A2 Edexcel Graphics Revision Guide

7/26/2019 A2 Edexcel Graphics Revision Guide

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ANTHONY

A2 PRODUCT DESIGN: GRAPHIC


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1)Industrial and Commr!ial Pra!ti!T"is s!tion #urt"rs $our %no&ld' o# modrn dsi'n (ra!ti!

11) ICT

111)El!troni! Communi!ations

Email

It is a sim(l and !ommonl$ usd #or o# l!troni! !ommuni!ation

Pros

*ui!% and as$+ !on,nint #or !ommuni!ation around t" &orld

It "as &ids(rad usa'+ an$on &it" a!!ss to t" Intrnt !an us it

Emails !an - usd to sa, dats o# !ommuni!ation

Do!umnts !an - snt &it" t" mails and sa,d -$ t" r!i,r

Cons

Som mssa's !an - intr(rtd

A lot o# mssa's -in' snt to an in-o. in!rass t" tim to rad and

rs(ond

S(am is a-undant

T"r ar (ri,a!$ and s!urit$ issus+ mssa's !an - intr!(td and

rad /(rsonal in#ormation s"ouldn0t - snt t"rou'" an mail)

T"r is a limitation on t" si o# t" atta!"mnts t"at ar snt

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

EDI is a n& &a$ to l!troni!all$ to trans#r do!umnts+ allo&in' t"m to

do -usinss

Pros

Sa,s mon$ -$ rdu!in' t" n!ssit$ o# (a(r

Sa,s tim as do!umnts ar snt di'itall$+ a,oidin' t" nd to mt u(

&it" !lints

Sa,s !ustomr sr,i! as -usinss do!umnts ar trans#rrd ui!%l$ T"r ar lss rrors mad &it" t" di'ital do!umnts

E.(ands !ustomr -as as t"r is im(ro,d !ustomr sr,i!

Cons

In!om(ati-ilit$ &it" som !om(anis+ n& ma!"ins and so#t&ar nd to

- installd

Standards ar u(datd r'ularl$+ t"is !auss (ro-lms &"ilst tr$in' to us

di3rnt ,rsions

It is .(nsi, to stu(

4imits tradin' to onl$ !om(anis &it" EDI+ small tradin' mar%t !ouldman losin' sals


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112)Intrnt Sr,i!s Di'ital Nt&or% and 5road-and

ISDN is a data trans#r t!"nolo'$ &"i!" (ro,ids #ull$ int'ratd di'ital

sr,i!s t"rou'" tl("on nt&or%s It !om-in sr,i!s su!" as intrnt

and tl("on into on (a!%a'

ISDN in,ol,s t" di'italisation o# t" tl("on nt&or%+ &"i!" na-ls

,oi!+ data+ t.t+ 'ra("i!s+ musi! t! to - transmittd o,r t" tl("on

lin

T"r ar 6, t$(s o# -road-and a!!ss

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ASDL)

ASD4 is a &a$ o# sndin' data alon' an .istin' tl("on lin

T!"nolo'$ is usd to (a!% mor in#ormation into t" si'nal

It is a ,r$ (o(ular #orm o# -road-and in t" U7

Pros

Eas$ to install

Cons

Do&nloadin' in#ormation is mu!" #astr t"an sndin'

Cable

T" !a-l is mad u( #rom o(ti!al 6-rs

Ca-l !an !arr$ man$ tims mor in#ormation t"an a tl("on lin and

o,r lon'r distan!s

Pros

Eas$ to install

Potntiall$ t" #astst !onn!tion

Cons

Onl$ a,aila-l in lar' !itis or to&ns

Wireless

8I9I !onn!tions ar mad -$ transmittin' radio si'nals

4ANs !an - -uilt -$ (uttin' arials on "ouss+ t"is allo&s an$on in t"

ara o# t" transmittr to "a, a!!ss to t" intrnt

Pros

9ast !onn!tion

Not rstri!td -$ t" lo!al tl("on .!"an'


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Cons

Ruirs an .(rin!d and traind (rson to stu(

Ruirs an .(rin!d (rson to maintain

8irlss nt&or%s !an su3r #rom intr#rn! i# t"r ar ot"r &irlss

nt&or%s in t" ara3G echnology

It is o3rd -$ nt&or%s to allo& $ou to r!i, intrnt !onn!tion on

$our mo-il ("on i# t"r is r!(tion

Pros

Allo&s (o(l to r!i, intrnt !onn!ti,it$ &"il on t" mo,

Cons

Rstri!tions to t" atta!"mnts t"at !an - o(nd du to so#t&arlimitations

Somtims t" si'nals ar &a%+ or it is di!ult to r!i, a si'nal

Satellite

A,aila-l in on;&a$ and t&o;&a$

On;&a$ is ,r$ #ast !onn!tion -ut onl$ allo&s t" si'nal to tra,l on

&a$ /do&nload onl$)

T&o;&a$ allo&s t" usr to do&nload and snd -a!% data+ "o&,r at a

slo&r rat t"an on;&a$

Pros

A,aila-l an$&"r

Cons

Rasona-l$ .(nsi,

8at"r !an !aus !onn!tion issus


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11


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11)CAD /Com(utr Aidd Dsi'n)Ad#antages o$ using CAD %ith creati#e and technical design

Dsi'ns !an - ui!%l$ ditd &it" !lint #d-a!%

odllin' !an - usd to tst itms on s!rn+ sa,in' !osts on ral li#tsts

CA> so#t&ar uss t" 'omtri! data #or masurmnts t"at t"

manu#a!turin' tools !an us

Rdu!s lar' and intnsi, la-our dra&in' o!s

CAD data !an - snt l!troni!all$

CAD s$stm !an stor dra&in's in #oldrs

8id ,arit$ o# st$ls and #onts a,aila-l

Us o# tools /oom+ !ut+ !o($+ (ast+ rotat+ t!)

