A short treatise on the greek particles and their combinations

8/9/2019 A short treatise on the greek particles and their combinations.

1/116


2/116

presented

to

of

tbe

\Hniver0its

of

Toronto

falconer

from

tbe boohs

of tbe late

Sir

IRobert

falconer,

ifc.c.fl

president

cf

tbe

IHntversfts

of

Toronto,

1907*1932


3/116


4/116


5/116

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

AND

THEIR COMBINATIONS.


6/116


7/116

A

SHORT

TREATISE

THE GREEK

PARTICLES

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS

ACCORDING

TO

ATTIC

USAGE.

BY

F.

A.

PALEY,

H.A.,

EDITOR OF THE GREEK

TRAGIC

POETS,

LATE

EXAMINER

IK

CLASSICS TO

THE

VXIVERSITY OF

LOUDOK.

CAMBRIDGE

:

DEIGHTON,

BELL,

AND

CO.

LONDON :

GEORGE BELL

AND

SONS,

YORK

STREET.

COVEKT GABDEN.

1881.


8/116

LONDON

:

R.

CLAY,

SONS,

AND

TAYLOR,

BREAD

STREET

HILL.


9/116

TO

THE READER.

THE

object

of

this

compendious

work

is

to

collect

Facts,

and

from them

briefly

and

yet clearly

to ex-

plain

Principles.

It

does

not

attempt

too

refined

distinctions

or

too

minute

classification,

but

it

points

out and

illustrates the

meaning

of the

Particles,

both

singly

and

in

combination,

leaving

to

the

observation

and

intelligence

of

the

student

to

mark

occasional

minor

deviations

from

the

established

usages.

It

is

designed

for

the

use

of

Schools,

and

is therefore

made as

simple

and

easy

as

possible.

These

'

Particles,'

it

is

well

known,

constitute an

important

and

a

characteristic

feature

of

the

Greek

Language,

especially

of

the

Attic

writings

of

the

best

period.

They

so

greatly

affect

the

tone,

con-

nexion,

or

irony

of a

passage,

that

a

correct

knowledge

of

their

uses

is

quite

a

necessary

condition of

accurate

Greek

scholarship.

Especially

is

it

important

to

the

right

interpretation

of the

Greek

Plays

and

to

the

idiomatic

composition

of

Greek

Iambics

too


10/116

vi

TO

THE

READER.

often a

mere

IICXILS

verborum,

without

any

feeling

for or

knowledge

of the

real

spirit

of

Tragedy.

And

it

is

with a

view

to these

points

that

so

many

of

the

examples

are

taken

from

Tragedy.

In

fact,

poetry

is

stronger,

so to

say,

in

the

use of

particles

than

prose,

and

a

distinction

occasionally

has

to be

made

of combinations

which

are,

perhaps,

exclusively

poetical.

No

special

account

has

been

taken

of

epic

or

lyric

usages,

as

it

seemed

desirable

to

exclude

these,

though

in

many

respects

they

are

not

materially

different

from

the

Attic.

It

may

be

doubted

if

any

Manual

exists

which

explains

at

once

clearly

and

correctly,

and

in

a

conveniently

concise

form,

the

Doctrine

of

the

Greek

Particles.

Longer

works,

as

Hoogeven's,

1

and

ex-

positions

of

the

principal

uses

given

in

the

larger

Greek

Grammars,

are not

generally

accessible to

young

scholars,

or at

least,

they

are consulted with

some

reluctance.

Perhaps,

indeed,

it

is

not too

much

to

say,

that

in

consequence

of

this some

of

the

combinations

are

rather

imperfectly

understood,

and are

explained,

if at

all,

by

no

means

correctly.

Many

a

student

has learnt

to think a

ye

or a

8r}

a

mere

makeshift

to

the

metre,

when

it

really

has a

most

certain

and

definite

sense.

How

many,

we

may

1

I am not

writing

in

ignorance

that there are

others,

but

it

was

not

my

purpose

to

borrow

from

any.


11/116

TO

THE

READER.

vii

fairly

ask,

could

give

a

true

account

'

of

76

in

Aesch.

Theb.

71,

and

Soph.

Oed.

Col.

1409,

or of

Sj

in

Ocd.

E. 66

and

Oed. Col.

1215

?

The

present

short

Treatise

is

entirely

original,

and

is under no

obligation

whatever to

any

work

existing

on

the

subject.

It

may

be

objected,

with

some

truth,

that

it

is difficult

to

define

what

should

be admitted

under

the

strict

definition

of

the

term

Particles.

If,

for

instance,

the

uses of

the conditional dv

and of

the

negatives

ov

and

p.i'i

are

included under this

head,

and

it

does

not

seem

reasonable

to

exclude them

it

is not

easy

to

write

briefly

on

subjects

involving

so

much

variety

in

idiomatic

usage.

The

best

course

is,

perhaps,

to

lay

down

clearly

the

general

principles

only

;

for

when these are

well

understood,

then the

details

can

be

well

filled

up,

like

a

picture

completed

from

a

good

cartoon.

Indeed,

the

greatest

difficulty

in a

work of

this

kind

is,

perhaps,

to

write

at

once

clearly

and

briefly.

For

examples

accumulate

to so

large

an

extent

that

a limited

selection

becomes

absolutely

necessary.

As

Hermann

has

written

a

long

treatise

on

av,

so

a

volume

of

no

small

size would be

required

to

treat

1

Some

will

smile

at

this

remark,

and

suy,

Truly,

a

worthy

subject

to

engage

the

thoughts

of

clever

men

But if

the

educational

use

of

learning

Greek is

just

in

proportion

to the

accuracy

of

the

knowledge

and

the

closeness

of

the

observation,

we

cannot

afford

to

despise

_si:ch

small

details of

language.


12/116

vJi

TO THE

READER.

exhaustively

of

ov

and

firj

and

their combinations.

Still,

I

think

both

these

subjects

may

be well ex-

plained

at

moderate

length.

It has

been

iny

lot

to

know,

from

very

long

experiences

both as a

Lecturer

and an Examiner

in

Classics,

how

common

is a

confused

and

misty

con-

ception

of

the

logical

grounds

of

certain idiomatic

expressions,

and

how

little even

the

primary

distinction

of

objective

and

subjective

propositions

is realised

by

younger

students.

Thus,

whether

to

use

ov

or

JJHJ

in

Greek

or

(what

is not

very different)

the

indicative

or

the

subjunctive

in

Latin,

becomes a

frequent

cause

of

perplexity

in

composition,

and

it

is

only

by

un-

derstanding

the reasons of

things

that the

difficulties

can be mastered.

1

A

use

which

was

intuitive

in a

Greek

and

a

Eoman

is often

very

hard to

acquire

by

rule and

example.

But

much

may

be done

by

an

intelligent

survey

of

such

special

phenomena

as

are

presented

by

the

Particles.

The

fixed

uniformity

of their use

in

the

best

period

of the

language,

with

an

import

far

beyond

that

of

mere

expletives,

gives

them

a

high

place

in

the

scientific

analysis

of

the

language.

To

my

mind,

then,

so

far

from

being

a

dry un-

important

subject,

the

combinations

of the

Greek

Particles

are

full of

the

highest

interest,

as

being,

1

Prof.

Campbell (on Soph.

Track.

90)

even

says

that

'

The

whole

question

of

the

Greek

negatives

is still

indeterminate.'


