A. Yu. Smirnov

International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy Institute for Nuclear Research, RAS, Moscow, Russia

Nu HoRIizons-III, Allahabad February 10, 2010

Evgeny has already covered the present and future. So, what is left for me is the

new insight on what we aredoing now

of Pauli’s original idea …

In 30 ies: neutrinos will be never discovered.Technological and experimental developmentsallowed to detect neutrinos in 50ies

Now several X 105 2-decays which are of the second order in weak interactions

Neutrinos have massWe learned this not from kinematical measurements but from discovery of for a long time ``exotic’’ hypothetical new process – neutrino oscillations

Solution may come from unexpected side

1926

Which have certain connection to what we have discussedduring this workshop

Anomalies and Hints,

evidences and

first discoveries Precision measurements;

searches for New new physics;

studies of sub-leading effects

Anomalies: what is left?Unresolved problems?

Combined fits

Confronting high statisticsdata from different experiments

Oscillations and Adiabatic conversion

More complicated phenomena

Determination of the same neutrino parameters from different type of experiments

m2

Low - High energies

Propagation in vacuum - matter

Differentflavor channels

Nature of neutrinos mass:

its possible dependence

on energy and density

Test of theory of

neutrino propagation

Searches for sub-leading effects, e.g. due to 1-3 mixing

Searches for new physics: - New interactions- New neutrino states- Violation of fundamental symmetries (CPT, Lorentz)

Neutrino-antineutrino

- Electron neutrinos- Strong matter effect- Adiabatic conversion- Averaged oscillations

- Electron antineutrinos- Non-averaged vacuum oscillations- Small matter effect- Phase is crucial12(solar) < 12(Kamland)

T. Schwetz et al., 0808..2016

T. Schwetz et al., 0808..2016

G.L. Fogli, et al 0805.2517, v3

G.L. Fogli, et al 0805.2517, v3

xx

xx

xx

sin213 = 0.016 +/- 0.010

1sin2 213 ~ 0.06

TBMQLCl

+ MINOS: 0.02 +/- 0.1

with somebenchmarks

S. Goswami, A.S.(2004)

sin213 = 0.017+/- 0.26

Matter / high energiesVacuum / low energiesP ~ cos413(1 – ½ sin2212) P ~ cos413sin212

Lines of P = const

121313 12

If someone wants to give money for theta 1-3 …

- Muon and electron neutrinos- Neutrinos and antineutrinos- Matter effects - Multilayer medium - Vacuum - matter- Large base-lines- Huge energy range

- Muon neutrinos or antineutrinos- Vacuum mimicking - Oscillations phase- E ~ 1 – 10 GeV

m232 (Atm) < m23

2 (MINOS) SK: m212 = 0

Matter effect?

Phenomenology of the standard scenario (SM + massive neutrinos) with standard sources and standard detectors is essentially elaborated

Oscillations of very low energy (sub-sub-GeV) atmospheric neutrinos

O. Peres, A.S.

New neutrino sourcesNew neutrino detectorsNew physics

Flavor ratio decrease with energy and deviates from 22.1 1.6

Two components: - directly produced by eande

- from invisible muon decay

Seasonal variations, variations with solar activity

Background for diffuse SN fluxes

FLUKA

Enlarging the energy range

weaker screening effect

O. Peres, A.S

Effect of 2-3 mixing Effect of 1-3 mixing and CP-phase

O. Peres, A.S 5 - 10%spectrum distortion

1. Experiment: deviations from TBM mixing

RGE-effect?

2. No simple and convincing model for TBM

- Complicated structure, large number of assumptions and new parameters- Follows from certain correlation of unrelated sectors

- Long chain of considerations

3. Often: no connection between masses and mixing

However, if true – implies rich structure behind neutrino masses and mixing

4. Inclusion of quarks: further complication. GUT – additional requirements

S. Goswami

``symmetry building’’

1. TBM is not accidental: there is certain flavor symmetry behind.

The symmetry is weakly broken by high order corrections,

RGE effects, etc..

2. The approximate TBM is not accidental but is a manifestation of some symmetries or other structures (which differ from what we consider now)

3. The TBM is accidental. It does not follow from

symmetry immediately but results

from interplay of different factors and contributions

me = me

m = m

mee + me = m + m

TBM violation parameters

me - me

mee =

TBM-conditions

m - m

m =

mee + me - m - m

m + m =

TBM from symmetry of the mass matrixDeviation from TBM – violation of TBM structure of mass matrix

Quantity

maximally

O(1)

O(1)

2, \infty

Strong deviation of m from TBM is possible

M Abbas, A.S

sin223 ~ 0.05Experiment: sin212 ~ 0.02 sin 13 ~ 0.15

New structures, new approaches to explain

Yukawacouplings

VEV’sMechanism of mass generation

VEV alignment - different contributions- high order corrections

follow from independent sectors

All these componentsshould be correlated

tune by additional symmetries

Scalar potentialYukawa sector

``Natural’’ – consequence of symmetry?

