A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species of the ......A regional Red List of montane tree species of the tropical Andes: Trees at the top of the world 4 FOREWORD The IUCN Red List

A Regional Red List of

Montane Tree Species of the Tropical Andes:

Trees at the top of the world

N. Tejedor Garavito, E. Álvarez Dávila, S. Arango Caro, A. Araujo Murakami, S. Baldeón, H. Beltrán, C. Blundo, T.E. Boza Espinoza, A. Fuentes Claros, J. Gaviria, N. Gutiérrez, S. Khela, B. León, M.A. La Torre Cuadros,

R. López Camacho, L. Malizia, B. Millán, M. Moraes R., A.C. Newton, S. Pacheco, C. Reynel, C. Ulloa Ulloa, O. Vacas Cruz

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilizebotanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for thewell-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat forthe IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and theworld’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conservethreatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions thatare sustainable, are based on sound science and take account ofhuman needs.

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is undertaken through apartnership between FFI and BGCI, working with a wide range of otherorganizations around the world, to save the world’s most threatened treesand the habitats in which they grow through the provision of information,delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP forms partof the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 volunteersworking to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. SSC is thelargest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The World ConservationUnion. It serves as the main source of advice to the Union and itsmembers on the technical aspects of species conservation. The aimsof the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group are to promote andimplement global red listing for trees and to act in an advisory capacityto the Global Trees Campaign.

BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY, Located on the south coast ofEngland, Bournemouth University is home to some 18,000 students and2,000 staff. Research and teaching activities are divided among fiveacademic Schools. Within the Faculty of Science and Engineering,members of the Conservation Ecology and Environmental SciencesGroup conduct research throughout the world into human impacts on theenvironment, biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration, amongother themes.

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© 2014 Botanic Gardens Conservation International

ISBN: 978-1-905164-60-8

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AUTHORSNatalia Tejedor Garavito Department of Life & EnvironmentalSciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, BournemouthUniversity, UK Esteban Álvarez Dávila Jardín Botánico de Medellín, ColombiaSandra Arango Caro Science & Conservation Division,Missouri Botanical Garden, USAAlejandro Araujo Murakami Herbario del Oriente Boliviano,Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz,BoliviaSevero Baldeón Herbario San Marcos- Museo de HistoriaNatural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, PeruHamilton Beltrán Herbario San Marcos- Museo de HistoriaNatural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, PeruCecilia Blundo Fundación ProYungas, ArgentinaTatiana Erika Boza Espinoza Missouri Botanical Garden, USAAlfredo Fuentes Claros Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, BoliviaJuan Gaviria Universidad de los Andes, VenezuelaNéstor Gutiérrez Universidad de los Andes, VenezuelaSonia Khela Global Tree Specialist Group/ BGCI, UKBlanca León Plant Resources Center, University of Texas atAustin, USAMaria De Los Angeles La Torre Cuadros Centro Mundial dela Agroforestería (ICRAF) and Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, PerúRené López Camacho Universidad Distrital, ColombiaLucio Malizia Fundación ProYungas, ArgentinaBetty Millán Museo de Historia Natural de la UniversidadNacional Mayor de San Marcos, PerúMónica Moraes R. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, BoliviaAdrian C. Newton Department of Life & EnvironmentalSciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, BournemouthUniversity, UKSilvia Pacheco Fundación ProYungas, ArgentinaCarlos Reynel Universidad Nacional Agraria - La Molina, PerúCarmen Ulloa Ulloa Science & Conservation Division, MissouriBotanical Garden, USAOmar Vacas Cruz Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuadorand Herbario QCA, Ecuador

The opinion of the individual authors does not necessarily reflect theopinion of either the editors or BGCI.

The authors and BGCI take no responsibility for anymisrepresentation of material from translation of this documentinto any other language.

COVER PHOTOSFront cover: Natalia Tejedor GaravitoBack cover: Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Yanacocha, EcuadorDESIGNJohn Morgan, Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk

Printed on 80% recycled, 20% FSC certified paper.


Montane Tree Species of the Tropical Andes:

Trees at the top of the world

N. Tejedor Garavito, E. Álvarez Dávila, S. Arango Caro, A. Araujo Murakami,S. Baldeón, H. Beltrán, C. Blundo, T.E. Boza Espinoza, A. Fuentes Claros,

J. Gaviria, N. Gutiérrez, S. Khela, B. León, M.A. La Torre Cuadros, R. López Camacho, L. Malizia, B. Millán, M. Moraes R., A.C. Newton,

S. Pacheco, C. Reynel, C. Ulloa Ulloa, O. Vacas Cruz

Acknowledgements 3

Foreword 4

Introduction 5

Information Collection for Conservation Assessment 5

Results of the Evaluation 7

Conservation and Research Priorities 8

References 10

GLOBALLY THREATENED AND NEAR THREATENED SPECIES 12

Species evaluated as Data Deficient 42

Species evaluated as Least Concern 44

References 48

ANNEX 1IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1) 53

A regional Red List of montane tree species of the tropical Andes: Trees at the top of the world

2

CONTENTS

Sangay National Park, Ecuador (Flora of the World ©)

Tapichalaca, Ecuador (Carmen Ulloa Ulloa)

The people involved who did notparticipate directly as co-authors butassisted in the process are: Arturo Mora,Hugo Navarrete, Peter Jørgensen, CarolinaGranados Mendoza, Marie StephanieSamain, Maria Isabel La Torre Acuy, JoseCampos de la Cruz, Mario BenaventePalacios Marisa Cristina Ocrospoma Jara,Julio Bernal and Martin Timaná de la Flor.Eduardo Rudas and Orlando Rivera Ruiz,from the Universidad Nacional deColombia, provided georeferenced data forspecies occurring in Colombia and thecurrent National Red List classification forthe endemic species.

Support from Missouri Botanical Gardenis gratefully acknowledged.

We are sincerely grateful for the generousfinancial support for the PhD study,workshops and publication of this reportprovided by Foundation Franklinia.

OV Omar VacasEA Esteban Álvarez RLC René López CamachoHB Hamilton BeltránSB Severo BaldeonMATC María de los Ángeles

La Torre CuadrosCR Carlos ReynelMM Mónica Moraes R.AAM Alejandro Araujo MurakamiAF Alfredo FuentesJG Juan GaviriaNG Néstor GutiérrezLM Lucio MaliziaCB Cecilia BlundoSP Silvia PachecoIJ Iván JiménezAT Adrian TejedorTEBE Tatiana Erika Bosa

Espinosa

LIST OF REVIEWERSCarmen Ulloa Ulloa Blanca LeónSandra ArangoEsteban ÁlvarezTatiana Erika Bosa EspinosaLucio MaliziaOmar VacasAlfredo FuentesSara Oldfield

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The primary research and datacollection and analysis wasconducted by Natalia Tejedor

Garavito as part of her PhD thesis at theUniversity of Bournemouth. This PhD studywas supervised by Professor AdrianNewton and Sara Oldfield, Co-Chairs ofthe IUCN/SSC Global Tree SpecialistGroup and Dr Duncan Golicher. SoniaKhela, BGCI Conservation Officer andmember of the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group carried out additionalbackground research to assist with reviewof the species Red List assessments. TheGIS work was carried out by Natalia for thepublication and Sonia assisted with thenumerical analysis for this report.

Many experts from South Americancountries have contributed informationand/or undertaken the assessments forthis regional evaluation and theircontributions are gratefully acknowledged.

LIST OF ASSESSORS

second in a process to evaluate theconservation status and impact of climatechange on the world’s montane treespecies - trees at the “Top of the World”.In this way it complements and builds onthe Red List of Mexican Cloud ForestTrees published in 2011. We aim toensure that all the information included inthe tree Red List reports is incorporatedinto the online IUCN Red List. In order forthis to happen for the Andean treessupplementary information may berequired and we will be most grateful forany feedback on the assessmentsincluded in this report. Thank you.

In the meantime our aim is also tostimulate conservation action for treespecies that are under threat. BGCI willwork with botanic gardens to enhance exsitu conservation for globally threatenedtree species of the Andes whereappropriate and to promote ecologicalrestoration. The Global Tree SpecialistGroup will make information available forin situ planning and will promotesustainable use for local livelihoodsworking for example through the GlobalTrees Campaign.

The need for effective conservationassessments of tree species around theworld remains an urgent priority. TheGlobal Tree Specialist Group will continuein its aims of completing a Global TreeAssessment by 2020 and welcomescollaboration with all interested parties.

Sara Oldfield Chair of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree

Specialist Group

Andean montane forests are a majorglobal conservation priority owingto their biological richness and high

level of species endemism. Botanically theAndes are very rich in species but theyremain relatively unstudied. In commonwith montane forests elsewhere in theworld, Andean forests are of great value forthe provision of ecosystem services relatingto water supply, regulation of regionalclimate and the capture and storage ofcarbon. The forests and their componentspecies are however under threat.

This report summarises informationdrawn from a wide variety of sources toprovide a regional Red List of trees ofAndean tropical montane forests. Thespecies evaluation process has drawn onpublished national red lists of threatenedspecies, botanical literature, specimendatabases, forestry information andexpert knowledge. The outcome reflectsthe diligence of Natalia Tejedor Garavitoin carrying out her PhD thesis and herability to network with an extremelysupportive network of botanists who careabout the flora of the Andes.


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FOREWORD

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteriahave been used for the evaluation and acomponent of Natalia’s PhD study hasbeen to evaluate their use for species withlimited and dispersed data. Understandingthe geographical distribution of the speciesis very important in conservationassessment. The maps produced for thisstudy are a valuable starting point for theRed Listing and a baseline for monitoringimpacts of climate change.

In this assessment 70 species arerecorded as globally threatened basedon the IUCN Red List of Categories andCriteria out of 127 tree speciesevaluated. In addition 165 nationalendemic trees of the region havepreviously been evaluated as globallythreatened based on the same IUCNprocess. In total therefore 235 treespecies are currently considered to bethreatened with extinction within theAndean montane forests.

This Red List report is the ninth in a seriesproduced by the IUCN/SSC Global TreeSpecialist Group since 2003. It is the

Pugyopamba, Ecuador (Carmen Ulloa Ulloa)

5


This Red List of the tree species ofthe montane forests of the tropicalAndes forms part of an ongoing

research project to assess theconservation status and impact of climatechange on the world’s montane treespecies - trees at the “Top of the World”.The scope of this report is the tropicalAndes in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia,Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

Andean montane forests are currently amajor global conservation priority owing totheir biological richness and high level ofendemism (Bush et al. 2007; Olson andDinerstein 1997). These forests are of highvalue for the provision of ecosystemservices related to water, the regulation ofregional climate and the capture andstorage of carbon (Cuesta et al. 2009);they are also amongst the least knownecosystems in the tropics (Ataroff andRada 2000; Bubb et al. 2004; Gentry1995; Kessler 2000; Stadtmüller 1986).Andean montane forests are consideredto be highly threatened by the continuingrates of deforestation, fragmentation,degradation (Cabrera and Ramírez 2007;

Tejedor Garavito et al. 2012) and thepotentially considerable impacts of climatechange (Cuesta et al. 2009; Herzog et al.2011; Urrutia and Vuille 2009).

The Andean geographical region is unique,with 133 different types of ecosystem(Josse et al. 2009a, 2009b), and highhabitat diversity, due to broad altitudinaland latitudinal gradients (Josse et al.2003). In this report we focus mainly ontree species associated with moist, uppermontane or cloud forests. Our definition ofmontane forest includes cloud forest(Northern Andean forests, Yungas forestsand Bolivia-Tucuman forests) andseasonal (wet) forest above 1500 m a.s.l.,with temperatures between 6-18°C andyearly mean precipitation above 1000 mm,(as described by Josse et al. 2009a,2009b). An altitudinal minimum thresholdof 1500 m a.s.l. was chosen as this is thealtitude at which the species compositiontypically changes, as lowland or lowermontane tree species are displaced by afloristically different assemblage of uppermontane species (Josse et al. 2009a).However, some species associated with

other types of vegetation, such asseasonal (moist) forests, have beenincluded in the assessment, because thereare areas where species occur in morethan one vegetation type, as in the overlapbetween xerophitic and seasonalvegetation, and between seasonal andcloud forest vegetation. Trees are definedhere as upright woody plants with adominant above-ground stem thatreaches a height of at least 3 m (Körner1998), including palms and woody ferns.