13/116

TO

THE

READER.

ix

so to

say,

an

elaborately

finished

part

of a

most

complex

and

beautiful

machinery.

That

a

few un-

inflected

monosyllables

should

determine

so

completely

the tone and

meaning

of a

sentence,

is

in

itself a curious

phenomenon

of

language.

Believing

that

from

long

and careful

observation,

I

understand

them

myself,

I

have tried to

make

others

do the

same;

and

I

only

hope

they

will

have

the

same

pleasure in

reading

which

I

have

had in

writing

this small

work.

A

few more

words

remain

to

be

said

on

the

pre-

dominance

given

to

quotations

from

the

dramatic writers

over those

from

the

prose

compositions

of the

best

age.

The

reason

is

simple;

the idioms

and

usages

of

the

Particles

are the

same,

but

they

are,

so to

say,

inten-

sified,

they

are much

more

frequently

and

pointedly

used

by

the Attic

poets.

Hence

it

seems

more

useful

to

give

illustrations

(say)

from

Sophocles

than

from

Thucydides

;

for

the more subtle

meanings

in

many

passages

of

the

Greek

Plays

are

too often

either

wholly

overlooked,

or

quite

wrongly

understood.

Plato

is one who

makes

a

great

use of

particles,

but

always

coincidently

with

the

Tragic

use

;

and that

use

can

be learnt

as

well

from

the one

source as

from

the

other.

To

fill

pages

with

examples

of

apa,

Srj, 76

or

re from

epic

poetry,

or

to

mix

up

with

the

Attic

the

Ionic

usages

of

Herodotus,

would

have added

much

to

the

bulk

and

perhaps

nothing

to

the

utility

of

this little


14/116

x

TO

THE

READER.

Manual.

1

It

was

quite

necessary

too,

for

obvious

reasons,

to

explain

briefly

and

only

generally

the

uses

of ov

and

^

and

of the

particle

av.

My present

belief

however

is,

that

the

little

that

has

been

said

on these

most

difficult

monosyllables

sufficiently

indicates

the

true

principles

of

their

usage.

No

one has

any

claim

to

be a

sound

Greek

scholar

who

is

imperfectly

acquainted

with

these

and

the

other

particles

;

and

those

who

value verbal

and

grammatical

accuracy

in

a

classical

education

will

do

well

to

encourage

this

study

in

all

the

upper

classes

of

the Schools.

1

Baumlein's

work, Untersuchungen

fiber

Griechische

Partilclen,

(Stuttgart,

1861)

extends,

for

the

above

reason,

to more than

300

pages

of

rather

close

print.

LONDON,

1881.


15/116

CONTENTS.

FACIE

oXXd

1

dv

3

dpa, dpa

11

yt

U

SVj

18

Sfjra, Sijeev

(Sfjfc)

24

fl

-7

Kai

30

Hv

and

B

34

(ATJV

35

ov

and

[iTJ

40

ovv 52

irep

GO

7ro>s

and

SITUS,

and

irws

and irov

enclitic

63

n-ov

interrogative

66

TOI

67

(I>S

71


16/116


17/116

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

aXAa.

THIS

word,

commonly

meaning

but,

and

often

nearer

in

sense

to

the

Latin

at

or av.tem

than

to

the

separative

sed,

was

in its

origin, perhaps,

the

plural

of

a\Xo


18/116

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

cri

&'

a\\a

yr)/j,as

Ylpia/jubwv

yafj,/3pb

0eol

TraTpwoi,

(Tvyyevea-de

y

aXXa

vvv.

Lat.

nunc

demum.

Soph.

^.

411.

a

TOVTO.

Ibid.

415.

'

a\X'

u/tet?

76

Kivfjcrai

TO

SvffirpocroiaTOV

KaTrpo


19/116

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS. 3

The

formula ov

yap

dXXa,

'

for

indeed,'

'

for of

course/

lit.

'

for

it

is

not otherwise

but,'

is

not

unfrequent.

K\voip

av'

ov

yap

dXXa

Set

Sovvai

/xep09.

Eur.

Suppl.

570.

d-TTiff.

ov

yap

dXXa

rod

TrapaQevros

77

\dpis.

Ar.

Equ.it.

1205.

V

av.

The uses

of

this

particle

may

be reduced

to

three

principal

heads.

(1)

It

combines

and

coheres

with

relative and

some

few other

quasi-relative

words

(irpiv,

in

case a

negative

precedes,

evOa,

pexP

1

'

^

et

')>

^

present

and

future

time,

to

express

indefiniteness,

like our word

ever

in

'

whoever/

'

whenever/

&c.

In

this

case it is

naturally

constructed with

the

subjunctive

mood. For

every

subfunctive

is

a

future,

implying

as

it

does

something

that

is

yet

to

be

proved

by

experience.

And

in

all

such

propositions

an

event

is

waited

for,

the

issue of

which

is

regarded

as a

present

uncertainty.

And

as

'

ever

'

forms an

integral part

of

our

words

'

whenever/

&c.,

and

we

are not

in

the

habit

of

writing

separately

'

when

ever/

or

'

what

ever/

so

ore

av and

64 av

are written

as one

word

o-rav

and

fy

(or

eav

again

shortened

to

av}.

So

oTrorai/,

C'TT^V,

eVetSav,

and

the

crasis av

for

a

av.

B

2


20/116

THE

GREEK PARTICLES

09,

O


21/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

5

a likelihood

of

that

being

the case. Whether the

hypothesis

is

a

probable

one

or

not

is

immaterial.

The

young

student

should consider

the different

ideas

conveyed by

if

he

should

he

would,

and

if

he shall he

icill. He will thus learn

clearly

to

distinguish

Boirj

av,

el

%oi,

from

Sfaaei,

lav

exi3>

an(

^

yevoir

av

irav

Geov

de\ovro$

=

el

Oeo


22/116

6

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

'

If

he

had

said

this,

he

would

have

said

what

was

false/

el

TOVTO

e\e%ev,

e-^feva-aro

av.

Which

implies,

'But

he

did

not

say

it,

and

therefore

he has told

no lies.'

The

real

meaning

of

the

phrase

is,

'

if

he

said it

(only

he did

not),

according

to

that

(ava TOVTO)

he

said what

was

false.'

The Eoinan

idiom

is

here

strikingly

different,

si

live

dixisset,

mentitus

esset.

Note

particularly,

that with the

optative

the

position

of

av

in

the

sentence is

usually

early,

that

is,

it

follows

some

emphatic

word,

which from

its

very

emphasis

stands

nearly

first.

It

thus much

more

frequently

precedes

the

verb

than

immediately

follows

it.

In

fact the Greeks

seldom

say ov

TavTa

Devoir

av,

or

ov

yevoiT*

av

TUVTO,

'

this

is not

likely

to

happen,'

but

nearly

always

OVK

av

yevoLTo

TavTa. And

generally, emphasis

is

expressed

by

the

position

-of

av,

as

in

719?

T-SjaB'

av

(p.

1).

When

there

are

two

emphatic

w

7

ords,

or

when

the

verb follows

long

after

the

introductory

av,

the

particle

may

be re-

peated,

as

/caXw?

av

TO, TOiaina

Trpbs

aBiicov

av

avBpa

So Ant.

466-8,

aXV av

tceivots

av

rfkyovv.

av

Ka/j,'

av

TOiavTp

%e//H

Ti/^CDpelv

6e\oi.

Oed. R.

