A Valuable Reputation

8/13/2019 A Valuable Reputation

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3avi( 4a%e, a 'rofessor in &ayes*s (e'artent, sai( that &ayes -ay have ha(

the greatest 'otentia! of anyone in the fie!(+. B#t, )hen &ayes (is"overe( that

atraine ight i'e(e the se#a! (eve!o'ent of frogs, his (ea!ings )ith

/yngenta e"ae straine(, an(, in Noveer, 2000, he en(e( his re!ationshi' )ith

the "o'any+

&ayes "ontin#e( st#(ying atraine on his o)n, an( soon he e"ae "onvin"e(

that /yngenta re'resentatives )ere fo!!o)ing hi to "onferen"es aro#n( the

)or!(+ &e )orrie( that the "o'any )as or"hestrating a "a'aign to (estroy his

re'#tation+ &e "o'!aine( that )henever he gave '#!i" ta!%s there )as a stranger

in the a"% of the roo, ta%ing notes+ On a tri' to 4ashington, 3+$+, in 2005, he

staye( at a (ifferent hote! ea"h night+ &e )as sti!! in to#"h )ith a fe) /yngenta

s"ientists an(, after noti"ing that they %ne) any (etai!s ao#t his )or% an( his

s"he(#!e, he s#s'e"te( that they )ere rea(ing his eai!s+ To "onf#se the, he

as%e( a st#(ent to )rite is!ea(ing eai!s fro his offi"e "o'#ter )hi!e he )as

trave!!ing+ &e sent a"%#' "o'ies of his (ata an( notes to his 'arents in sea!e(

oes+ In an eai! to one /yngenta s"ientist, he )rote that he ha( -ris%e( y

re'#tation, y nae + + + soe say even y !ife, for )hat I tho#ght 6an( no)

%no)7 is right+. A fe) s"ientists ha( 'revio#s!y (one e'erients that anti"i'ate(

&ayes*s )or%, #t no one ha( oserve( s#"h etree effe"ts+ In another eai! to

/yngenta, he a"%no)!e(ge( that it ight a''ear that he )as s#ffering fro a

-Na'o!eon "o'!e. or -(e!#sions of gran(e#r+.8or years, (es'ite his a"hieveents, &ayes ha( fe!t !i%e an inter!o'er+ In

a"a(ei" settings, it seee( to hi that his "o!!eag#es )ere o'erating a""or(ing

to a frivo!o#s "o(e of anners9 they s'o%e so fora!!y, fashioning these!ves as

(eta"he( a#thorities, an( rare!y a(itte( )hat they (i(n*t %no)+ &e ha( gro)n #'

in $o!#ia, /o#th $aro!ina, in a neighorhoo( )here fe)er than forty 'er "ent of

resi(ents finish high s"hoo!+ Unti! sith gra(e, )hen he )as a""e'te( into a

'rogra for the gifte(, in a (ifferent neighorhoo(, he ha( never ha( a

"onversation )ith a )hite 'erson his age+ &e an( his frien(s #se( to te!! oneanother ho) -)hite 'eo'!e (o this, an( )hite 'eo'!e (o that,. 'reten(ing that they

%ne)+ After he s)it"he( s"hoo!s an( too% a(van"e( "o#rses, the !a"% %i(s a(e

f#n of hi, saying, -Oh, he thin%s he*s )hite+.

&e )as fas"inate( y the i(ea of etaor'hosis, an( s'ent #"h of his

a(o!es"en"e "o!!e"ting ta('o!es an( frogs an( "rossree(ing (ifferent s'e"ies of


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grassho''ers+ &e raise( frog !arvae on his 'arents* front 'or"h, an( eaine( ho)

!iar(s res'on( to "hanges in te'erat#re 6y #sing a !o)(ryer7 an( !ight 6y

'!a"ing the in a (ogho#se7+ &is father, a "ar'et !ayer, #se( to !oo% at his

e'erients, sha%e his hea(, an( say, -There*s a fine !ine et)een a geni#s an( a

foo!+.

&ayes re"eive( a s"ho!arshi' to &arvar(, an(, in 1:;


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eginning, I )as rea!!y )orrie( for his safety+ B#t then I "o#!(n*t te!! )here the

rea!ity en(e( an( the eaggeration "re't in+.

Li# an( severa! other forer st#(ents sai( that they ha( reaine( s%e'ti"a! of

&ayes*s a""#sations #nti! !ast s#er, )hen an arti"!e a''eare( inEnvironmental

Health Newsthat (re) on /yngenta*s interna! re"or(s+ n(re(s of /yngenta*s

eos, notes, an( eai!s have een #nsea!e( fo!!o)ing the sett!eent, in 2012,

of t)o "!assa"tion s#its ro#ght y t)entythree =i()estern "ities an( to)ns that

a""#se( /yngenta of -"on"ea!ing atraine*s tr#e (angero#s nat#re. an(

"ontainating their (rin%ing )ater+ /te'hen Ti!!ery, the !a)yer )ho arg#e( the

"ases, sai(, -Tyrone*s )or% gave #s the s"ientifi" asis for the !a)s#it+.

&ayes has (evote( the 'ast fifteen years to st#(ying atraine, an( (#ring that

tie s"ientists aro#n( the )or!( have e'an(e( on his fin(ings, s#ggesting that the

heri"i(e is asso"iate( )ith irth (efe"ts in h#ans as )e!! as in ania!s+ The

"o'any (o"#ents sho) that, )hi!e &ayes )as st#(ying atraine, /yngenta )as

st#(ying hi, as he ha( !ong s#s'e"te(+ /yngenta*s '#!i"re!ations tea ha(

(rafte( a !ist of fo#r goa!s+ The first )as -(is"re(it &ayes+. In a s'ira!o#n(

noteoo%, /yngenta*s "o#ni"ations anager, /herry 8or(, )ho referre( to

&ayes y his initia!s, )rote that the "o'any "o#!( -'revent "iting of T& (ata y

revea!ing hi as non"re(i!e+. &e )as a fre>#ent to'i" of "onversation at

"o'any eetings+ /yngenta !oo%e( for )ays to -e'!oit &ayes* fa#!ts'ro!es+.

-If T& invo!ve( in s"an(a!, enviros )i!! (ro' hi,. 8or( )rote+ /he oserve( that&ayes -gre) #' in )or!( 6/+$+7 that )o#!(n*t a""e't hi,. -nee(s a(#!ation,.

-(oesn*t s!ee',. )as -s"arre( for !ife+. /he )rote, -4hat*s otivating &ayesC?

asi" >#estion+.

