)

INHIBITORS

Isha Goyal and Vipin Kumar

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana


Pharmacophore mapping studies were undertaken for a set of 38 aryl thioxothiazolidinones as a disintegrin and

metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5) inhibitors. Four point pharmacophore with three

hydrogen bond acceptors and one aromatic ring as pharmacophoric features were developed. Amongst them the

pharmacophore hypothesis AAAR-1 yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model with 0.8411 as R2 value and

was considered to be the best pharmacophore hypothesis. The developed pharmacophore model was externally

validated by predicting the activity of test set molecules. The squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.6876

was observed between experimental and predicted activity values of test set molecules. The geometry and features

of pharmacophore were expected to be useful for the design of selective ADAMTS-5 inhibitors.



P_114

3D-QSAR AND PHARMACOPHORE IDENTIFICATION OF BENZOTHIAZOLE

DERIVATIVES AS POTENT p56lck

INHIBITORS

Kanika Arora, Sukhbir L. Khokra, Ajay Aggarwal, Heena Mehta

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

The Src family tyrosine kinase p56lck is predominantly expressed in T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells and there

is an absolute requirement for p56lck in T-cell development and activation. Lck phosphorylates tyrosine residues of

certain proteins involved in the intracellular signaling pathways of lymphocytes. Hence the p56lck inhibition

emerged to be a promising therapeutic strategy for T-lymphocyte-dependent diseases. A series of 2-Amino-

heteroaryl-benzothiazole-6-anilides has been reported as potent p56lck inhibitors. Pharmacophore mapping studies

was undertaken to explore the structural insights of these kinase inhibitors. A six point pharmacophore (AADHRR):

2 hydrogen bond acceptor (A2A3), one hydrogen bond donor (D4), one hydrophobic site (H7) and two ring (R11R12)

features was obtained. This pharmacophore hypothesis was considered to be the best and yielded a statistically

significant 3D-QSAR model with PLS (Partial least-square) factor (R2=0.77) for training set of 48 compounds. The

developed pharmacophore model was externally validated by predicting the activity of test set molecules. The

squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.75 was observed between experimental and predicted activity values

of test set of 16 compounds. The results demonstrate that the hypothesis derived in this study can be considered to

be a useful and reliable tool in identifying inhibitors of p56lck inhibitors with increased potency.



P_115

PHARMACOPHORE MAPPING STUDIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SORTASE A

INHIBITORS: ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

Heena Mehta, Sukhbir L. Khokra, Kanika Arora

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

3D-QSAR analysis has been applied to a structurally diverse set of 34 compounds as Staphylococcus aureus Sortase

A inhibitors, which are of special interest because of their role in bacterial infections. The present study has been

focused on pharmacophore mapping study that can explore 3D features and configurations responsible for

biologically activity of structurally diverse compounds. A four point pharmacophore (ADRR) with one hydrogen

bond acceptor (A), one hydrogen bond donor (D) and two aromatic rings (R) as pharmacophore features was

developed. The generated best pharmacophore hypothesis yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model, with a

correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.91 for training set molecules. The model generated showed excellent prediction

power, with a correlation coefficient Q2 = 0.82 for an external set of 9 test set molecules. The geometry and features

of pharmacophore are expected to be useful for the design of selective Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A inhibitors.



P_116

NANOPARTICALS: EMERGING NOVEL DRUG CARRIER SYSTEM

Mohit, Nidhi, Jyoti, Vinay, Shikha, Ritu


Nanoparticles are solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 nm and nanotechnology refers to a field whose

theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale and involves developing materials or devices with in

that size. Nanoparticles consist of macromolecular materials in which the active principle is dissolved, entrapped or

encapsulated and/or to which active principle is absorbed or attached. The manufacturing methods from preformed

polymer include emulsion evaporation, salting out, solvent displacement, emulsification diffusion etc.

Nanomedicines are prepared by the use of nanotechnology which is the science and technology of complex systems

of nano scale size that can be used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease. The sort of material that

could be called nanomedicine can include proteins, polymers, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, emulsions,

nanoparticles and nanocapsules. Techniques measuring the size of nanoparticle include electron microscopy (TEM,

SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS). Applications include florescent biological

labels, detection of proteins, probing of DNA structure, tissue engineering, tumour recession, MRI contrast

enhancement. Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several

limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as non specific bio distribution and targeting, lack of water

solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. Nanodiamonds also promise to play a significant

role in improving cancer treatment by limiting uncontrolled exposure of toxic drugs to the body. The major trend in

further development of nanoparticles is to make them multifunctional and controable by external signals or by local

environment.



P_117

STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR INHIBITION ACTIVITY OF PKC-θ: MOLECULAR DOCKING AND 3D

QSAR STUDIES

Sukhvir Chand, Nisha Mehta, Malkeet Singh Bahia, Om Silakari

Molecular Modeling Lab (MML), Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University,

Patiala, Punjab, 147002


Protein Kinase C theta are serine and threonine specific enzymes and has become an attractive target for the

treatment of many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, like multiple sclerosis, asthma

and other inflammatory disorders. PKC-θ activation also leads to the expression of various transcription factors in

the nuclei of T-cells like NF-κB, NFAT, c-Jun, c-Fos and AP-1 that further controls the proliferation and

differentiation of T-cells. In this paper, 3D-QSAR and molecular docking studies were performed on 56 PKC theta

inhibitors. The resulting model of 3D QSAR studies exhibited good r2 (non cross-validation correlation coefficient)

values of 0.999 and q2 (cross-validation correlation coefficient) values of 0.774. Molecular docking analysis was

employed to explore the binding mode of these compounds with the active site amino acids of the receptor and also

to validate the generated 3D model. All this combined study showed good correlation/explanation between structure

features and biological activity of the study molecules. Hence the generated models may be successfully used for the

rational designing of new potent congeners of the representative molecules. On the basis of above studies we

proposed new designed molecules and with the help of this 3D QSAR model we predicted the pIC50 values of these

designed molecules.