139.

av ovS

av

io~%v(i)v

(frvyeiv.

Elect. 697.

Note

also,

that even

with

the

subjunctive

such

particles

as

aev, Be,

yap,

^aiXioTa,

often intervene

between

the

av

and the

relative

word,

as c5

/tev

av

TavTa,

89

fidXioTa

av

(70^09

77,

ol


23/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

7

A

peculiar

use of

av with au

historic

tense

contem-

plates

the condition

as

having

often

taken

place,

and

an act

or

event

in

consequence

having

frequently

occurred.

7rpo9

8e Tot)#'

6

fj,oi

/3a\oi

vevpoairaSrjs

arpa/cro?,

auro?

av

raXa?

Trpos

TOI)T'

av'

i

8'

eSei TL teal irorov

\aftelv,

TCLVT av

efeoTrcov

rdXa?

Philoct.

289.

evpero

TTOLV av

Bid

ra?

\nrapd.

AT.

^4cA.

640.

'

He

would

get

anything

he

asked

for,

through

that

complimentary

title

Athens

the

Bright

In the

optative

or the indicative

construction

(as

distinct

from

the

subjunctive

and

relative

use),

the

in-

finitive,

or

even

the

participle,

is

often

combined

with

av,

where

either of

these

represents

the

original

mood

Iry

some

change

of

the

syntax.

Thus,

trdvr

av


24/116

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

means on,

eirpa^ev

av

el

rfSwrfdij.

Lat.

se

facturum

fuisse

si

posset

or

potuisset.

Thuc.

viii.

66,

evr)


25/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

s,

a>


26/116

10

THE

GKEEK

PARTICLES

are

lax

colloquial

usages

than

that

they

imply any

subtle difference

of

meaning.

Lastly,

though

a

perfect

tense,

1

active

or

passive,

cannot

take

av,

a

pluperfect

can

do

so. And hence

even

TT7roiij(70at

av is

good

Greek,

if

it stands

for

ejreTTOiijTO

av. See

Thuc.

ii.

103,

and

v. 46. So

Athen.

p.

351

A,

voplfyov

OVK

av

oimo?

cnro


27/116

AND THEIR COMBINATIONS.

11

But

we

have

07r&>5

av

avrrjv

dfavicreias

etVe

fioi,

Ibid.

759,

where

av,

though

strictly

belonging

to the

optative

verb,

follows

OTTO)?

from

its

natural

tendency

to

come

at

the

beginning

of

a

sentence.

It

should be

added,

that

an

optative

with

av

is

often

used as a

mild

or

polite

command

or

request.

Thus

X&>pot9

av

'

you

may

go,'

means,

as

it

would

in

English,

'go,'

lit.

'you

would be

for

going

(if

you

wished

to

please

me,

&c.).'

The above

are

all

the

main

facts

really

necessary

for

understanding

the uses of

av.

And it would

serve

no

purpose

to

encumber

this

short

and

plain

statement

of

the

doctrine

with a

number

of

examples.

apa,

apa.

The

root

of

this word

implies

connexion

and con-

sequence.

It

is one

of

the commonest

in

epic

(where

it is

often

little,

if

at

all,

more than a

metrical

supple-

ment),

and

is

very frequent

in

the Attic

poets

and

prose

writers,

especially

in

dialogue.

The most

usual

sense

of

apa

is

'

then,'

as

ap

?7/*et9,

o>

eoi/cev,

Soph.

El

.

kv

fjiei'

apa

Tot9

crv/jKfxovovfiev,

ev 8e

rot?

ov,

Plat.

p.

263,

A.


28/116


29/116

AND

THEIK

COMBINATIONS.

13

speaker

was

not

previously

aware,

and

which comes

on

him

as

a

surprise,

or as a conclusion

to

be

now

first

deduced

from

the

circumstances

of

a

case.

Kdl

rovff

VTTOTTTOV

rjv

ap\

Eur.

And/'.

1088.

'

and

this,

it

seems,

was

regarded

with

suspicion.'

\P>^

V

'

JP-\

V-\ -\

>

/I

/

TO

6

ijv

ap

ovoev

a\\o

Tr\rjv

Vavetv

e/te.

Soph.

Track.

1172.

6

aT]fj,arovpyb


30/116

14

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

The

strengthened

form

of

dpa

(compare

8rj

with

8e,

fjirjv

with

fj,ev)

is used in

strong

affirmations.

apa rovpyov,

ov/c

epov,

/ce/cX^crerat.

Aj.

1368.

Ta\aivr)s

apa

rfjarSe

av[Jt,


31/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

15

ws

ye

fiov

rov viov

OVK

e/cutra?.

Ar. Ar. 139.

The

most

ordinary

meaning

of

76

is

'

yes/

in

assenting

to

a

question

or

proposition.

xal

vvv


32/116

16

THE

GEEEK

PARTICLES

It

is

often

added

to

09

and

6'cm?

in

the sense

of

quippe

qui.

vpwv

TrpTov

ere

09

76

eeXt>cra9

SacyioV,

Oed.

Tyr.

33-6.

qui

tributo liberaveris.

dX)C 01

6eoi


33/116

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

I

1

firj

fi

dTifj.dffr)Te

ye

6avovr

,

eVel

ov

fie ffivrd 7'

avdts

e^erov.

Oed.

Col

1409.

fir)

irpo?

dewv

fypovwv

y

a

Oed.

R. 326.

firj

8f)Ta

TOV

SIXTTTJVOV

a>8e

7'

altcia-rj.

Aj.

111.

76

TTpe/J-VodfV

7raV(ii)\6pOV

Aesch.

5^^.

71.

fir] &/T

6/109

7'

wi>,

w

reicvov,

Spd&rjs

raSe.

Eur.

>S^>p/.

320.

Here,

of

course,

the

76

may

emphasise

e'/Ao?,

'if

you

call

yourself

mine.'

So

too

in

Baceh.

951,

fir)

(TV

ye

ra

Nu/z&ii>

&io\e

Kareppivr)fivov


34/116

18

THE GREEK

PARTICLES

Both

ei

76

and

eVei

76,

quomam

quidem,

siquidem,

are

common,

but

they

do not

require

special

illustration.

1

The

particle

ye

is

not used with

the

imperative,

and it

very

rarely

closely

follows

av,

Stf,

or

/AT/,

though

instances

of

each

do

occur.

(Here.

Fur.

517,

Ar. Thesm.

934.)

The

common

practice

of

rendering

j

'

at

least

'

is

much

more often

wrong

than

right.

In

truth this

is,

both

in

prose

and

poetry,

a

particle

by

which many,

and

sometimes

very

subtle,

senses

are

conveyed

;

and a

good

deal

of

the

higher

scholarship

is

implied

in the

right

understanding

of

it.

The

notion,

that it

was

often

a

mere

metrical

and

otiose

supplement,

must be

dismissed,

at all

events

in

the

interpretation

of

undoubtedly

genuine

passages

in

Attic Greek.

As

a

strengthened

form of

8e

it

has

nearly

the sense

of

ovv

and

apa,

'then.' The two

are

very

often

com-

bined,

as

> e

r)

r

;

.

crwyyovow

vaeis

epiv.

Eur.

Phoen.

1277.

rj/cet?

8e

8^

ri

rrja-Be

7*79

Ke^p^^ho^;

;

Suppl.

457.

(j,\.\e

t


35/116

AXD

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

10

See

also

Orcst.

62,

101,

425, 580,

940.