/yngenta, )hi"h is ase( in Base!, se!!s ore than fo#rteen i!!ion (o!!ars* )orth

of see(s an( 'esti"i(es a year an( f#n(s resear"h at soe fo#r h#n(re( a"a(ei"

instit#tions aro#n( the )or!(+ 4hen &ayes agree( to (o e'erients for the

"o'any 6)hi"h at that tie )as 'art of a !arger "or'oration, Novartis7, the

st#(ents in his !a e'resse( "on"ern that iote"h "o'anies )ere -#ying #'#niversities. an( that in(#stry f#n(ing )o#!( "o'roise the oje"tivity of their

resear"h+ &ayes ass#re( the that his fee, a h#n(re( an( t)entyfive tho#san(

(o!!ars, )o#!( a%e their !a ore rigoro#s+ &e "o#!( e'!oy ore st#(ents, #y

ne) e>#i'ent, an( raise ore frogs+ Tho#gh his !a )as )e!! f#n(e(, fe(era!

s#''ort for resear"h )as gro)ing in"reasing!y #nsta!e, an(, !i%e any a"a(ei"s


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an( a(inistrators, he fe!t that he sho#!( fin( ne) so#r"es of reven#e+ -I )ent into

it as if I )ere a 'ainter, 'erforing a servi"e,. &ayes to!( e+ -@o# "oissione(

it, an( I "oe #' )ith the res#!ts, an( yo# (o )hat yo# )ant )ith the+ It*s yo#r

res'onsii!ity, not ine+.

Atraine is the se"on( ost )i(e!y #se( heri"i(e in the U+/+, )here sa!es are

estiate( at ao#t three h#n(re( i!!ion (o!!ars a year+ Intro(#"e( in 1:


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sho#!( )arn yo# that I thin% soething very strange is "oing #' in these

ania!s+. After (isse"ting the frogs, he noti"e( that soe "o#!( not e "!ear!y

i(entifie( as a!e or fea!e9 they ha( oth testes an( ovaries+ Others ha( #!ti'!e

testes that )ere (efore(+

In Gan#ary, 2001, /yngenta e'!oyees an( eers of the E"oRis% 'ane!

trave!!e( to Ber%e!ey to (is"#ss &ayes*s ne) fin(ings+ /yngenta as%e( to eet

)ith hi 'rivate!y, #t &ayes insiste( on the 'resen"e of his st#(ents, a fe)

"o!!eag#es, an( his )ife+ &e ha( 'revio#s!y ha( an aia!e re!ationshi' )ith the

'ane!?he ha( enjoye( ta%ing !ong r#ns )ith the s"ientist )ho s#'ervise( it?an(

he egan the eeting, in a !arge roo at Ber%e!ey*s =#se# of Verterate

Hoo!ogy, as if he )ere hosting an a"a(ei" "onferen"e+ &e )ore a ne) s#it an(

ro#ght in "atere( ea!s+

After !#n"h, /yngenta intro(#"e( a g#est s'ea%er, a statisti"a! "ons#!tant, )ho

!iste( n#ero#s errors in &ayes*s re'ort an( "on"!#(e( that the res#!ts )ere not

statisti"a!!y signifi"ant+ &ayes*s )ife, atherine i, sai( that the "ons#!tant

seee( to e trying to -a%e Tyrone !oo% as foo!ish as 'ossi!e+. 4a%e, the

io!ogy 'rofessor, sai( that the en on the E"oRis% 'ane! !oo%e( in"reasing!y

#n"oforta!e+ -They )ere e'erien"e( eno#gh to %no) that the iss#es the

statisti"a! "ons#!tant )as raising )ere ro#tine an( ri(i"#!o#s,. he sai(+ -A "o#'!e

of g!it"hes )ere 'resente( as if they )ere the en( of the )or!(+ I*ve een a

s"ientist in a"a(ei" settings for forty years, an( I*ve never e'erien"e( anything!i%e that+ They )ere after Tyrone+.

&ayes !ater eai!e( three of the s"ientists, te!!ing the, -I )as ins#!te(, fe!t

rai!roa(e( an(, in fa"t, fe!t that soe (ishonest an( #nethi"a! a"tivity )as going

on+. 4hen he e'!aine( )hat ha( ha''ene( to Theo $o!orn, the s"ientist )ho

ha( 'o'#!arie( the theory that in(#stria! "hei"a!s "o#!( a!ter horones, she

a(vise( hi, -3on*t go hoe the sae )ay t)i"e+. $o!orn )as "onvin"e( that

her offi"e ha( een #gge(, an( that in(#stry re'resentatives fo!!o)e( her+ /he

to!( &ayes to -%ee' !oo%ing over yo#r sho#!(er. an( to e "aref#! )ho he !et inhis !a+ /he )arne( hi, -@o# have got to 'rote"t yo#rse!f+.

&ayes '#!ishe( his atraine )or% in theProceedings of the National Academy of

Sciencesa year an( a ha!f after >#itting the 'ane!+ &e )rote that )hat he "a!!e(

-hera'hro(itis. )as in(#"e( in frogs y e'os#re to atraine at !eve!s thirty

ties e!o) )hat the E+P+A+ 'erits in )ater+ &e hy'othesie( that the "hei"a!


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"o#!( e a fa"tor in the (e"!ine in a'hiian 'o'#!ations, a 'henoenon oserve(

a!! over the )or!(+ In an eai! sent the (ay efore the '#!i"ation, he

"ongrat#!ate( the st#(ents in his !a for ta%ing the -ethi"a! stan"e. y "ontin#ing

the )or% on their o)n+ -4e 6an( o#r 'rin"i'!es7 have een teste(, an( I e!ieve

)e have not on!y 'asse( #t e"ee(e( e'e"tations,. he )rote+ -/"ien"e is a

'rin"i'!e an( a 'ro"ess of see%ing tr#th+ Tr#th "annot e '#r"hase( an(, th#s, tr#th

"annot e a!tere( y oney+ Professorshi' is not a "areer, #t rather a !ife*s

'#rs#it+ The 'eo'!e )ith )ho I )or% (ai!y ee'!ify an( rein( e of this

'roise+.

&e an( his st#(ents "ontin#e( the )or%, trave!!ing to faring regions

thro#gho#t the =i()est, "o!!e"ting frogs in 'on(s an( !a%es, an( sen(ing three

h#n(re( 'ai!s of froen )ater a"% to Ber%e!ey+ In 'a'ers inNaturean(

inEnvironmental Health Perspectives, &ayes re'orte( that he ha( fo#n( frogs

)ith se#a! anora!ities in atraine"ontainate( sites in I!!inois, Io)a,

Neras%a, an( 4yoing+ -No) that I have rea!ie( )hat )e are into, I "annot

sto' it,. he )rote to a "o!!eag#e+ -It is an entity of its o)n+. &ayes egan arriving

at his !a at 5950 A+=+an( staying fo#rteen ho#rs+ &e ha( t)o yo#ng "hi!(ren, )ho

soeties assiste( y "o!or"o(ing "ontainers+

A""or(ing to "o'any eai!s, /yngenta )as (istresse( y &ayes*s )or%+ Its

'#!i"re!ations tea "o'i!e( a (ataase of ore than a h#n(re( -s#''ortive

thir( 'arty sta%eho!(ers,. in"!#(ing t)entyfive 'rofessors, )ho "o#!( (efen(atraine or a"t as -s'o%es'eo'!e on &ayes+. The P+R+ tea s#ggeste( that the