Automati! 6llin' tools

Ad#antages o$ using CAD %ith #irtual modelling and testing

A-ilit$ to r(rsnt a


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11B)EPOS /El!troni! Point o# Sal)El!troni! (oint o# sal s$stms allo& t" manu#a!turr to - on st( a"ad

Itms !an - s!annd and sold mu!" ui!%r and sim(lr #or t" !ustomrs T"

EPOS &ill s!an t" -ar!od &"i!" t"n r!ts t" li'"t -a!% onto a

("otol!tri! !ll To rad t" -ar!od t" !ll dtrmins &"t"r t" r!tion

&as li'"t or dar% /-ar (rsnt or not)

Pros

>anu#a!turrs !an 't a #ull and immdiat a!!ount o# transa!tions

Data #rom t" EPOS !an - im(ortd into s(rads"ts to anal$s sals

T"is allo&s t" manu#a!turr to monitor t" sals and ra!t ui!%l$ to

dmand

A!!urat in#ormation !an - mad #or tar't mar%ts

A #ull rs(onsi, sto!% s$stm is !ratd -$ (ro,idd ral;tim sto!%

u(dats

A s$stm !an - !ratd to nsur t"at t" ri'"t amount o# sto!% is out/not o,ro&d)

11)Intrnt Sals and >ar%tin'Intrnt sals and mar%tin' is t" ida o# allo&in' !ustomrs to -ro&s onlin

to -u$ (rodu!ts instad o# "a,in' t"m 'o to a stor+ t"is !an "a, its (ros and

!ons

Customer Ad#antages

>or !on,nint t"an 'oin' into t" stor A!!ss to a &id ran' o# (rodu!ts

Customisation !ould - a,aila-l /' 'ratr ran' o# sis or !olours)

A,aila-ilit$ o# (rodu!t ds!ri(tions and r,i&s to "l( d!isions

Onlin dis!ounts and sa,in's ar a,aila-l

'anu$acturer Ad#antages

8orld;&id ra!"+ in!rasd !ustomr -as and a!!ss to n& mar%ts

In!rasd !om(an$ (ro6l on a &orld;&ir -asis

9ast dalin' &it" ordrs+ 'ratr !in!$ and t"r#or sa,in's ar mad

Dtaild %no&ld' o# usr (r#rn!s -$ tra!%in' and monitorin' sals

Cost sa,in's du to rdu!d sals #or! and sals outlts

4ss .(nsi, t"an traditional ad,rtisin' su!" as n&s(a(rs

>ar%tin' ta!ti!s !an - usd

Disad#antages

S!urit$ !on!rns -!aus o# in(uttin' (rsonal dtails

Prsonal in#ormation !an - s"ard &it" ot"r !om(anis &it"out

!ustomr !onsnt

Som &-sits !an0t - #ound unlss s(!i6! dtails ar ntrd+

t"r#or 'ratr mar%tin' mt"ods ar ndd

Intrnt issus !an !aus di!ultis Di!ult$ in na,i'atin' !om(li!atd &-(a's


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Dosn0t allo& $ou 't a "ands on .(rin! o# t" (rodu!t /' !an0t tst

#or 6t)

A!!ss to ina((ro(riat matrials

S(rad o# ?un%0 mail and !om(utr ,iruss


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12) Di'ital S(!ial E3!ts

121)5lu @ Grn S!rn5lu and 'rn s!rns ar usd to allo& t" -a!%'round o# an a!tor to -

!"an'd+ &"r t" s!n &ould - di!ult @ dan'rous to s"oot

T" -a!%'round and #or'round ar s"ot s(aratl$ and t"n !om-ind ina (ro!ss !all !om(ositin'

T" -a!%'round is 6lmd or !ratd usin' CGI

T"n t" a!tor is 6lmd a'ainst a -lu @ 'rn s!rn &"i!" is (assd

t"rou'" a 6ltr to a((ar in,isi-l

>att -la!% sil"outt on &"it -a!%'round

>att &"it sil"outt on -la!% -a!%'round

122)CGI /Com(utr Gnratd Ima's)

CGI is usd to !rat ,isual 3!ts t"at &ould ot"r&is - im(ossi-l

3D 'odelling

o,mnt t"at in,ol, 'ra,it$ !an0t - r(rsntd


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1odi6d 'ns 'ttin' into t" !o s$stm !ratin' unnatural ,olutions