Conversely,

ore

Sri

S'

occurs

Ar.

Eecl.

195,

827.

Sotcetre

Srj

/xoc

rfjcrSe

tcoivuvelv

%0ovo


36/116

20

THE

GREEK PARTICLES

(&)

With

superlatives,

as

/LtaXto-ra

Stj,

v-^tcna

877

(Pers.

333),

fie^iaT^ 817

(Thuc.

viii.

1),

/caXXta-ra

877

(Eur.

Heracl.

794).

Very

often with

one or more words

intervening,

as

w

TWV

cnravTcw

Sf)

0a/j,dr(ov

e/Ltot

a\7t


37/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS. 21

AT.

Av.

139,

and

TTO\V

8rj

TTO\V

Srj

yvvalK

dpCarav

Xt'/*vav

J

A%povTiav

iropevaat.

Eur.

Alcest. 442.

(d)

With

imperatives

and earnest

exhortations,

as

eta

Sij,

Wi

&;', aye

Srf,

t'Xot Xo^trat,

rovpyov

ov%

e/ca?

roSe.

XO.

eta

BTJ,

^1O9

TrpoKtairov

7ra


38/116

22 THE

GEEEK PARTICLES

Kal

Br)

BeSeyjjiai,'

rt?

Be aoi

rt/j,r)

pevet,

;

Eum.

854.

Kal

Br)

dvpwpa>v

OUTIS

av

aiSpa

(frpevl

r)

Baiftova BOJJ,Opov

rovfjiov

ov

Treidet

a-'

Bel

Brf

ere

8eli~ai

TO*

rpoirm

Bte(j)ddpijv.

'

Supposing

now

(as

I

dare

say

is

the

case)

that

my

assertion

of

virtue

does not

convince

you

: then it

is

for

you

to

show in what

way

I was

corrupted.'

Hippol.

1007.

Kal

Brj

irapeiKev,

'

suppose

that he

has

conceded

this.'

Hel. 1057.

The

same

combination

means

(a)

'

before

now,'

as

Kal

BTJ

Tt?

e/crav'

dyvoias

VTTO.

Aesch.

Suppl.

493.

(b)

'

Well,

then,'

as

Kal

Brj

\ej(i)

croi

TTOLV

ocrtwv

KaretBofjirjv.

Soph.

El.

892.

Kal

Brj

Xeyto

crof

TOV

vKpov

TI$

a/jr/w?

dd-fyas

ftefiijKe.

Antig.

245.

Kal

Brj

TreTre/iTTTfU

Koar^ov

ev

^epolv e\Q)V.

Theb. 468.

Kal

Brj

7repa


39/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

23

real

8t]

Ko/J.i%i

TrpocnroXtov

oS

eyyvBev.

Ibid.

544.

teal

Srj

TrapfjKTai

dyta

Taea>v

e/cas

1

.

Hcracl.

673.

/cal

8r)

Vi

fcparl (TTeavo9

Srj

av

/J.OL

TVpavvos

'Apyeia>v

eaei.

Aesch.

Ag.

1611.


40/116

24

.

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

The

two

particles

are

separated

in

Hel.

1378,

&>


41/116

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

25

When

a

word is

repeated

with

assent, STJTO,

is

added,

as

Zeus

yevvTJrwp

Sot.

XO.

iSotTo

Srjra

Trpevfievovs

air

o/t/taro?.

Aesch.

&uppl.

202.

etSo>?

av

alcrav

rr/vSe

trvyyvoir]

/3poTOt


42/116

26 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

ov

&}T',

7Tei

rot

rrjv

/JLTJV

avriK

rffie

Oed.

Col

433,

436.

AN.

opa9

;

avrauSa?

ev

Katcois

9

OavovfJievot,.

Orest.

111 ).


43/116

AND

THEIE

COMBINATIONS. 27

cti^

&f)0ev

OVK

eiSvta

rd^eipyacrfieva.

Ibid. 1320.

HA.

retceiv

p

e/3ov\T

dcrQevrj,

roMuSe

Sou


44/116

28

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

See

Aj.

850,

1229.

This

formula,

used

also

by

Plato,

is

both

interrogative

and

emphatic.

The

question

is

more

common

with

ov

TTOV,

as

ov

TTOV

viv

'EXei/Tjs

alo~xpbv

&\ecrev

K\eo.

Ibid.

139.

See

also

^/.

1417,

^.

622, 1456,

Agam.

694

(^

iro\v9p^vov

alwva),

Phoen.

697,

jRAes.

266,

915,

Eel.

765.

17

xdpra

vei/cous

TOVTO

Spear

7rapoL^o/j.ai.

Aesch.

Suppl.

446.


45/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

29

tcdpra

Xa/nvrpd

KOI

,Kar

Sfifia

KOI

(frva-tv.

Soph.

Track. 379.

See

Aj.

1359,

EL

312,

Eum.

204,

Agam.

575.

In

Platonic

dialogue

we

often

find

77

yap

;

'

is

it not

so?'

77

jap

voi


46/116

30

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

Sometimes

7j

simply

asks

the

question,

as

rj

ydp

TL

\oi7rbv

rfjSe

irrjfjbdTwv

epeis

;

Prom.

764.

7)

7rpo9

Safiapros

e^avia-rarai

Qpovwv ;

Ibid.

786.

Often too

it

means

sane,

'

in

sooth.'

rj

ou


47/116


48/116

32 THE GREEK

PARTICLES

veaylas

yevov

epyoKTt,,

Kel

p,r)

T&>

Xfovw

irdpe


49/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

33

771 ?

TrapeffTfix;

Kal

Trpocru)

'

and

also

when

far

away.'

Aesch. Eum.

65.

So

Prom.

994,

teal ere &

ev

TOVTOI?

Xeya,

'

and

you

too

I

reckon

among

these.'

With

an

interrogation

Kal

TTW?,

Kal

Ti


50/116

34

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

OI.

ical

T/5

;jpoi/o9

TOto-S' ecrriv

ovj;

e

IO.

(T^eSo^

Ti

irpocrdev

rj

crv

T^crS

yv

i^alvov.

Oed.

T.

735.

is a formula

very

often

used

where

a

practical

illustration is

given

of

some

preceding general

state-

ment.

Kai vvv


51/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

35

a8t/co?,

the Romans

generally

say

tu

Justus

es,

pater

iiiji'Mi'.s;

and

we

can

only

say

'You

are

honest,

while

your

father

is

dishonast.'

Both

fiev

and

Be

are often used

separately;

for

instance,

many

of

the

tragedies

commence

with

pev,

not followed

by any

antithetical

8e,

which

in

many

uses

may

be

mentally

supplied.

So

too

Trpcarov

pev

is

usually

answered

by

eTreira,

without

Be.

Very

often

8e

=

autem

merely

connects

or

combines a

narrative

;

and

equally

common

is

its

adversative use

'

but,'

=

at

or

sed.

Sometimes

it

is

used in

apodosi,

or to

resume

the

thread of

an.

argument

or

to

introduce a

question,

as

(f>pd


52/116

36

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

It

has a

remarkable

tendency

to

be

followed

by

ye

with a

word

intervening.

Thus

ov

firjv

76

is nw

tamen

:

ov

ftrjv

art/Mol

7'

etc

6ea>v

redvrj^ofjiev.

Agam.