P_118

PACKAGE INSERT: A USEFUL SOURCE OF DRUG INFORMATION

Milind Parle and Kulwant Singh

Pharmacology Division, Dept. Pharm. Sciences (Accredited by NBA), Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and

Technology (‘A’ Grade NAAC Accredited University), Hisar (Haryana)


Food and Drug Administration of United States is a scientific, regulatory, and public health agency that regulates

sale of food and drug products. Package insert is the compilation of information relating to the drug products, meant

for ensuring scientific & safe use of the product by the prescriber as well as the user. The package insert contains

detailed drug information compiled and distributed along with the packing of the drug after FDA scrutiny and

approval. This information is based upon substantial evidence derived from adequate and well controlled clinical

investigations. The FDA has the authority to review all advertising and other information included with the packing.

Prescribing errors form an important cause of adverse events, and lack of knowledge about drug usage is a root

cause for prescribing errors. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-

counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has become more crucial in the present scenario. The

USFDA developed a new package insert that provides the most relevant information to manage the risks involved in

the use of medications.



P_119

PAPAYA: A HERBAL REMED FOR DEPRESSION

Milind Parle and Gurditta


Technology (‘A’ Grade NAAC Accredited University), Hisar, Haryana


Papaya, a fibrous, juicy and tasty fruit, belonging to family Caricaceae is scientifically known as Carica papaya

linn. Traditionally, papaya is used as a meat tenderizer and to heal-wounds. Furthermore, papaya possesses several

medicinal properties such as anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-fertility, diuretic, hypolipidaemic, anti-

fungal, anthelmintic and anti-bacterial. There are no reports in literature pertaining to CNS actions of Carica papaya.

In the light of above, the present study was undertaken to test the antidepressant potential of Carica papaya fruit.

Carica papaya pulp was administered at various concentrations ranging from 4% to 16% w/v to Swiss albino mice

for 15 days. The antidepressant activity was measured using forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST).

The efficacy of papaya was compared with standard antidepressant drugs viz: fluoxetine (20mg/kg, p.o), imipramine

(15mg/kg, p.o) and phenelzine (20 mg/kg, p.o). The results of the present study showed that papaya pulp

significantly decreased immobility time in both FST and TST models. The efficacy of papaya was found to be

comparable to fluoxetine, imipramine and phenelizine. Prazosin, sulpiride, baclofen and p-CPA antagonized the

antidepressant effect of papaya in tail suspension test. Furthermore, Carica papaya juice inhibited the monoamine

oxidase MAO-A and MAO-B activity and reduced significantly malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These findings

reveal the antideprresant potential of papaya.



P_120

ANTI-DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF BOTTLE-GOURD

Milind Parle and Satbir Kaur


Technology (‘A’ Grade NAAC Accredited University), Hisar, Haryana


Lagenaria siceraria(Cucurbitaceae), popularly known as bottle gourd, louki or ghiya, is a climbing plant, which

bears hard-shelled and bottle-shaped gourds as fruits. Being rich in vitamins, iron and minerals, it is forms an

excellent diet for people having digestive problems. Since it contains low calories, bottle gourd is an awesome

foodstuff for shedding extra calories. The fruit possesses diuretic, emetic, and refrigerant properties. Extract of the

seeds show antibiotic activity. The juice is helpful in constipation, premature graying hair, urinary disorders and

insomnia. However, there are no reports in literature pertaining to CNS actions of Lagenaria siceraria fruit. In the

light of above, the present study was undertaken to test the antidepressant potential of Lagenaria siceraria juice.

Lagenaria siceraria juice was administered at various concentrations ranging from 4%-16% v/v orally to Swiss

mice(30g), once daily for 15 successive days. The antidepressant activity was measured using Forced Swim Test

(FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). The efficacy of Lagenaria siceraria was compared with standard

antidepressant drugs viz: fluoxetine (20mg/kg, p.o), imipramine (15mg/kg, p.o) and phenelzine (20 mg/kg, p.o).

Lagenaria siceraria significantly reduced the immobility time of mice in both FST and TST. Prazosin, Baclofen,

Sulpiride and p-CPA significantly antagonized this reduction in immobility time. Furthermore, Lagenaria siceraria

juice inhibited the monomine oxidase (MAO) enzyme and reduced significantly malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.

These findings reveal the anti-depressant potential of ghiya.