D,lo(mnt o# tolran! to t" trait -$ ins!ts or disass+ manin' t"at

ar "ardr to 't rid o# ot"r&is

Ra(id 'ro&t" mans mor intnsi, rotations+ 'ratr &atr n!ssit$

1di!al uss /' 'aus+ suturs+ im(lants)

P"arma!uti!al uss /' !oatin's #or (ills)

N& natural 6-rs #or t.tils industr$

R(la!mnt #or .(andd (ol$st$rn

Pros


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9ull$ d'rada-l in suita-l !onditions

Rdu!tion o# tim in land6ll

4ss amounts o# &ast addd to land6lls

Star!";-asd (lasti!s /P4A) alrad$ .ist in t" !o;s$stm so don0t

!ontri-ut to 'lo-al &armin'

Cons

D'radation o# som (lasti!s still !ontri-uts to 'lo-al &armin' t"rou'"

CO2 rlas

Dama's r!$!ld (lasti!s &"n mi.d F t"r#or rdu!s t"ir ,alu

9ull$ -iod'rada-l (ol$mrs ar mor .(nsi, as t"$ arn0t &idl$

(rodu!d

>a$ not - nr'$ !int to (rodu! s$nt"ti! (ol$mrs

Smi;-iod'rada-l (ol$mrs rmain in t" n,ironmnt #or $ars


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2)S$stms and ControlIn t"is (ro!ss o# ra(id d,lo(mnt n& s$stms nd to - st u( to %( u(

&it" t" ruird !in!$ and a!!ura!$

21) >anu#a!turin' S$stms211)A>T /Ad,an!d >anu#a!turin' T!"nolo'$)

A>T ds!ri-s t" im(a!t t"at !om(utrs "a, "ad on manu#a!turin'

T"$ "a, "ad a si'ni6!ant im(a!t+ t"$ "a, r,olutionisd t"

manu#a!turin' industr$

At ,r$ sta' in a manu#a!turin' (ro!ss !om(utrs ar usd to nsur

t"$ ar "i'";s(d and "i'";ualit$ (ro!sss

T"r ar %$ #a!ts to A>T

212)*R> /*ui!% Rs(ons >anu#a!turin') *R> &as d,lo(d to ma% !om(anis mor !int and t"r#or mor

(ro6ta-l

*R> mo,s !om(anis on #rom traditional -at!" (rodu!tion to o&

(rodu!tion

T"is mans t"at (rodu!ts ar ordrd in #rom a rs(ons #rom t"

!onsumr dmand rat"r t"an stimatin' dmand

It in,ol,s multi(l !on!(ts:

I (ust In ime)

8"n t" ri'"t amount o# sto!% is ordrd #or t" !orr!t tim to a,oido,ro& o# sto!%

It ruirs (rodu!rs to stimat dmand a!!uratl$

*' (otal *uality 'anagement)

Pr#ormin' *A !"!%s at ,r$ sta' to a,oid mista%s latr on

T"is &a$ mista%s ar dalt &it" arlir on+ ma%in' t" (ro!ss mor

!int

'anu$acturing Cells

Grou(in' o# all t" rsour!s ndd to manu#a!tur a (rodu!t

Pros

4ss mon$ ndd to run t" #a!tor$ as #&r matrials and (rodu!ts ar

sto!%d

5ttr (osition in t" mar%t as ui!% rs(ons tims !an attra!t

!onsumrs

In!ras turno,r o# sto!%

Smallr -at!"s ar (rodu!d t"r#or lo&r stora' !osts

Rdu!d !ost o# ualit$ as t"r is lss &ast and mor rs(onsi-ilit$ on(rodu!tion tams


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Cons

In!rasd rlian! on su((lirs to ra!t ui!%l$

Poor su((l$ !ould man a manu#a!turr is una-l to mt !ustomr

ruirmnts

4ar' ,ariations in dmand !ould man t"at t" manu#a!turr ma$ not -

a-l to ra!t to suddn "i'" dmands

>ana'in' and im(lmntin' *R> !an - di!ult as it !"an's t" rols o#

&or%rs

21anu#a!turin'

Con!urrnt manu#a!turin' is t" ida o# t" (o(l #rom di3rnt sta's

&or%in' to't"r to ma% manu#a!tur mor !int

T"is &ould man t"at sta's !ould o,rla( /' nar t" nd o# t"

(lannin' sta' t" dsi'n sta' is startd #rom &"at t"$ alrad$ "a,)

T"is nsurs t"at !"an's don0t nd to - mad to t" (rodu!t !ratin' a

ri'"t 6rst tim (rodu!t /' i# a (ro-lm is #ound &"ilst t" dsi'n and

(lannin' sta's ar runnin' alon' a!" ot"r it is sol,d &"il still mo,in'

#or&ard)

Pros

Rdu!d tim to mar%t as sta's ar o,rla((d

Rdu!tion in dsi'n modi6!ations as t" di3rnt sta's &or% to't"r

D!rasd dsi'n and manu#a!turin' !osts

Im(ro,d (rodu!t ualit$

En"an!d !ustomr satis#a!tion

21) 9>S /9l.i-l >anu#a!turin' S$stm)