1250.

ov

fjiijv

aKOfjwracrTos y

e


53/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

37

opa

ye

/


54/116

38

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

Oijpes

8e

Kripaivovcn

ical

/S/aoroi,

rt

fj.ijv

;

Aesch.

Suppl.

976.

~\yov

(Philebus)

it

occurs

thrice.

The

combination

^ p.r)v

has three

peculiar

meanings

:

(a)

In

taking

an

oath,

'

I

truly

will do

so-and-so.'

1

o>cr#'

opKov

avrct)

TrpocrftaXwiv

8i(afJ,0(rev

?} p,r]v

rov

a^^crrripa

TOv&e TOV

7rd6ov.

526.

In

expressing

a

threat.

7/r/

ert

Zeu?

Kaiirep

avOdSr}

TdTreivos.

Prom.

928.

T

C/J.OV

v

%i

fjtaxdpmv

irpvTavi^.

Ibid.

175.

7) jJbijv

crv

Kavev

TovBe

\V7rr]6el


55/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

Alcest.

64.

rl.

Ar.

Nub.

865.

ffv

Travaei

tcaiTrep

d>/io


56/116

40 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

(6)

The

same,

with

or

without

ye,

means,

'well,

but/

and

'

well,

then.'

tea

p.rjv

%pT)(Tfjto

OVKGT etc

carat,

SeSoptcws.

A

gam.

1149.

teal

firjv

7re7ra);ftJ9

y

o>?

Bpacrvvecrdai

TrXeov

fiporetov

alfjia,

aiyci09

ev

Sopot? pevei.

Ibid. 1159.

teal

fjbrjv

(frofloicri

y

avrov

e^e^vcrdfjujv.

Aj.

531.

ye TrpocnroXois

v\dcrcrerai.

Ibid.

539.

See also

El.

1045, 1188,

Prom.

1006,

Pers.

266,

Theb.

234,

Eur.

Suppl.

393,

697.

We

have

aXXa

/i^y

in

Pers.

235,

aXV

ot>8e

/ttj^v

in

Cho.

181,

'

yet

neither,'

and

in Eur.

Eel.

1047,

aX\'

ouSe

/u-^v

vau?

eariv

y

arwOelpev

av.

Ov

ri

firjv

occurs

in

Soph.

El.

817.


57/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

41

a

5

;

fjLij


58/116

42 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

firjo'eva

o/3ei(T0ai,,

which

is

a

general

proposition,

they

would

say, describing

the known

character and

habit of

A or

B,

and

speaking

of

a

fact,

rotoOro?

ecrrtv

ovBeva

(frofteirai.

rj

rocroi/S'

ToXfiijf

TrpoffcoTTOv,

&crre

TO-?

fia


59/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

4:;

Where

the

sense

is,

el

vopi&is

on

ov%

v$e'et


60/116

44

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

sideration

gives

the

preference

to

the

subjunctive.

We

find

however

instances

of

the

future

where

the

subjunc-

tive cannot

be

used,

as

ov

pri

or'

K

TcovS'

eSpdvcov,

w

yepov,

aKovra

Tt?

dgei.

Soph.

Oed. Col.

177.


61/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

45

not

a

satisfactory

solution,

because

it

does

not account

for

the

subjective

JJLIJ.

Possibly,

it is

but an

interrogative

variety

of

the

former

idiom,

'

Is

there

no

chance

of

your

not

doing

?

'

i.e.

'

pray

don't

do.'

Or

thus,

'

Will

you

not

attend

to

the

command

fir]

TTOIIJO-TJS,

don't do

it?'

In

either

case,

the future

must be a

modification

of the

subjunctive,

from

the formula

being

regarded

as

a

simple

interrogative.

Where

the

participle

stands

for

the

verb

with

el,

^

is of

course

necessary.

So

/ca/eo?

av

irjv

fj.rj

Sptav

(or

8pd


62/116

46

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

Svad\yr)To


63/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

47

Either ovBev

or TO

pySev

is used

in the

sense

of

nihili,

a

nobody

or a

mere

nothing.

Barely,

and

somewhat

inaccurately,

fj-qSev

is used

without

the

article,

where

strict

logic

requires

ovSev.

So

Ka-rn

fjirjBev

epêrai

stands

for eVt

TO

wSev

in

Soph.

El.

1000.

When

a relative

conveys

any

notion of

indefiniteness,

or

purpose,

cause,

or

condition,

/AT;,

and not ov is

used,

affecting

even

the

participle

(

Tro.

1166).

Thus

ecfrewyov

evda

fir]

oiJrof'yUT/v.

Oed. R.

79.

Ti?

e/jbov

a&\i(t)Tepo

av

eirj,

ov

pr)

eêcrri

CUJTWV

TIVI,

Beêcrdai

;

Ib.

817.

Sometimes

(in

poetry

especially)

TO

^

stands

for

&5o-T6

firi,

'to

the

not

doing'

of

something being

re-

garded

as a result.

So

Agam.

552,

TO

/JLIJTTOT'

avdi?

fi.r)&'

ava


64/116


65/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

49

el

B' ov

TrapovcrTjs

ravrd

rev^ofiai

cre6ev,

Iph.

Aid.

995.

el

B'

ovtcer

should

be

read.

Or

if

a

participle

may

be

resolved

into

a

condition,

as

Philoct.

935,

aXX'

a>


66/116

50 THE GREEK

PARTICLES

the

fiij

is

wrongly

used,

and

the verse

is

probably

an

interpolation.

A

similar

anomaly

occurs

in

Eur.

Herod.

533,

fvprjfia

ovv

p,rjT

dtcova)

//??$'

opca

;

Them,.

19.

A

very

peculiar

use

of

firj

occurs

in

strong

assever-

ations which

assume the

form

of

an oath.

t


67/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

51

We

can

only say

that

this

is

an idiom

;

it

is

hard

to

explain

it on

any

logical

principle.

From

ov&ev

aXXo

77,

nihil

a.Uv.d

quam

(an

accusative

of

the

object),

an adverbial

formula dXX'

77, pro.-

i,

came

into

use.

Thus

in Pers.

211,

6

'

oi)8ev

aXXo

y

77

the

full

sense

would

be

ovSev

aXXo

eVo/et

?;

-rrapel\e.

In

Ran.

227,

ov&v

yap

ear'

dXX'

^

oa^

we

clearly

trace the transition of

a\\o

to

a\Xa.

Similarly

in Pac.

475,

(reading

aXX',

not

aXX'

;

)

ovS'

otiBe

7'

elX/cov

ov&ev

apyelot

TraXat

aXX'

rj

KareyeXwv

rwv

ra\anrwpovfiiv(av,

the

word elX/cov is used

Trapa

Trpoa-SoKiav

for

CTTOIOVV,

'

they

have

been

doing

nothing

but

(else

than)

laughing.'

Hence

in

negative

sentences ovSev

aXX'

^,

OVK

aXX'

r),

became

very

common,

especially

in

Plato.

TO re

\OITTOV

/J,7)8eTepov


68/116

52

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

The

phrase

ov

yap

d\\d is

also

elliptical.

K\voifjC

av'

ov

jap

d\\a

Bel

oovvai

//.epo?.

Eur.

Suppl.

570.

r]

crKMTrre

p ,

wSeXfi,

ov

jap

aXX'

'

for

indeed I

am

hard

up,'

lit.

'

for

it

is not but

that,'

&c.

Ar.

Ban.

58.

ovv.

The

simplest

meaning

of this

particle

is

'

therefore.'