P_121

ADVANCES IN POLYMERIC MICELLE USED IN ORAL ADMINISTRATION

Priti Mehndiratta, Permender Rathee, Suresh Purohit, Arun Garg

P.D.M College of Pharmacy, Bahadurgarh, Haryana


Polymeric micelles which are self-assembled from amphiphilic copolymers are thermodynamically stable, and they

can solubilize hydrophobic drugs by the hydrophilic core. Many excellent active compounds are confined because of

general low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility. Take into account from the two points above, polymeric

micelles may be used as proper oral carrier to improve the dissolubility of hydrophobic drugs, and enhance the

permeation though gastrointestinal tract, therefore, the pharmacodynamics is elevated. Meanwhile, the segments in

copolymers are multivariate, so many kinds of micelles can be obtained, such as, pH- or thermo- sensitive as well as

mucoadhesive ones. The modified micelles can alter drug release profiles while solubilizing them, that is why the

oral bioavailability increase further. In this review, recent progress of polymeric micelles used in oral administration

is summarized, and the prospect of polymeric micelles' application in this field is also evaluated.



P_122

ANTI-ANXIETY ACTIVITY OF Eriobotrya japonica LEAF EXTRACTS

Karan Sharma, Narinder Kumar, Kirandeep Raj, Junaid Niazi, Rajesh Kumar, Reetu, Priyanka Poonia,

Sweety

Rayat Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Hoshiarpur, Punjab

Eriobotrya japonica leaves have been used traditionally to reduce stress and anxiety; however no pharmacological

work has been done to substantiate these claims. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-anxiety activity

of various extracts viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate and methanol of the leaves of Eriobotrya japonica

using elevated plus maze (EPM) model in Swiss albino mice. Albino mice were treated orally with different doses of

the extracts (i.e.100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) and behavior was observed on the EPM. Diazepam (2mg/kg, P.O) was

used as a positive control. Results showed that methanol and ethyl acetate extracts at the dose of 300mg/kg of the

leaves of Eriobotrya japonica markedly increased the average time spent in the open arms of the EPM. This effect

was comparable to the effect produced by diazepam. Hence, this plant may be developed as a potentially useful anti

anxiety agent.



P_123

SAFETY ISSUES AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS

Preeti Garg and S. Sardana

Hindu College of Pharmacy, Sonepat.


Herbal medicines are complex mixtures comprising numerous active and inactive constituents. Interactions among

the drug components and different constituents occur thereby enhancing activity or reducing the likelihood of safety

issues. Further, adverse effects may arise due to contamination, variable composition and standardization. Many

plants are inherently potent or toxic. The other complexities involved with the use of herbal medicines are lack of

information in several areas and negligible adverse drug reporting (ADR) to drug regulatory agencies. European

Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA),drug regulatory agency of Europe, has started the process of issuing public

statements on various herbal medicinal products. Public comments are summarized and published on the website of

EMEA comments; followed by assessment of case reports by Pharmacovigilance working Party (PhVWP).The need

has also been felt of such proactive Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicinal products in developing countries like

India where Pharmacovigilance on herbal medicinal products is still hostile. Education among traditional medicine

practitioners, creation and update of traditional knowledge database and herbal drug information centers may

improve the current adverse drug reporting of herbal medicinal drug products .Overall it has been anticipated that

rational phytotherapy and Pharmacovigilance may improve the wealth of traditional health systems like Ayurveda,

Unani, Siddha and Homopathy.



P_124

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSFERSOMES: AN EMERGING NOVEL

TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF INFECTION

Meena Devi, Kiran, Senthilkumar M.

Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa

Introduction: The delivery of amphotericin B by conventional therapy is a major impediment in achieving its

therapeutic efficacy against skin infections. Therefore, the present work was aimed to prepare, and characterize

biocompatible amphotericin B loaded vesicular system such as transfersomes, incorporated in dermatological base,

and assess their comparative potential to deliver the drug for treatment of infection.

Materials and methods: Amphotericin B drug was used as antifungal drug. Phospholipid (Soya phoaphatidylcholine)

constructs lipid bilayer. Sodium deoxycholate (edge activator) impart flexibility to transfersomes, Carbopol 934

(prepared dermatological base), TritonX-100 (disrupt vesicular structure), Sephadex G-50 (used to prepare

minicolumn), Pepton, Agar, Dextrose (fungus growth medium). Methanol, Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), n-

Octanol, ethanol, and chloroform were organic solvents. Transfersomes were prepared by lipid film hydration

method.

Result and discussion: The size and polydispersity index of transfersomes, were found 490±4.45 0.221±0.05

respectively. The % entrapment efficiency was 85.2±1.34%. The release pattern followed Higuchian kinetics. The

formulation were found stable at refrigerated condition i.e. 4±2 OC. The in vitro antifungal activity potential of

transfersomal formulation were found maximum.

Conclusion: AmB loaded vesicular formulations were therapeutically effective drug delivery systems for the

treatment of skin infection. Better in vitro antifungal activity potential and skin permeation was shown by

transfersomes. Transfersomes were found suitable for delivery of AmB for topical skin infection but for deep seated

infection result indicated transfersomal formulation have better delivery potential.



P_125

PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Jyoti Malik and Anuj Kumar

JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

Pharmaceutical biotechnology has a long tradition and is rooted in, first exemplified by penicillin and streptomycin

as low molecular weight biosynthetic compounds. The biopharmaceutical industry has changed dramatically since

the first recombinant protein (Humulin) was approved for marketing in 1982. In contrast to academic research,

industrial development and manufacturing is guided by cost and time effectiveness, patent protection, and

exclusivity periods and regulatory compliance. There are many critical industry issues that companies have to face.