9>S s$stms ar s$stms t"at !om-in multi(l ma!"ins to't"r

T" ma!"ins ar !ontrolld -$ a !om(utr !ontrolld ro-ot

9>S -rin's to't"r t!"nolo'is su!" as CNC or ro-oti!s to !rat an

int'ratd s$stm

It is di3rnt #rom a normal (rodu!t lin as it "as t" a-ilit$ to (rodu!

mor t"an on (rodu!t at a tim

'achine +e,ibility is t" s$stm0s a-ilit$ to !"an' to !rat n&

(rodu!t t$(s and t" a-ilit$ to !"an' t" ordr o# t" o(rations !arrid

out


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&outing +e,ibility is t" a-ilit$ to us multi(l ma!"ins at on!

t"r#or in!rasin' t" s(d o# (rodu!tion T"s s$stms !an ada(t to

!"an's in ,olum or si

Pros

In!rasd (rodu!ti,it$ du to automation S"ortr tim #rom dsi'n to mar%t

4o&r la-our !ost du to automation

Im(ro,d ualit$ /"uman rrors ar a,oidd)

9l.i-ilit$ in mana'in' manu#a!turin' rsour!s

22) Com(utr;Int'ratd >anu#a!turd /CI>) CI> ta%s 9>S a st( #urt"r -$ int'ratin' all as(!ts o# a !om(an$0s

o(rations to't"r+ not ust t" o(rations dir!tl$ lin%d &it" dsi'nin'

T"is allo&s in#ormation to - s"ard asil$ t"rou'" t" o(rations

as!s "er$ormed %ithin CI'

Dsi'n o# t" (rodu!t usin' CAD

Plannin' t" most !ost 3!ti, &or%o&

Controllin' t" o(rations o# ma!"ins and ui(mnt

Pr#ormin' -usinss #un!tions su!" as ordrin' sto!%

Cons

Com(utrs and s$stms !ould - in!om(ati-l disallo&in' t"m #rom

-in' int'ratd T" !ost o# mana'in' data is "i'"+ i# data -!oms !orru(td ma!"inr$

!ould - #ault$

221)PD> /Produ!t Data >ana'mnt) S$stms

PD> is a s$stm usd to mana' data #or a (rodu!t as it (asss #rom

dsi'n to manu#a!tur

T"is data in!luds: (lans+ "i'"li'"ts &"n !"an's ar mad to a data-as so t"at an$n!ssar$ altrations !an - mad in ot"r sta's

8"n t" dsi'nr is satis6d &it" t"ir !om(onnt t" PD> noti6s t"

n.t (rson to (r#orm t"ir tas% on t" (rodu!t

Pros

Rdu!d tim to mar%t as data is instantl$ a,aila-l to ,i&

Im(ro,d (rodu!ti,it$ as !"an's to data ar tra!%d and mana'd

automati!all$

Im(ro,d !ontrol as !int mana'mnt s$stms nsur t"at ,r$on

is &or%in' &it" t" !urrnt data


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222)ERP /Entr(ris Rsour! Plannin')

ERP s$stm is a so#t&ar usd to mana' data #rom di3rnt d(artmnts

Pros

Im(ro,s t" &a$ a !ustomr0s ordr is ta%n and is (ut into an in,oi!

Em(lo$s in di3rnt d(artmnts !an all s t" data and u(dat it

instantl$

Ordrs ar mo,d on ui!%l$ #rom di3rnt d(artmnts

T"is mans ordrs !an - asil$ tra!%d

Also !ustomrs &ill r!i, t"ir ordrs ui!%l$ and &it"out rrors


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22anu#a!turin' and IT /ust In Tim) S$stms

4an manu#a!tur is manu#a!turin' &it"out ?#at0

A %$ #atur o# lan manu#a!tur is t" notion o# IT+ &"i!" mans t"r

&ill - no &ar"ouss #ull o# matrials &aitin' to - usd /"n! ?no #at0)

T"is nsurs minimum &ast is (rodu!d in manu#a!tur

8it" IT+ matrials arri, &"n ndd

Stages o$ lean manu$acture

-) .alue

9o!us on t" ,alu o# &"at t" !ustomr is (r(ard to (a$ #ro

/) .aluestream

Idnti#$ "o& ,alu;addin' and non;,alu addin' o(rations 3!t t"

!in!$ o# manu#a!tur3) 0lo%

Dsi'n (ro!sss t"at rsult in a o& #rom ra& matrials to t" dli,r$ o#

t" 6nis"d (rodu!t1) Pull

Dsi'n manu#a!turin' #or (ull o# (rodu!t2) Per$ection

Ado(t an a((roa!" t"at !ontinuall$ im(ro,s &or%in' (ro!sss

Pros

4ss &ast and o,rsto!%in' du to IT+ allo&in' t" matrials to -

ordrd at t" ri'"t tim

=r$ ui!% !"an' o,r &"n a n& (rodu!t nds to - mad

9unds arn0t tid in on sto!% &it" in!rass !as" o&

Cons

I# t"r is a suddn ris in dmand+ t" sto!% &ill - usd u( ra(idl$ &it" a

small amount o# tim to rsu((l$

Produ!tion !ould - "ld u( or sto((d !om(ltl$ i# t" ra& matrials

su((lir !an0t mt ordrs

2.2.3.1) Pull Tools (Kanban)

