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A Stable Clustering Algorithm Using the Traffic Regularity of
Bus in the Urban VANET Scenarios
Reporter:羅婧文Advisor: Hsueh-Wen Tseng
1
2
Outline
Introduction The Importance of Cluster Stability
Related Work CATRB(Clustering Algorithm Using the Traffic Regularity of
Bus) Bus Recording Algorithm CH Election Algorithm SCH Algorithm
Experiment Result Conclusion Reference
3
Introduction
VANET(Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) MANET(Mobile Ad Hoc Network) Communication in VANET
V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle)
Fig. 1. Application in VANETFig. 2. Communication in VANET
Real-time Traffic Condition
Emergency Warning System
Audio and Video Stream Service
Digital TV
Navigation System
Digital Broadcasting
Safety Message
Gaming and Entertainment
Telematics
RSU
(a)
(b)
OBU
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Introduction
Clustering Role
Cluster head(CH) Cluster member(CM)
The highly dynamic topology of VANET will disturb cluster formation and maintenance, increase cluster instability
Fig. 3. Clustering
CH CM
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The Importance of Cluster Stability
Re-clustering CH leaves cluster / Excessive nodes Increase overhead
Exchange new topology information and reconfiguration of each node
Increase transmission time Frequent cluster reconfiguration
Generate tremendous communication loads Reduce available bandwidth for message dissemination
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VANET in Urban
Characteristics in urban environment High node density Large node density variations Numerous intersections with traffic light
Frequent cluster fragmentation
Fig. 4. Topology Fragmentation
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802.11p Decentralized architecture
Broadcast storm Collision
LTE Centralized architecture
802.11p and LTE in Urban
LTE 802.11p
High bandwidth 、Wide coverage 、Market penetration 、High mobility support(Up to 350km/hr)
Poor reliabilityPoor scalability 、
Table 1. The Comparison of 802.11p and LTE
[1] Araniti, G.; Campolo, C.; Condoluci, M.; Iera, A; Molinaro, A, “LTE for vehicular networking: a survey,” Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.51, no.5, pp.148,157, May 2013
Collision
Fig. 6. LTE in Urban
Fig. 5. 802.11p in Urban
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Clustering in 802.11p
VANET ID-based [2] Node degree-based [3]
Extension of MANET Mobility-based [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Velocity, position, and direction
[2] M. Gerla and J. T.C. Tsai, “Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network,” Wireless Networks, 1(3) 1995, pp. 255-265[3] A.K. Parekh, “Selecting routers in ad-hoc wireless networks,” ITS, 1994[5] Ucar, S., Ergen, S.C., Ozkasap, O., “VMaSC: Vehicular multi-hop algorithm for stable clustering in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2013 IEEE[10] Minming Ni; Zhangdui Zhong; Kaimin Wu; Dongmei Zhao, “A New Stable Clustering Scheme for Highly Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2010 IEEE[11] Maglaras, L.A. ; Katsaros, D., “Clustering in Urban environments: Virtual forces applied to vehicles,” Communications Workshops (ICC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on
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Clustering in LTE
Fig. 8. Cluster Lifetime vs Vehicles Number
Node degree-based cluster algorithm
Fig. 7. LTE4V2X Architecture
[12] Remy, G.; Senouci, S. -M; Jan, F.; Gourhant, Y., “LTE4V2X: LTE for a Centralized VANET Organization,” Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2011), 2011 IEEE
CH aggregates data of cluster members before sending it to the eNodeB
LTE4V2X, a novel framework
for a centralized vehicular
network organization using
LTE [12]eNodeB
LTE
802.11p
Cluster Head
Cluster
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CATRB(Clustering Algorithm Using the Traffic Regularity of Bus)
Bus Recording Algorithm CH Election Algorithm
CH Leaves Cluster
SCH Algorithm Excessive Nodes
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12
CATRB
Vehicles distribution has a high spatial and temporal diversity that depends on the time of the day and places
Vehicle density CH leaves cluster / Excessive nodes Spatial Temporal
[13] Ait Ali, K.; Baala, O.; Caminada, A, “On the spatio-temporal traffic variation in vehicles mobility modeling,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on , 2014
suburbanurban DD peakoffpeak DD -
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CATRB
[14 ] 我國汽車客運路線別概況分析 (104 年 2 月 )[Online]. Available: http://www.motc.gov.tw/uploaddowndoc?file=public/201502041405091.pdf&filedisplay=%E6%88%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E5%AE%A2%E9%81%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%A5%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90.pdf&flag=doc
Fig. 9. Effective Bus Route Ratio in Taiwan Major Cities Fig. 10. Effective Number of Bus Routes per Area in Taiwan Major Cities
Effective bus routes : The bus route with the complete coordinates of each stop
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CATRB
[15] 台北市交通管制工程處 ,103 年度臺北市交通流量及特性調查 )[Online]. Available: http://www.bote.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=660485&CtNode=71101&mp=117031
Table 2. Intersections with Bus Flow Data
No. Road
NI035 林森北路 (Linsen N. Rd.) ~ 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.)