National Red List assessments havebeen undertaken in Bolivia (Meneses andBeck 2005), Colombia (Calderón et al.2002), Ecuador (León-Yánez et al. 2011),Peru (León et al. 2006) and Venezuela(Llamozas et al. 2003). The objective inthis study is therefore to focus on speciesthat are shared by more than one countryto complement national efforts.

INFORMATION COLLECTION FORCONSERVATION ASSESSMENTOur Red Listing process was implementedthrough the following steps:

• compilation of a list of tree speciesoccurring within the montane forests ofthe region;

• compilation of spatial data indicatingthe geographical distribution of eachspecies;

• production of distribution maps foreach species, and use of these toestimate the extent of geographicalrange of each species, according tothe IUCN Red List guidelines;

• validation of the distribution mapsusing expert knowledge;

• preliminary Red List assessment ofeach taxon using the IUCN Red Listcategories and criteria, in collaborationwith experts within the region;

• review of the preliminary Red Listassessments by BGCI and final reviewby the regional experts.

INTRODUCTION

Yanacocha, Ecuador (Flora of the World ©)


6

ArcGIS v.10, and then critically examinedin order to exclude those points that wereincorrectly georeferenced. The databasewas used to identify those speciesoccurring exclusively above 1500 m a.s.l.by overlaying data on a Digital ElevationModel (DEM) obtained fromwww.worldclim.org, with a grid space of30 arc seconds (0.0083o or approximately1 km). Species with any records below thisthreshold were excluded from furtheranalysis and only species with records inmore than one country were kept. A totalof 1,663 distribution records wereobtained for these species (Figure 1). Thenumber of records per species variedamong species, with 79 species having≤10 unique records and four having > 50unique records (Figure 2). Distributionmaps of each taxon were then checked bythe regional network of specialists.

Figure 1. Georeferenced distribution ofthe species collections evaluated

Figure 2. Frequency distribution of the abundance of species records for the 127species evaluated under the RL categories and criteria.

Figure 3. EOO for the species Ceroxylonparvifrons. Light green polygon showsthe minimum convex polygon includingthe full extent of the distribution (EOO).Dark green polygon shows the EOOwithout unsuitable areas.

Early in the assessment process, aworkshop was held in Ecuador in May2010 involving specialists from Argentina,Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru andVenezuela. Based on the expertknowledge represented, a consolidated listof tree species in the Tropical Andes wasproduced. The development of this list was

supported by accessing data from a rangeof sources, including the Missouri BotanicalGardens database (www.tropicos.org),regional herbaria: Colombian NationalHerbarium (COL), Venezuelan NationalHerbarium (VEN), Bolivian NationalHerbarium (LPB), Herbarium of theUniversidad Pontificia Católica in Ecuador(QCA), San Marcos Herbarium of theUniversidad Nacional Mayor de SanMarcos, Peru (USM), regional floras andpersonal databases maintained by experts.The nomenclature was checked using ThePlant List (www.theplantlist.org, accessedMarch 2011), to identify synonyms andspecies considered taxonomicallyunresolved. The Angiosperm PhylogenyGroup III system (APG III 2009) was used toprovide consistency on the family names.

Geographical distribution data for all thetree species were then compiled. Thesources of this information included:personal records of the network of regionalspecialists involved in this assessment, theMissouri Botanical Garden database(www.tropicos.org), regional herbaria, andthe Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF: www.gbif.org, accessed November2010). A spatial database incorporatingthese distribution data was created in

5 100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65Number of records per species

Frequency

Country CR EN VU NT LC DD Subtotal NE Total

Ecuador 2 36 52 9 5 1 105 61 166

Peru 9 31 15 2 3 10 70 50 120

Colombia 4 5 5 2 1 0 17 60 77

Bolivia 5 1 1 7 94 101

Argentina 0 3 3

Venezuela 0 0

Total endemics 15 77 73 13 9 12 199 268 467

This regional assessment 1 42 27 20 29 8 127 0 127

Total Andes 16 119 100 33 38 20 326 268 594

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Three different range estimates werecalculated: extent of occurrence (EOO),EOO with unsuitable areas for the speciesexcluded and area of occupancy (AOO).Further details on the methodology aregiven in Tejedor Garavito (2014). Figure 3provides an example of EOO and EOOwith unsuitable areas excluded forCeroxylon parvifrons.

Conservation assessments wereconducted by Natalia Tejedor Garavito,using the IUCN Red List Categories andCriteria version 3.1 (IUCN 2001) and the IUCN Red List Guidelines Version 9.0 (IUCN Standards and PetitionsSubcommittee 2011); and in consultationwith the network of specialists, during asecond workshop in Lima, Peru in 2011.As required all the species were evaluatedusing all of the criteria and that the finalcategory allocated to the species was theone associated with the highest categoryof threat (IUCN 2001) and the lowest levelof uncertainty (See also Box 1).

RESULTS OF THE EVALUATIONIn this assessment, 127 tree specieswere evaluated using the IUCN Red Listcriteria, of which 70 species wereclassified within a threatened category

(Critically Endangered, Endangered andVulnerable). Over two thirds of the speciesevaluated are considered threatened ornear threatened globally (Table 1).

The distribution of the 127 species acrosscountries is shown in Figure 4. In this regionalassessment Ecuador was the country withmost species and Argentina the fewest(Figure 4). The most speciose family was

Table 1. Summary of results of thisregional Red List report

Table 2. Number of endemic tree species by country in the tropical Andes (Calderónet al. 2002; IUCN 2010; León-Yánez et al. 2011; León et al. 2006; Llamozas et al.2003; Meneses and Beck 2005) together with the results of this regional assessment.

Figure 4. Number of species per country that were evaluated using the RLcategories and criteria.

Ecuador0

20

40

60

80

100

Countries

Species per country

Peru Colombia Bolivia Venezuela Argentina

Conservation status Number ofspecies

Critically Endangered (CR) 1Endangered (EN) 42Vulnerable (VU) 27Near Threatened (NT) 20Least Concern (LC) 29Data Deficient (DD) 8Not Evaluated (NE) 0

Total 127

Melastomataceae as shown in Figure 5.Prior to this regional Red List report,199 endemic tree species have beenevaluated in national Red Listinginitiatives (Table 2). Taking intoconsideration these national evaluationsand the results of this regional report, atotal of 235 tree species have beenidentified as being under threat in thetropical Andes (Table 2).

Box 1. Uncertainty and use of expert opinion

Applying the Red List to plants and particularly to tree species has been recognized to have particular challenges, relating tothe lack of accurate information on their population size and distribution (Newton and Oldfield 2008; Nic Lughadha et al. 2005).The different types and sources of uncertainty more generally in relation to the Red List have been identified and discussedby various authors (e.g. Akçakaya et al. 2000; Mace el al. 2008; Newton 2010). The incompleteness of distribution data toassess the species has been identified as a major constraint to the conservation planning process in tropical regions (Cayuelaet al. 2009), and for carrying out conservation actions (Lavoie 2013). Although distribution data are increasingly being madeavailable through digitized biological databases such as GBIF and the Missouri Botanical Garden database, which providequantitative georeferenced species distribution data (Bachman et al. 2011; Beck et al. 2013), such data may not currentlyprovide an accurate estimate of the full or accurate distribution of a species (Hjarding et al. 2014). The georeferenced datafor the species used in this research, shown in Figure 1, illustrates gaps in the collection efforts, many of which are explicablein terms of the limited access to different locations (Feeley and Silman 2009). This lack of data in some species was relatedto their rarity and degree of habitat specialism, implying a restricted distribution (Feeley and Silman 2009) but may in somespecies have resulted in an underestimation of the species’ ranges (Feeley and Silman 2009; Knapp 2002).

Distribution data are typically the most abundant resource available to experts undertaking Red List assessments (Bachmanet al. 2011; Newton and Oldfield 2008). Therefore there is a tendency to rely on range (criteria B1 and B2) to list a species onthe Red List (Newton and Oldfield 2008). This also reflects the reliance on herbarium collection data for range estimations intree species, and in plant species more generally (Nic Lughadha et al. 2005). While range estimates based on herbariumspecimens are repeatable and objective, they only form part of what is required by a comprehensive Red List assessment (Riverset al. 2011). Expert judgment has been identified to be important in the Red Listing process (Hjarding et al. 2014), and it playeda significant role in this regional Red List. For example, the use of experts allowed the identification of specific threats to eachspecies, as well as validation of species distributions, especially when georeferenced data were lacking. The areas in whichthe experts had greater uncertainty were related to estimation of the AOO and EOO of those species that had relatively fewdistributional records. The current research supports the finding of Rivers et al. (2011), who suggested that there is a need forat least ten valid records in order to carry out a range estimate (90% accuracy) for use in a Red List assessment.

Perhaps the most significant area of uncertainty in the current assessment was the estimation of actual population size, asinventory data for the majority of tree species in the region is entirely lacking.

In contrast, 3,389 species of mammals,birds, reptiles and amphibians are presentin the region, 1,567 of these species wereidentified as endemic, and the majority ofthese species are listed on the IUCN RedList (www.iucnredlist.org, accessed May2010). Recent studies of birds, amphibiansand fish all indicate the importance of thisregion as a biodiversity hotspot both interms of the high species richness, highlevels of endemic species, and also thehigh levels of threat to biodiversity (Orme etal. 2005; Young et al. 2001, Anderson andMaldonado-Ocampo 2011).

Many threats have been identified that havecontributed to the loss and degradation ofthe Andean montane forests. A panel ofexperts from throughout the region,identified that livestock, deforestation forland use change to agriculture, logging andfragmentation are the major threats tothese forests (Tejedor Garavito et al. 2012).Recent research has also identified thatclimate change will potentially haveconsiderable impacts on these montaneforests (Feeley et al. 2011; Herzog et al.2011; Román-Cuesta et al. 2011; Tovar etal. 2013; Urrutia and Vuille 2009) (see also

CONSERVATION AND RESEARCHPRIORITIES FOR ANDEAN MONTANETREESThe tropical Andes is a centre of plantendemism (Kier et al. 2005; Morawetz andRaedig 2007; Myers et al. 2000).Assessments of biodiversity richness of thetropical Andes biodiversity hotspot,identified 45,000 plant species present,with 20,000 endemic (Brooks et al. 2002and Myers et al. 2000). However, only 78 of these species are listed as threatenedthe IUCN Red List at present(www.iucnredlist.org, accessed May 2010).


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Figure 5. The ten families with the largest number of species included in theassessment.

Melastomataceae

0

2

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Families

Num

ber of Species

Solanaceae

Cyatheaceae

Asteraceae

Rosaceae

Aquifliaceae

Rubiaceae

Lauraceae

Pentaphylacaceae

Araliaceae

Prim

ulaceae

Box 2. The impact of climate change on the plants of the tropical Andes

Predictive modelling of climate change is an important and cost-effective toolfor regional biodiversity assessments, biodiversity management andconservation planning (Elith et al. 2006). As part of her PhD project, NataliaTejedor Garavito has also assessed the extinction risk for tree species underprojected climate change of species in the tropical Andes (Tejedor Garavito2014). Using species distribution modelling and the climate change A2scenario, this study identified which species would be in a threatened category,based on the Red List Criterion A3 (population reduction). In addition theseresults can be analysed geographically to establish which areas shouldpotentially be targeted for conservation actions, because they are expected tohave a high density of threatened species as a result of climate change. Theresults showed that the areas with the largest number of threatened speciesresulting from climate change are found in Ecuador, south of Colombia andnorth of Peru (Figure 6).