%vfji,(3ov\ov

ovv

/A 7rf)\de6Spa

ftev

ovv,

&c.

But it

is

equally

common

in

the sense

of

'

nay

rather,'

imo

potius.

AI.

rj

fj,rj


69/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

5:',

w

A^xe

pov

7rpo


70/116

54

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

v ovv

evoiS'

tceSvwv

Kan

irpayfjidruiv

av

rjOe\ov

7V&X7TO?

yeveaffat

-

7T/J09

Sfcrcre/3eui9

8' rV

e'ioi

roS'

eV

roiovSe

7Tpay/J,a

/AT)

KapavaxraL

^(OKpdrtj

&iaepeiv

Ttvl

TWV

TroXXwv

avOpunrwv.

Plat.

ApoL

p.

34,

E.

a\\

J

ovv

evvoLa

7'

av8w.

'

Well,

at

all

events

it is from

kindness that I

tell

you/

&c.

Soph.

jK.

233.

ovi/

e7rt(7Tft)

7'

ol

yu,'

artyttta?

ayeis.

Ibid. 1035.

out/

irpo^vvcrr]^

ye

TOVTO

Tovpyov,

Kpv(j)rj

8e

KpvTrre.

Ant.

84.

viz.

ere

OVKOVV

Trpos

ye

cr??

airearrovv

'

at least

I

did not

on a former

occasion

hold

aloof

from

your

view.'

Ibid.

993.

a\V ovv

e\eyo/Jicrd'

,

r]

(part?

8'

ou

ynot

Tritcpd,

Eur.

/wi,

1325.


71/116

AND TIIEIR

COMBINATIONS.

55

OVKOVV

TTOT etc

TOVTOIV

ye

pr)

OTCinyXMV

ert

oSonropijcreis.

Ocd.

Col.

848.

See

also

7Wrf.

651, 924,

Oed.

Tyr.

565,

1357.

OVKOVV

av

eK(f)vyoi

ye

T^

Prom.

526.

a'XX'

oiJi/

eyw

'v\at;a

rovro

7'

ap/cecrat.

4/.

535.

In

some

of

these,

and

many

similar

passages,

the

force

of

76

seems

to

have

escaped

the

notice of editors.

The use

of

yovv

is more obvious.

a\V

el TO,

0vr]Tct)v

^111

KO,Taicrxyvecr&

en

yeveffXa,

rr,v

yovv

Trdirra

ftocrfcovcrav

\bya

aiSeiaP

avatcTOs

77X101*.

Oed.

R.

1424.

el

Kal

Tupavvels,

e^icrcareov

TO

yovv

i(T

dvTi\%ai.

Ibid. 408.

o~v

%aipe.

J

ovv

Phoen. 618.

The

particles

S

1

ovv

are

very

often

used

(a)

to

express

defiance,

mostly

with the

pronoun

of

the second

and third

person.

o

8'

ovv

TTOieLTO)' TrdvTd

TrpocrSoKrjTd

fioi.

'

Then let

him

do

it

There is

nothing

that

I

may

not

expect

to

happen

to

me.'

Aesch.

Prom.

956.

o

ovv

/oo)VTCt)V

aa

ra

Ar.

Aeh.

186.


72/116

56

THE GREEK PARTICLES

ol

&

:

ovv

&PCOVTCOV

o

T4

/3oii\ovTai.

Lysist.

491.

8

ovv

trco,

/eel

^prf

jj,e

TravTeXw?

daveiv.

Oed.

Tyr.

669.

01

8'

ovv

r

ye\(i)VTO)v

KaTTt^aipovrwv

Karcoi$.

Aj.

961.

f)

6

ovv

edaOw

KCL\

TropeveaOa)

crTeyas.

Track.

329.

av

S'

ovv

Xey',

ei

aoi r&)

Xo^/w

rt9

rj&ovij.

Soph.

El. 891.

av

8'

oi;^,

eireiS?}

reptyis

r/Se

crot

TO

Spdv,

XP

x

ei

pt-

A

i-

114

-

Q-J)

8'

ovv

a/cove

rovpyov.

Track.

1157.

av

8'

ovv

Blwfce Kal

TTOVOV

7r\eov ri6ov.

Eum.

217.

(b)

With

el

or

^y

a

barely possible

contingeDcy

is

expressed,

'

but

if

he should

do

so-and-so,

then,'

&c.

This

idiom

also,

though

in

fact

common,

seems

but

little

understood.

el

S'

ovv

avdjKij

r^aS*

eTrippeiroi ry^?,

Aesch.

Ag.

1009.

el 8' ovv n

KaKTpeTTono

rov

irpoaOev

\6yov,

'or,

if

he

should,

deviate at

all

from his

former

statement,'

&c.

Oed.

Tyr.

851.

64

S'

ovv,

(pi\et

jap

TOVTO

fir]

ravTrj

peTteiv.

Antig.

722,

where

fir) o-oo?

fyvaet,

Ti?

earl

is to

be

supplied.


73/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

57

el

TOI

8oKe?

IJOL,

xpijv

fiev

ov

d

dfiaprdveiv'

1

B'

OVV,

7T10OV

flOi,

'

but

if

you

did

go

wrong/

&c.

Hip-pol.

507.

el

8'

ovv,

fpoo

yap

KOI TO

o~ov,

iceivov

0e\a>v

eTT(i)(f)e\r)


74/116

58

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

Both

OVKOVV

and

OVKOVV

occur,

where the

accented

syllable

alone has its

force.

In

all

cases

however

OVK

ovv should be taken

separately,

and

the

meaning

deter-

mined

by

the addition

or

absence

of the

interrogation.

With

wairep

the

particle

means

'

as in

fact.'

TO

/j,r]

7r6\iv

pev,

wcnrep

ovv

eêt,

TraOelv,

'

to

prevent

the

city

from

suffering

as

it has

suffered.'

Agam.

1142.

Kal

/Jirjv

Ti

(3v,

Teu/epc,

roOSe croc

yu,e\ew

'

dvrjp

tcelvos,

oxnrep

ovv

/j,\ei,

Aj.

990.

wcnrep

ovv aTrooXero

;

Cho.

88.

With

alternatives

expressed

by

eire

eire,

or

excluded

by

ovre

and

pyre,

we

find ovv

added to

one or

both

clauses

according

as

a

special

emphasis

is

conveyed.

en-

oveiprwv

'

whether

they

are

indeed

true,

or

whether &c.'

Agam.

474.

elV ovv

davovros

e'/re

Kal

coi>ro9

Trept

Hid.

816.

en-'

ovv

KO/jLiêiv

86â vitcrjcret


75/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS. 59

OUT'

ev

deaicri

vrpo?

Oewv

o

ovr ovv

/Sporeioi?

e/i


76/116

60 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

a(f)(a

6' ovv

dpSifJuai

fj,rj

TTOT'

dvrfjcrai

KCIKWV.

Ibid.

1444.

See

also

Ibid.

980,

985

;

Ant.

771,

925.

In

Heracl.

202,

/cat

yap

ovv means

'

for,

of

course.'

With

a

wish

or

prayer

ovv

adds

particular

point

to

the

neative.

p,rj

ri

TTOT ovv

t]v

en.

Orest.

1147.

firj

ri TTOT'

ei?

(ovv ?)

e/j,av

TTO^IV

licoiff

6

irals.

Ion 719.