Therapeutic proteins and the recently approved antisense oligonucleotide (Fomivirsen) represent new and innovative

biotech drug that are different from classical drug in development and production process. In this area

pharmaceutical companies are confronted with new challenges to develop new products and to apply new

technologies. Distinct problems related to recombinant proteins have arisen in recent years, such as drug stability,

pharmacokinetics, and metabolism. Future enterprise technologies in biotech field are development in gene therapy,

tissue engineering, personalized medicine and xenotransplantation having a realistic chance of being used in

industrial application.



P_126

RESEALED ERYTHROCYTES

Tanvi Gill, S. Purohit, P. Rathee

P.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Bahadurgarh, India


Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, have been extensively studied for their potential carrier capabilities for

the delivery of drugs and drug-loaded microspheres. Such drug-loaded carrier erythrocytes are prepared simply by

collecting blood samples from the organism of interest, separating erythrocytes from plasma, entrapping drug in the

erythrocytes, and resealing the resultant cellular carriers. Hence, these carriers are called resealed erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes, the most abundant cells in the human body, have potential carrier capabilities for the delivery of drugs.

Erythrocytes are biocompatible, biodegradable, possess long circulation half lives, and can be loaded with a variety

of biologically active compounds using various chemical and physical methods. Various types of mammalian

erythrocytes have been used for drug delivery, including erythrocytes of mice, cattle, pigs, dogs, sheep, goats,

monkeys, chicken, rats, and rabbits. Such cells could be used as circulating carriers to disseminate a drug within a

prolonged period of time in circulation or in target-specific organs, including the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. A

majority of the drug delivery studies using drug-loaded erythrocytes are in the preclinical phase. Antineoplastic

drugs such as methotrexate, bleomycin, asparginase and adriamycin have been successfully delivered by

erythrocytes.



P_127

LIPOSOMES AS NANOPHARMACEUTICALS- A REVIEW

Samita Gauri, Suresh Purohit, Arun Garg, Priyanka, Sushila Rathee

P.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Bahadrurgarh, India


Liposomes are nano size artificial vesicles of spherical shape that can be produced from natural phospholipids and

cholesterol. Bangham discovered that phospholipids combined with water immediately forms a bi-layered sphere

because one end of each molecule is water soluble, while the opposite end is water insoluble Liposomes can be

filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases.Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting

biological membranes,for example by sonication.Liposomes is extensively studied for encapsulation of drugs. When

lipid self assemble to liposomes water-soluble drugs will be trapped inside the liposomal cavity; fat-soluble drugs

are incorporated within phospholipid bi-layer. The lipid bilayer of the liposome can fuse with other bilayers (e.g.

cell membrane), thus delivering the liposome contents. Liposomes are used for drug delivery due to their unique

properties. A liposome encapsulates a region on aqueous solution inside a hydrophobic membrane; dissolved

hydrophilic solutes cannot readily pass through the lipids. Hydrophobic chemicals can be dissolved into the

membrane, and in this way liposome can carry both hydrophobic molecules and hydrophilic molecules. Drug

targeting using liposomes as carriers holds much promise, especially in reducing toxicity and targeting delivery to

disease sites. The future is bright for liposome research.



P_128

RECENT ADVANCES IN PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE DURG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Shreya Sharma, Suresh Purohit, Arun Garg, Sushila Rathee

P.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Bahadurgarh, India


Proteins and peptides are the biopolymers which yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis. Peptides and

polypeptides are the principal components of the protoplasm of and are high molecular weight compounds

consisting of alpha amino acids connected together by peptide linkages. With the discovery of insulin in 1922,

identification and commercialization of potential protein and peptide drugs have been increased. Since then,

research and development to improve the means of delivering protein therapeutics to patients has begun. The

research efforts have followed two basic pathways: One path focused on noninvasive means of delivering proteins to

the body and the second path has been primarily aimed at increasing the biological half-life of the therapeutic

molecules. The search for approaches that provide formulations that are stable, bioavailable, readily manufacturable,

and acceptable to the patient, has led to major advances in the development of nasal and controlled release

technology, applicable to every protein or peptide. In several limited cases, sustained delivery of peptides and

proteins has employed the use of polymeric carriers. More successes have been achieved by chemical modification

using amino acid substitutions, protein pegylation or glycosylation to improve the pharmacodynamic properties of

certain macromolecules and various delivery systems have been developed like the prolease technology, nano-

particulate and microparticulate delivery systems, and the mucoadhesive delivery of peptides. The needle and

syringe remain the primary means of protein delivery. Major hurdles remain in order to overcome the combined

natural barriers of drug permeability, drug stability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of protein

therapeutics. In our present review we have discussed some recent advances in protein and peptide drug delivery

systems.



P_129

PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Pallavi Bhyan, Arun Garg, Permender Rathee, Priyanka, Suresh Purohit

P.D.M. College of Pharmacy, Bahadurgarh

Email:[email protected]

The concept of pulsatile drug delivery is gaining a lot of interest and attention now days. These systems have a

peculiar mechanism of delivering the drug rapidly and completely after a well defined lag time (a period of no drug

release). Pulsatile systems are designed in such a manner that the right amount of drug is available at the right time

at the site of action. Different types of pulsing approaches can be first type (Simple immediate release pulse), second

type (Characterized as having a lag time followed by rapid release), third type (Characterized as having a lag time

followed by slow release) or fourth type (Slow release pulse that does not have substantial lag time). The various

techniques for obtaining pulsatile delivery of drugs uses erodible or soluble barrier coating, rupturable membrane, tri

layered-tablet containing two drug layers separated by a polymeric barrier layer, capsular system based on osmosis

etc. On the basis of number of pulses released from a formulation, pulsatile drug delivery system can be categorizes

into two types i.e. single-pulse drug delivery system and multiple-pulse drug delivery system. Thus pulsatile drug

delivery is an efficient approach as these systems are beneficial for drugs having high first-pass effect and cases

where night timed dosing is required. These offer therapeutic advantages such as reduced dosing frequency and

greater patient compliance. This also allows an extended dose free period during which the drug concentration falls

close to zero. By this way the therapeutic window of the drug can be easily maintained thus avoiding side effects

and also increasing the efficiency.