Box 2). The species conservationassessments and identification of threats inthis Red List report should help to focusconservation planning and mitigatebiodiversity loss. It is important to reinforcethe role of existing protected areas,promote the creation of new protectedareas, and promote forest restoration andsustainable forest management morewidely (Tejedor Garavito et al. 2012).Furthermore, this Red List report can beused to assist land management policiesaimed at the conservation of biodiversity inproductive rural landscapes. Conservationof threatened tree species is a vitalcomponent in securing biodiversity andsustainable livelihoods in the Andes.

Figure 6. Area where most threatened species occur under climate changeScenario A2, based on their current distribution.


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Distribution maps are provided for all thethreatened species based on theregional map shown in Figure 7, whichshows the study area described in theintroduction and protected areas (89).

Figure 7. Study area showing forest andprotected area coverage.

ANACARDICEAE

Schinus meyeri F.A.BarkleyVU B2ab(iii) Argentina, Bolivia

A small tree, up to 6 m tall, found insemi-deciduous forest vegetation withPolylepis and Podocarpus spp. Thehabitat quality is declining and thisspecies is exploited for timber. At least19% of habitat is now unsuitable orfragmented. In Argentina, it is anunderstory tree in montane wettemperate “aliso-podocarpus” forest1600-1800 m in Salta, where it is notthought to be used for timber. It is alsofound in Los Toldos Valley in NWArgentina. It has a very limiteddistribution over an area of 1,200 km2. Elevation: 1,600 – 2,100 mAssessors: LM, CB, SP, MM, AAM, AFReference: 4

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia lehmannii Hieron.NT Colombia, Ecuador

This species has a wide altitudinal rangeand there are 10 recorded localities inColombia and Ecuador. The area ofsuitable habitat above 1500m isestimated to be 20,865 km2. In Ecuadorit is found in Azuay, Cotopaxi, Pichinchaand the coastal province El Oro from 0 –500 m so it is not restricted to theAndes. The species is affected by habitatloss due to conversion of forests tograsslands and suffered declines fromthe construction of the Guayaquil –Cuenca road in the early 1990s. Thewood is also used for ‘tumbados’(rooftops). A Near Threatened categoryis given due to its restricted range and isthreatened by increased habitatdestruction.Elevation: up to 3,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 2, 3, 23, 71


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GLOBALLY THREATENED AND NEAR THREATENED SPECIES

Schinus pearcei Engl.EN B2ab(iii) Bolivia, Peru

A tree 5-12 m tall only known to remain infragmented dry forest vegetation. Only tworecords are known from Bolivia. In Peru, itgrows in Apurimac, Cusco and Puno butindividuals are scarce. The estimated areaof forest is 14,329 km2 of which 12% isunsuitable habitat due to illegal mining andcollection of the wood for carpentry andfuelwood. The population/habitat isinferred to have declined by 30%according to deforestation rates. Thespecies is considered Endangered basedon its AOO which is estimated at 40 km2,using a 4km2 cell size.Elevation: 2,500 - 3,300 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 2, 26, 10

Ilex rimbachii Standl.NT Ecuador, Peru

A tree growing in wet montane forests.In Ecuador it occurs in Tungurahua,Zamora and Bolivar and in Peru inCajamarca and Pasco. The species isknown from only seven records and atleast three are in areas deforested foragriculture. It is rare in Ecuador with fewindividuals, although it is present inPodocarpus National Park. In Peru,although the records suggest a widerdistribution its distribution is disjunct. Thepopulation is estimated to be in declineas it is found in deforested areas. Thewood is used for tools and furniture. TheEOO is 340,000 km2 with an estimated55,245 km2 of suitable habitat. The NearThreatened category is assigned to thisspecies as much of its suitable habitat isbeing lost due to deforestation.Elevation: 2,000 - 3,000m Assessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex colombiana Cuatrec.EN B2ab(iii,v)Colombia, Ecuador

An evergreen shrub known from fourcollections in Colombia in Cauca(Belalcazar) and the páramo region ofSanto Domingo up to 3,600 m inMojarro. It is rare in Ecuador and onlyfound in one locality in Carchi. The woodis used for timber to build furniture. Itshabitat is fragmented and approximately40% has been lost due to deforestation.The estimated suitable area is 6,800km2. The AOO is estimated at 24 km2,using a 4km2 cell size.Elevation: 3,300 - 3,600 m Assessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 5, 17

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Ilex scopulorum Kunth.NTEcuador, Peru

A shrub or tree known from fragmentedforests highly susceptible to deforestation.The subpopulations are small and thereare only few records for this speciesthroughout its range. In Ecuador thisspecies occurs in Azuay, Loja, Zamora,and Morona. The forests in Zamora andMorona are fragmented and have beentransformed for intensive artisanal miningand road construction. In northern Peru, itoccupies western and eastern slopes. It isalso found in Cajamarca and withscattered populations known from Pasco.As with some other Ilex species it hasbeen overexploited for timber. The EOOis 746,705 km2 with an estimated116,768 km2 of suitable habitat. The NearThreatened category is assigned to thisspecies as much of its habitat is beinglost due to deforestation.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

Ilex uniflora Benth.EN B2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

In Peru, it occurs in few localities inOxapampa and is not abundant and thehabitat is subject to alteration and landuse change. In Colombia, it has beenrecorded in Boyacá at 2,790 m, Valle delCauca, Tulua and Quindío. There is alsoa report of 41 individuals per ha in Pasto.Subpopulations in Ecuador occur inhighly fragmented landscapes. Thespecies is used for timber and it is likelythat deforestation rates have reducedthe population by at least 30%. It does,however, occur in some protected areas.The area of suitable habitat is 74,322km2. The species is consideredEndangered based on its AOO which isaround 32 km2.Elevation: 2,790 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 1, 8, 29

Ilex sessiliflora Triana & Planch.NTBolivia, Colombia, Peru

There are many records in Peru fromPuno, San Martin, Pasco and Huánuco.At the edge of its range in Bolivia, it ismore restricted with four locations in thefragmented forests of upper montaneforest. It has been reported to beabundant in Colombia north ofSantander and also in Tolima. There isonly one record in Cesar in the Serraniadel Perijá in the border with Venezuela.There are no known uses of wood. It iswidely distributed and the area ofsuitable habitat remaining is 71,607 km2

which is declining due to agriculturalpressure. The Near Threatened categoryis given as there is some decline inhabitat quality and extent.Elevation: up to 4,000 m Assessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, JG, NG, EA, RLC, TEBEReferences: 6, 28, 38


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ARALIACEAE

Oreopanax bogotensis Cuatrec.VU B2ab(iii,v)Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

In Colombia this tree occurs inCundinamarca, Meta and Cauca. InEcuador it occurs in Carchi Imbaburaand Cotopaxi but in Venezuela it isscarce. It occurs in areas of highdeforestation. At least 27% of its range isunsuitable habitat. The wood is used forhandicrafts and woodwork. Urbanisationand agriculture have caused thepopulation to become fragmented. Thearea of suitable habitat remaining is31,190 km2. The species is consideredVulnerable based on its AOO whichmeasures 1,000 km2 using a 100 km2

grid cell size (as agreed by theassessors). There were no georeferenceddata for Venezuela, therefore rangeestimates are preliminary.Elevation: 2,400 –3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, JG, NGReferences: 1, 8

Schefflera inambarica HarmsVU A2c+3c; B2ab(ii,iii) Bolivia, Peru

A shrub or tree up to 10 m tall, found infragmented forests. It was originallyrecorded from southern Peru, at siteswhich are now highly modified by humanactivities. Its distribution extends fromcentral (Pasco) and southern (Cuzco andPuno) Peru to northern Bolivia (La Paz).Threats to this species are habitatchange due to fires, proximity topopulated areas, and exploitation for itsuse as incense. The suitable habitatremaining is estimated to 21,272 km2.This is however based on old records. Itis inferred that the habitat/population hasbeen reduced by 30% and will continueto do so at the same rate. The species isconsidered Vulnerable based on its AOOwhich measures <2,000 km2 using a100 km2 grid cell size (as agreed by theassessors).Elevation: 1,200 – 2,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 10, 15, 90

Oreopanax ruizii Decne. & Planch. exHarmsEN B2ab(iii,v)Bolivia, Colombia, Peru

A shrub or tree up to 5 m in height withvery few known localities. In Peru, itoccurs in highly fragmented landscapes,in or around two protected areas, RioAbiseo and Manu National Parks. InColombia, it occupies corridors betweenprotected areas, e.g. Pitalito biologicalcorridor between Purace and Cueva delos Guacharos. From Nariño to Antioquiait occurs in areas with fragmentation.This species does not regenerate easilyand therefore has a slow recovery. Thereis some uncertainty as to whether it isunder-recorded or actually rare. InBolivia, it was recorded in Apolobamba,in forest relicts. The EOO is estimated at234,173 km2 with an area of suitablehabitat of 13,248 km2. The species isconsidered Endangered based on itsAOO which measures 24 km2.Elevation: 3,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: EA, RLC, HB, SB, MATC,CR, TEBEReferences: 10, 41

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ARECACEAE

Ceroxylon parvifrons (Engel) H.Wendl.EN B2ab(iii,iv,v)Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,Venezuela

This solitary palm species is widelydistributed in Colombia occurring in theCordillera Occidental in Cauca and Valle deCauca, Cordillera Central and ColombianMassif from Antioquia to Putumayo and inthe Eastern Andes from Norte deSantander to Cundinamarca. In Ecuador itoccurs in the provinces of Pichincha,Sucumbíos, Bolivar, Loja and Zamora. Itoccurs in restricted patches of forestfragmented between pastures. Its leavesare heavily exploited for religious uses andpopulations have slow regeneration. It is afood species for toucans. It is widespreadwith an area of remaining habitat of196,690 km2. The species is consideredEndangered based on its AOO whichmeasures 128 km2 using a 4 km2 grid cellsize (as agreed by the assessors).Elevation: 2,000 – 3,500m Assessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, EA, RLC,HB, SB, MJG, NG, TEBEReferences: 1, 17, 30, 31, 38, 71

Dendrophorbium balsapampae(Cuatrec.) B.Nord.EN B2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador

Previously considered endemic toEcuador, this species of tree or shruboccurs in three locations in Ecuador andone in Colombia. In Ecuador the speciesoccur in remnants of natural vegetation,in the north near Balzapamba and nearLoja. In Colombia this species occurs infragmented habitats that have beenconverted into cropland. It does alsooccur in or near la Planada naturereserve. Its wood is used for roofing.Previously recorded as Vulnerable, it ismost certain to have suffered furtherdeclines through deforestation and onlyhalf of the calculated EOO of 25,020 km2

may be suitable habitat. The species isconsidered Endangered based on itsAOO of 28 km2.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 33

ASTERACEAE

Crossothamnus gentryi R.M.King &H.Rob. VU B1ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

This species was previously thought tobe endemic to Ecuador but has alsobeen found in Peru, at Cordillera delCóndor, where it occurs as a shrub andmay have been under-recorded as is thecase with other species of the genus.There are three records which occur infragmented landscapes. It has beenreported to be found in Peru inAmazonas and Piura. In Peru it ispossible that this species occurs inprotected areas but further informationis needed to confirm this. The species isconsidered to be Vulnerable due to an EOO of <10,000 km2 (estimated bythe assessors due to low number ofrecords) and continuous pressure fromdeforestation.Elevation: 2,000 – 2,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 32


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Gynoxys calyculisolvens Hieron.VU A2cd+3cd; B2ab(iii,iv,v) Ecuador, Peru