"o'any -'#r"hase Tyrone &ayes* as a sear"h )or( on the internet, so that any

tie soeone sear"hes for Tyrone*s ateria!, the first thing they see is o#r

ateria!+. The 'ro'osa! )as !ater e'an(e( to in"!#(e the 'hrases -a'hiian

hayes,. -atraine frogs,. an( -frog feiniation+. 6/ear"hing on!ine for -Tyrone

&ayes. no) rings #' an a(vertiseent that says, -Tyrone &ayes Not $re(i!e+.7

In G#ne, 2002, t)o onths after &ayes*s first atraine '#!i"ation, /yngenta

anno#n"e( in a 'ress re!ease that three st#(ies ha( fai!e( to re'!i"ate &ayes*s)or%+ In a !etter to the e(itor of theProceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences, eight s"ientists on the E"oRis% 'ane! )rote that &ayes*s st#(y ha( -!itt!e

regar( for assessent of "a#sa!ity,. !a"%e( statisti"a! (etai!s, is#se( the ter

-(ose,. a(e vag#e an( naJve referen"es, an( iss'e!!e( a )or(+ They sai( that

&ayes*s "!ai that his 'a'er ha( -signifi"ant i'!i"ations for environenta! an(


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'#!i" hea!th. ha( not een -s"ientifi"a!!y (eonstrate(+. /teven =i!!oy, a

free!an"e s"ien"e "o!#nist )ho r#ns a non'rofit organiation to )hi"h /yngenta

has given tens of tho#san(s of (o!!ars, )rote an arti"!e for 8o Ne)s tit!e(

-8rea%y8rog 8ra#(,. )hi"h 'i"%e( a'art &ayes*s 'a'er inNature, saying that

there )asn*t a "!ear re!ationshi' et)een the "on"entration of atraine an( the

effe"t on the frog+ =i!!oy "hara"terie( &ayes as a -j#n% s"ientist. an( (isisse(

his -!ae. "on"!#sions as -j#st another of &ayes* tri"%s+.

8#ssy "riti>#es of s"ientifi" e'erients have e"oe integra! to )hat is

%no)n as the -so#n( s"ien"e. "a'aign, an effort y interest gro#'s an(

in(#stries to s!o) the 'a"e of reg#!ation+ 3avi( =i"hae!s, the Assistant /e"retary

of Laor for O""#'ationa! /afety an( &ea!th, )rote, in his oo% -3o#t Is Their

Pro(#"t. 6200;7, that "or'orations have (eve!o'e( so'histi"ate( strategies for

-an#fa"t#ring an( agnifying #n"ertainty+. In the eighties an( nineties, the

toa""o in(#stry fen(e( off reg#!ations y (ra)ing attention to >#estions ao#t

the s"ien"e of se"on(han( so%e+ =any "o'anies have a(o'te( this ta"ti"+

-In(#stry has !earne( that (eating thescienceis #"h easier an( ore effe"tive

than (eating thepolicy,. =i"hae!s )rote+ -In fie!( after fie!(, year after year,

"on"!#sions that ight s#''ort reg#!ation are a!)ays (is'#te(+ Ania! (ata are

(eee( not re!evant, h#an (ata not re'resentative, an( e'os#re (ata not

re!ia!e+.

In the s#er of 2002, t)o s"ientists fro the E+P+A+ visite( &ayes*s !a an(revie)e( his atraine (ata+ Thoas /teeger, one of the s"ientists, to!( &ayes,

-@o#r resear"h "an 'otentia!!y affe"t the a!an"e of ris% vers#s enefit for one of

the ost "ontroversia! 'esti"i(es in the U+/+. B#t an organiation "a!!e( the $enter

for Reg#!atory Effe"tiveness 'etitione( the E+P+A+ to ignore &ayes*s fin(ings+

-&ayes has %i!!e( an( "ontin#es to %i!! tho#san(s of frogs in #nva!i(ate( tests that

have no 'roven va!#e,. the 'etition sai(+ The "enter arg#e( that &ayes*s st#(ies

vio!ate( the 3ata K#a!ity A"t, 'asse( in 2000, )hi"h re>#ires that reg#!atory

(e"isions re!y on st#(ies that eet high stan(ar(s for ->#a!ity, oje"tivity, #ti!ity,an( integrity+. The "enter is r#n y an in(#stry !oyist an( "ons#!tant for

/yngenta, Gi Toi, )ho 'ro'ose( the !ang#age of the 3ata K#a!ity A"t to the

"ongress)oan )ho s'onsore( it+

The E+P+A+ "o'!ie( )ith the 3ata K#a!ity A"t an( revise( its Environenta!

Ris% Assessent, a%ing it "!ear that horone (isr#'tion )o#!(n*t e a !egitiate


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reason for restri"ting #se of the "hei"a! #nti! -a''ro'riate testing 'roto"o!s have

een esta!ishe(+. /teeger to!( &ayes that he )as tro#!e( y the "ir"#!arity of the

"enter*s "riti>#e+ In an eai!, he )rote, -Their 'osition rein(s e of the

arg#ent '#t for)ar( y the 'hi!oso'her Ber%e!ey, )ho arg#e( against

e'iri"is y noting that re!ian"e on s"ientifi" oservation is f!a)e( sin"e the

!in% et)een oservations an( "on"!#sions is intangi!e an( is th#s

ieas#ra!e+.

Nonethe!ess, /teeger seee( resigne( to the fr#strations of reg#!atory s"ien"e

an( gent!y '#n"t#re( &ayes*s i(ea!is+ 4hen &ayes "o'!aine( that /yngenta

ha( not re'orte( his fin(ings on frog hera'hro(itis >#i"%!y eno#gh, he

res'on(e( that it )as -#nfort#nate #t not #n"oon for registrants to sit* on

(ata that ay e "onsi(ere( a(verse to the '#!i"*s 'er"e'tion of their 'ro(#"ts+.

&e )rote that -s"ien"e "an e ani'#!ate( to serve "ertain agen(as+ A!! yo# "an

(o is 'ra"ti"e s#s'en(e( (ise!ief+* . 6The E+P+A+ says that there is -no in(i"ation

that inforation )as i'ro'er!y )ithhe!( in this "ase+.7

After "ons#!ting )ith "o!!eag#es at Ber%e!ey, &ayes (e"i(e( that, rather than

)at"h /yngenta (is"re(it his )or%, he )o#!( a%e a -'re'tive ove+. &e

a''eare( in feat#res inDiscoveran( the /an 8ran"is"o Chronicle, s#ggesting that

/yngenta*s s"ien"e )as not oje"tive+ Both arti"!es fo"#sse( on his 'ersona!

iogra'hy, !ea(ing )ith his s%in "o!or, an( oving on to his hair sty!e9 at the tie,

he )ore his hair in rai(s+ &ayes a(e !itt!e atte't to a''ear (isintereste(+/"ientifi" oje"tivity re>#ires )hat the 'hi!oso'her Thoas Nage! has "a!!e( a

-vie) fro no)here,. #t &ayes %e't (ra)ing attention to hise!f, a%ing

!#stery "oents !i%e -Tyrone "an on!y e Tyrone+. &e 'resente( /yngenta as a

vi!!ain, #t he (i(n*t >#ite f#!fi!! the ro!e of the hero+ &e )as hy'er an( a !itt!e

franti"?he a!)ays seee( to e in a r#sh or on the verge of forgetting to (o

soething?an( he a''roa"he( the i(ea of ta%ing (o)n the ig g#ys )ith a %in(

of j#veni!e ea!+

Environenta! a"tivists 'raise( &ayes*s )or% an( he!'e( hi get e(iaattention+ B#t they )ere "on"erne( y the !#ntness of his a''roa"h+ A "ofo#n(er

of the Environenta! 4or%ing Dro#', a non'rofit resear"h organiation, to!(

&ayes to -sto' )hat yo# are (oing an( ta%e tie to a"t#a!!y "onstr#"t a '!an. or

-yo# )i!! get yo#r ass han(e( to yo# on a '!atter+. /teeger )arne( hi that

vigi!antis )o#!( (istra"t hi fro his resear"h+ -$an yo# affor( the tie an(


10/21

oney to fight att!es )here yo# are "!ear!y o#tn#ere( an(, to e "an(i(,

o#t"!asse(C. he as%e(+ -=ost 'eo'!e )o#!( 'refer to !iit their tie in '#rgatory

I (on*t %no) anyone )ho %no)ing!y enters he!!+.