P_130

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF AMOXICILLIN

TRIHYDRATE USING SYNTHETIC SUPERDISINTEGRANTS

Gautam Kumar1, Y.P.Singla

1, Kamal Saroha

2, Gagandeep

3

1Lord Shiva College of Pharmacy, Sirsa (Haryana)

2University institute of Pharmaceutical sciences, KUK, Kurukshetra

3Baba Isher Singh College of Pharmacy, Gagra (Moga) Punjab

Amoxicillin is a widely used antibiotic for the treatment of mild to moderate infectious diseases. The objective of

current research was to design, develop and evaluate fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) of amoxicillin trihydrate. FDTs

will not only enhance the patient compliance but also have comparatively less side effects. FDTs of amoxicillin

were prepared by direct compression method using MCC as diluents cum binding agent. Eight formulations of

amoxicillin were developed keeping the concentration of amoxicillin constant (250mg) in each formulation and by

varying the concentration of superdisintegrants viz. sodium starch glycolate, crosscarmellose sodium from 15-60

mg. All the formulations were made palatable by incorporating 3mg of sodium saccharin in each. Blends of all

formulations were studied for their flow properties. The formulated tablets were evaluated in terms of their hardness,

thickness, % friability, weight variation, uniformity of drug content, disintegration time, in vitro dispersion time,

wetting time, water absorption ratio and FTIR studies. Conclusion- The selected FDT formulation of amoxicillin

development using 10% CCS as disintegrator exhibited extremely fast dissolution rate than that of marketed

conventional tablets of amoxicillin trihydrate.



P_131

USE OF HERBAL DRUGS IN HEPATIC DISEASES AND THEIR PRESENT STATUS

Aruna1, Vipan Kamboj

2, Prabhakar Verma

2

1Government College, Maham, Haryana

2Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MD University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana

The use of herbal drugs for the treatment of liver diseases has a long history, starting with the Ayurvedic treatment,

and extending to the Chinese, European and many other systems of traditional medicines. Traditional systems of

medicine recommended various herbal origin hepatoprotective agents and their preparations to treat hepatic

disorders. Licensing regulation and pharmacovigilance regarding herbal preparation are still not complete and do not

have clear cut proof of their efficacy in hepatic diseases. Herbal preparations are developed based on Ayurvedic

principles where plant extracts are included for their antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity. Nevertheless, a number

of herbal drugs shows promising activity like Silymarin as antifibrotic, glycyrrhizin for chronic viral hepatitis,

Azadirachta indica for treatment of paracetamol induced liver damage, extracts of Picrorhiza kurrooa, Emblica

officinalis significantly effective in liver poisoning by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rodents. Hepatoprotective

preparations of herbal origin are abundant in nature and have been prescribed for the treatment of many different

types of liver disorders characterized by cirrhosis, jaundice, metabolic disorder due to overloading of iron or copper

and degenerative lesions, liver cell necrosis and hepatitis etc. The modern system of medicine have very little to

offer for alleviation of hepatic diseases and some of these drugs even have adverse affect on the liver functions.

This review paper illustrates the use of herbal drugs in hepatic diseases related to hepatotoxicity and their present

states.



P_132

EXTRACELLULAR ATP and P2X7 RECEPTOR IN RELATION TO INFLAMMATION

Nisha Mehta, Sukhvir Chand, Malkeet Singh Bahia, Om Silakari

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.


Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are newly characterized ligand gated membrane ion channels

involved in many cellular functions. Among all Purinergic receptors, P2X7 isoforms is unique that induce caspase

activity, cytokine secretion and apoptosis. The distribution of P2X7 receptors and the fact that high concenteration

of ATP are required to activate this receptor support the hypothesis that P2X7 receptors function as ‘danger’ sensor

associated with tissue inflammation and damage. Further modulation of signalling pathways by P2X7 has also been

proposed to play an important role in control of macrophages, inflammatory responses especially in response to

lipopolysaccharides. Many researchers have also shown that P2X7 knockout (KO) mice showed decreased severity

of inflammation. Therefore, new molecules having high potency against P2X7 receptor may serve as novel therapy

for inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. In present review, we try to integrate the recent discoveries on

P2X7 receptor pharmacology, its therapeutic potential along with brief update on novel P2X7 receptor antagonists.



P_133

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS): AN APPROACH

TOWARDS DESIGN OF MMP INHIBITORS

Dharmender Rathee and Viney Lather

JCDM College of Pharmacy, P. O. Box 81, Barnala Road, Sirsa-125055, India.


Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, which

are responsible for the tissue remodeling and degradation of extracellular matrix, including collagens, elastins,

gelatin, matrix glycoproteins, and proteoglycan. MMPs are usually minimally expressed in normal physiological

conditions and thus homeostasis is maintained. MMPs are regulated by hormones, growth factors, and cytokines and

are involved in ovarian functions. Over-expression of MMPs results in an imbalance between the activity of MMPs

that lead to a variety of pathological disorders like Arthritis, Multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s disease, Liver cirrhosis,

and Cancer. To date, 26 members of this enzyme family have been reported, all sharing significant sequence

homologies. They have been grouped into five classes based on their substarte specificity. These include gelatinases

(MMP2 and MMP9), collagenases (MMP1, MMP8, and MMP13), stromelysins (MMP3, MMP10), membrane type

(MMP14, MMP16, and MMP17), and other enzymes such as matrilysin (MMP7). The advent of high-resolution X-

ray and NMR structures has provided new paradigms for the design of MMP inhibitors in general and selective

inhibitors in particular. X-ray and/or NMR structures are publicly available for nine out of 26 known human MMPs.

Almost all MMPIs bear chelating moieties that interact directly with the catalytic zinc cation and protrude into the

hydrophobic S1’ subsite, a deep pocket situated in proximity to the catalytic zinc ion. These compounds behave as

competitive inhibitors since the zinc binding group binding mode mimics one of the transition states occurring

during substrate hydrolysis. We have carried out the structural analysis of different isoforms of MMPs from the

available X-ray crystal structures obtained from PDB database and identified the important features required for the

inhibitory activity. This approach can be successfully used for the design of newer MMPIs in particular targeting the

specific MMPs.



P_134

PHARMACOPHORE MODELING AND 3D QSAR STUDIES ON N-(2-BENZOYLPHENYL)-L-

TYROSINES AS PPARγ AGONISTS

Anuradha Sharma and Vipin Kumar

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra – 136119, Haryana, India


Three dimensional pharmacophore modeling studies were performed on a diverse set of N-(2-benzoylphenyl)-L-

tyrosine derivatives that demonstrate antidiabetic activity by stimulating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-

γ. Six point pharmacophores with three hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrophobic group and two aromatic ring as

pharmacophoric features were developed. Amongst them the pharmacophore hypothesis AAAHRR1 yielded a

statistically significant 3D QSAR model with 0.814 as R2 value and was considered to be the best pharmacophore

hypothesis. The developed pharmacophore model was externally validated by predicting the activity of test set

molecules. The squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.635 was observed between experimental and predicted

activity values of test set molecules .The geometry and features of pharmacophore were expected to be useful for the

design of selective PPARγ agonists.



P_135

AWARENESS OF PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES FOR RECYCLING OF X-RAY FILM

Samridhi, Jyoti Malik and Ashwani Kumar

JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa

The major recording medium used in radiography is X-ray film; we can recycle all kinds of X-ray film for silver

recovery and destruction purpose. In 2007, approximately 1,600 tons of silver was recovered from old and new

scrap including X-ray films recycling. In X-ray film, sensitivity is increased by having a mixture of between 1% and

10% silver iodide and 90 to 99% silver bromide. After X-ray film is developed and fixed, it holds about two percent

by weight of silver in its emulsion layers, which are made of gelatin. The two most important ingredients of a

photographic emulsion are gelatin and silver halide (Chemical composition of X-ray film). X-ray film is delicate and

should not be handled carelessly or roughly. As X-ray films, contain silver and hazardous materials which needs to

be disposed of properly to help the environment. X-ray films may be recycled properly by silver-recovery technique.

In this technique alkaline protease, an enzyme produced by Bacillus sp. B21-2 bacteria, is used. A shredder cuts X-

ray film into strips that are fed into a reactor, where they are mixed with the enzyme under alkaline conditions. The

enzyme breaks down the film's gelatin layers, releasing the silver particles into solution. The silver then is

precipitated out of the solution by adding a coagulant such as aluminum sulfate. The technique “creates no

pollution” so we can get high grade pure silver and can do a great help in economy.



P_136

BIOASSAY- GUIDED FRACTIONATION AND ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY STUDIES ON PISONIA

UMBELLIFERA

Sumitra Singh1, Vijay Naresh

2, Surendra Kr. Sharma

1

1Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar–125001

2Lord Shiva College Of Pharmacy, Sirsa-125055, India


Bioassay- guided fractionation of ethanol extract of leaves of Pisonia umbellifera was studied for its anti-fungal

activity for the microorganism Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Pencillium citrinum and Monascus purpureus by

disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract showed good anti-fungal activity for Monascus purpureus compared to

standard clotrimazole.



P_137

PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER

Anuj Kumar and Vikas Bansal

JCDM College of Pharmacy

The concern for pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) as contaminants in the environment and the need to

assess their environmental risk have greatly increased since the early nineties. Among PhACs, antibiotics and

antiviral drugs are of important concern due to their role in growing antibiotic and antiviral drugs resistance among

pathogenic bacteria and influenza viruses, respectively. Besides resistance issue, the compounds may upset sensitive

ecosystems as they are designed to be highly bioactive. Concern among scientists increased when oral

contraceptives are found in sewage water and fish in the Potomac River and elsewhere were found to have both male

and female characteristics when exposed to estrogen-like substances. For instance, some fish had both testes and an

ovary. Pharmaceuticals also are affecting sentinel species at the foundation of the pyramid of life — such as earth

worms in the wild and zooplankton in the laboratory, studies show. More than 100 different pharmaceuticals have

been detected in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and streams throughout the world. Studies have detected pharmaceuticals in

waters throughout Asia, Australia, Canada and Europe — even in Swiss lakes and the North Sea.