A shrub or small tree species growing to3-7 m tall in high montane dwarf forest.The wood is utilised and the populationis in decline; although it is more commonas a shrub. There are three old records intransformed forests that perhaps are notpresent today, one of which lies in aprotected area. In Ecuador this speciesoccurs in Loja and Morona. It is moreabundant in Peru, although populationsin the western slopes might bethreatened by habitat transformation.The area of suitable habitat remaining is53,386 km2. The species is listed asVulnerable based on an AOO of 700 km2

using 100km2 cell size (as consideredappropriate by the assessors) Elevation: 1,600– 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 8, 26, 34, 90

Perymenium jelskii (Hieron.) S.F.Blake VU B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A small tree or tall shrub growing to 6 mtall in areas of highly fragmented foreststhat continue to be under pressure fromdeforestation. In Ecuador it occurs inBolivar, Cañar, Loja, Chimborazo, andPichincha. In Peru it is found inAmazonas, Cajamarca and Piura. TheEOO based on these records isestimated at 94,746 km2. At least 15%of its EOO is in unsuitable vegetation andis in areas of high fragmentation. As ashrub it is likely to have been under-recorded. Assessors considered that anAOO of 800 km2 with a scale of 100km2

grid cell size was appropriate for thisspecies, resulting in a Vulnerable rating.Elevation: 1,000 – 2,650 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 8, 35

Gynoxys sancti-antonii Cuatrec.NTColombia, Ecuador

In Colombia, this species is restricted tothe south of the country in theColombian Massif with 16 records fromthe same region. Here it occurs withinhighly fragmented forests. The speciesis more abundant in Ecuador in a rangeof more than 10 locations in Pichincha,Pululahua, Azuay, Cajas and Loja andoccurring in some protected areas. TheEOO is estimated at 18,080 km2 andarea of available habitat is around 8,457km2 The AOO is estimated at 32 km2

using a 4 km2 cell size. The NearThreatened category is given as despiterestricted range the overall population isconsidered stable with somepopulations in protected areas. Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38

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BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis jobii OrsiNT Argentina, Bolivia

A rare species with restricteddistribution, the EOO is estimated at2,808 km2, there is no current decline ofits population or habitat. More than 10locations of this understory tree areknown in Argentina (Salta and Jujuy) andBolivia. The AOO is 52 km2. A NearThreatened category is given as despiterestricted range the species populationis considered stable.Elevation: 1,600 – 2,200 mAssessors: LM, CB, SP, MM, AAM, AFReference: 36

BRUNELLIACEAE

Brunellia brunnea J.F.Macbr.EN B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Peru

A rare species restricted to a fewlocations. In Peru (San Martin andCusco) it occurs in forests subject todeforestation and fragmentation; it alsooccurs on the western boundary ofManu National Park. The wood is usedlocally for construction. In Bolivia it isfound on montane forest ridges. Thearea of suitable habitat remaining is27,516 km2. AOO is estimated (as thereare only three unique records) to be lessthan 50 km2. (In the national Red Lists,Brunellia brunnea was not evaluated inPeru (73), due to lack of records. It isconsidered NT in Bolivia, as it is found inareas of no deforestation, but lacksrecords for its evaluation.)Elevation: 2,000 – 2,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 34, 73

Berberis lehmannii Hieron. VU A2c+3c; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

A small tree or shrub occurring infragmented landscapes that have beenconverted for agriculture. It is used forfencing and beekeeping. The bark andleaves are boiled to treat yellow fever. Innorthern Peru it occupies both Andeanslopes; however it is thought to beunder-recorded. The species is listed asVulnerable based on an AOO of 800 km2

using 100km2 cell size (as consideredappropriate by the assessors). Therewere no georeferenced data for Peru, sorange estimates are preliminary.Elevation: 1,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 2, 90


18

Brunellia inermis Ruiz & Pav.EN B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A tree growing up to 25 m tall. Recordsoccur from areas of montane foresttogether with some old records fromremnant forests and in areas that arenow converted to cropland. Ecuador hasfew records in Loja and Zamoraprovinces with one in Napo in total withan estimated 250 individuals. In Peru thisspecies is known from 5 locations,including populations in Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park. The area ofsuitable habitat remaining is 57,240 km2.It is a species with wide distribution, butpopulation decline is inferred as itshabitat is affected by deforestation anddegradation. The species is consideredEndangered based on an AOO of 40 km2.Elevation: 1,050 – 3,500mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 2

CLUSIACEAE

Clusia volubilis KunthEN B2ab(iii)(Bolivia,) Colombia

A tree or shrub with a disjunct distribution.It occupies the three mountain ranges inColombia in highly fragmented areas. InBolivia, the specimens are sterile and arebelieved to be misidentified. The area ofremaining forest is 20,000 km2, but couldbe smaller if the specimens in Bolivia donot belong to this species. The species isconsidered Endangered based on anAOO of 24 km2.Elevation: 2,300 – 3,100 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, EA, RLCReferences: 38, 71

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra rugosa Steyerm. VU A2cd+3cd; B2ab(iii) Colombia, Ecuador

A tree found in primary forests,secondary forests and shrublands. InColombia it occurs in Antioquia, Gachetaand Guatavita. In Ecuador it has beenrecorded in Azuay, Bolivar, Morona-Santiago, Tungurahua and Zamora.Although this species is widespread it isused for timber, and is threatened bydeforestation and habitat degradation.The area of remaining forest is 28,887km2. The AOO was estimated to 600km2 using the 100 km2 grid cell sizeappropriate for the species, to givespecies a conservation rating asVulnerable. Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 m Assessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 35, 37, 38, 90

19


CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia jelskii Szyszył.EN B2ab(iii,v)Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

A tree growing to 6 m in height thatoccurs in high montane forest, which arenow highly fragmented. This specieswas once considered endemic to Peruknown from Cajamarca and Pasco(Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park).However, it also exists in Ecuador (Loja,Morona and Zamora) and Venezuela(with no georeferenced data points). Itspopulation is restricted and its wood issought after. The area of remaining forestis 8,425 km2. The species is consideredEndangered based on an AOO of 24km2. Range estimates may beunderestimated as no georeferenceddata was available for Venezuela.Elevation: 2,100 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,JG, NG, TEBEReferences: 10, 39

Cyathea corallifera SodiroNTColombia, Ecuador

This tree fern was thought to be endemicto Ecuador but may also occur inColombia from one record in the Flora ofCundinamarca 1966, illustrated in thecatalogue of the plants ofCundinamarca. The review of Cyathea ofColombia in 2003 (91) does notrecognize the species. It has beenrecorded in 2009 in the state ofAntioquia (voucher Giraldo LF 2092),where it was found on well forestedvolcanic slopes which have limitedaccessibility. However, the trunk hasbeen used as posts for fences andhouses. The area of remaining forest is1,807 km2 suggesting it may be morethreatened. Elevation: 1,400 – 3,460 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 23, 43, 71, 91

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea austropallescens Lehnert VU B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Peru

This tree fern originally know from Boliviaoccurs in Peru in wet montane forest. InPeru it is a locally dominant species, inManu and Yanachaga ChemillenNational Parks, and Machu PicchuNational Sanctuary. However, its habitatis highly fragmented due to cropproduction in areas with dense humaninhabitation. The plant could bepotentially used for medicinal purposesand therefore at risk of potentialoverexploitation. The area of remainingforest is 56,875 km2. The species isconsidered Vulnerable based on an AOOof 1,200 km2 with a 100 km2 cell size (asconsidered appropriate for this species).Elevation: 2,500 – 3,890 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, IJ, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, ATReference: 19


20

Cyathea halonata R.C.Moran & B.Øllg.EN B1ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador

A tree fern previously thought to beendemic to Ecuador. Records inColombia suggest that populations areincreasing in disturbed habitats showingan increase of 42 individuals to 58 from1997 to 2002 on 20 ha. In 2009 it wasrecorded in the collection of wild flora ofthe jurisdiction of CORANTIOQUIA asvulnerable. Its wood is used for crafts. Itis also found in pastures which havebeen otherwise deforested due to thehard trunk of Cyathea halonata.Therefore, individuals may persist indisturbed areas and are able toregenerate but the number of individualsremains very low. The area of remainingforest may not therefore be highlysignificant but is estimated at 950 km2. Elevation: 1,800 – 2,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 44, 45, 71

ESCALLONIACEAE

Escallonia resinosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.NTBolivia, Peru

A shrub or tree found in fragmentedforests, sometimes with Polylepis. Indeforested areas it is found to growalone. It is widespread but due to itsuses for firewood and inks it could be indanger in the near future withoverexploitation and/or deforestation.The area of remaining forest is 286,889km2. Elevation: 2,000 – 4,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 26, 46

Cyathea parvifolia SodiroVU B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

This species belongs to the C.caracasana complex, which is widelydistributed and locally abundant, it couldbe at risk due to forest fragmentation. InBolivia is believed to be a differentspecies similar to C. brevipites which is asynonym. It is found in rare locations inBolivia with few scattered individuals.The area of remaining forest is 63,269km2. The species is consideredVulnerable based on an AOO of 600 km2

measured with a 100 km2 cell size (themost appropriate cell size for thisspecies according to the assessors). Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, IJ, OV, HB,SB, MATC, CR, TEBE, EA, RLCReference: 19

21


EUPHORBIACEAE

Alchornea anamariae SeccoNT Bolivia, Peru

A small tree or liana, with the majority ofits population in Bolivia with a newrecord in 2003 for Peru found in westernManu National Park. It occurs inprotected areas of Madidi, Apolobambaand Cochabamba. Illegal logging anddegradation could lead to futurepopulation reduction. The area ofremaining forest is 13,859 km2. Elevation: 1,500 – 2,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 15, 72

Senna versicolor (Meyen ex Vogel)H.S.Irwin & BarnebyNT Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru

This species grows as a shrub or smalltree up to 3 m in height in semi-aridhighlands. In Ecuador it occurs inPichincha, Napo, Cañar and probablyAzuay. It grows around Lake Titicaca inBolivia. It is used for timber. Its habitat isaffected by human activities and theplantation of exotic species such asEucalyptus. The species is sometimesmistaken for Senna birostris. The area ofremaining forest is 204,256 km2. Elevation: 2,900 – 4,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 6, 8

FABACEAE

Calliandra taxifolia (Kunth) Benth.VU A2c+3c; B2ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

This tree grows in disturbed areasdominated by cropland and in humidand xeric shrublands. It has been foundin densities of 126 individuals per ha inEcuador. In Peru it occurs in Ancash,Cajamarca, La Libertad and Piura. Thearea of remaining forest is 17,751 km2

but is likely to be under-recorded. Thespecies is considered Vulnerable basedon the AOO of 800 km2 using a 100 km2

cell size and decline in habitat quality andextent.Elevation: (700 -) 1,500 – 3,200 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 47, 90


22

GROSSULARIACEAE

Ribes canescens PittierEN B2ab(iii) Colombia, Venezuela

A shrub or small tree up to 5 m in openpáramo and high montane forest withPolylepis. It has only been collected infour localities but may be under-collected. In Colombia the species isrestricted to two localities with threespecimens from Mérida and one fromAntioquia. The population has distantsubpopulations in fragmented forestsand is under pressure from livestockgrazing. In Venezuela it occurs in SantoDomingo in a protected area near SierraNevada National Park. AOO wasestimated by assessors to <500 km2.Elevation: 3,200 – 4,300 mAssessors: EA, RLC, JG, NGReferences: 8, 38, 71

Ocotea arnottiana (Nees) van derWerffEN B2ab(iii,v) Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