NI036 中山北路 (Zhongshan N. Rd.) ~ 南京東西路 (Nanjing E. W. Rd.)
NI037 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 松江路 (Songjiang Rd.)
SI051 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 光復北路 (Guangfu N. Rd.)
SI053 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 復興北路 (Fuxing N. Rd.)
SI054 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 敦化北路 (Dunhua N. Rd.)
SI103 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 北寧路 (Beining Rd.)
SI137 南京東路 (Nanjing E. Rd.) ~ 寧安街 (Ning’an St.)
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CATRB
[15] 台北市交通管制工程處 ,103 年度臺北市交通流量及特性調查 )[Online]. Available: http://www.bote.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=660485&CtNode=71101&mp=117031
Fig. 11. Vehicles and Buses Traffic Ratio of 8 Intersections in Taipei
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CATRB
Fig. 12. Urban VANET Scenario
Transmission Range
LTE 3 km
802.11p 250 m
LTE BSLTE BS
A1 A2 A3
A4 A5 A6
A7 A8 A9
1.5km
0.5km
Route1
Route2
Route3
BN1
BN2
BN3
CH CM
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Bus Recording Algorithm
Hour
CHDiff Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... ... ...21
22
23
24
Clu
ster
1
Hour
CHDiff Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... ... ...21
22
23
24
Clu
ster
2
Hour
CHT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... ... ...21
22
23
24
Clu
ster
3
...
Cluster ID Bus ID Node IDMeet
Time(s) Departure Time(s)
6bits 2bits 11bits 12bits 12bits
Diff Time(s) 12bits
Hour
CHDiff Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... ... ...21
22
23
24
Meet Time : The time that nodes enter the buses travel areaDeparture Time : The time that nodes leave the buses travel areaCMT : 55 bit * 1344 entries per hour * 24 hours * 7days = 1.55MBCMT Record Time : Monday — Sunday (Update at Sunday 12:00)CHT : (11+12) bit * 24 hours * 7days =0.48KB
Fig. 13. Cluster Member Table(CMT)
Fig. 14. Cluster Head Table(CHT)
Fig. 15. Total CHT
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CH Election Algorithm
Case1 : Traffic light
Incenter, circumcenter and barycenter exactly located at the same node in equilateral triangle ()
Find the node in the area overlapped by incenter, circumcenter and barycenter act as
the next cluster head
L1L2
L3
OCH
CM1
CM2
CM3
CM5
CM6
CM4
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CH Election Algorithm
Case2 : Turning
OCH
CM1
CM2
CM3CM5
CM6
CM4
L1
CH
CM
Case2: There are no nodes for next CH selection
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Parameter Setting
[14 ] 我國汽車客運路線別概況分析 (104 年 2 月 )[Online]. Available: http://www.motc.gov.tw
Fig. 18. Average Kilometers per Bus Route per Time in Taiwan Major
Cities
Parameter Value
Vehicle Nodes Peak time : 39
Off-peak time : 20Topology Grid
Map Size 1.5km×1.5km
Speed Limit 70 km/hr
Micro Mobility Model
CarFollowing-Krauss (SUMO)[16][17]
Lane(Unidirectional)
2
Lane Width 5 m
Vmax 40,50,60 km/hr
Bmax 40 km/hr
Simulation Time 3600 secTable 3. Parameter Setting
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Average Cluster Head Changes
Fig. 19. Average Number of Cluster Head Changes at Peak Time
Fig. 20. Average Number of Cluster Head Changes at Off-peak Time
=40 km/hr =50 km/hr =60 km/hr
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Conclusion
CATRB significantly improves the cluster stability Consider the traffic flow in real world CH election algorithm
Mitigate the problem caused by CH leaves cluster SCH algorithm
Mitigate the problem caused by excessive nodes SCH reforms the cluster very quickly
Reduce the overhead needed to select new CH
26
Reference
[1] Araniti, G.; Campolo, C.; Condoluci, M.; Iera, A; Molinaro, A, “LTE for vehicular networking: a survey,” Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.51, no.5, pp.148,157, May 2013