&ayes ha( )or%e( a!! his !ife to #i!( his s"ientifi" re'#tation, an( no) it

seee( on the verge of "o!!a'se+ -I "annot in reasona!e ters e'!ain to yo# )hat

this eans to e,. he to!( /teeger+ &e too% 'ains to 'rove that /yngenta*s

e'erients ha( not re'!i"ate( his st#(ies9 they #se( a (ifferent 'o'#!ation of

ania!s, )hi"h )ere raise( in (ifferent ty'es of tan%s, in "!oser >#arters, at "oo!er

te'erat#res, an( )ith a (ifferent fee(ing s"he(#!e+ On at !east three o""asions, he

'ro'ose( to the /yngenta s"ientists that they tra(e (ata+ -If )e rea!!y )ant to test

re'eatai!ity, !et*s share ania!s an( so!#tions,. he )rote+

In ear!y 2005, &ayes )as "onsi(ere( for a jo at the Ni"ho!as /"hoo! of the

Environent, at 3#%e+ &e visite( the "a'#s three ties, an( the #niversity

arrange( for a rea!estate agent to sho) hi an( his )ife 'otentia! hoes+ 4hen

/yngenta !earne( that &ayes ight e oving to North $aro!ina, )here its "ro'

'rote"tion hea(>#arters are sit#ate(, Dary 3i"%son?the "o'any*s vi"e'resi(ent

of g!oa! ris% assessent, )ho a year ear!ier ha( esta!ishe( a fiftytho#san(

(o!!ar en(o)ent, f#n(e( y /yngenta, at the Ni"ho!as /"hoo!?"onta"te( a (ean

at 3#%e+ A""or(ing to (o"#ents #nsea!e( in the "!assa"tion !a)s#its, 3i"%son

infore( the (ean of the -state of the re!ationshi' et)een 3r+ &ayes an(

/yngenta+. The "o'any -)ante( to 'rote"t o#r re'#tation in o#r "o#nity an(aong o#r e'!oyees+.

There )ere severa! "an(i(ates for the jo at 3#%e, an(, )hen &ayes (i( not get

it, he "on"!#(e( that it )as (#e to /yngenta*s inf!#en"e+ Ri"har( 3i Di#!io, a 3#%e

'rofessor )ho ha( hoste( &ayes*s first visit, sai( that he )as irritate( y &ayes*s

s#ggestion9 -A !itt!e gift of fifty tho#san( (o!!ars )o#!( not inf!#en"e a ten#re

hire+ That*s not going to ha''en+. &e a((e(, -I* not s#r'rise( that /yngenta

)o#!( not have !i%e( &ayes to e at 3#%e, sin"e )e*re an ho#r (o)n the roa(

fro the+. &e sai( that &ayes*s "onf!i"t )ith /yngenta )as an etree ea'!eof the %in( of (is'#te that is not #n"oon in environenta! s"ien"e+ The

(ifferen"e, he sai(, )as that the -s"ientifi" (eate s'i!!e( into &ayes*s eotiona!

!ife+.

In G#ne, 2005, &ayes 'ai( his o)n )ay to 4ashington so that he "o#!( 'resent his

)or% at an E+P+A+ hearing on atraine+ The agen"y ha( eva!#ate( seventeen


11/21

st#(ies+ T)e!ve e'erients ha( een f#n(e( y /yngenta, an( a!! #t t)o

sho)e( that atraine ha( no effe"t on the se#a! (eve!o'ent of frogs+ The rest of

the e'erients, y &ayes an( resear"hers at t)o other #niversities, in(i"ate( the

o''osite+ In a Po)erPoint 'resentation at the hearing, &ayes (is"!ose( a 'rivate e

ai! sent to hi y one of the s"ientists on the E"oRis% 'ane!, a 'rofessor at Teas

Te"h, )ho )rote, -I agree )ith yo# that the i'ortant iss#e is for everyone

invo!ve( to "oe to gri's )ith 6an( sto' iniiing7 the fa"t that in(e'en(ent

!aoratories have (eonstrate( an effe"t of atraine on gona(a! (ifferentiation in

frogs+ There is no (enying this+.

The E+P+A+ fo#n( that a!! seventeen atraine st#(ies, in"!#(ing &ayes*s,

s#ffere( fro etho(o!ogi"a! f!a)s?"ontaination of "ontro!s, variai!ity in

eas#reent en( 'oints, 'oor ania! h#san(ry?an( as%e( /yngenta to f#n( a

"o'rehensive e'erient that )o#!( 'ro(#"e ore (efinitive res#!ts+ 3ar"y

e!!ey, a eer of the E+P+A+*s s"ientifi" a(visory 'ane! an( a io!ogy 'rofessor

at $o!#ia, sai( that, at the tie, -I (i( not thin% the E+P+A+ a(e the right

(e"ision+. The st#(ies y /yngenta s"ientists ha( f!a)s that -rea!!y "ast into (o#t

their ai!ity to "arry o#t their e'erients+ They "o#!(n*t re'!i"ate effe"ts that are

as easy as fa!!ing off a !og+. /he tho#ght that &ayes*s e'erients )ere ore

res'e"ta!e, #t she )asn*t 'ers#a(e( y &ayes*s e'!anation of the io!ogi"a!

e"hanis "a#sing the (eforities+

The E+P+A+ a''rove( the "ontin#e( #se of atraine in O"toer, the sae onththat the E#ro'ean $oission "hose to reove it fro the ar%et+ The E#ro'ean

Union genera!!y ta%es a 're"a#tionary a''roa"h to environenta! ris%s, "hoosing

restraint in the fa"e of #n"ertainty+ In the U+/+, !ingering s"ientifi" >#estions j#stify

(e!ays in reg#!atory (e"isions+ /in"e the i(seventies, the E+P+A+ has iss#e(

reg#!ations restri"ting the #se of on!y five in(#stria! "hei"a!s o#t of ore than

eighty tho#san( in the environent+ In(#stries have a greater ro!e in the Aeri"an

reg#!atory 'ro"ess?they ay s#e reg#!ators if there are errors in the s"ientifi"

re"or(?an( "ostenefit ana!yses are integra! to (e"isions9 a onetary va!#e isassigne( to (isease, i'airents, an( shortene( !ives an( )eighe( against the

enefits of %ee'ing a "hei"a! in #se+ Lisa &einer!ing, the senior "!iate'o!i"y

"o#nse! at the E+P+A+ in 200: an( the asso"iate a(inistrator of the offi"e of

'o!i"y in 200: an( 2010, sai( that "ostenefit o(e!s a''ear -oje"tive an(

ne#tra!, a )ay to free o#rse!ves fro the "haos of 'o!iti"s+. B#t the "o'!e


12/21

a!goriths ->#iet!y "on(one a treen(o#s ao#nt of ris%+. /he a((e( that the

inf!#en"e of the Offi"e of =anageent an( B#(get, )hi"h oversees ajor

reg#!atory (e"isions, has (ee'ene( in re"ent years+ -A r#!e )i!! go thro#gh years

of s"ientifi" revie)s an( "ostenefit ana!yses, an( then at the fina! stage it (oesn*t

'ass,. she sai(+ -It has a terri!e, (eora!iing effe"t on the "#!t#re at the E+P+A+.