A tall shrub up to 15 m, previouslyconsidered endemic to Peru withrecords in Amazonas, Cajamarca andPasco (Oxapampa). In the north there ispressure from gas exploration andmining but this has encouraged theprotection of forests where present. InEcuador this species occurs in Loja,Zamora and Imbabura with few recordsand individuals per hectare. The wood isoccasionally sought. It is thought to benaturally rare but may be under-recorded. The area of remaining forest is70,158 km2. It is inferred that the habitatquality continues to decline. The speciesis considered Endangered based on theAOO of 56 km2. There were nogeoreferenced data for Venezuela, sorange estimates are preliminary.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR, JG,NG, TEBEReferences: 8, 48, 69

LAURACEAE

Nectandra subbullata RohwerEN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Ecuador, Venezuela

A timber species up to 15 m tall, originallythought to be endemic to Venezuela andrecorded in the national Red Data Book asEndangered. This species has also beenfound in Ecuador, with threesubpopulations or collections which arerestricted in disturbed forests or remnantsof pristine primary forests. Although itseems to be in protected areas inVenezuela it is a timber species and inareas with pressure from agriculture. InGuaramacal it was found in a protectedarea on a plot but has not been recordedagain. The EOO is estimated at 4,645 km2

and at least 13% of habitat within this areais considered unsuitable based on landuse maps. The AOO is 28 km2. Thespecies is considered Endangered basedon both EOO and AOO measures. Therewere no georeferenced data for Venezuela,so range estimates are preliminary.Elevation: 1,500 –2,500 mAssessors: OV, JG, NGReferences: 1, 48, 69

23


Ocotea benthamiana MezEN B2ab(iii,v) Ecuador, Peru

A tree growing in a variety of habitatsincluding humid forests, montaneforests, low elfin forest, páramo andecotone scrub. In Ecuador it is knownfrom Carchi, Napo, Pichincha, Zamoraand Morona. In Peru is known from thenorth eastern Andean slopes, inAmazonas, Cajamarca, and San Martín(Rio Abiseo National Park) (87). Thisspecies is exploited for carpentry andcharcoal production. There is illegal tradeof the wood in Ecuador. The area ofremaining forest is 42,929 km2. Thespecies is considered Endangeredbased on its AOO of 84 km2.Elevation: 1,400 – 3,100 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 8, 10, 49, 50, 87

Persea brevipes Meisn.EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A shrub or small tree with a smalldistribution range in areas of highfragmentation and deforestation. InEcuador it is known from Loja, Zamoraand Azuay. It grows in the San Franciscoreserve in Loja. In Peru it is recordedfrom only one location in western Piura.The area of remaining forest is 3,199km2. This measure of EOO and themeasure of AOO (76 km2) were used toclassify the species as Endangered.Elevation: 2,200 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 8, 10

Ocotea infrafoveolata van der WerffEN A2cd+3cd; B2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

A tall canopy tree growing up to 35 m tallin montane wet forest. It is found in fewlocations and in areas of highdeforestation. Its timber is highly soughtafter. In Ecuador it has been recordedfrom Carchi, Napo, Sucumbíos, Morona,Zamora, Loja, Azuay. Carchi and Azuayhave the highest deforestation rates inEcuador. In Colombia it is found in theColombian massif and the WesternCordillera in northern Cauca. In Peru ithas been found in Cajamarca. The areaof remaining forest is 39,218 km2. Thespecies is considered Endangeredbased on the AOO of 152 km2.Elevation: 2,400 – 3,600 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 1, 38, 90


24

MELASTOMATACEAE

Axinaea glandulosa Ruiz & Pav. exD.DonEN B2ab(ii,iii)Ecuador, Peru

A tree between 4-16 m tall only found infew localities in areas of high deforestationand continuous pressure from livestock.In Ecuador there is only one record from1990, in an area of high deforestation anddegradation from mining in MoronaSantiago. It was originally recorded fromcentral Peru in the 18th century inHuánuco; however in 1977 and 1982reports include sites in Peru located in anarea in Machu Picchu National Sanctuary,and near Tingo Maria National Park; it isalso reported in Amazonas. The AOOwas estimated by the assessors (as therewere too few records available) to be<500 km2. It is known to occur in morethan 4 locations. Previously reported inBolivia, but this was a misidentification.Elevation: 2,285 – 3,200 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 73, 79

Axinaea lanceolata Ruiz & Pav.EN B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Peru

A rare cloud forest treelet or shrub with arestricted and highly fragmenteddistribution. In Bolivia (La Paz) it occursin areas of deforestation at densities of15 individuals per ha. For Peru, detaildistribution and population data arelacking, but there are only a few recordsfound all in heavily deforested areas. Thepopulation is declining due to habitatdegradation. The area of remaining forestis 33,565 km2. The AOO is 72 km2.Elevation: 2,300 – 2,700mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 54

Axinaea grandifolia (Naudin) TrianaVU A2c; B2ab(iii,iv) Colombia, Peru, Venezuela

This small tree species was previouslyconsidered endemic to Venezuela whereit is widely distributed but it is also foundin Peru (Amazonas and Huánuco) andone subpopulation in Colombia (whichmay no longer exist because of the highdeforestation rate 1985-2005 in thelocation where the records was collectedin 1982in Bogota). The area of remainingforest is 5,120 km2. The AOO is 500 km2

using a 100 km2 cell size. It was reportedfor Peru in old documents but notreported since 1936 (55) and 1993 (74).There were no georeferenced data forPeru, so range estimates (EOO andAOO) are preliminary and possibly anunderestimate.Elevation: 1,500 – 2,600 mAssessors: EA, RLC, HB, SB, MATC,CR, JG, NG, TEBEReferences: 8, 38, 53, 55, 74, 90

25


Axinaea oblongifolia (Cogn.) WurdackEN B2ab(ii,iii) Ecuador, Peru

This species of small tree or shrub isaffected by high levels of forestfragmentation and deforestationthroughout its range, especially due toroad construction. It is not known tooccur in protected areas. It has a narrowdistribution with few records in areas oftransition between forest and páramo. InEcuador the populations are limited toZamora and Loja. In Peru it is knownfrom Cajamarca and Piura. It has notbeen recorded in the last 10 years. Thearea of remaining forest is 4,271 km2.The AOO is around 36 km2 qualifying thespecies as Endangered.Elevation: 1,000 – 3,000 m Assessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

Miconia beneolens WurdackEN B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A cloud forest tree which has only beenrecorded in two locations in Ecuador,known mainly from Loja and one recordin Peru located in Cutervo (Cajamarca).The habitat occurs in areas of highdeforestation which have becomefragmented and degraded by conversionfor agriculture. The area of remainingforest is 8,403 km2. The AOO is 16 km2.Elevation: 1,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 23, 80

Graffenrieda calyptrelloides WurdackEN B2ab(iii,iv)Ecuador, Peru

This tree is rare in Peru, and is knownfrom only two collections from Ecuadorin Loja and Zamora. It is sought after forits wood; and its habitat has becomefragmented and degraded by miningand deforestation. The area of remainingforest is 12,161 km2 in less than 5locations. The AOO is 20 km2 qualifyingthe species as Endangered.Elevation: 2,195 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1


26

Miconia bipatrialis WurdackVU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

A shrub, treelet or tree thought to be rareand endemic to Ecuador only knownfrom Azuay. The cloud forest habitat ishighly fragmented by deforestation. Thisspecies was evaluated in Ecuador asVulnerable and because there is datadeficiency to make an evaluation in Peru,the classification from Ecuador wasused. The area of remaining forest is1,303 km2. The AOO is around 24 km2.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 23, 55, 80

Miconia velutina TrianaEN B2ab(i,ii,iii)Colombia, Venezuela

A small tree growing to 3-4m, thought tobe rare and only known from fewcollections. It is estimated that least 20%of its area of distribution has beensubject to high rates of deforestation.Records in Colombia are from theCentral Cordillera, Sierra Nevada deSanta Marta, Antioquia and Yarumal.The area of remaining forest is 42,585km2. The AOO is 56 km2.Elevation: 1,800 – 3,000 mAssessors: EA, RLC, JG, NGReferences: 8, 38, 71, 80

Miconia harlingii WurdackVU B2ab(iii) Colombia, Ecuador

A shrub or tree found in high altitudevegetation and páramo. In Ecuador it isfound in Imbabura, Azuay, Carchi,Sucumbíos and Morona. It has alsobeen found in Colombia, in Nariño atdensities of 266 individuals per ha. Givenits wide distribution it is likely to occur insome protected areas such as thePodocarpus National Park (Ecuador). Itis estimated that at least 30 % of itshabitat has declined and is fragmented.In Colombia this species is in severelyfragmented areas, for example along theroad from Pasto in direction of theAmazons. The area of remaining forestis 29,048 km2. The AOO is 1,900 km2

using a 100 km2 cell size, qualifying thespecies as Vulnerable.Elevation: 2,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38, 80

27


MELIACEAE

Ruagea microphylla W.PalaciosEN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Ecuador, Peru

A shrub or tree found in high Andeancloud forest. It was described asendemic to Ecuador known only fromLoja, but it is also known from onelocality in northern Peru (Cajamarca). Atleast 13% of its habitat is unsuitable andfragmented by deforestation. The woodis utilised for construction. The area ofremaining forest is 876 km2. The AOO isaround 32 km2.Elevation: 2,200 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 57, 58

MYRTACEAE

Acca macrostema (Ruiz & Pav. exG.Don) McVaughEN B2ab(iii) Bolivia, Peru

This species originally known fromwestern Peru is rare and naturallyfragmented in areas of highdeforestation. It occurs in shrubby foresttransitional from humid to dry vegetationwith Myrcianthes, Weinmannia, Polylepisand Schinus on hill slopes. It is knownfrom few localities, two in Peru and twoin Bolivia. The area of remaining forest is36,726 km2 which is projected to declineby a further 30% by deforestation rates.The AOO is around 16 km2.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 2, 59, 60

Ruagea ovalis (Rusby) HarmsNTBolivia

A tree up to 10 m tall originally knownfrom Bolivia. Previously reported inEcuador but incorrectly identified. Thehabitat quality is declining due to miningand tourism. It is still present in largeprotected forests in Bolivia where itoccurs in the centre and north of thecountry with small populations. The areaof remaining forest is 16,400 km2. TheAOO is around 48 km2. A NearThreatened category is given eventhough the species have a restrictedrange and is under some threat, as it isfound in many locations and the habitatis not severely fragmented.Elevation: 1,900 – 2,600 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OVReference: 8


28

Myrcianthes discolor (Kunth)McVaughEN B2ab(iii)(Bolivia,) Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

This is a widespread but rare shrub ortree with very few records occurring inareas with deforestation andfragmentation. In Peru it occurs inAmazon, Cajamarca, La Libertad andPiura. It occurs in Colombia in Caucaand in Ecuador in Azuay (betweenCuenca and Molletur) and Loja. Therecords from Bolivia have not beenfound in the herbarium so presence inthe country is uncertain. Its wood isutilised as firewood. The area ofremaining forest is 119,931 km2. TheAOO is around 68 km2 qualifying thespecies as Endangered.Elevation: 1,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 1

PENTAPHYLACAEAE

Freziera dudleyi A.H.GentryEN B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Peru

A tall forest tree growing to 18 m, 10 cmin diameter with green flowers. It has arestricted distribution with a narrowaltitudinal range. In Peru it is only knownfrom few localities in Cusco. It isthreatened by deforestation for cocacultivation and oil pipelines. It is knownfrom less than 10 locations in Bolivia inareas of preserved forest andfragmentation in Apolobamba Madidiand south Larecaja. This is a timberspecies but is not heavily exploited.Estimates of the reduction in forest coverbetween 2001 and 2009 are at least30% in the areas where the species ispresent. The area of remaining forest is20,852 km2. The AOO is 28 km2.Elevation: 2,000 – 2,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 6, 92