``fine tuning’’ of symmetries

Assume that one mechanism dominatesHigh order corrections negligible

VEV alignmentonly

Y = I 6-pletC. Luhn

The same origin (compactification on orbifolds with parities)

M. A. Schmidt

V = V0Unflavored higges

Symmetry ?

Mixing appears as a result of different ways of the flavor symmetry breaking in neutrino and charged lepton sectors

Gf

Gl

Symmetry is not broken completely; residual symmetries

in the neutrino and charged lepton sectors are different

G

``accidental’’ symmetry due to particular selection of flavon representations and configuration of VEV’s

A

Residual symmetriesdetermine structureof the mass matrices

M TBM-type

Ml diagonal

In turn, this split originates from different flavor assignments of the RH components of Nc and lc

and different higgs multipletsString theory supports?

Charged lepton Neutrinos

L

lc Nc

L

-1

T

1, i, -1

S

’

M

hd hu

n k

i

G. AltarelliD. Melone

Flavon sector

T

T0

S

S0

’

0Driving fields

U(1)R

0

2

Particularselection of representations

S v S (1, 1, 1)

T v S (0, 1, 0)

3

1

A4

1’

1’’

Yukawa sectors

i

i

Z4

11

1

i

i

at m

ultip

lets

1 i-1-i

-1 1 1

n = 1, … k = 0, …

GUT-scale or higher?Vacuum alignment

Based on observation: lepton mixing = maximal mixing - quark mixingLarge mixing is related

to smallness of neutrino

mass and weak mass

hierarchy of neutrinos

The same principle

as in quark sector

- quark-lepton symmetry- existence of structure which produces bi-maximal mixing

Cabibbo ``hase’’:corrections from high order interactions generate Cabibbo mixing and deviation from BM, GU is not necessary

Correspondence: ur , ub , uj <-> dr , db , dj <-> e

Symmetry: Leptons as 4th color

Unification:Form multiplet of the extendedgauge group, in particular, 16-plet of SO(10)

Pati-Salam

Can it be accidental?

Minimalist approach’’M. Shaposhnikov et al

Minimalism in principles

and not in number of

degrees of freedom Unification of - quarks & leptons - couplings

motivation:

Generic problem:Generic problem: In many models, flavor prescription

required for explanation of differences of mass and mixing of quarks and leptons prevents from GU

- 126 126- pair vector-like: 16 16 matter fields - 10’ - Flavons- Zn

- 126 126- pair vector-like: 16 16 matter fields - 10’ - Flavons- Zn

- Singlet fermions- 16H

- flavons

- Singlet fermions- 16H

- flavons

Relate this difference to spontaneous breaking of GUT symmetry

Relate this difference to spontaneous breaking of GUT symmetry

B. Dutta , Y Mimura R. Mohapatra

New elements should be added

Playing with geometry of internal space

Generic elements of the F-theory:

In the lowest order: Yukawa couplings are given by overlap of the 6D fields localized on ``matter curves’’ .

Yij ~ zi zj

V .Bouchard, J J HeckmanJ Seo, C. Vafa

Only one eigenvalue (mass) is non-zero

10M

5M

5H

SU(5)

6D

They appear at intersection of three matter curves which correspond to matter and Higgs fields.

This leads to singular Yukawa matrices:

GUT

Mass matrices appear then as powers of these parameters

~ (M* Ri) -2

Ri~ MGUT -1 M*4 = GUT

-1 MGUT4where

Masses of lighter quarks and leptons appear as result of corrections due to interactions with the background gauge fields.

Corrections are determined by the gauge coupling:

Origin of Yukawa structures is in the gauge sector!

Large lepton mixing is related to weak mass hierarchy of neutrinosand originates from properties of RH neutrinos or objects which play role of the RH neutrinos

- Kaluza-Klein seesaw

up to

coefficients

of the order 1

from integration of the KK modes: M = L Hu L Hu

sinCGUT

1UV

1 1111

11UPMNS =

Froggatt-Nielsen is back?