[2] M. Gerla and J. T.C. Tsai, “Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network,” Wireless Networks, 1(3) 1995, pp. 255-265
[3] A.K. Parekh, “Selecting routers in ad-hoc wireless networks,” ITS, 1994
[4] Ahizoune, A., Hafid, A.,“A new stability based clustering algorithm (SBCA) for VANETs,” Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops), 2012 IEEE 37th Conference on
[5] Ucar, S., Ergen, S.C., Ozkasap, O., “VMaSC: Vehicular multi-hop algorithm for stable clustering in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2013 IEEE
[6] Zhenxia Z., Azzedine B., Richard W. Pazzi, “A novel multi-hop clustering scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks,” MobiWac '11, Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access, Pages 19-26
[7] Tal, I. ; Muntean, G., “User-oriented cluster based solution for multimedia content delivery over VANETs,” Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), 2012 IEEE International Symposium on
[8] Maglaras, L.A. ; Katsaros, D., “Distributed clustering in vehicular networks,” Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), 2012 IEEE 8 th International Conference on
[9] Sakhaee, E.; Jamalipour, A, “A New Stable Clustering Scheme for Pseudo-Linear Highly Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Global Telecommunications Conference, 2007. GLOBECOM '07. IEEE
27
Reference
[10] Minming Ni; Zhangdui Zhong; Kaimin Wu; Dongmei Zhao, “A New Stable Clustering Scheme for Highly Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2010 IEEE
[11] Maglaras, L.A. ; Katsaros, D., “Clustering in Urban environments: Virtual forces applied to vehicles,” Communications Workshops (ICC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on
[12] Remy, G.; Senouci, S. -M; Jan, F.; Gourhant, Y., “LTE4V2X: LTE for a Centralized VANET Organization,” Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2011), 2011 IEEE
[13] Ait Ali, K.; Baala, O.; Caminada, A, “On the spatio-temporal traffic variation in vehicles mobility modeling,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1,1, June 2014
[14 ]我國汽車客運路線別概況分析 (104 年2月 )[Online]. Available: http://www.motc.gov.tw/uploaddowndoc?file=public/201502041405091.pdf&filedisplay=%E6%88%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E5%AE%A2%E9%81%8B%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A%E5%88%A5%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90.pdf&flag=doc
[15]台北市交通管制工程處 , 103年度臺北市交通流量及特性調查 [Online]. Available: http://www.bote.gov.taipei/ct.asp?xItem=660485&CtNode=71101&mp=117031
[16] M. Behrisch, L. Bieker, J. Erdmann, and D. Krajzewicz, “SUMO - Simulation of Urban MObility: An Overview,” in SIMUL 2011, The Third International Conference on Advances in System Simulation, 2011
[17] S. Krauß. “Microscopic Modeling of Traffic Flow: Investigation of Collision Free Vehicle Dynamics,” PhD thesis, 1998
[18] Remy, G.; Senouci, S.-M.; Jan, F.; Gourhant, Y., “LTE4V2X - impact of high mobility in highway scenarios,” Global Information Infrastructure Symposium (GIIS), 2011
28
Reference
[19] Remy, G.; Senouci, S.-M.; Jan, F.; Gourhant, Y.,“LTE4V2X Collection, dissemination and multi-hop forwarding,” IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2012
[20] Acer, U.G.; Giaccone, P.; Hay, D.; Neglia, G.; Tarapiah, S., “Timely Data Delivery in a Realistic Bus Network,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on , vol.61, no.3, pp.1251–1265, March 2012
[21] Ho, I.W.H.; Leung, K.K., “ Node Connectivity in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks with Structured Mobility,” LCN 2007. 32nd IEEE Conference on , 2007