OLEACEAE

Chionanthus pubescens KunthNTBolivia, Ecuador, Peru

A tree with pink flowers and cultivated foruse as an ornamental. It is native to driervalleys and is widespread. There aremany recorded subpopulations inEcuador from Imbabura, Pichincha, Lojaand Azuay. It is scarcer in Peru andBolivia, possibly planted and not native.In Bolivia, dry inter-Andean valleys arethreatened as they are one of the mostuseful ecosystems for agriculture. Thearea of remaining forest is 36,330 km2. Elevation: 1,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OVReference: 1

29


Freziera microphylla SandwithEN A3c; B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A shrub with currently known from onlyfive locations and few individuals. Itoccurs in the province of Zamora whichhas high rates of deforestation forinformal mining and ranching. There arefew records in Ecuador occurring inseverely fragmented landscapesthreatened by coca plantation, illegalmining, livestock and land use changefor agriculture and human settlement. Itis estimated that the population inEcuador has declined considerably overthe recent years. In Peru it has only beencollected at two locations, one of whichis under threat of deforestation. It can beinferred that at least 30% of thepopulation has been reduced and it isprojected to decline by a further 50 % inthe future (100 years). The area ofremaining forest is 7,873 km2. AOO isless than 20km2.Elevation: 2,650 – 4,000 m Assessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 90

Ternstroemia lehmannii (Hieron.) Urb.EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)(Colombia), Ecuador

Although with a provisional record inAntioquia, Colombia located in pocketsof forest in the páramo, this slow-growing tree species is widely distributedin pristine cloud forests of Ecuador inNapo, Guayas, Imbabura, Carchi, Loja,Azuay and El Oro. It is naturally rare,occurring at about 5 locations. As it cangrow to considerable size at high altitudeits wood is sought after. The populationhas been reduced by at least 30%through deforestation for selectivelogging and livestock grazing. Theremaining habitat is fragmented over anarea of 1,150 km2. The AOO is around16 km2.Elevation: 1,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 71

Freziera suberosa Tul.EN A2c; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)(Colombia,) Ecuador

A slow growing shrub or small treepreviously listed as Vulnerable due to itsrestricted distribution known over a verysmall area and less than 5 locations. InColombia, it has potentially disappeared.In Ecuador it occurs in the provinces ofCarchi and Napo. It is present in areasof high deforestation rates for livestockpasture and coffee plantations and it issought after for its wood. This area ishighly fragmented with few relict forestswhich are not protected. The area ofremaining forest is 13,779 km2. TheAOO is 16 km2.Elevation: 3,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 17, 61, 90


30

PIPERACEAE

Piper laguna-cochanum Trel. &Yunck.VU B1ab(iii,v)Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

A rare species of tree or shrub up to 5m in height, known from few localities infragmented forests. In Colombia thereare three localities in areas of highdeforestation. In Ecuador it has beenrecorded in Napo, Sucumbíos andPastaza. It is considered very scarcewith few individuals. In Venezuela thecollections occur in areas with highanthropogenic pressure. The area ofremaining forest is 14,830 km2. Therewere no georeferenced data forVenezuela, so range estimates arepreliminary and possibly anunderestimate.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, JG, NGReferences: 1, 38, 71

POLYGALACEAE

Monnina pseudosalicifolia FerreyraEN B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

This shrub species originally knownfrom northern Peru (Piura) occupiesopen shrublands and ecotones ofpáramo and upper montane forests. InPeru is also present in Cajamarca, andAmazonas in areas of deforestation. InEcuador the subpopulation whichoccurs in Loja is not known to beprotected, but it may also occur inPodocarpus National Park. The area of remaining fragmented forest is8,126 km2. The species is consideredEndangered based on its AOO of 32 km2.Elevation: 2,400 – 3,100 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 8

PODOCARPACEAE

Podocarpus glomeratus D.DonNTBolivia, Ecuador, Peru

An evergreen shrubby dwarf species knownfrom scarce but widespread localities. It isknown from Peru (Cusco, Apurimac, Huánuco,Junín and Pasco), Ecuador (Chimborazo,Azuay, Cañar and Loja), and Bolivia(Cochabamba, Santa Cruz transitional Yungasforests and Bolivian-Tucuman). At loweraltitudes, it is has declined due to selectivelogging pressure for its durable timber. Itshabitat has also declined and becomefragmented from agricultural expansion(especially in the seasonally dry habitats) andthere are a few individuals remaining in areas ofpotato production. The cloud forests are underpressure from livestock browsing in the dryseason. The area of remaining forest is 150,441km2. The AOO is around 48 km2. It is listed asVulnerable in National Red List of Bolivia due tooverexploitation. The category of threat couldbe increased to Vulnerable in the near futuredue to its disjoint distribution and threats. Elevation: 2,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE References: 1, 26, 62, 76.

31


PRIMULACEAE

Cybianthus laetus (Mez) G.AgostiniVU A2c+3c; B2ab(iii)Bolivia, Colombia, Peru

A shrub or small tree growing 2-6 m tallin primary cloud forest with elfin forestand low shrubs. There are some stablepopulations in Amazonas and Huanucoin Peru. In Colombia it is found in theCordillera Oriental, in the northern part ofin Boyacá. In Bolivia, although generallyfound in severely fragmented landscapesit also occurs within the Apolobamba andMadidi protected areas. The area ofremaining forest is 86,337 km2. AOO isaround less than 2,000km2 qualifying thespecies as Vulnerable.Elevation: 1,800 – 2,850 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, EA, RLC,HB, SB, MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 34, 38, 90

Geissanthus bogotensis MezEN B2ab(iii) Colombia, Ecuador

In Colombia this species occurs in areasaround Bogota that have suffereddeforestation in recent decades. Thereare 41 collections in Colombia: in thestate of Cundinamarca and in differentparts of the department of Risaralda,indicating that it may be quite abundant.One individual is located in La Planada.There are fewer collections towardsEcuador where it is known from Napoand Carchi. It is considered to be rarebut occurs in protected areas. The forestin Cundinamarca is severely fragmented.The trees are used as natural livingfences. Around 37% of its habitat hasbeen transformed by humans. The areaof remaining fragmented forest is 31,799km2. The AOO is estimated at 88 km2

and the threat category is based on this.Elevation: 3,000 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38

Geissanthus argutus (Kunth) MezVU B1ab(iii) Colombia, Ecuador

This species is found in only two localitiesin Colombia, in Nariño and Cauca, whereit occurs in fragmented forests under highpressure of deforestation. In Ecuadormost collections are from Pichincha, in aprotected area (Pululahua), but previouslyonly known from Cotopaxi. The specieshas no known uses. The area of remainingfragmented forest is 17,288 km2. Elevation: 2,000 – 2,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38


32

ROSACEAE

Polylepis crista-galli BitterEN B2ab(iii)Argentina, Bolivia

An evergreen shrub of high altitudefound in dry ravines, and pastures abovethe montane forests and at loweraltitudes in mixed Podocarpus-Alnusforests. It occurs in small stands andwas previously thought to be endemic tosoutheast Bolivia over an area less than100 km2. There are collections found inArgentina, and forest fragmentation inthe Yungas is relatively low. Livestockgrazing is a threat to the speciestogether with utilisation for wood andfuel. At least 16% of its habitat hasbecome unsuitable with a potentialremaining area of 33,137 km2. Thespecies is considered Endangeredbased on the AOO of 124 km2. Elevation: 2,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: LM, CB, SP, MM, AAM, AFReferences: 63, 76, 78

Prunus pleiantha Pilg.VU B1ab(iii) Bolivia, Peru

This tree species originally known fromcentral Peru (Huánuco) occupiesmontane forests. The records ofPeruvian subpopulations in Cusco,Huánuco and Pasco are old, and thesesites have been suffering fromfragmentation of habitat. In Cusco itoccurs in cloud forest in the westernarea of Manu National Park. It is used asa source of timber. It has been collectedrecently in Bolivia where it is known fromfive locations and is found in protectedareas. It is not abundant at theselocalities. The area of forest habitatremaining is 20,000 km2.Elevation: 1,500 – 2,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 64

Polylepis microphylla (Wedd.) BitterCR B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A tree or shrub 1.5-4 m, described as anendemic to Ecuador where its distributionis restricted to Chimborazo. It also occursin Peru in Arequipa, Cusco and Lima. It isfound in the protected PrivateConservation Area of Huayllapa. Therecords from Cusco seems as it mightrepresent a historical transplantation (86).There are only 100 juvenile individuals inan area of 6 km2. The AOO wasestimated by the assessors (due to lowrecord numbers) to be less than 10 km2.Elevation: 3,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 23, 81, 86

33


Prunus urotaenia KoehneNTColombia, (Peru, Venezuela)

This tree species is widely distributed inColombia. Some records in Venezuelaare in doubt as they include Aragua onlow lying areas of the coast. It is onlyknown from one record in Peru making itdifficult to evaluate. It occurs infragmented landscapes over an area of69,797 km2 but is likely to beconsiderably less. If the records inVenezuela and Peru are not correct, thethreat category may change. Elevation: 1,960-2,850 m Assessors: EA, RLC, HB, SB, MATC,CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 71

Cinchona pyrifolia L.AnderssonVU B1ab(iii)Bolivia, Peru

A species of primary forest. Its habitat issubject to deforestation for agriculture.In Peru this species is found in Pasco,Huánuco and Cusco. It was describedin 1998 and is still poorly known from anarea of 11,146 km2. For a national RedList assessment for Bolivia, there wasnot enough data; the record from Boliviamay be of C. officinalis. Elevation: 2,227 – 2,500 m Assessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 65, 73

RUBIACEAE

Cinchona pitayensis (Wedd.) Wedd.VU A2cd+3cd Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

This tree species grows on very steepslopes, in regions with heavy rainfall. It doesnot regenerate well after fire or other formsof disturbance. In Colombia, it is knownfrom Nariño, Cauca and one location nearBogota, the most recent collection inPutumayo estimates it to be relativelycommon. Tree explorations in 1945discovered widespread subpopulations inEcuador. The bark of this tree is used formedicinal purposes as a source of quinineand has been exported to USA for manyyears. The population has declined due tooverexploitation, estimated at 60 tonnesannually. Although some areas were left torecover, deforestation continues to causefragmentation and degradation where thespecies remains. The current area isestimated to be 27,507 km2. Assuming itis still heavily exploited this area is likely tobe considerably less. Elevation: 1,500 – 3,230 m Assessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 1, 27, 38, 65, 90


34

Joosia aequatoria Steyerm.EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Ecuador, Peru

This species grows as a shrub or treeproducing good timber. In its few locationsthere is high rate of deforestation and landconversion for agriculture. In Ecuador, it isrestricted to Zamora. It is rare in Peru.According to the 2004 published Red Listassessment there are 2 subpopulations inEcuador within the Podocarpus NationalPark on the north and south border. InPeru, its populations are found outsideTabaconas-Namballe National Sanctuary.As it is sought after for its timber it can beinferred that the number of individuals hasand continues to decline. Range has beenestimated by the assessors (due to lownumber of records). The AOO is estimatedat less than 100 km2 from two locationsand the EOO is estimated at 180 km2. Elevation: 1,930 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 66

RUTACEAE

Zanthoxylum brisasanum (Cuatrec.)P.G.WatermanEN A3cd; B2ab(iii,v)Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

A timber species growing up to 12 m tallin very humid primary and secondaryforest. It is rare in Colombia, known fromtwo locations in Tolima and Valle delCauca, both areas of high deforestation.It also occurs in the Nevados Park. InEcuador, there are two collections inNapo and it has been described fromSucumbíos. In Peru, it can be found inJunín and Pasco. This species hasrestricted and isolated subpopulations inareas of high deforestation and land usechange. There has been a decline in thenumber of mature individuals due toexploitation for its wood known as“tachuelos“, which is used for turning.The area of forest habitat remaining is33,734 km2. The AOO is around 28 km2.Elevation: 1,580 – 2,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 1, 38, 90