GUT symmetry is broken in the hypercharge direction

Expansion parameters and powers for different fermions are different

surv

ival pro

bab

ility

distance

Flavor of neutrino state follows density change

H-wiggles and L-wiggles

bulk jet Lorentz factor: b ~ 3 - 10

jet duration: t ~ 10 sec

Variability time scale: 0.1 sec

~50 internal shocks

stellar envelope

accretion disc

infall

central engine (BH) internal

shocks

S. Razzaque, P. Meszaros, E. Waxman

M* < 30 Msun

R* = 3 1012 cm

rjet = 6 1010 cm

Helium (r < 1011 cm ) and Hydrogen envelope

half-angle of jet: ~ 1/b

Slow jets which do not break through the envelope

B ~ 108 Gauss

n = 3 1020 cm-1

Type Ib/c , II SNe

jet envelope vacuum Earth

i i

P( ) = i P*( i)|Ui|2

For E < 10 GeV oscillations inside the Earth:

|Ui|2 PE(i )

P*( i)

|Ui|2

I

P*( ) = <| Ajet( ) Aenv(i)|2

>jet averaging over jet production region

P( ) = P*( ) < Pvac( ) >

MMS:

loss of coherence

averaged vacuum oscillations

S. Razzaque, A.S.

ERL ER

H

ERL = cos 212m21

2/2V0

ERH = cos 213m31

2/2V0

V0 is the matter potential at the bottom of envelope

P( e)

P(e )

asymptotics

plateau

dip

L-wiggles

for transition probabilities: inverted

asymptotics

H-wiggles

plateau

Conversion probabilities as functions of the neutrino energy for two different values of initial density: n0 = 1023 cm-3 (red lines) and n0 = 2 1023 cm-3 (blue lines)

P(

e

)

P(

)

3m

~ adiab adiab ~ Int H32

Interference

2m

2me

PH1/2

W = sin 2130 [ PH (1 – PH )] 1/2

Projectionin the initial state

The amplitude of wiggles:

*

2m

Interference

1m

2m

PL1/2

(1 – PL )1/2

Projectionin the initial state

1

(1 – PH )1/2

W = sin 223 [(1 – PH) PL (1 – PL )] 1/2

is large

*

Probabilities as functions Of neutrino energy for Different valies of 1-3 mixingand two different initial flavor contents: : 1 : 0 (upper panel)1 : 2 : 0 (bottom panel)

Beyond determination of neutrino parameters

Fermi LAT: Gamma ray emissionfrom the shell of SN remnant W44

Hint of acceleration of CR to E~ 1015 eV

hadronic interactions 0

+ /-

Physics of relic neutrinos

Clustering depending

on masses Neutrino halos, neutrino stars

Possible new interactionsaccelerons

Superfluidity

Neutrino – Dark energy connections

Neutrino condensates

S. Hannestad, J. Brandbyge

A. Ringwald, Y.Y. Y. Wong

J. I KapustaJ R BhattU. Sarkar

J. I KapustaJ R BhattU. Sarkar

Weak gravitational

lensing Neutrino anisotropy

J. M. Conrad and M Shaevitz

H2O

Commercially developedhigh power compact proton cyclotrons2 GeV, ~1023 pot.year

Study CP violation in

e

from decay at restGd

1.5 km8 km20 km

DUSEL

0912.4079 [hep-ex]

Phase 2

Triveni Sangam

What is the difference between nu-horizon and usual horizon?

To expand usual horizons one needs

to clime up above the surface of the Earth

To expand nu horizons one needs to go down deep underground, underwater, under-ice

Expectations range from

Identification of the mechanism of neutrino mass generation

e.g. if the Higgs triplet with terascale mass and small VEV generates neutrino mass and mixing

e.g. if the Higgs triplet with terascale mass and small VEV generates neutrino mass and mixing

to

with conclusion that some EW scale mechanisms with certain values of parameters are excluded

with conclusion that some EW scale mechanisms with certain values of parameters are excluded

Practically nothing

Utbm = Umag U134)

1 1 1Umag = 1/ 3 1 1

= exp(-2i/3)

Deviation from TBM?

Symmetry:

A4

symmetry group of even permutations of 4 elements

representations: 3, 1, 1’, 1’’

tetrahedron

T7 , D4 , S4 , (3n2 ) …

Other possibilities:

E. Ma

The simplest with irreducible representation 3

= 13

F. VissaniV. Barger et al

Ubm = U23mU12

mUbm = U23

mU12m

Two maximal rotations

½ ½ -½ ½ ½ ½ -½ ½

- maximal 2-3 mixing- zero 1-3 mixing- maximal 1-2 mixing- no CP-violation

0

Ubm =

In seesaw:structure of Majorana mass matrix of RH neutrinos

Dirac matrix + GUT or/and horizontal symmetry

Vquarks = I, Vleptons =Vbm

m1 = m2 = 0

In the lowest approximation:

Corrections generate - mass split - CKM and - deviation from bi-maximal

Fogli et al ., 0806.2649

- difference of 1-2 mixing from solar data and Kamland- atmospheric: excess of sub-GeV e-like events

- difference of 1-2 mixing from solar data and Kamland- atmospheric: excess of sub-GeV e-like events

sin213 = 0.016 +/- 0.010

2

TBM

with sometheoreticalbenchmarkswithout RGE

sin212

sin

2 1

3

QLC

QLCl

0.02 +/- 0.01 (with MINOS )