Added to relatives

and

relative

particles,

ovv

gives

the

sense of

indefiniteness,

as

oario-ovv,

OTLOVV,

oirwcrovv.

Plato,

Symp.

p.

210, B,

TO

/cctXXo9

TO

eVl

oryovv

o-(a/j,art,

rw

67rt

erepy

crco/jLart

u86\(j)6v

ecm,

'

the

beauty

in

any

(one) body

is

akin

to

that

in

any

other.'

This

particle,

except

in the

epic,

is seldom

used

alone.

Eur.

Ale.

2,

#eo?

irep

wv,

'

though

a

god,'

and

Aesch.

Theb.

1041,

yvvyj

irep

ovo-a,

'

though

a

woman,'

and

Agam.

1547,

rdSe

pev

o-repyeiv

Suo-TrX^Ta

irep

OVT

are

among

the few

examples

from

tragedy.

Similarly

Cho.

495,

ovrca

yap

ov

TkQvY]Ka^,

ovSe

Trep

Oavcov.


77/116

AND T1IEIR COMBINATIONS.

61

More common

is

KaiTrep

with

a

participle,

sometimes

separated,

as

p,(av

Kal

6eos

irep

Ipepw

TreTrXT/y/zepo?

;

i.e.

Kaiirep

#eo?

&v.

Ag.

117-1-.

d

iKvovpat

KOI

yvvij

Trep

ov.

Eur.

Orest.

680.

Very

rarely

Ka'nrep

is

used

with a

finite

verb,

as

in

Find.

Nem.

iv.

35,

e/i7ra,

Kaiirep

e%,

and

Plat.

Symp.,

p.

219, C,

icaiirep

e/cetvo

ye

W/ZT/I/

rt

elvai,

where

KO.LTOI

should

doubtless

be

restored.

eiTrep,

siquidem,

is

nearer

to our

'

since

'

than to

'

if,'

though

it

may

sometimes

be

rendered

'if,

as

is

the

case,'

e.g.

eiirep eipyaa-rai

rd8e,

'if,

as we

assume,

he

has done

this.'

Aj.

22.

It is followed

by

76

in

assent,

as

y

air

a/3%?? 7rpyfj,aTOs

KOIVWVOS

rjv.

Aesch.

Suj)pl.

338.

7'

^Opearov

acofia

/3a

roSe.

Soph.

El.

1216.

More

often

a word

intervenes,

as

KO.V

TO?

e/zoi?

ap

,

eiTrtp

ev

ye

Tocrt

rot?.

Aesch.

Cho.

215.

va,

TZKVOV,

eiTrep

eri

7

Oed. Col.

27.

eirrep

TL

7'

earl

ri}


78/116

02 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

7r


79/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

63

vofilôvar'

oixnrep

av

Travis

credev.

Eur. Med.

1153.

Where

perhaps

the

sense

is not

ova-rivas

av

but

ov(nrep

vofjiiôi

av,

'

the

very

same

whom

he

would

regard

as

his friends.'

The

correction

of Dobree

in

Soph.

El.

691,

a6tC

aTrep

vopifrTai

for

irevrdedX'

a

vofiiêrai, though generally

adopted,

seems

inadmissible, and

the

passage

is

more

probably

an

interpolation.

TTOV

and

TTCDJ

enclitic,

and

TTW?

and

OTTO)?.

The

two

latter,

'

somehow,'

'

somewhere,'

or

'

per-

chance,'

as ei

7r&>5,

r)

TTOV,

and

TTJU with a

negative

only

(in

the

earlier

Attic),

nondum,

as distinct from

ovtceri,

iam

non,

'no

longer,'

are

simple

in

their

uses,

and

require

no

special

illustration.

But

TTW?

and

oTrto?,

besides their

uses

in

asking

a

direct

or

(as

in

Nut.

690)

a

repeated

question

and

in

expressing

indirectly

means

how

and

purpose,

with

the

future,

subjunctive,

or

optative,

have

several

other

idiomatic

meanings.

As

Troi

or TTOV

7/79

often

occurs,

so we find

TT&J?

vfj,vetas

eêis,

'

how

are

they

disposed

towards

you

?

'


80/116

64

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

Similarly

OTTW?

TTO&WV,

6Vo)9

ra^ov?,

'

with all

speed,'

Aesch.

Suppl. 816,

Plat.

Gorg.

p.

507,

D,

where

there

is

an

ellipse

of

e^et,

or

some

tense

of

it.

A

wish is often

expressed

by

TTW?

av

with

the

optative,

'

how

could

I

do

it

?

'

meaning

virtually

'

I

should be

lad if I could do it.'

av

Bpocrepas

aVo

KaOapwv

v8d,Ta>v

TTCO/X'

a

'

that

from a

dewy

spring

I

could take a

draught

of clear

water

'

Hippol.

208.

w

ZeO,

7r&)9

av

TOV

aifMV\cararov

oXecrcra9

Odvoipi; Aj.

387.

7r


81/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS. 65

where the

sense

is

OVTIS

eartv

ov

t

or

OVK

ea-riv

ovriva,

&c.

We

find

oi>x

OTT&)?

in

the

sense

of

'

so

far

from/

as

v%

OTTCO?

ae

fravcrofiev.

Soph.

El

796.

TtuvSe Se

ov^

O7T&)?

/cwXurat

e\6pwv

OVTOJV

yevr

d\\a Ka\

BvvafAiv

7rpoa\a/3eiv

jrepiorfyecrde.

Thuc. i.

35.

With

the

ellipse

of

a-KOTret

we not

unfrequently

find

with

a

future

in

the

sense

of

cura

ut,

or

ccuve Tie.

firj

cravTov

ot/criet?

Trore. Aesch.

Prom.

68.

vs

8'

OTTW?

/^^

TTCV^O?

etVot'uet

So^tot?.

Eur.

^w?cA.

367.

Trapecret

poi

KOI

av

rea

ra

Ar.

^r.

131.

A

usage

more

difficult to

explain,

but

depending

probably

on

the attraction

and

assimilation of

moods

and

tenses,

is

the

occurrence

of

O7r&>9

and other

particles

of

purpose,

to?

or

'iva,

in

the sense

'

in which

case

it

would

have

been,'

or

'

that

so it

might

have been.'

TI

S?}T'

e/iol

ffiv

/cepSo?,

a\V

OVK

e'f

rjV rrjcrS'

CLTTO

(TTVv

irdvTwv

TTOVCOV

'

why

do

I

not

throw

myself

at once from

this

rocky

crag,

that

so I

may

be

rid

of

all

my

troubles ?

'

Aesch. Prom. 766.

F


82/116

66

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

wvqv

evpov,

d

ovcra

,u

'

for

then

I

should

not

have

been

agitated

by

two

thoughts.'

Oho.

187.

e3ov\6fj,r)v

fj,ev

erepov

av

rwv

rjdd

Xeyeiv

ra

/3e\Ti


83/116

AND

THEIR COMBINATIONS.

67

TTOV

%pr)

rldea-Oai

ravra,

TTOV

S'

alveiv,

orav

evpco

KCIKOV


84/116

R8

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES


85/116

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

69

ov

Tav

eXoWe? avdi


86/116


87/116

AND

THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

71

I8p(i)

ye

TO/

viv

TTCLV

KaTacrrd^et

Se/za?.

Phil.

823.

aXX'

eu

ye

rot

roS

:

ropa$

ye

rot

(f>66vrjcn


88/116

72

THE

GREEK

PARTICLES

a>9

S6\oicri

Med.