7an-an is t" ida o# -rin'in' matrials into manu#a!tur &"n t"$ ar

ndd

7an-an uss !ards as ,isual si'ns to indi!at &"n a matrial is ndd

o T"is rdu!d t" amount o# &or% in (ro'rss

o Rstri!ts t" su((l$ o# matrials until t"$ ar ndd

o T"is (ro,ids an 3!ti, IT s$stm


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2.2.3.2) Kaizen (Perfection tools)

7ain is %no&n #or !ontinuous im(ro,mnt+ &"r small !"an's ar

mad to (rodu!tion

2.2.3.3) Flexible Manufacturing Cells

>anu#a!turin' !lls 'rou( all t" rsour! ndd to snd a (rodu!t

t"rou'" manu#a!tur

9l.i-l manu#a!turin' !lls "a, t" a-ilit$ to - s"ut do&n and ot"rs

startd u( simultanousl$

T"is mans t"at t"r &on0t - disru(tions in t" manu#a!turin' lin

22)C>> /Coordinat >asurin' >a!"in)

C>> is usd to a!"i, !om(utr;aidd ualit$ !ontrol

C>> is a m!"ani!al s$stm t"at uss a (ro- to dtrmin t"!oordinats

It uss t"s !oordinats to (rodu! a!!urat masurmnts

T"is data !an - immdiatl$ #d -a!% into t" manu#a!turin' (ro!ss to

- usd

22B) Automatd >atrials Handlin' S$stms

An automatd matrials "andlin' s$stm is a s$stm t"at mo,s matrials

#rom on (la! to anot"r+ su!" as a !on,$or -lt or a tru!%

T"$ nsur t"at t" matrials ar dli,rd to t" (rodu!tion lin

22)ASRS /Automatd Stora' and Rtri,al S$stm)

T"is is a s$stm t"at is usd to rtri,+ stor and sortin' itms in a

&ar"ous

In CI>+ t" ruird (oints ar !ontrolld -$ a !om(utr

o T"is in!rass !in!$ o# stora'

o T"is rdu!s la-our !osts as t" mo,mnt o# itms is automatd

o Em(lo$s0 t!"ni!al s%ills ar d,lo(d in t" o(ration o# a

s$stm

22)AG= /Automatd Guidd ="i!ls)

An AG= is a d,i! t"at is usd to mo, (arts -t&n ma!"ins or &or%;

!ntrs

T"$ ar small ind(ndntl$ (o&rd ,"i!ls

T"$ ar 'uidd -$ radio #run!$ &irs in t" oor+ or o(ti!al snsors

&"i!" ar lasr 'uidd


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2


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2) 9lo&!"arts A o&!"art is a dia'ram &"i!" s"o&s t" o(rations t"at &ill - !arrid

out at a!" sta' in!ludin' ualit$ !"!%s

21)O(n;4oo( S$stms

An o(n;loo( s$stm "as no #d-a!% on in#ormation at a!" sta'+ it ismor o# a strai'"t run t"rou'"

o It is sim(l and lo& !ost

o It is idal #or sim(l (ro!sss

o It !an0t dt!t an$ rrors

22) Closd;4oo( S$stms

T"is s$stm utiliss #d-a!%

T"is #d-a!% is usd to ma% d!isions on &"r t" (ro!ss &ill 'oo

T"r is im(ro,d (r#orman! tra!%in' in t"s s$stmso Earl$ dt!tion o# #aults


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22/39

8"n t" dsi'n o# t" (rodu!t dtrmins its li#s(an /' in% !artrid's+

-attris+ li'"t -ul-s)

Style

Du to !"an's in #as"ions and trnds t" !onsumr is mad to #l out o#

dat+ (us"in' t"m into -u$in' t" latst st$l

ulti;#un!tional (rodu!ts "a, -!om a,aila-l

T" unit !ost o# l!troni!s "as -!om !"a(r allo&in' lo&;!ost

l!troni! (rodu!ts

T"r ar t"r %$ d,lo(mnts:o Ad#anced Integrated Circuits allo& mor !ir!uitr$ to - in!ludd

on a!" mi!ro!"i(+ in!rasin' #un!tionalit$ and (o&ro Ad#anced attery echnology t"is in!luds r!"ar'a-l and

4it"ium;ion -attris+ t"$ ar a li'"t&i'"t &a$ o# storin' nr'$

&"i!" rsults in smallr #ul !llso Ad#anced Liuid Crystal Dis"lays na-ld !olour s!rns &"i!"

ar -ri'"tr+ t"innr and mor nr'$ !int

atrials #or Inno,ati, A((li!ations

Smart

'aterial

A""lication Pros Cons

Smart

Glass

Usd to !"an' li'"t

(ro(rtis o# a &indo&s

&"n a ,olta' is a((lid

/' !"an'in' 'lass #rom

o(au to translu!nt)