P. F. HarrisonD. H. PerkinsW. G. Scott

Utbm = U23(/4) U12

- maximal 2-3 mixing- zero 1-3 mixing- no CP-violation

Utbm = 2/3 1/3 0- 1/6 1/3 1/2 1/6 - 1/3 1/2

2is tri-maximally mixed 3 is bi-maximally mixed

sin212 = 1/3

L. Wolfenstein

Broken tri-bimaximal mixing?

sin213 ~ 0.02 sin223 ~ 0.05

sin212 ~ 0.02

TBM + corrections

Best fit values:

or broken symmetry

Detailed computations of the neutrino yield (output) at different conditions

Detailed computations of the neutrino yield (output) at different conditions

SN remnants

core-collapse supernovae

microquasars

blasars

E ~ 1 GeV – 104 TeVGRBs

AGN

Vacuum oscillations

Conversion in matter of source

for maximal 2-3 mixingand 2 : 1 : 0 original ratioflavor equilibration: 1 : 1 : 1

for maximal 2-3 mixingand 2 : 1 : 0 original ratioflavor equilibration: 1 : 1 : 1

deviations from 1 : 1 : 1

deviations from 1 : 1 : 1studies of various

non-standard effects

Related to developments of -astronomy

Related to developments of -astronomy

- production mechanism - 23=/4

New level of studies

New level of studies

Solar scanner

Neutrino communication systemsGalactic communication

searches for oil and minerals

searches for oil and minerals

Tomography of the Earth

Monitoring of nuclear reactors

Geo-neutrinos

some proposed long time agonow less speculative now we know much more

some proposed long time agonow less speculative now we know much more

not unique, multiple usenot unique, multiple use

Neutrino as a probe…Neutrino as a probe…Mossbauer effect for neutrinos

- absorption- oscilltion

- absorption- oscilltion

J. Learnd, S. PakvasaA. Zee

J. Learnd, S. PakvasaA. Zee

to the Sunto the Sun

detectordetector

Normal hierarchy Inverted hierarchy

Level crossing schemem232 (Atm) = m23

2 (effective)

m2 (

eff

ect

ive)

meff2(anti ) > m2(vac) > meff

2()

SK: m212 = 0

m232 (eff) = m23

2(E)

extract from different energy ranges

ur , ub , uj , dr , db , dj , e

urc, ub

c, ujc, c

drc, db

c, djc,

ec

RH-neutrinoRH-neutrinoSomething is missed?

S

S

S

S

S SS

S

S

S- Decrease effective scale- Enhance mixing- Produce zero order mixing- Screen Dirac mass hierarchies- Produce randomness (anarchy)- Seesaw symmetries

HagedornSchmidtAS

SS

S

S

SS

S

SS

SSSS

SS

S

S

S

S

Hidden sector

Dirac versus Majorana?

m = mstandard + msoft(E,n) medium (environment ) dependent (``soft’’) component

medium (environment ) dependent (``soft’’) component

Can msoft dominate?Can msoft dominate?

In general:In general:

m(oscillations) = m(kinematics)

Smallness may indicate that nature of the neutrino mass (or at least what we observe in oscillations) differs from masses of other fermions

Is it the same as the mass of electron or top quark?

?

P. De Holanda mi = m0 tanh (i(g/cm3))

i = ( 0, 0.06, 3)dependence on densitywith saturationsm0 = 5 10-2 eV

especially in connection to DE

Energy spectrum of e-like events in Hyper-Kamiokande (540 kt, 4 years) for two Values of CP-phase

O. Peres, A.S

10% effects

Deviations from BM due to high order corrections

Complementarity: implies quark-lepton symmetry or GUT,or horizontal symmetry

Weak complementarity or Cabibbo haze

P. Ramond

Corrections from high order flavon interactions which generate simultaneously Cabibbo mixing and deviation from BM, GUT is not necessary

Altarelli et al

m sinC = m

sin C = 0.22 as ``quantum’’ of flavor physics

or

Minimal number of assumptions: Minimal number of assumptions:

Assumption 1: Assumption 1: cos213 = 1

Assumption 2: Assumption 2: 1/sin223 = 2

Assumption 3: Assumption 3: 1/sin212 = 3

Any model with smaller number of assumptions?Any model with smaller number of assumptions?

Plus possible small corrections…Plus possible small corrections…

= e

0/0

r= /

= [ P(e ) + P( ) ]

e

Flavor ratios:

Fluxes at the Earth:

(similarly for antineutrinos)

P(e ) + P( ) P(e ) + P( )

r=

For << 1 r~P( )

P( )

New experimental developments can trigger further Phenomenological and theoretical studies and vice versa