In 2005, a /yngenta (eve!o'ent "oittee in Base! a''rove( a strategy to %ee'

atraine on the ar%et -#nti! at !east 2010+. A Po)erPoint 'resentation asse!e(

y /yngenta*s g!oa! 'ro(#"t anager e'!aine( that -)e nee( atraine to se"#re

o#r 'osition in the "orn ar%et'!a"e+ 4itho#t atraine )e "annot (efen( an( gro)

o#r #siness in the U/A+. /herry 8or(, the "o#ni"ations anager, )rote in her

noteoo% that the "o'any -sho#!( not 'hase o#t at #nti! )e %no) ao#t. the

/yngenta heri"i(e 'ara>#at, )hi"h has a!so een "ontroversia!, e"a#se of st#(ies

sho)ing that it ight e asso"iate( )ith Par%inson*s (isease+ /he note( that

atraine -fo"#ses attention a)ay fro other 'ro(#"ts+.

/yngenta egan ho!(ing )ee%!y -atraine eetings. after the first "!assa"tion

s#it )as fi!e(, in 200F+ The eetings )ere atten(e( y toi"o!ogists, the

"o'any*s "o#nse!, "o#ni"ations staff, an( the hea( of reg#!atory affairs+ To

(a'en negative '#!i"ity fro the !a)s#it, the gro#' (is"#sse( ho) it "o#!(

inva!i(ate &ayes*s resear"h+ 8or( (o"#ente( 'e"#!iar things he ha( (one 6-%e't

"oat on.7 or 'hrases he ha( #se( 6-Is this !ine "!eanC.7+ -If T& )ante( to )in the

(ay, an( he ha( the goo(s,. she )rote, -he )o#!( have 'ro(#"e( the )henas%e(+. /he note( that &ayes )as -getting in too (ee' ) enviros,. an( sear"he(

for )ays to get hi to -sho) his tr#e "o!ors+.

In 200


13/21

To re(ire"t attention to the finan"ia! enefits of atraine, the "o'any 'ai(

3on $o#rsey, a ten#re( e"onoist at the &arris /"hoo! of P#!i" Po!i"y, at the

University of $hi"ago, five h#n(re( (o!!ars an ho#r to st#(y ho) a an on the

heri"i(e )o#!( affe"t the e"onoy+ In 200M, /yngenta s#''!ie( $o#rsey )ith

(ata an( a -#n(!e of st#(ies,. an( e(ite( his 'a'er, )hi"h )as !ae!!e( as a

&arris /"hoo! 4or%ing Pa'er+ 6&e (is"!ose( that /yngenta ha( f#n(e( it+7 After

s#itting a (raft, $o#rsey ha( een )arne( in an eai! that he nee(e( to )or%

har(er to arti"#!ate a -"!ear stateent of yo#r "on"!#sions f!o)ing fro this

ana!ysis+. $o#rsey !ater anno#n"e( his fin(ings at a Nationa! Press $!# event in

4ashington an( to!( the a#(ien"e that there )as one -asi" ta%ea)ay 'oint9 a an

on atraine at the nationa! !eve! )i!! have a (evastating, (evastating effe"t #'on

the U+/+ "orn e"onoy+.

&ayes ha( een 'roote( fro asso"iate to f#!! 'rofessor in 2005, an a"hieveent

that ha( sent hi into a i!( (e'ression+ &e ha( s'ent the 'revio#s (e"a(e

#n(erstan(ing his se!f)orth in referen"e to a series of a"a(ei" i!estones, an(

he ha( rea"he( ea"h one+ No) he fe!t ai!ess+ &is )ife sai( she "o#!( have seen

hi sett!ing into the !ife of a -nora!, r#nofthei!!, s#""essf#! s"ientist+. B#t he

)asn*t otivate( y the i(ea of -)riting 'a'ers an( oo%s that )e a!! j#st tra(e

)ith ea"h other+.

&e egan giving ore than fifty !e"t#res a year, not j#st to s"ientifi" a#(ien"es

#t to 'o!i"y instit#tes, history (e'artents, )oen*s hea!th "!ini"s, foo('re'arers, farers, an( high s"hoo!s+ &e a!ost never (e"!ine( an invitation,

(es'ite the (istan"e+ &e to!( his a#(ien"es that he )as (efying the instr#"tions of

his Ph+3+ a(viser, )ho ha( to!( hi, -Let the s"ien"e s'ea% for itse!f+. &e ha( a

f!air for sensationa! stories?he "hose 'hrases !i%e -"rie s"ene. an( -"hei"a!!y

"astrate(.?an( he seee( to reve! in (etai!s ao#t /yngenta*s "onf!i"ts of

interest, 'resenting theories as if he )ere re!ating gossi' to frien(s+ 6/yngenta

)rote a !etter to &ayes an( his (ean, 'ointing o#t ina""#ra"ies9 -As )e (is"over

a((itiona! errors in yo#r 'resentations, yo# "an e'e"t #s to e in to#"h )ith yo#again+.7

At his ta!%s, &ayes noti"e( that one or t)o en in the a#(ien"e )ere (resse(

ore shar'!y than the other s"ientists+ They as%e( >#estions that seee( to have

een (esigne( to earrass hi9 4hy "an*t anyone re'!i"ate yo#r resear"hC 4hy

)on*t yo# share yo#r (ataC One forer st#(ent, A!i /t#art, sai( that -every)here


14/21

Tyrone )ent there )as this g#y as%ing >#estions that a(e a o"%ery of hi+ 4e

"a!!e( hi the Ae =an+.