Controls t" amount

o# "at (assin'

t"rou'" a &indo&+

sa,in' nr'$ !osts

Pro,ids (rot!tion

#rom U= ra$s

Pro,ids (ri,a!$

E.(nsi, to install

Ruir a !onstant

l!tri!al su((l$

S(d o# !ontrol

D'r o#

trans(arn!$

Sha"e

'emoryAlloys

Can rmm-r its startin'

s"a(+ &"n t" s"a( is-nt it &ill rturn to its

Su(rlasti!it$ F

.trml$ .i-l&it"out (rmannt

Not un-ra%a-l

>or .(nsi, t"anr'ular #rams


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(S'As) ori'inal s"a( &"n (la!d

in "ot &atr

d#ormin'

Immdiatl$

r!o,rs ori'inal

s"a(

4i'"t&i'"t and

dura-lhermochr

omic

Pigments

C"an' !olour &"n

.(osd to di3rnt "at

l,ls

Immdiat ,isual

indi!ation o#

tm(ratur

Sa#t$ #atur

Ast"ti! a((al

4imitd !olour ran'

Not (ossi-l to

n'inr a!!urat

tm(ratur

sttin's /' #or

.a!tl$ 1J d'rs

Clsius)Smart +uid

4 oils 4

grease

Usd in a !ars sus(nsion

s$stm to dam(n t" rid

d(ndin' on road

!onditions

Im(ro,s "andlin'

and road;"andlin'

as it ada(ts to

!onditions5ttr and #astr

!ontrol

>or .(nsi, t"an

traditional s$stms


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odrnism /P"ili(( Star!%)

orris)

Philoso"hy

It 'r& out o# a !on!rn t"at t" industrialisation o# &as ma%in' (o(l

lss !rati,

T" aim &as to (ut (o(l -a!% into t"is !rati, mod

Style

Sim"licityF intriors &r ,isuall$ sim(listi!+ !luttr &as rmo,d+ and

#urnitur &as dsi'nd to "a, a minimal stru!tur Pro,ids a (ra!ti!al

li,in' n,ironmnt

S"lendour 5 dsi'nrs &r .(rimntin' &it" n& t!"nius and

matrials in artisti! &a$s

6atureF natural (lant+ -irds and animal #orms &r usd in t"is

mo,mnt+ st$lisd o&rs

ColoursF !olour &as usd to (ro,id unit$ and #o!us

William 'orris

Pot+ &ritr+ so!ialist

H -li,d in sim(li!it$

and 'ood !ra#tsmans"i(

H t"ou'"t industriall$

!ra#td itms la!%d

"onst$ o# traditionall$

(rodu!d itms


25/39

Style

6atureF similar to t" arts and !ra#ts mo,mnt Art Nou,au dsi'ns&r inun!d -$ natural #orms T" #orms in Art Nou,au &r mor

st$lisd dsi'ns /t"is in!luds &"i(las"d and lon'atd dsi'ns)

he $emale $orm 5 t"r is a us o#

#mal 6'urs &it" lon' o&in' "air and

!ur,s

7ther culturesF ins(ird -$ arts #rom

a(ans+ Ara-ian and Clti!

Charles &ennie 'ac!intosh

Studid in Glas'o& s!"ool o# art

5!am a mm-r o# t" ?Glas'o& #our0

'rou( o# artists


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27/39

odrnism /P"ili(( Star!%)

Philoso"hy

Idal (r#!tion+ ?lss is a -or0+ a "armon$ o# #orm and #un!tion

T" aim o# t"is mo,mnt &as to 'i, (rodu!ts indi,idualit$+ "umour and

(rsonalit$

Style

8umour and "ersonalityF -ri'"t and !olour#ul (rodu!ts+ &it"

unn!ssar$ dsi'n #aturs to 'i, t" (rodu!ts (rsonalit$

9&etro: designF (ast mo,mnts &r rintr(rtd &it" modrn

matrials and t!"nolo'$

DeconstructionF &"r t" sur#a! o# a -uildin' o# a

-uildin' is distortd so it isn0t at+ t"is 'i,s t" im(rssion o#

!ontrolld !"aos

Phili""e Starc!

9rn!" dsi'nr &it" st$lisd+ stramlind dsi'ns &it" "umour and

(rsonalit$


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)Sustaina-ilit$ Sustaina-ilit$ mans sa#'uardin' t" &orld and #utur 'nrations

1) 4i# C$!l Assssmnt T" li# !$!l assssmnt ,aluats t" im(a!t o# t" (rodu!t and its

(a!%a'in'+ #rom t" utmost start to t" 6nis"+ on t" n,ironmnt

T" ra& matrials t"at nd to - .tra!td ar assssd

11)4i# C$!l In,ntor$

A li# !$!l in,ntor$ ds!ri-s &"at ra& matrials ar usd and &"at

missions &ill o!!ur durin' t" (rodu!t li#

It in!luds:o En,ironmnt in(uts and out(uts o# ra& matrials and nr'$

rsour!so E!onomi!al in(uts and out(uts o# !om(onnts

2) Clanr Dsi'n and t!"nolo'$ To a!"i, !lanr dsi'n+ t" n,ironmntal im(a!t o# t" (a!%a'in' and

(rodu!t nd to - rdu!d

21) Sustaina-l (rodu!t dsi'n

Eas$ to dismantl @ as$ to r(air or rus so t"at t" (rodu!t li# is

in!rasd+ t"r#or lss &ast is (rodu!d

Eas$ to s(arat t" matrials &"n r!$!lin'