783.

eV

avrofyatpw

Trpecrfivv

o>9

e^ov#'

e\ot,

viz.

TO


89/116

AND THEIR

COMBINATIONS.

73

el

Trdvra

8'

o>9

Trpdffa-oifM

av,

eiiOapa-rjs

ey(o.

Agam.

903.

(/)

o>9

often

signifies

'when'

in the

sense

of

eVe/,

and

very

often

'

since.'

(f)dayav

J

rj

f3po%ov Seprj,

o>9

Set \iirelv

ere

(iyos.

Orest.

953.

o>9 Se

airrols

7T/J09

eu^u9

rjvrofjLoXtja-av.

Thuc. iii

77.

In

this

sense of

'

when

'

OTTO)

9

also is used

in

Antig.

253, 407,

Track.

917.

(#)

Both

0)9

ai>

and

OTTO)?

av

with

the

subjunctive

mean

'

accordin

as.'

o>9

av

7rotj;9

and

O7ro>9

are

used

as

the

Romans use

quam

maxime,

&c.

fuUvet

9

a\7


90/116

74 THE

GREEK

PARTICLES.

(i)

With

genitive

absolute,

w?


91/116

I

X D

E

X.

PAGE

dAAi saltern

1,2

ou

yap

dXAd

3,

52

OVK dAA

T)

51

in

expostulation

2

oXAo

yap,

oAA.' ou

yap

2,

51

d\\'

ij

29

oAAa

p-fiv

40

aAA' ou5e

uTJy

40

aA\'

ou

yap

51

d\X'

o?r

yt

54-5

oAA' o?y 54-5

&v

with

relative

and

subjunctive

.

3

inseparable

from

relative word

3,

4

with

optative expressing

condition

and

result

......

4

no

Latin

nor

English

equivalent

.

,

4

expresses

differently

would,

should,

and

shall,

will ....

5

with

past

indicative,

would

have

5

does

not

in itself

govern

subjunctive

5

position

after

emphatic

word,

and

early

in

a

sentence ...

6

repeated

6

separated

from relative word

by

ptv,

8,

yap

6

expresses

frequent

occurrence

in

past

time

7

with

infinitive

or

participle

7.

*

with

optative

and

relative

in indirect

past

narrative

.... 9

with

fl

hardly

in use

9


92/116

76

INDEX.

PACK

&

v

rarely

used

with

future

9

with

pluperfect

10

with

els and

forces

10

naturally

adheres

to

ftirus

H

with

optative

expressing

command

11

with

optative

expressing

wish

,64

consopitum

.,....,.,, 34

pa,

root

of

,

11

primary

meaning

.

H

cipa,

Sp'

ov

12

Spa

^

12

after

tl,

fy,

&y

12

with

imperfect,

ty

&pa,

&c

13

e/ieAAoy

ctpa

13

apa

in

strong

affirmation

14

&pa

with

ty

fi-fj

14

ye

used

in

irony

14

assent

15

emphasis

15

'at

least'

15,

18

with

'6s

and

SCTTIS,

quippe

qui

15

with

jj.ev

lighter

than

fj.ev

yap

16

following

p.'f]

in

expostulation

16

follows

8e

17

follows

el

and

tirei

18

ye

ju?)j/

tamen

36

never

a

mere

supplement

18

ye

fiLfv

8^

37

7

ntvroi

37

yovv

55

ye TOI,

ye

roi

8^

70

tie in

apodosis

35

in

questions

35

STJ

strong

form

of

8e

18

St, $t

18

8^

8e

19

Sijirou

27


93/116

INDEX.

77

PACK

81)

r6rt,

Hy-roTf

19

with

relatives,

is

8^,

&c

19

with

superlatives

20

with

ToAAi

20

with

imperatives,

&yt

Sri,

&c

21

with

finite verbs

21

after

KOI,

in

assumption

21

after

icai,

in

other senses

22

with

y,

in

irony

23

t

with

special emphasis

on

person

69

SriOer,

8i)0e

27-7

STjra,

with a

word

repeated

25

with

Koi

preceding

25

with

od in

indignant

denial

25-6

8'

o3r

55,

57

iral,

Kal fl

31

ou

48

8'

ovv

56

efxcp,

siquidem

61

efrep

yf

61

tlrus

63

C'TCI

rot Kal

69

3

STJ

27

if

TOU,

STJTOU

27,

63

^

Sijra

28

3

iroAAck,

^

itipra

28-9

3

-yip

29-30

3

frwfy

30

^

pn'r

38,

39

r)f

8' oSr

56-7

Tvo**r

10

TKO,

'

in

which

case,'

&c

65,

6

teat

tir,

KO.V

34

nal

re,

re icai

30

Kai

yap

32


94/116

78

INDEX.

PAGE

Kal

yap

o$i>

60

Kal 5e

32

ml

94

21-3

Kal

7TWS,

Kal

TIJ,

&C

33

Kal

5r)

8e5eyfj.cu

66

teal

el

31-2

Kal

Srj

Kal

24

Kal

vvv

34

Kal

/j.j)i> yf

36

Kal

/uijV

39,

40

Ka'nrfp

not used

with

finite verb

61

Katroi

ye

68

jueV

not

always

followed

by

8e

35

fj.ev

olv

in

assent

52

'

nay

ratlier

'

52

fiivroi

68

U.-TIV,

'

but

'

35

with

ye,

ov

^rjv 76

36-7

^7;',

how

different

from

ov

41

with indefinite

relatives

41

with

relatives

of

purpose,

&c

47

with &a rf

41

^

ov

43

/AT/

with

participle

=

el

^

45

fn.^1

ov

with

Se'Soi/cet

implied

46

ftyfiev

for

ri)

jUTjSej/

47

JUT/

in

direct

questions

47

indirect

questions

48

with

indie,

after

Se'Souca

48

JUT;

with

participle

representing

infinitive

49

implying

condition

49

JUT;

with

participle

and

preceding

imperative

49

U.-/I,

anomalous

uses of

49,

50

with

deliberate

subjunctive

50

/HTJ

in

strong

asseveration

with

fut.

indie

50

f.iri

yap

oiiv

60

JUT)

Tt

WOT'

60

IJL&V,

/J.TJ

ovv

num

48


95/116


96/116

80

INDEX.

PAGE

TTpWTOV

fJLV

tireiTO. 35

7TWS 63

ircDs

&V expressing

wish

64

irias

KCL\,

Kai

TTOJS

33

Subjunctive

always

future

3

o-ir 5' ofo

56

re

with

iy,

ofos &c

31

ri

Srj

24

rb

ju?f

&ffre

p-fi

47

TOI,

primary meaning

of

67

=

epic

re

67

in

sententious remarks

68

with

Kal

and

fj.tv

68

in

crasis,

r&pa.

and

rUv

68

with

tiret

and

ita.1

69

in

calling

special

attention

69

rolyap, Toiyapovv,

-rolvvv

70

with

^

in

alternatives

70

TOI

8rf

70

us,

various

uses

of

71

&s,

sic

72

Strirep

oSi/

58

u5

63

ws,

'

in

which

case

'

&c

65

us &/

'

according

as

'

73

THE

END.

LONDON

:

R.

CLAY, SON6,

AND

TAYLOR,

BREAD

STREET

BILL,

B.C.


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Documents

A short treatise on the greek particles and their combinations