P_138

A BRIEF REVIEW ON CASSIA TORA

Ruby Gehlaut, Neha Mishra, Amrita Kumari, Jyoti Kumari, Samriti Faujdar, Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal


Cassia tora L. is an erect herb, cultivated for its leaves, seeds and roots are used in traditional medicines. The plant is

reported to contain Anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, obtusifolin, chrysoobtusin, aurantio-obtusin and their

glycosides, napthopyrone, rubrofurosin, nor-rubrofurosin, rubrofurosin-gentiobioside, toralactone and torachrysone.

Various pharmacological activites shown by cassia tora are anti-platelet aggregation, hepatoprotective, cAMP-

phosphodiasterase, antifungal, anthelmintic and antishigellosis. This review gives a view on pharmacognostic

characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological action of plant.



P_139

NANOPHARMACEUTICAL DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Kanika Madaan, Poonam Kumari, Deepti Pandita

JCDM College of Pharmacy, P. O. Box 81, Barnala Road, Sirsa-125055, India


A very much acquainted nanotechnology has blossomed into a billion dollar industry as this novel approach to drug

delivery is revolutionizing the future of medicines. Nanomedicine, the medical application of nanotechnology to

healthcare has influenced the pharmaceutical industry in design, characterization, production and delivery of

nanopharmaceuticals. Upcoming innovations in nanopharmaceuticals have generated multifunctional entities

capable of simultaneously diagnosing, delivering therapeutic agents monitoring treatment. Micelles, liposomes, solid

lipid nanoparticles, functionalized nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystals, cyclodextrins, dendrimers,

nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles have been used as strategies to deliver conventional pharmaceuticals such as

peptide, recombinant proteins, vaccines and nucleotides properties. Recently published study on nanoshells with

beclomethazone dispropionate has shown improved pharmaceutical and DNA delivery to tumours and central

nervous system due to enhanced permeability and retention. These delivery systems modify many physicochemical

properties thus resulting in changes in body distribution, solubility, stability and other pharmacological processes.

Likewise, liposomal anthracyclines have achieved highly efficient drug encapsulation resulting in significant

anticancer activity with reduced cardio toxicity. Various products have been approved by FDA in different clinical

phases. Starpharma is in collaboration with Dendritic Nanotechnologies and Dow Chemical to develop dendrimer-

based cancer therapeutics. Their enormous potential in offering size specific targeting of active agents with precision

and reduced toxic systemic side effects has resulted in better patient compliance. Eventually, all of these

undertakings will expand the burgeoning field of nanopharmaceuticals. It is likely that pharma and biotech will

embrace nanopharmaceuticals, especially if they offer novel properties that address unmet medical needs and if their

development costs and risks are low.



P_140

USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SWINE FLU TREATMENT

Deepak Wadhwa, Kushal Verma, Manish Dev Indoria



Nanotechnology generally deals with structure of the size 100 nm or smaller and involve developing materials or

devices with in that size. It is a diverse branch of science. Swine flu called pig influenza, swine influenza, hog flu

and pig flu is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or S-

OIV (swine origin influenza virus) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. The SIV

strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N3, H3N1, H3N2.Swine

influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Nanotechnology Sensors Detecting Swine Flu in

Public Places: Canadian researchers are testing a new device that may soon detect flu viruses circulating at malls or

airports and warn people about them. The nano sensor is designed to detect a specific strain of flu virus, such as the

new strain of swine flu, or influenza A (H1N1), as well as measure its concentration in the air. Vaccines which have

been approved by the responsible government authorities for vaccination against the alleged H1N1 Influenza A

Swine Flu have been found to contain nanoparticles. Vaccine makers have been experimenting with nanoparticles as

a way to “turbo charge” vaccines for several years. Now it has come out that the vaccines approved for use in

Germany and other European countries contain nanoparticles in a form that reportedly attacks healthy cells

and can be deadly. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza like illness, Cold,

Fever, Sorethroat, Musclepains, Severe headache, Coughing, Weakness and General discomfort. This virus is

resistant to the antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine but is sensitive to tamiflu, relenza. Investigations

of these cases suggest that ongoing human to human swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is occurring.



P_141

A BRIEF REVIEW ON MOMORDICA CYMBALARIA- A BOON AGAINST DIABETES

Renu, Pratiksha Arora, Samriti Faujdar, Sarvesh Kumar Paliwal

Banasthali University, Banasthali, Tonk (Raj) India

Plant have always been exemplary source of drug and many of the currently available drugs derived directly and

indirectly from them. The ethanobotanical information reports that about 800 plants possess antidiabetic activity.

Momordica cymabalaria Hook. F. belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. The plant is a perennial herbaceous climber

either allowed to trail on the ground or to climb on supports with the aid of tendrils. It is found in the south Indian

states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra and Tamil Nadu as a weed. The plant is allowed

to grow along bunds (boundary of fields), fences and even in the fields for the sake of fruits.

Chemical constituents: The phytochemicals reported in this plants are tannins, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, amino

acids, Vitamin C, carbohydrate and ß-Carotene.

Pharmacology: The fruits of this plant reported anti diabetic and antihyperlipedimic activities. The tubers were

reported as antiovulatory activity. Alcoholic extract of Momordica cymbalaria was reported to have antidiabetic

activity. The extracts and dried form of the leave and fruit were shown to have antidiabetic and antilipidemic

activity. Other activities shown by Momordica cymbalaria are antimicrobial, antiimplantation, antidiarrhoeal, card

ioprotective and hepatoprotective activity.



