A Tutorial by Mrs. Dinkel

Definition:The author explains how two or more

things are alike and how they are different.

Summary Questions: What items are being compared? What is it about them that is being

compared? In what way are the items alike or

different?

Basketball and soccer both appeal to Andi even though they are quite different sports. Basketball is played on a wooden court while soccer is usually played outside on a grassy field. The balls used in both sports are similar. They are round and filled with air. In basketball, a player must use her hands-kicking the ball is a violation. In soccer, it is just the opposite. Players must kick the ball to control it. There are very few times when using the hands is allowed. Perhaps Andi likes both sports because they allow her to practice different skills. ( Applegate, 2005)

Read the following paragraph.

This paragraph explains how two things are similar and different.

What two things are being compared? Soccer and basketball are being compared.

What is it about them that is being compared? The author compares where they are played, the ball, and rules of the game.

In what ways are they alike or different? Basketball is played on a court. Soccer is played outside. Both use a ball filled with air.

Basketball and soccer both appeal to Andi even though they are quite different sports. Basketball is played on a wooden court while soccer is usually played outside on a grassy field. The balls used in both sports are similar. They are round and filled with air. In basketball, a player must use her hands-kicking the ball is a violation. In soccer, it is just the opposite. Players must kick the ball to control it. There are very few times when using the hands is allowed. Perhaps Andi likes both sports because they allow her to practice different skills. (Applegate, 2005)

ContrastCContrastC

ContrastContrast

CompareCompare

•different from•in contrast•although•more than•less than•instead of•however

•on the other hand•on the contrary•as opposed to•but not•while•unless•the contrary•as opposed to•but not•while•unless

•same as•like•not only…but also•either…or•likewise•similarly•similar to•compared with•as well as•resemble

CompareCompare

Compare and ContrastThese key words are used to compare and contrast.

Shared by Becky Cox, Valley Center

This paragraph contains key words that will help us identify the compare and contrast structure.

Locate as many key words as you can.

When you advance the slide, you can check your ideas.

Basketball and soccer both appeal to Andi even though they are quite different sports. Basketball is played on a wooden court while soccer is usually played outside on a grassy field. The balls used in both sports are similar. They are round and filled with air. In basketball, a player must use her hands-kicking the ball is a violation. In soccer, it is just the opposite. Players must kick the ball to control it. There are very few times when using the hands is allowed. Perhaps Andi likes both sports because they allow her to practice different skills.(Applegate, 2005)

What key words are in the paragraph?

The following words are used to show the similarities between basketball and soccer:

bothsimilar

These words are used to show how basketball and soccer are different:

differentwhileopposite

Basketball and soccer both appeal to Andi even though they are quite different sports. Basketball is played on a wooden court while soccer is usually played outside on a grassy field. The balls used in both sports are similar. They are round and filled with air. In basketball, a player must use her hands-kicking the ball is a violation. In soccer, it is just the opposite. Players must kick the ball to control it. There are very few times when using the hands is allowed. Perhaps Andi likes both sports because they allow her to practice different skills. (Applegate, 2005)

Look over the highlighted key words in the paragraph.

The Thinking Maps used to organize a compare and contrast text would be a double bubble or a Venn diagram.

Played on a

grassy field

Basketball

Use a round ball

filled with air Control

the ball by

kicking it

Soccer

Use hands to control the ball

Played on a wooden

court

Double Bubble Map

(Hyerle, 1995)

The Thinking Maps used to organize the main ideas of a compare and contrast text would be a double bubble or a Venn diagram.

Use a round ball filled with air

Basketball Soccer

Venn Diagram

Definition:The author gives one or more causes and

the resulting effects. The purpose is to explain why something happened.

Summary Questions: What happened? Why did it happen?

In January of 2007, many children in western Kansas had an extended Christmas vacation. They could not return to school because of a blizzard. Hundreds of people lost their electricity for several days. Freezing rain stuck to power lines and poles and formed many layers of ice. The heavy weight of the ice caused the lines sag and sometimes break. As a result, many poles broke and fell to the ground. This meant no lights, sometimes no water, and worst of all, no computer games.

(Applegate, 2005)

Read the following paragraph.

This paragraph explains what happened and what made it happen.

What happened? Children could not return to school and there was no electricity for several days.

What made it happen? There was a blizzard and freezing rain.

In January of 2007, many children in western kansas had an extended Christmas vacation. They could not return to school because of a blizzard. Hundreds of people lost their electricity for several days. Freezing rain stuck to power lines and poles and formed many layers of ice. The heavy weight of the ice caused the lines sag and sometimes break. As a result, many poles broke and fell to the ground. This meant no lights, sometimes no water, and worst of all, no computer games. (Applegate, 2005)

Read the following paragraph.