Com(onnts t"at &ill - tratd s(aratl$ #or r(air s"ould - as$ to

rmo,

Tr$in' to ma% t" (rodu!t &it" as man$ o# t" sam matrials as (ossi-l

so tim isn0t &astd on s(aratin' #or r!$!lin'

>ar%in' t" matrials so t"at t"$ !an - sortd ui!%r

A,oidin' sur#a! tratmnts so t"at t" matrials ar %(t ?!lan0 and

don0t los as mu!" ,alu t"rou'" r!$!lin'

0actors that ma!e u" "roduct sustainability

Cyclic 5 matrials t"at ar mad #rom -iod'rada-l or'ani! matrials

su!" as 5io(ol+ or matrials t"at ar !ontinuousl$ r!$!ld /t"is d!rass

l,ls o# &ast and (ollution)

SolarF (rodu!ts t"at in manu#a!tur and usa' onl$ !onsum rn&a-l

nr'$

Sa$eF all rlass to &atr+ air and s(a! ar ?#ood0 /t"$ arn0t a t"rat

to t" n,ironmnt)

E>cientF (rodu!ts t"at in manu#a!tur and usa' ruir lss nr'$+

matrials and &atr to "a, t" sam 3!t as oldr (rodu!ts


31/39

SocialF (rodu!ts &"os manu#a!tur su((orts "uman ri'"ts+ ' 'i, a

#air s"ar o# (ro6ts to d,lo(in' !ountris

22)Ra& >atrials

Pa"er and board

&a% materialF trs

E,tractionF d#orstation and n,ironmntal d'radation o# #orst aras

ProcessingF !"mi!al (ollutants usd in t" !"mi!al (ul( (ro!ss and

-la!"in' o# (ul(s

'etals

&a% materialsF ors

E,tractionF (ollution #rom minin' a!ti,itis+ a lot o# nr'$ is usd in

t"s o(rations

ProcessingF ,ast amounts o# nr'$ is usd and a lot o# (ollution is

'i,n o3 #rom or .tra!tion strat'is

Polymers

&a% materialsF !rud oil

E,tractionF nr'$ us #rom drillin' a!ti,itis+ "a-itats ar dstro$d ProcessingF ,ast amounts o# nr'$ is ruird to r6n oil and (rodu!

(ol$mrs+ CO2 missions ar a-undant

2anu#a!tur

4.2.3.1) Modifing t!e design of a "roduct

It !an man usin' a sim(lr dsi'n &it" #&r !om(onnts to rdu! t"

matrial usd and assm-l$ tim

Di3rnt matrials !ould - usd to rdu! t" &i'"t or uantit$ usd >atrials t"at usd lss nr'$ in manu#a!tur !ould - usd

Com(onnts t"at ar asir to ma!"in !ould - usd

Di3rnt &or% o&s &it" im(ro,d ualit$ !ontrol !ould - usd

Di3rnt mt"ods o# distri-ution t" (rodu!t !ould - usd /mt"ods t"at

ar lss (ollutin')


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4.2.3.2) #lternati$e Fuels

Liuid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Pros

Good #ul a,aila-ilit$

Good ran' o# %its t"at ar a-l to us t"is #ul ar a,aila-l

Rdu!d missions

4o& #ul !ost

Rlia-l (r#orman!

Cons

Not a,aila-l #or disl ,"i!ls

No #a!tor$;6t modls ar a,aila-l

io ethanol

Pros

Rdu!d missions

In!rasd (o&r

9a!tor$;6t modls ar a,aila-l

Rn&a-l #ul mt"od

Cons

=r$ (oor a,aila-ilit$ o# t" #ul

4imitd a,aila-ilit$ o# t" ,"i!ls Similar (ri! to disl /not mu!" o# a (ri! sa,in' #or !onsumrs)

Com"ressed natural gas

Pros

7its 6t to .istin' disl ,"i!ls

Similar !onom$ to disl

Rdu!s t" missions o# disl

Cons

Poor a,aila-ilit$

4imitd a,aila-ilit$ o# %its

Slo& r#ullin' tims


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8ydrogen

Pros

Mro missions

Rn&a-l sour! o# nr'$

Cons

4o& a,aila-ilit$ o# %its

Poor a,aila-ilit$ o# #ul

Electricity

Pros

Mro immdiat missions

Cons

=r$ limitd ran'

Slo& r!"ar'd @ r6llin' tim /lon' tri(s -!om ,r$ di!ult)

inimisin' 8ast Produ!tion T"r ar mt"ods t"at !an - usd to rdu! t" amount o# &ast

(rodu!d #rom manu#a!turin'