&ayes ha( on"e "onsi(ere( a fe) of the s"ientists )or%ing )ith /yngenta

frien(s, an( he a''roa"he( the in a ner(y sty!e of (efian"e+ &e )rote the ass

eai!s, inforing the of 'resentations he )as giving an( offering ti's on ho) to

(is"re(it hi+ -@o# "an*t a''roa"h yo#r 'rey thin%ing !i%e a 're(ator,. he )rote+

-@o# have to e"oe yo#r >#arry+. &e (es"rie( a re"ent tri' to /o#th $aro!ina

an( his sense of (is'!a"eent )hen -y o!( "hi!(hoo( frien( "ae y to #'(ate

e on )ho got %i!!e(, )ho*s on "ra"%, )ho )ent to jai!+. &e )rote, -I have

!earne( to ta!% !i%e yo# 6etter than yo# + + + y yo#r o)n a(ission7, )rite !i%e

yo# 6again etter7 + + + yo# ho)ever (on*t %no) anyone !i%e e + + + yo# have yet to

s'en( a (ay in y )or!(+. After seeing an eai! in )hi"h a !oyist "hara"terie(

hi as -!a"% an( >#ite arti"#!ate,. he egan signing his eai!s, -Tyrone B+

&ayes, Ph+3+, A+B+=+,. for -arti"#!ate !a"% an+.

/yngenta )as "on"erne( y &ayes*s eai!s an( "oissione( an o#tsi(e

"ontra"tor to (o a -'sy"ho!ogi"a! 'rofi!e. of &ayes+ In her notes, /herry 8or(

(es"rie( hi as -i'o!arani"(e'ressive. an( -'aranoi( s"hio nar"issisti"+.

Roger Li#, &ayes*s st#(ent, sai( that he tho#ght &ayes )rote the eai!s to

re!ieve his aniety+ &ayes often sho)e( the eai!s to his st#(ents, )ho

a''re"iate( his ree!!io#s sense of h#or+ Li# sai(, -Tyrone ha( a!! these gro#'ies

in the !a "heering hi on+ I )as the one in the a"%gro#n( saying, yo# %no),=an, (on*t egg the on+ 3on*t 'o%e that east+* .

/yngenta intensifie( its '#!i"re!ations "a'aign in 200:, as it e"ae "on"erne(

that a"tivists, to#ting -ne) s"ien"e,. ha( (eve!o'e( a -ne) !ine of atta"%+. That

year, a 'a'er inActa Paediatrica, revie)ing nationa! re"or(s for thirty i!!ion

irths, fo#n( that "hi!(ren "on"eive( et)een A'ri! an( G#!y, )hen the

"on"entration of atraine 6ie( )ith other 'esti"i(es7 in )ater is highest, )ere

ore !i%e!y to have genita! irth (efe"ts+ The a#thor of the 'a'er, Pa#! 4in"hester,

a 'rofessor of 'e(iatri"s at the In(iana University /"hoo! of =e(i"ine, re"eive( as#'oena fro /yngenta, )hi"h re>#este( that he t#rn over every eai! he ha(

)ritten ao#t atraine in the 'ast (e"a(e+ The "o'any*s e(ia ta!%ing 'oints

(es"rie( his st#(y as -so"a!!e( s"ien"e. that (i(n*t eet the -g#ffa) test+.

4in"hester sai(, -4e (on*t have to arg#e that I haven*t 'rove( the 'oint+ Of


15/21

"o#rse I haven*t 'rove( the 'oint E'i(eio!ogists (on*t try to 'rove 'oints?they

!oo% for 'ro!es+.

A fe) onths after 4in"hester*s 'a'er a''eare(, the Times'#!ishe( an

investigation s#ggesting that atraine !eve!s fre>#ent!y s#r'ass the ai#

thresho!( a!!o)e( in (rin%ing )ater+ The arti"!e referre( to re"ent st#(ies

inEnvironmental Health Perspectivesan( theJournal of Pediatric Surgerythat

fo#n( that others !iving "!ose to )ater so#r"es "ontaining atraine )ere ore

!i%e!y to have aies )ho )ere #n(er)eight or ha( a (efe"t in )hi"h the intestines

an( other organs 'rotr#(e fro the o(y+

The (ay the arti"!e a''eare(, /yngenta '!anne( to -go thro#gh the arti"!e !ine

y !ine an( fin( a!! 17 ina""#ra"ies an( 27 isre'resentations+ T#rn that into a

si'!e "hart+. The "o'any )o#!( have -a "re(i!e thir( 'arty (o the sae+.

E!iaeth 4he!an, the 'resi(ent of the Aeri"an $o#n"i! on /"ien"e an( &ea!th,

)hi"h as%e( /yngenta for a h#n(re( tho#san( (o!!ars that year, a''eare( on

=/NB$ an( (e"!are( that the Timesarti"!e )as not ase( on s"ien"e+ -I* a

'#!i"hea!th 'rofessiona!,. she sai(+ -It rea!!y others e very #"h to see the

Ne) @or% Timesfront'age /#n(ay e(ition feat#ring an arti"!e ao#t a og#s

ris%+.

/yngenta*s '#!i"re!ations tea )rote e(itoria!s ao#t the enefits of atraine

an( ao#t the f!isy s"ien"e of its "riti"s, an( then sent the to -thir('arty

a!!ies,. )ho agree( to -y!ine. the arti"!es, )hi"h a''eare( in the4ashington Times, the Ro"hesterPost!ulletin, the 3es =oines"egister, an( the

/t+ $!o#( Times+ 4hen a fe) arti"!es in the -o'e( 'i'e!ine. so#n(e( too

aggressive, a /yngenta "ons#!tant )arne( that -soe of the !ang#age of these

'ie"es is s#ggestive of their so#r"e, )hi"h s#ggestion sho#!( e avoi(e( at a!!

"osts+.

After the Timesarti"!e, /yngenta hire( a "o#ni"ations "ons#!tan"y, the

4hite &o#se 4riters Dro#', )hi"h has re'resente( ore than sity 8ort#ne


16/21

"ha!!enge the s"ientifi" rationa!e for an #'"oing E+P+A+ revie) of atraine+ In a

eo (es"riing its strategy, the 4hite &o#se 4riters Dro#' )rote that,

-regar(ing s"ien"e, it is i'ortant to %ee' in in( that the ajor '!ayers in

4ashington (o not #n(erstan( s"ien"e+.

In 2010, &ayes to!( the E"oRis% 'ane! in an eai!, -I have j#st initiate( )hat )i!!

e the ost etraor(inary a"a(ei" event in this att!e. &e ha( another 'a'er

"oing o#t in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, )hi"h

(es"rie( ho) a!e ta('o!es e'ose( to atraine gre) #' to e f#n"tiona! fea!es

)ith i'aire( ferti!ity+ &e a(vise( the "o'any that it )o#!( )ant to get its P+R+

"a'aign #' to s'ee(+ -It*s ni"e to %no) that in this e"onoy I "an %ee' so any

'eo'!e e'!oye(,. he )rote+ &e >#ote( oth T#'a" /ha%#r an( the /o#th Afri"an

%ing /ha%a H#!#9 -Never !eave an eney ehin( or it )i!! rise again to f!y at yo#r

throat+.

