Thermal and Mechanical Energy Harvesting Materials

Krzysztof Grzybowski

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Smart Energy Management–Global

Level of energy utilization was increasing in European countries during the last few years. New and efficient technologies allowed for significant reduction of our dependence on energy. Development of new energy harvesting technology is a key solution in this regard.

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are the potential energy sources ?

to harvest wasted energy ?

is necessary for energy harvester design?

materials should be used for energy harvesting?

HowWhere What Which

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are potential energy sources ?

Where

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Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

Mechanical stress Vibrations

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dT>0

q>0

Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting

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Energy sources used for harvesting

1. Presence of the streams of wasted energy that could be recovered and re-utilized (such as heat or vibrations).

2. Presence of the streams of energies in systems that are stand alone and cannot be powered by conventional sources, or the powering is too expensive.

3. Self-powered solutions operating on batteries that could be more conveniently supplied by energy harvesters.

Energy harvesters are usually applied in case of

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to harvest wasted energy ?

How

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Piezoelectric Solutions

Frequent vibrations are capable of powering any kind of energy- dependent wireless sensors.

(Microstrain, Cedrat)

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Thermoelectric Miniaturized Harvester

Nextreme Thermal Solutions, Micropelt

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Energy Streams in a Car

BSST with BMW, Visteon, Marlow, Virginia Tech, Purdue, UC-Santa Cruz

· GM with GE, U of Michigan, U of South Florida,ORNL, RTI

· Michigan State with Cummins, Tellurex, NASA-JPL, Iowa State

· United Technologies with Pratt & Whitney, Hi-Z, Pacific Northwest National Lab., and Caterpillar

Research groups

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BMW Series 5 , Model Year 2010, 3.0 Liter Gasoline Engine with Thermoelectric Generator

Waste Heat Recovery Systems

US DOE planned decrease of fuel consumption by 10 %

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Many heat energy sources are currenlty well re-used via traditional heat exchangers and accumulators. This is one of the main quidelines of process engineering. However, some of the heat sources could be utilized even more deeper.

Unused Industrial Heat Sources

Industrial Processing Heat Unused and Emitted Heat Streams

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Hum

anM

achine

Complex systemsThe application of self- powering wireless network

systems takes place in various scales. Due to their

elastic architecture, they can easily incorporate various

energy harvesters.

Self powered sensors/actuators

IMEC

Morgan ElectroCeramics

Ferrotec, EnOcean

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Self powered systems. Comparison of battery and piezoelectric energy harvester

Energy harvesters provide various useful features that make them more attractive than batteries for self-powered solutions.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2Stability within 5 years

Stabillity within 10 years

Maintenence cost

Total cost

System IntegrationOperation temp.range

Self sufficiency

Env.friendliness

Mass

LithiumBatteries

Multifiberpiezoelectricenergyharvestingcomposite

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Category intensity

Battery replacement: Advanced Cerametrics, Advanced Linear Devices

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is necessary for the energy harvester design?

What

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Strategic guidelines for thermoelectric harvesters

• Cost• Lifetime• Value of ZT (figure of merit). Commercial modules

offers ZT~1 now. In future ZT?• Proper heat source

• Its stability• Presence of high-thermal gradient• Efficient design matching the heat source characteristic

• Presence of the electricity receiver or storage systems at close proximity

• Size

Key parameters for deciding about solution acceptance

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Strategic guidelines for piezoelectric harvesters

• Cost• Lifetime• Value of piezoelectricity coefficient• Energy source properties

• Frequency of mechanical stress (vibrations)• Amplitude• Receiver energy requirements

• Presence of the electricity receiver or storage systems at close proximity

• Size

Key parameters deciding about solution acceptance

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materials should be used for energy harvesting?

Which

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Applicabilityin harsh

environments

Energy harvesting materials – Drivers

Small size

Note: Size of the ball indicatesimportance or weight of the factor

Small dimensions of most of the energy harvesters allow for

their easy and noninvasive application in varioussolutions.

Popular batteries cannot operate at high temperatures.

Thus energy harvesters are good candidate to be used instead of them.

Applied energy harvesters

providing easy to use and maintain

solutions.

Energy harvesters can operate for long times. Despite of their high

inital costs they exclude the need of frequent system maintanace or replacement.

Demand for reliable powering devices with long

lifetimes

Market need for quiet solutions with no

moving parts.

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TE TE systemssystems

Low conversion

efficiency

Necessity of accurate module

design

Need of power management

systems

Relatively

high price

Parasitic thermal conduction

Size of the bubble describes the strength of the factor

Energy Harvesting Thermoelectric Systems Key Challenges

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Piezoelectric Piezoelectric systemssystems

Brittleness

RelativelyHigh Cost

Unidirectional

operation

Difficult

deposition

Low energytransfer

Size of the bubble describes the strength of the factor

Energy Harvesting Piezoelectric Systems Key Challenges

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Absolute Numbers Percentage Share Trend

100%100%

Influence of the BixSb2–xTe3 constituent elements on total alloy price(*)

7.31

51.56

96.670.06

0.12

2.52

54.14

104.10

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

2005 2009

(*) note that the price of the whole alloy is not directly the sum of constituent elements

Bismuth

Antimony

Tellurium

The price of the tellurium is mostly impacting bismuth telluride alloys’ price. The influence of antimony is neglectable.

95.23 92.86

0.1 0.1

7.024.650%

25%

50%

75%

100%

2005 2009

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Energy Harvesting Systems

PiezoelectricsHuman source

PiezoelectricsEnvironment

PhotovoltaicOutdoor

RF - GSM

1E-3

microWatts/cm21E4

1

PhotovoltaicIndoor

RF - WiFi

ThermoelectricEnvironment

ThermoelectricHuman

Ene

rgy

Har

vest

ed

Development stage

Early Advanced

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Top Market Impact of Top 10 Developed Piezoelectrics

ProjectedImpact on the

Industry

High Impact

Low Impact

Certainty

Low High

Bi4Ti3O12

KxNa1-xNbO3

modified KNN

PbTiO3

PZT

BaTiO3

Quartz

High Growth Impact

LowGrowthImpact

MediumGrowthImpact

Source Frost & Sullivan.

KNN stands forKxNa1-xNbO3

Thank you