P_142

HYDROGELS

Satinder Pal Kaur, Kapil, Sahil


Hydrogel also called as aquagel, are cross linked hydrophilic polymer structures that can imbibe large amounts of

water or biological fluids. It is a network of polymer chain sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the

dispersion medium and highly absorbent ( over 99% water). Hydogels are one of upcoming classes of polymer

based systems that embrace numerous biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This review discusses various

parameter of hydrogels such as surface properties, water content and swelling behavior, effect of nature of polymer,

ionic content, and thermodynamics, all of which can influence the biomedical usage of hydrogels. Meanwhile,

environment sensitive hydrogels and bioadhesive hydrogels continue for medical applications. Hydrogels are

extensively used for biomedical applications- tissue engineering, molecular imprinting, wound dressings,

immuneisolation, drug delivery etc. Common uses for hydrogels include: as sustained-release drug delivery systems;

provide absorption, desloughing and debriding of necrotic and fibrotic tissue; used as biosensors as well as in DDS;

used in disposable diapers, contact lenses, medical electrodes and water gel explosives.



P_143

BENZIMIDAZOLE: UTILITY IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

Ravinder Bishnoi, Umesh Kamboj, N. Mahadevan, Darpan Kaushik

Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa (Haryana) – 125055

Benzimidazole is a bicyclic compound having imidazole ring containing two nitrogen atoms at nonadjacent

positions, fused to benzene. The most prominent benzimidazole compound in nature is N-ribosyl-

dimethylbenzimidazole, which serves as an axial ligand for cobalt in vitamin B12. These are important group of

heterocyclic compounds that possess versatile biological activities and significant role in medicinal chemistry. Its

derivatives are used as precursor in organic synthesis and exhibit broad range of pharmacological activities and

found in many potent pharmacophores such as Pentoprazole (antiulcer), Thiabendazole (anthelmintic), Albendazole

(anthelmintic), Dibazole (spasmolytic), Domperidone (neuroleptic), Ethomerazole (anxiolytic), Etonitazene

(analgesic and anti inflammatory) . It can act as an important tool for medicinal chemists to develop novel

compounds bearing benzimidazole moiety that could be better agents in terms of potency and safety.



P_144

NANOPARTICLES: A CARRIER FOR LIVER TARGETING OF THERAPEUTIC AGENTS

Rampal, Kalpana Nagpal, S.K. Singh and D.N.Mishra

Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jumbheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-125001.

Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10-1000 nm in which active constituents may be

dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the polymer. They are used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the

systemic circulation, to target the drug to the specified sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate

to the site of action, which may reduce the dosing frequency. Various polymers (Chitosan, bovine serum albumin,

zein, gelatin, alginate etc.) have been used in the formulation of nanoparticles for therapeutic benefit as well as to

minimize their side effects. Nanoparticles have the potential to deliver the drugs to the desired sites. Different types

of drugs which mainly act on the liver can be targeted by the nanoparticles for treatment of different types of

diseases like malaria, amoebiasis, liver fibrosis, hepatic carcinoma etc. During last few decades, many attempts have

been made to improve the performance of the drugs by developing dosage forms of smaller size. Distribution studies

of different types of nanoparticles demonstrated that nanoparticles having the size range 100-200nm are rapidly

taken up by the phagocytes of the reticulo-endothelial cells and are mainly distributed in the liver. Some of the drugs

that have been utilized for the targeting to liver include primaquine, metronidazole, sodium ferulate, and 5-fluoro

uracil (5-FU) for the treatment of malaria, amoebiasis, hepatic fibrosis and liver cancer.



P_145

Ajowan: A kitchen spice for managing anxiety and memory deficits

Milind Parle, Kapil Soni

Pharmacology Division, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Accredited by NBA), Guru Jambeshwer University of

Science and Technology, Hisar Haryana, 125001

Ajowan (Bishop’s weed) is popular spice of Indian kitchen. Traditionally, the snuffs of Ajowan seeds and oil of

Ajowan are recommended for the treatment of anxiety and as brain tonic. But no scientific study is carried out so far

to validate these therapeutic claims. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate antianxiety and memory

strengthening potential of Ajowan seeds. The seeds of Ajowan were administered along with diet of young male

mice at the dose of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for a period of 10 days. Learning and memory was

assessed with elevated plus maze, passive avoidance apparatus and object recognition task, while anxiolytic activity

was evaluated using elevated plus maze, hole board test and light and dark model. Memory impairment was

produced by using scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg), alprazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and electroshock (10 mA for 0.2 sec). Brain

anticholinesterase activity (AchE), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and

brain nitrite levels were measured. The administration of Ajowan seeds for 10 days led to decrease in transfer

latency, increase in step down latency and improved discrimination index in all the groups of mice with or without

amnesia. Concomitantly decrease in brain AchE activity was observed in Ajowan treated groups. In case of

Axiolytic models, there was increase in both time spent and number of entries in open arm, increase in nose pocking

behavior and more time spent in light compartment in a dose dependent manner. Significant fall in TBARS level,

brain nitrite and rise in GSH level were observed in all test groups. Thus, we can conclude that Ajowan seeds have

potential to act as an anxiolytic agent and as a memory enhancer.

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