Palicourea candida C.M.TaylorVU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A small understory tree or shrub foundin cloud forests. In Ecuador it occurs inNapo, Tungurahua, Pastaza, Zamoraand possibly Morona. In Peru it has beenfound in Cajamarca and but may beunder-recorded. Both regions suffer highdeforestation rates. At least 11% of itshabitat is estimated to be unsuitablevegetation with a remaining area of11,117 km2. The species is consideredVulnerable based on its AOO of 1000km2 calculated using a 100 km2 cell size.Elevation: 1,500 – 2,750 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 8

35


SABIACEAE

Meliosma bogotana Steyerm.VU A2c+3c; B2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador

A primary forest tree growing up to 16 mtall. It has also been recorded near roadsides in fragmented forests. In Ecuador,it occurs in Napo, Carchi, Zamora,Pichincha, Azuay. In Colombia, it hasbeen recorded in Antioquia in thewestern cordillera. It is threatened byhigh deforestation rates with thepopulation fragmented over an area of64,294 km2. The species is consideredVulnerable partly based on its AOO of1100km2 using a 100 km2 cell size.Elevation: 2,000 – 2,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38, 90

SANTALACEAE

Cervantesia tomentosa Ruiz & Pav.NTBolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

A small tree growing up to 10 m tall. Ithas a widespread distribution but is rarewithin its range. It has declined withhabitat loss and selective logging for itswood. In Colombia, it has become rareand old records now lie in fragmentedareas by coffee production in theQuindío mountains. In Ecuador, thespecies is well represented in Pichinchaand Loja provinces, with othercollections elsewhere in the country. InPeru the species occurs from Cusco upto Cajamarca. Records in Bolivia arescarce. The area of forest habitatremaining is 155,770 km2. The AOO isaround 92 km2. Elevation: 1,900 – 4,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, EA,RLC, HB, SB, MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 2, 17

SALICACEAE

Xylosma cordata (Kunth) GilgEN B1ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A thorny tree or shrub. A speciesoriginally known from northern Peru, it isfound in western and eastern Andeanslopes in Cajamarca, Piura, Amazonas,Tumbes and San Martin and is notknown to occur in protected areas. InEcuador it occurs in Loja. All recordsoriginate from heavily deforested areas.The area of forest habitat remaining is2,073 km2. Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 10, 67


36

SCHOEPFIACEAE

Schoepfia flexuosa (Ruiz & Pav.)Schult.NTEcuador, Peru

A small tree growing to 5 m tall in dryforests in western and eastern Andeanslopes. In Peru it is recorded fromAmazonas, Cajamarca (west), Cuzco,Huánuco, Junín, La Libertad (west) andPasco. In Ecuador it occurs in Azuay (4records) and Loja (3 records). It is asource of timber. It probably occurs in aprotected area. In Ecuador it is in declineas it is found in areas of fragmentation.The species is more common in Peru.The area of forest habitat remainingabove 1500m is 32,850 km2. Elevation: 1,100 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 2

SOLANACEAE

Dunalia trianaei DammerEN B2ab(iii) Colombia, Ecuador

A tree or shrub known from transformedlandscapes in Cotopaxi, Napo andPichincha in Ecuador. It occurs within theNevados National Park in Caldas in theCordillera Central in Colombia, althoughthis locality is still highly deforested andfragmented. AOO has been estimatedby the assessors (due to low number ofrecords) to be less than 500 km2.Elevation: 2,600 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Buddleja pichinchensis KunthVU B1ab(iii,v)Colombia, Ecuador

A small tree or shrub growing in wetforests, shrubland and high altitudepáramo. It is widespread but manyrecords are old and in areas ofdeforestation and agricultural conversion,particularly in Nariño, Colombia. InEcuador the species occurs in Carchi,Chimborazo, Napo and Pastaza. Thespecies has not been collected recentlyin Colombia where its habitat is severelyfragmented. The wood is used to makeploughs, furniture, charcoal and forconstruction. The area of forest habitatremaining is 15,797 km2. Elevation: 2,800 – 4,200 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 8, 38

37


Iochroma lehmannii Dammer ex BitterEN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A small tree growing 4–10 m tall. It has anarrow distribution range on the westernAndean slopes where is restricted to fewlocations. It was previously thought to beendemic to Ecuador where it grows inAzuay and Chimborazo in fragmentedvegetation. However, it has also beenfound in Peru in a single location in Piura.The area of forest habitat remaining is1,475 km2. Previously categorised asVulnerable, the AOO is around 28 km2

qualifying this species as Endangered.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 7

Sessea dependens Ruiz & Pav.NTBolivia, Ecuador, Peru

A small tree widely distributed in cloudforests. In Bolivia it occurs in Madidi inforest remnants altered by grazing and fire wood extraction, in Tiraque, Cochabamba, Independencia,Cochabamba, Pocohuaya south from LaPaz and Queara and Mojos de la Paz, indeep valleys with patches of forest andopen grasslands. It is an abundantpioneer species. In Peru it occurs inHuánuco and Cusco. In Ecuador there isonly one record in Loja. The area of foresthabitat remaining is 44,760 km2. TheAOO is estimated at 40 km2; however, asit is a pioneer species and thought tooccur in more than 10 locations and notin severely fragmented areas a NearThreatened category is given.Elevation: 1,207– 3,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 2, 8

Sessea crassivenosa BitterNTColombia, Ecuador

This species is widely distributed andalthough it is found in disturbed habitatsit seems to withstand fragmentation. InColombia, it occurs in Boyaca, Valle delCauca, Tolima, Caldas and Santander. InEcuador, it occurs in Carchi, Pichincha,Azuay, Bolivar, Cañar, Chimborazo,Cotopaxi, Tungurahua and possibly Loja.The AOO is around 72 km2. Elevation: 2,500 – 4,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38


38

Solanum cajanumense Kunth NTColombia, Ecuador, Peru

A small shrub or tree that is widelydistributed from the coast to the highAndes. In Peru it has been recorded inAmazonas, Cajamarca, Piura and Pasco,between 700 - 2450 m. In Ecuador itoccurs in Carchi, Chimborazo, Pichincha,Azuay, Boliviar, Cotopaxi and Loja. TheAOO is around 36 km2 but it is thoughtto be more widely distributed than therecords available. A Near Threatenedcategory is given, as the range ispotentially small, its wood is sought afterand the species occurs outsideprotected areas.Elevation: 500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

SYMPLOCACEAE

Symplocos canescens B.StåhlVU B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

This species grows as a shrub or tree. Itwas previously thought to be endemic toEcuador where it occurs in Loja, Zamoraand Morona. Only one of the foursubpopulations is protected in thePodocarpus National Park. The flowersand fruits are present all year round. It isthreatened with high rates of deforestationand fragmentation and it is also used forits wood. In Peru there is only one recordin Cajamarca. The AOO is estimated at900 km2 using a 100 km2 cell size wasmore appropriate for this species,qualifying the species as Vulnerable.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 9

Solanum goniocaulon S.KnappVU B1ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

A shrub or tree threatened bydeforestation and habitat loss andselective logging for its timber. In Peru itoccurs in Cajamarca, San Martin, Piuraand Ayacucho. In Ecuador it occurs inLoja and Zamora. Its distribution is withinthe Podocarpus National park, Ecuador,and Rio Abiseo National Park, Peru. The area of forest habitat remaining is7,819 km2. Elevation: 2,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 8, 10

39


Symplocos coriacea A.DC.VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

A rare tree restricted to a fewsubpopulations. In Peru it occurs inHuánuco, Pasco, and San Martín. Thereare records of subpopulations from twoprotected areas (Rio Abiseo andYanachaga-Chemillén National Parks)but the forest habitat elsewhere isfragmented. In Ecuador it is known fromCarchi, Pinchincha, Chimborazo Azuayand Loja. The wood of this species isutilised. The area of forest habitatremaining is 7,500 km2. The AOO isestimated at 700 km2 using a 100 km2

cell size, qualifying the species asVulnerable.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,460 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 10

THYMELAEACEAE

Daphnopsis espinosae Monach.EN B2ab(iii) Ecuador, Peru

A shrub, treelet or tree with a smalldistribution, few records surrounded bydeforested areas. Information for thisspecies is lacking. In Ecuador it isrestricted to Loja and may occur in thePodocarpus National Park and inPichincha near the PululahuaGeobotanical Reserve. It is consideredto be Near Threatened in Peru. The areaof forest habitat remaining is 33,496 km2.The AOO is estimated at 32 km2

qualifying this species as Endangered.Elevation: 2,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 2

Symplocos reflexa A.DC.EN B2ab(iii)Ecuador, Peru

A shrub or small tree found in shrublandand dwarf forest with rich epiphytediversity. In Peru it occurs in Amazonas,Cusco and Pasco and is recorded in theYanachaga Chemillen National park. InEcuador it is recorded from highlyfragmented habitats in Carchi, Loja andCañar. It has a wide distribution but thehabitat is experiencing fragmentationand its wood is sought after. The area offorest habitat remaining is 38,468 km2.The AOO is around 20 km2 qualifying thisspecies as Endangered.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 11


40

URTICACEAE

Cecropia bullata C.C.Berg & P.FrancoEN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador

A large tree up to 25 m tall used fortimber. It is a dominant species ofmontane forests in Nariño, Chocó, Valledel Cauca and Antioquia. In Ecuador,there is pressure for agriculturalexpansion in Pichincha and Carchi. Itwas recorded in the Ilinizas naturereserve in Ecuador but illegal loggingcontinues in the area. The area of foresthabitat remaining within its known rangeis 3,311 km2 however this is likely to bean underestimate as further locations areknown (without georeferenced records).The AOO 400 km2 using a 100 km2 cellsize, qualifying the species asVulnerable.Elevation: 1,600 – 2,200 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 12, 13, 71

Citharexylum rimbachii MoldenkeEN A2c+3c; B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Colombia, Ecuador

This poorly known and rare tree is onlyrecorded from three locationssurrounded by transformed andfragmented landscapes. It waspreviously thought be endemic toEcuador in Bolivar and Los Rios. EOOestimated as 224 km2 and AOO of lessthan 100km2 as there are only twolocations one in each country. Elevation: 2,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 8, 14, 90

VERBENACEAE

Citharexylum joergensenii (Lillo)MoldenkeVU B2ab(iii)Argentina, Bolivia

A tree growing to 12 m in height and 20cm dbh found in humid montane forests.Subpopulations occur in disturbed anddeforested areas. It occurs in Argentinain Jujuy, Salta, Tucuman and Catamarca.In Bolivia it is more abundant insecondary forests and forest edgesexposed to high human impacts. Thearea of forest habitat remaining is 28,823km2. The AOO is 700 km2 using a 100km2 cell size, qualifying the species asVulnerable.Elevation: 2,100 – 2,700 mAssessors: LM, CB, SP, MM, AAM, AFReference: 8

41


Duranta armata MoldenkeNTBolivia, Peru

A shrub or tree growing up to 7 m tall. Itwas originally recorded from southernPeru. It is locally abundant in Peru, inrocky, open sites of high montane shruband dry upland forests with Polylepis.Possible threats are habitat modificationby fire and other human activities. TheAOO is around 16 km2. Elevation: 1,920 – 4,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 90

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea arnecornelii LehnertDD - Taxonomically unresolvedBolivia, Peru This tree fern originally recorded fromBolivia occupies fragmented forests. It isknown from 6 collections in Bolivia andone in Peru, but with 3 unique locations. InPeru is rare, with few individuals perpopulation in Cuzco and near Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park, in Pasco. InBolivia it occurs in national parks and intopography with difficult access and lowdeforestation. There is, however, somethreat of landslides. The area of remainingforest is 18,814 km2.Elevation: above 2,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, IJ, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, ATReferences: 40, 76, 77

