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7/26/2019 A3 - Appendix A
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Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy
Appendix A
FIGURE A.1 The axial (in pink) and appendicular (in brown) skeletons.
Metacarpals
Carpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
ParietalOccipital
Temporal
Humerus
Pubis
Vertebral Column(backbone)
Vertebrae
Axia S e eton Appen icu ar S e eton
Bones of the Appen(in brown)
Ischium
Front Rear
Sternum
Ribs
Radius
Ulna
Ilium
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Skull
Bones of the Skulland Spinal Column
(in pink)
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APPENDIX A 42
Gorilla
Homo
Monkey
Thoracicvertebra
Ribs
Scapula
Lumbarvertebra
Ischium
Sacrum
Pubis
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals Phalanges
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
MetacarpalsPhalanges
Humerus
Cervicalvertebra
More inferior positionof foramen magnum
S - shapedspinal curvature
Shorteriliac blade
Relativelyshorter arms
Relativelylonger legs
Morecompact feet
Vertebrae
OccipitalParietalFrontal
CervicalThoracicLumbarSacrumIlium
Ischium
Pubis
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metacarpals
Maxilla
MandibleScapula
Humerus
Radius
Metatarsa
Phalanges Phalanges
Ilium
Femur
Tibia
Ulna
Carpals
Ribs
{
FIGURE A.2 Comparisons of Gorilla, Homo, and Proconsulskeletons.
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424 APPENDIX A
Externalauditorymeatus
Occipital
Occipital
Foramenmagnum
Parietal
Temporal
Vomer
Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Frontal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Mandible
Palatine
Maxilla
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
(a)The major bones of the skull and face
Human Skull
(b)Lower surface of skull
(c)Top view of skull (d)Front view of skull showing facial bones
Mandible
Sphenoid
Molars (12)
Upper jaw Lower jaw
Premolars (8)Canines (4)Incisors (8)
(e)Upper and lower jaws
FIGURE A.3 (a, b, c) The major bones of the skull and face, (d) facial bones and, (e) dentition.
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APPENDIX A 42
Cervical #1, the atlas
Cervical #2, the axis
Cervical #5 of 7
Thoracic #9 of 12
Lumbar #3 of 5
The Vertebral Column
Sacrum #1#5, fused
Cocxyx, rst segment
FIGURE A.4 The vertebral column. The human vertebral column consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
5 fused sacral, and 4 or 5 diminutive coccygeal vertebrae.
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426 APPENDIX A
Distal phalanx
Intermediate phalanxProximal phalanx
1st Metatarsal
1st Cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
2nd Cuneiform3rd Cuneiform
5th Metatarsal
Cuboid
Calcaneus
Lateral
Le t Foot and Ankle Bones, Superior ViewLeft Hand and Wrist Bones, Dorsal View
Medial
Distal phalanx
5th Metacarpal
Intermediate phalanx
Proximal phalanx
1st Metacarpal
TrapeziumTrapezoid
Scaphoid
Hamate
PisiformLunate
Capitate
Triquetral
Medial Lateral
(a) (b)
FIGURE A.5 (a) Left hand and wrist bones and (b) left foot and ankle bones.