/yngenta*s hea( of g!oa! 'ro(#"t safety )rote a !etter to the e(itor of

theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesan( to the 'resi(ent of the

Nationa! A"a(ey of /"ien"es, e'ressing "on"ern that a -'#!i"ation )ith so

any ovio#s )ea%nesses "o#!( a"hieve '#!i"ation in s#"h a re'#ta!e s"ientifi"

jo#rna!+. A onth !ater, /yngenta fi!e( an ethi"s "o'!aint )ith the "han"e!!or of

Ber%e!ey, "!aiing that &ayes*s eai!s vio!ate( the #niversity*s /tan(ar(s of

Ethi"a! $on(#"t, 'arti"#!ar!y Res'e"t for Others+ /yngenta 'oste( ore than

eighty of &ayes*s eai!s on its 4e site an( en"!ose( a fe) in its !etter to the"han"e!!or+ In one, )ith the s#je"t !ine -Are y*a!! rea(y for it,. &ayes )rote, -@a

f#!!a y j right no). In another, he to!( the /yngenta s"ientists that he*( ha( a

(rin% after a "onferen"e )ith their -re'#!i"an #((ies,. )ho )ante( to %no)

ao#t a fig#re he ha( #se( in his 'a'er+ -As !ong as yo# fo!!o)in e aro#n(, I

%no) I* (a sht,. he )rote+ -By the )ay, yo oy !eft his 're)ritten >#estions at

the ta!e.

Ber%e!ey (e"!ine( to ta%e (is"i'!inary a"tion against &ayes+ The #niversity*s

!a)yer rein(e( /yngenta in a !etter that -a!! 'arties have an e>#a! res'onsii!ityto a"t 'rofessiona!!y+. 3avi( 4a%e sai( that he rea( any of the eai!s an(

fo#n( the ->#ite hi!ario#s+. -&e*s treating the !i%e street '#n%s, an( they vie)

these!ves as "a'tains of in(#stry,. he sai(+ -4hen he gets ta''e(, he goes right

a"% at the+.


17/21

=i"he!!e Boone, a 'rofessor of a>#ati" e"o!ogy at =iai University, )ho

serve( on the E+P+A+*s s"ientifi" a(visory 'ane!, sai(, -4e a!! fo!!o) the Tyrone

&ayes (raa, an( soe 'eo'!e )i!! say, &e sho#!( j#st (o the s"ien"e+* B#t the

s"ien"e (oesn*t s'ea% for itse!f+ In(#stry has #n!iite( reso#r"es an( #!!y 'o)er+

Tyrone is the on!y one "a!!ing the o#t on )hat they*re (oing+. &o)ever, she

a((e(, -I (o thin% soe 'eo'!e fee! he has !ost his oje"tivity+.

eith /o!oon, a 'rofessor eerit#s at the University of D#e!'h, Ontario, )ho

has re"eive( f#n(ing fro /yngenta an( serve( on the E"oRis% 'ane!, note( that

a"a(ei"s )ho ref#se in(#stry oney are not i#ne fro iases they*re #n(er

'ress#re to 'ro(#"e 'a'ers, in or(er to get ten#re an( 'rootions+ -If I (o an

e'erient, !oo% at the (ata every )hi"h )ay, an( fin( nothing, it )i!! not e easy

to '#!ish,. he sai(+ -Go#rna!s )ant e"iteent+ They )ant a( things to ha''en+.

&ayes, )ho ha( gaine( ore than fifty 'o#n(s sin"e e"oing ten#re(, )ore

right s"arves (ra'e( over his s#it an( si!ver earrings fro Tiet+ At the en( of his

!e"t#res, he ro%e into rhye9 -I see a r#se intentiona!!y "onstr#"te( to "onf#se

the ne)s )e!!, I*ve ta%en it #'on yse!f to (ef#se the "!#es so that yo# "an

"hoose an( to (eonstrate the oje"tivity of the etho(s I #se+. At soe of his

!e"t#res, &ayes )arne( that the "onse>#en"es of atraine #se )ere

(is'ro'ortionate!y fe!t y 'eo'!e of "o!or+ -If yo#*re !a"% or &is'ani", yo#*re

ore !i%e!y to !ive or )or% in areas )here yo#*re e'ose( to "ra',. he sai(+ &e

e'!aine( that -on the one si(e I* trying to '!ay y the ivoryto)er r#!es, an( onthe other si(e 'eo'!e are '!aying y a (ifferent set of r#!es+. /yngenta )as

s'ea%ing (ire"t!y to the '#!i", )hereas s"ientists )ere '#!ishing their resear"h in

-againes that yo# "an*t #y in Barnes an( No!e+.

&ayes )as "onfi(ent that at the net E+P+A+ hearing there )o#!( e eno#gh

evi(en"e to an atraine, #t in 2010 the agen"y fo#n( that the st#(ies in(i"ating

ris% to h#ans )ere too !iite(+ T)o years !ater, (#ring another revie), the

E+P+A+ (eterine( that atraine (oes not affe"t the se#a! (eve!o'ent of frogs+

By that 'oint, there )ere seventyfive '#!ishe( st#(ies on the s#je"t, #t theE+P+A+ e"!#(e( the ajority of the fro "onsi(eration, e"a#se they (i( not

eet the re>#ireents for >#a!ity that the agen"y ha( set in 2005+ The "on"!#sion

)as ase( !arge!y on a set of st#(ies f#n(e( y /yngenta an( !e( y 4erner

!oas, a 'rofessor of en(o"rino!ogy at o!(t University, in Ber!in+ One of the


18/21

"oa#thors )as A!an &oser, a /yngenta s"ientist )hose jo, a""or(ing to a 200F

'erforan"e eva!#ation, in"!#(e( -atraine (efen"e. an( -inf!#en"ing EPA+.

After the hearing, t)o of the in(e'en(ent e'erts )ho ha( serve( on the

E+P+A+*s s"ientifi" a(visory 'ane!, a!ong )ith fifteen other s"ientists, )rote a 'a'er

6not yet '#!ishe(7 "o'!aining that the agen"y ha( re'eate(!y ignore( the 'ane!*s

re"oen(ations an( that it '!a"e( -h#an hea!th an( the environent at the

er"y of in(#stry+. -The EPA )or%s )ith in(#stry to set #' the etho(o!ogy for

s#"h st#(ies )ith the o#t"oe often that in(#stry is the on!y instit#tion that "an

affor( to "on(#"t the resear"h,. they )rote+ The !oas st#(y )as the ost

"o'rehensive of its %in(9 its resear"hers ha( een s"r#tinie( y an o#tsi(e

a#(itor, an( their ra) (ata t#rne( over to the E+P+A+ B#t the s"ientists )rote that

one set of st#(ies on a sing!e s'e"ies )as -not a s#ffi"ient e(ifi"e on )hi"h to

#i!( a reg#!ary assessent+. $iting a 'a'er y &ayes, )ho ha( (one an ana!ysis

of siteen atraine st#(ies, they )rote that -the sing!e est 're(i"tor of )hether or

not the heri"i(e atraine ha( a signifi"ant effe"t in a st#(y )as the f#n(ing

so#r"e+.

In another 'a'er, inPolicy Perspective, Gason Rohr, an e"o!ogist at the

University of /o#th 8!ori(a, )ho serve( on an E+P+A+ 'ane!, "riti"ie( the

-!#"rative s"ien"e for hire* in(#stry, )here s"ientists are e'!oye( to (is'#te

(ata+. &e )rote that a /yngentaf#n(e( revie) of the atraine !iterat#re ha(

arg#a!y isre'resente( ore than fifty st#(ies an( a(e a h#n(re( an( fortyfo#r ina""#rate or is!ea(ing stateents, of )hi"h -:M+


19/21

h#anre!evant (oses,* . she sai(+ -They )o#!( go #' to y st#(ents an( try to

intii(ate the+ There )as this s#staine( "a'aign to a%e it !oo% !i%e y

s"ien"e )asn*t !egitiate+.