Cause and EffectThese key words are used in cause and effect relationships.

Signal Words

because if…then as a result

therefore since consequently

this leads to so that nevertheless

accordingly because of in order to

may be due to effects of thus for this reason

Shared by Becky Cox, Valley Center

This paragraph has key words that help us identify cause and effect relationships.

Find as many key words in the paragraph as you can.

When you advance the slide, check your ideas.

In January of 2007, many children in western Kansas had an extended Christmas vacation. They could not return to school because of a blizzard. Hundreds of people lost their electricity for several days. Freezing rain stuck to power lines and poles and formed many layers of ice. The heavy weight of the ice caused the lines sag and sometimes break. As a result, many poles broke and fell to the ground. This meant no lights, sometimes no water, and worst of all, no computer games. (Applegate, 2005)

What key words are in the paragraph?

The key words that help us identify cause and effect relationships are:

becausecausedas a resultthis meant

In January of 2007, many children in western Kansas had an extended Christmas vacation. They could not return to school because of a blizzard. Hundreds of people lost their electricity for several days. Freezing rain stuck to power lines and poles and formed many layers of ice. The heavy weight of the ice caused the lines sag and sometimes break. As a result, many poles broke and fell to the ground. This meant no lights, sometimes no water, and worst of all, no computer games. (Applegate, 2005)

The key words are identified in the paragraph.

The thinking map used to organize main ideas in a cause and effect text would be a multi-flow map.

Cause

A blizzard and freezing rain

Children could not return to school.

There was no electricity for several days.

Effect

(Hyerle, 1995)

Definition:The author lists items or events in order. Summary Questions: What sequence of events is being

described? What are the steps or procedures to

follow?

It takes many people to make a new toy. First, someone must get a good idea. Then, the idea becomes a plan. Next, someone builds or buys the machines that factory makers run to make the toy parts and assemble them. Factory workers make the toys. Finally, other workers put the new toy in a box to send to a toy store. (Applegate, 2005)

Read the following paragraph.

This paragraph explains the items or events in order.

What sequence of events is being described? The passage is describing how to make a new toy.

What are the steps or procedures to follow?

Get an idea.Make a plan.Build or buy

machines.Make the toys.Put toys in a box.Send toys to a store.

It takes many people to make a new toy. First, someone must get a good idea. Then, the idea becomes a plan. Next, someone builds or buys the machines that factory makers run to make the toy parts and assemble them. Factory workers make the toys. Finally, other workers put the new toy in a box to send to a toy store. (Applegate, 2005)

Read the following paragraph.

Sequence or ChronologyThese key words are found in a

sequence text structure.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Signal Words

first second before

on (date) not long after after that

next at the same time finally

then later

Shared by Becky Cox, Valley Center

This paragraph has key words that help us identify the sequence or order of events.

Find as many key words in the paragraph as you can.

When you advance the slide, check your ideas.

It takes many people to make a new toy. First, someone must get a good idea. Then, the idea becomes a plan. Next, someone builds or buys the machines that factory makers run to make the toy parts and assemble them. Factory workers make the toys. Finally, other workers put the new toy in a box to send to a toy store. (Applegate, 2005)

What key words are in the paragraph.

The key words that help us identify the sequence or order of events are:

firstthennextfinally

It takes many people to make a new toy. First, someone must get a good idea. Then, the idea becomes a plan. Next, someone builds or buys the machines that factory makers run to make the toy parts and assemble them. Factory workers make the toys. Finally, other workers put the new toy in a box to send to a toy store. (Applegate, 2005)

The key words are identified in the paragraph.

The thinking map used to organize main ideas in a sequence text would be a flow map.

Get an idea.

Make a plan.

Send toys to a store.

Build or buy machines.

Make the toys.

Put toys in a box.

(Hyerle, 1995)

What are the text structures in the following sentences? Your choices are: cause/effect, compare/contrast, and Chronology/sequence.

Before entering a wise man opens the door.

A net in soccer is much larger than a net in basketball.

A person who drives too fast gets a ticket.

Answers:

Before entering a wise man opens the door. (sequence)

A net in soccer is much larger than a net in basketball. (compare/contrast)

A person who drives too fast gets a ticket. (cause/effect)

Now you’re ready to practice using the compare and contrast, cause and effect, and sequence text structures!

Complete the two Quia activities marked Practice Part 1.

When you finish these activities, you’ll be ready to learn about the final two structures, problem and solution and description.

Applegate, M. (2005). Text structures: Patterns and organization of expository text. Sublette, Kansas: Southwest Plains Regional Service Center.

 Hyerle, D. (1995). Thinking maps: Tools for learning. Raleigh, North Carolina: Innovative Sciences, Inc.