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35/39


36/39

Cons

E.trml$ .(nsi, to !onstru!t dams and (o&r (lants

9loodin' lar' aras o# land mans rlo!atin' #or lo!als

Ri,rs !an - di,rtd &"i!" !an a3!t lo!als t"at rl$ on ri,rs

Dam #ailurs !an !aus "u' dstru!tion

Grn"ous 'ass (rodu!d !an (otntiall$ - "arm#ul

T"$ !an - disru(tion to auati! !os$stms

C"an's in t" ri,r o&

Solar

El!tri!it$ 'nratd #rom solar (anls

Pros

Hu' amounts o# nr'$ a,aila-l #rom t" sun Pollution #r durin' us

4o& o(ratin' and littl maintnan! is ruird !osts

Produ! nou'" nr'$ to !o( &it" (a% dmand tims

4o!al 'rid;!onn!td s$stms !an - sl#;su!int

Cons

Rlati,l$ .(nsi, stu( !osts

Solar nr'$ !an - mor .(nsi, t"an nr'$ (rodu!d #rom ot"r

sour!s

Solar "at is not a,aila-l in t" ni'"t 8at"r !onditions !an a3!t t" nr'$ (rodu!d

Enr'$ is lost !on,rtin' t" nr'$

iomass 4 io$uels

Plant matrials ar -urnt to !rat "at+ or -io'as is (rodu!d #rom

anaro-i! di'stion

Pros

Rlati,l$ in.(nsi,

4ar' amounts o# &ast -iomass a,aila-l

Produ!t o# -io'as rdu!s t" rlas o# mt"an into t" atmos("r

8ast (rodu!ts #rom -io'as (rodu!tion !an - sold as !om(ost

Cons

E!olo'i!al dama' /d#orstation)

E.(nsi, (ro!ssin' !osts o# !on,rtin' -iomass into #uls &it" a lo&

$ild

In!inration !auss CO2 (ollution


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2)Non;Rn&a-l Sour!s o# Enr'$6uclear

A !ontrolld nu!lar !"ain is usd to (rodu! nr'$

Pros

Us uranium &is" is a-undant

T" ra!tion (rodu!s "at t"at !an - sud to "at t" (o&r stations

Rmo,s 'rn"ous 3!t i# it r(la!s #ossil;#ul nr'$

N& t!"nolo'$ in!rass t" sa#t$ usd in t" ra!tors

4o& o(ratin' !osts

Cons

Not trustd -$ t" (u-li! -!aus o# mdia ,i&

Pro-lm o# storin' radioa!ti, &ast #or ind6nit (riods

Potntial o# s,r radioa!ti, !ontamination

>inin' o# uranium !auss dama' to t" n,ironmnt

0ossil 0uels

T" -urnin' o# "$dro!ar-ons to (rodu! !oal+ oil+ 'as

Pros

4ar' amounts o# nr'$ (rodu!d ladin' to lo&;!ost su((l$

Gas;6rd (o&r stations ar ,r$ !int

Po&r stations !an - -uilt an$&"r

Cons

Rsour!s ar 6nit

4ar' sour! o# CO2 missions

Causs a!id rain

9ossil #uls !an !ontain radioa!ti, matrials &"i!" ar rlasd into t"

n,ironmnt

5urnin' !oal 'nrats lar' amounts o# as"

>inin' !oal and .tra!tin' oil !auss dama' to t" n,ironmnt and

(ollution R'ional and 'lo-al !oni!ts o,r oil rsr,s


38/39

B) Rs(onsi-ilitis o# D,lo(d Countris T" !"alln' #or (o(l in d,lo(d !ountris is to rdu! t"ir us o#

s!ar! rsour!s and rdu! (ollution

6eed o$ Global Sustainable De#elo"ment

Prot!t t" n,ironmnt #rom CO2 missions

B1)Im(a!t o# Industrialisation on Glo-al 8armin' and Climat C"an'

?yoto Protocol

It stats t" l'al ri'"ts on t" limits o# missions

Sts tar'ts to rdu! 'rn"ous 'as missions su!" as CO2

Timta-ls ar st #or tar'ts to - mt

Di3rnt tar'ts &r st #or di3rnt !ountris

Goals ar st to nsur !lanr n,ironmnts

6007 (6on@0ossil 0uel 7bligation)

T" aim o# N99O &as to mo, (o(l o,r to usin' rn&a-l nr'$

(ro!ts

To (ro,id 6nan!ial su((ort to rn&a-l nr'$ (ro!ts

T" 'o,rnmnt &ill ordr in,ol,mnt to n!oura' rn&a-l nr'$sour!s

El!tri!it$ distri-ution !om(anis must -u$ l!tri!it$ #rom rn&a-l

sour!s

Aim to rdu! d(ndn! on #ossil #uls

T"is is to aid t" d,lo(mnt o# rn&a-l nr'$ (ro!ts

B2)Rdu!in' $our ?Car-on 9oot(rint0

Car-on #oot(rints !an !ausd -$ "umans -$:o Annual "ous"old nr'$ usa'

o Annual tra,l

Po(l !an sa, nr'$ -$ in man$ &a$s /' usin' nr'$ sa,in'

(rodu!ts+ turnin' o3 a((lian!s &"n not in us)

>anu#a!turrs #oot(rint !an - rdu!d -$

o A((l$in' 4CA t!"nius to (rodu!ts

o Idnti#$in' (arts o# (rodu!tion t"at "a, a (a% amount o# nr'$

usa' @ CO2 missionso O(timisin' nr'$ !in!$

o Idnti#$in' &a$s o# nutralisin' CO2 missions


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B

Documents

A2 Edexcel Graphics Revision Guide