/yngenta (enie( re'eate( re>#ests for intervie)s, #t Ann Bryan, its senior

anager for eterna! "o#ni"ations, to!( e in an eai! that soe of the

st#(ies I )as "iting )ere #nre!ia!e or #nso#n(+ 4hen I entione( a re"ent 'a'er

in theAmerican Journal of #edical $enetics, )hi"h sho)e( asso"iations et)een

a other*s e'os#re to atraine an( the !i%e!ihoo( that her son )i!! have an

anora!!y sa!! 'enis, #n(es"en(e( testes, or a (efority of the #rethra?(efe"ts

that have in"rease( in the 'ast severa! (e"a(es?she sai( that the st#(y ha( een

-revie)e( y in(e'en(ent s"ientists, )ho fo#n( n#ero#s f!a)s+. /he

re"oen(e( that I s'ea% )ith the a#thor of the revie), 3avi( /"h)art, a

ne#ros"ientist, )ho )or%s for Innovative /"ien"e /o!#tions, a "ons#!ting fir that

s'e"ia!ies in -'ro(#"t (efense. an( strategies that -give yo# the 'o)er to '#t

yo#r est (ata for)ar(+. /"h)art to!( e that e'i(eio!ogi"a! st#(ies "an*t

e!iinate "onfo#n(ing varia!es or a%e "!ais ao#t "a#sation+ -4e*ve een

in"re(i!y is!e( y this ty'e of st#(y,. he sai(+

In 2012, in its sett!eent of the "!assa"tion s#its, /yngenta agree( to 'ay a

h#n(re( an( five i!!ion (o!!ars to rei#rse ore than a tho#san( )ater systes

for the "ost of fi!tering atraine fro (rin%ing )ater, #t the "o'any (enies a!!

)rong(oing+ Bryan to!( e that -atraine (oes not an(, in fa"t, "annot "a#sea(verse hea!th effe"ts at any !eve! that 'eo'!e )o#!( ever e e'ose( to in the rea!

)or!( environent+. /he )rote that she )as -tro#!e( y a s#ggestion that )e

have ever trie( to (is"re(it anyone+ O#r fo"#s has a!)ays een on "o#ni"ating

the s"ien"e an( setting the re"or( straight+. /he note( that -virt#a!!y every )e!!

%no)n ran(, or even )e!!%no)n iss#e, has a "o#ni"ations 'rogra ehin( it+

Atraine*s no (ifferent+.

Last A#g#st, &ayes '#t his e'erients on ho!(+ &e sai( that his fees for ania!

"are ha( risen eightfo!( in a (e"a(e, an( that he "o#!(n*t affor( to aintain hisresear"h 'rogra+ &e a""#se( the #niversity of "harging hi ore than other

resear"hers in his (e'artent in res'onse, the (ire"tor of the offi"e of !aoratory

ania! "are sent (etai!e( "harts i!!#strating that he is "harge( a""or(ing to

stan(ar( "a'#s)i(e rates, )hi"h have in"rease( for ost resear"hers in re"ent

years+ In an on!ine%or&es o'e(, Gon Entine, a jo#rna!ist )ho is !iste( in


20/21

/yngenta*s re"or(s as a s#''ortive -thir( 'arty,. a""#se( &ayes of eing atta"he(

to "ons'ira"y theories, an( of !ea(ing the -internationa! reg#!atory "o#nity on

a )i!( goose "hase,. )hi"h -or(ers on "riina!+.

By !ate Noveer, &ayes*s !a ha( res#e( )or%+ &e )as #sing 'rivate grants

to s#''ort his st#(ents rather than to 'ay o#tstan(ing fees, an( the !a )as

a""##!ating (et+ T)o (ays efore Than%sgiving, &ayes an( his st#(ents

(is"#sse( their ho!i(ay '!ans+ &e )as )earing an oversie( orange s)eatshirt,

gy shorts, an( r#nning shoes, an( a forer st#(ent, 3iana /a!aar D#errero, )as

eating fries that another st#(ent ha( !eft on the ta!e+ &ayes en"o#rage( her to

"oe to his Than%sgiving (inner an( to ove into the e(roo of his son, )ho is

no) a st#(ent at Oer!in+ D#errero ha( j#st '#t (o)n ha!f the (e'osit on a ne)

a'artent, #t &ayes )as (ist#re( y her (es"ri'tion of her ne) rooate+ -Are

yo# s#re yo# "an tr#st hiC. he as%e(+

&ayes ha( j#st ret#rne( fro =ar (e! P!ata, Argentina+ &e ha( f!o)n fifteen

ho#rs an( (riven t)o h#n(re( an( fifty i!es to give a thirtyin#te !e"t#re on

atraine+ D#errero sai(, -/oeties I* j#st, !i%e, 4hy (on*t yo# !et it go,

TyroneC It*s een fifteen years &o) (o yo# have the energy for thisC* . 4ith

ore s"ientists (o"#enting the ris%s of atraine, she ass#e( he*( e in"!ine( to

ove on+ -Origina!!y, it )as j#st this "ray g#y at Ber%e!ey, an( yo# "an thro) the

Berser%!ey thing at anyone,. she sai(+ -B#t no) the ti(e is t#rning+.

In a re"ent 'a'er in theJournal of Steroid !iochemistry and #olecular!iology, &ayes an( t)entyone other s"ientists a''!ie( the "riteria of /ir A#stin

Bra(for( &i!!, )ho, in 1:M


21/21

'#n(its+ -It*s one thing if yo# go after e e"a#se yo# have a 'hi!oso'hi"a!

(isagreeent )ith y s"ien"e or if yo# thin% I* raising a!ar )here there

sho#!(n*t e any,. he sai(+ -B#t they (i(n*t even have their o)n o'inions+

/oeone )as 'aying the to ta%e a 'osition+. &e )on(ere( if there )as

soething inherent!y insane ao#t the a"t of )hist!e!o)ing aye on!y "ray

'eo'!e 'ersiste(+ &e )as rea(y for a fight, #t he seee( to e sear"hing for his

o''onent+

One of his first gra(#ate st#(ents, Nige! Noriega, )ho r#ns an organiation

(evote( to "onserving tro'i"a! forests, to!( e that he )as sti!! re"overing fro

the e'erien"e of his atraine resear"h, a (e"a(e efore+ &e ha( "oe to see

s"ien"e as a rigi( "#!t#re, -its o)n "!#, an !ite so"iety,. Noriega sai(+ -An(

Tyrone (i(n*t "onfor to the so"ia! as'e"ts of eing a s"ientist+. Noriega )orrie(

that the '#!i" ha( !itt!e #n(erstan(ing of the "ontet that gives rise to s"ientifi"

fin(ings+ -It is not he!'f#! to anyone to ass#e that s"ientists are a#thoritative,. he

sai(+ -A goo( s"ientist s'en(s his )ho!e "areer >#estioning his o)n fa"ts+ One of

the ost (angero#s things yo# "an (o is e!ieve+.

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