Cyathea carolihenrici LehnertDD - Taxonomically unresolvedBolivia, Ecuador, PeruTree-fern growing up to 9 m tall. It wasoriginally described for Bolivia. In Peruthis species is found in Cuzco includingsubpopulations in western areas ofManu National Park. In Ecuador isknown from subpopulations in Zamorawithin Podocarpus National Park. Someof the records in Peru and Ecuador arefrom areas that are now deforested. InBolivia the habitat is protected by therugged topography although naturallandslides could threaten the species inthe rainy season. It is found nearCotapata National Park. In Bolivia it isclassified as EN. The area of remainingforest is 40,953 km2. The populationoverall is not severely fragmented andthe habitat is not in decline.Elevation: above 2,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, IJ, OV, HB,SB, MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 42, 77

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex maasiana Loizeau & SpichigerDDEcuador, PeruA shrub or tree growing in “Elfin Forest”on boggy, peaty soil. It is recorded fromZamora close to the border with Peru. InPeru there is only one record from 1969located in a protected area Cerros delSira Communal Reserve.Elevation: 1,290 – 2,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia cundinamarcensisCuatrec.DDBolivia, Colombia, Peru Possibly a widespread species. Taxonomic notes: Unresolved name,may be a synonym of W. tomentosa orW. microphylla.Elevation: 1,850 – 3,162 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, EA, RL,CHB, SB, MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 38


42

SPECIES EVALUATED AS DATA DEFICIENT

Cyathea catacampta AlstonDDBolivia, Colombia, Peru This tree fern originally known fromColombia reaches 20 m high; it occupiesopen sites in fragmented forests andecotones. The species is naturallyfragmented and collection records arefrom forests that are now surrounded byagriculture. In Colombia is known fromAntioquia, Cauca, Cundinamarca,Nariño, Risaralda, and Santander. InBolivia is found in protected forests.There have been collections in Madidiand Apolobamba but there are onlythree records. In Peru it is found inisolated subpopulations, in Amazonas,Cuzco, Pasco and San Martín.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, IJ, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 15, 25

ROSACEAE

Prunus muris Cuatrec.DDColombia, Ecuador This species is unresolved. Reported inColombia in the northwest of thecountry, in Antioquia.Assessors: OV, EA, RLCReference: 71

URTICACEAE

Phenax laxiflorus Wedd.DDEcuador, Peru A subshrub or small tree. In Peru, itoccurs in Apurimac, Cajamarca andHuánuco. In Ecuador it occurs inChimborazo, Imbabura and Carchi at theagricultural frontier where there is highdeforestation. Elevation: 2,000 – 3,350 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 16

SAPINDACEAE

Allophylus coriaceus Radlk.DDEcuador, PeruA tree growing to 18 m tall in primarymontane forest. Only known from threelocalities, two in Peru (Cajamarca andPasco) and one in Ecuador (Napo). Itswood is used for firewood andconstruction and its fruits are edible.Colleagues in Peru consider that thisspecies to be LC, there are highdeforestation rates in Oxapampa withselective logging. Elevation: 1,900 – 2,600 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 68

43


(Natalia Tejedor Garavito)

ACANTHACEAE

Aphelandra acanthus NeesLCColombia, EcuadorA small shrub tree which is abundantwithin and outside forests with stablesubpopulations. It is found in variousprotected areas such as the Cayambe-Coca ecological reserve in Ecuador. InColombia it is found in Cordillera Centraland Occidental. It occurs over an area of33,652 km2. Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 17, 71

ACTINIDIACEAE

Saurauia bullosa WawraLCColombia, EcuadorIt is widely distributed in transformedareas in Colombia. It is widespreadthroughout Ecuador with goodsubpopulations. It occurs over an areaof 56,537 km2. Elevation: 1,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 38, 71

ARALIACEAE

Oreopanax seemannianus MarchalLCColombia, EcuadorA shrub or tree that is widespreadalthough occurring in a matrix oftransformed areas. It is widespread inthe south of Colombia and in Ecuadorover an area of 13,559 km2.Elevation: 2,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 84

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis grandiflora Turcz.LCColombia, Ecuador, PeruA widespread shrub that has not beenfrequently recorded or collected. InColombia it occurs in Cauca, Nariño andAntioquia. It occurs scattered at altitudesover 2400 m. There are no uses known.It occurs over an area of 51,503km2.Elevation: 2,400 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 38, 71

BORAGINACEAE

Tournefortia lilloi I.M.Johnst.LCEcuador, PeruThis is a widely distributed species. As T. undulata it is considered EN in Ecuadorand LC in Peru. Elevation: 1,800 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

Tournefortia polystachya Ruiz & PavLCColombia, EcuadorIn Colombia it is widely distributed andabundant. In Ecuador there are fewerrecords available. Elevation: 1,800 – 3,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 8, 71

ASTERACEAE

Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.LCArgentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru,VenezuelaA small tree of the undergrowth thisspecies is widely distributed in areas oflow deforestation rates in Argentina,Bolivia and Peru. It is relatively rare inArgentina. There are no apparent threats.Elevation: 1,000 – 4,100 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBE, MM, AAM, AF, LM, SB, SP, JG,NGReference: 8

Diplostephium cinerascens Cuatrec.LCColombia, Ecuador In Colombia there are 17 records of thisspecies in Chocó, Risaralda, Huila,Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Cauca, andTolima where it is widely distributedincluding protected areas such asPurace, Tatama and Farallones. Thisspecies has three varieties in Colombia.In Ecuador it is rare with around 20ind/ha in Sucumbios but it occurs inareas that are not severely fragmented.Elevation: 3,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 17, 18

Smallanthus fruticosus (Benth.) H.Rob.LCEcuador, PeruA small tree up to 4 m in height, thisspecies is widespread although itshabitat, in parts of its range, have beenconverted for agriculture. It occurs overan area of 21,487 km2.Elevation: 2,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 2


44

SPECIES EVALUATED AS LEAST CONCERN

CLUSIACEAE

Clusia pseudomangle Planch. & TrianaLCBolivia, Ecuador, Peru, VenezuelaA widespread tree growing beyond therange of Andes, but with only few records.Elevation: 1,030 – 3,000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, JG, NGReference: 1

Clusia sphaerocarpa Planch. & TrianaLCBolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, PeruA widespread shrub or tree growingthroughout the Andes. In Bolivia, it is ofsome concern because it occurs inareas of high deforestation. Thepopulation is inferred to be stable as it isabundant and widespread.Elevation: 1,500 – 3,100 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, EA,RLC, HB, SB, MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 1

CUNONIACEAE

Weinmannia auriculata D.DonLCBolivia, Ecuador, Peru, VenezuelaAlthough widely distributed thesubpopulations of this canopy treespecies are small. In Bolivia it is widelydistributed and abundant but in an altituderange with high human impact. Collectionfor firewood and habitat conversion fromforest to grassland, are impacting thisspecies within its range. In Ecuador thereare few individuals in Pichincha and Napo. Synonyms: Weinmannia caucana Killip,Weinmannia dryadifolia Moric. ex Ser.,Weinmannia nebularum Diels,Weinmannia ovata Ruiz & Pav.,Weinmannia silvatica Engl.Elevation: 2,000 – 3,500 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, JG, NGReference: 10

ESCALLONIACEAE

Escallonia myrtilloides L.f.LCBolivia, PeruIt is abundant in Bolivia but is found infragmented landscapes. In Peru it iswidespread and there is somefragmentation of its habitat.Elevation: 1,000 – 3,800 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 8

LAMIACEAE

Aegiphila bogotensis (Spreng.)MoldenkeLCColombia, Ecuador, Venezuela A shrub that is endemic to the Andes,widely distributed from Ecuador toVenezuela. It is a pioneer species thatpropagates well and is used forrestoration of disturbed areas. Elevation: 2,200 – 3,200 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, JG, NGReferences: 20, 21, 69, 71

Aegiphila cuatrecasasii MoldenkeLCColombia, Ecuador Although only known from a smallnumber of records, this small tree orshrub species is widely distributed andgrows naturally in disturbed landscapes.It is used for live fencing and also formedicinal purposes. Elevation: 1,700 – 2,900 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 22, 70, 71

CYATHEACEAE

Cyathea frigida (H.Karst.) DominLCColombia, Ecuador, Peru, VenezuelaThis is a widespread tree fern fromColombia to Peru. In Ecuador it occursin Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha,Chimborazo, Azuay and Zamora. In Peruhas been collected in isolated sitesAmazonas, Huánuco, Pasco and Junín.This species inhabits montane rainforests, as does Peruvian endemic,Cyathea nephele Lehnert. Some recordsare from disturbed areas. Elevation: 1,595 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBE, JG, NGReferences: 19, 71

ERICACEAE

Bejaria mathewsii Fielding & GardnerLCColombia, Ecuador, PeruA shrub or small tree found in Colombia,Ecuador and Peru with varioussynonyms recorded. A widespreadspecies, although there are only a fewrecords in Ecuador (Azuay and Loja).There are threats of general deforestationand informal mining which may indicatethat the species could be NT. Elevation: 1,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, VUU, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 1, 10

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Aegiphila ferruginea Hayek & SpruceLCColombia, EcuadorA small tree, previously thought to berestricted to Ecuador and considered tobe NT, it has now also been recorded inColombia. In vitro propagation has beencarried out for conservation purposes aspreviously considered Vulnerable. Therecord in Colombia is from a disturbedforest. Elevation: 2,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLCReferences: 1, 23, 24, 38

MELASTOMATACEAE

Meriania radula (Benth.) TrianaLCEcuador, Peru A tree or shrub up to 7 m tall growing inmontane forests and Páramo. It is widelydistributed in Peru. In Ecuador it occursin the Podocarpus National Park in Lojaand probably Zamora. The forest areasare fragmented. In Peru is found inAmazonas, Cajamarca, Libertad, Pasco,Huanuco and San Martin. Possiblyprotected in Pasco. It is able to persistin its disturbed and fragmented habitats.Threats include general forestfragmentation and decline; and loggingas its wood is collected for timber. Thearea of remaining forest is 32,509 km2.Elevation: 2,500 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

ROSACEAE

Hesperomeles cuneata Lindl.LCBolivia, Ecuador, PeruA shrub or small tree that is widelydistributed in secondary forests. It maybe fire-resistant. There are few localitiesin Ecuador but the species is moreabundant in Peru and Bolivia. Elevation: 2800 – 4000 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 8

RUBIACEAE

Randia micracantha (Lillo) BacigalupoLCArgentina, Bolivia A shrub or small tree between 1-4 m tall.It is an understory species that isrelatively frequent in the montane forestwith a wide altitudinal range. Although itis considered to be LC, in Bolivia it isfound in areas experiencing degradationand the remaining habitat of 2,613 km2

continues to decline, which could lead toan increase in category in the nearfuture. However it is found in protectedforest areas and some of the locationsoccur in the Tariquia reserveElevation: 600 – 2,300 mAssessors: LM, CB, SP, MM, AAM, AFReference: 8

PIPERACEAE

Piper andreanum C.DCLCEcuador, PeruA tree or shrub that is widespread. Thepopulation is declining with deforestationand fragmentation of the forest habitat.In Ecuador it is very widespread.Elevation: 2,000 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

Piper bogotense C.DC.LCColombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela A tree species that is frequent in primaryand secondary forest. In Venezuela it isknown from Merida, Tachira, Lara andTrujillo. In Colombia it is abundant andused for restoration. In Ecuador iswidespread and commonly used forcarpentry. In Peru occurs in Amazonas,Cajamarca and Piura in disturbed areas. Elevation: 1,600 – 3,500 mAssessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, JG, NGReferences: 1, 38

PRIMULACEAE

Myrsine oligophylla Zahlbr.LCBolivia, PeruA small tree or shrub that has a widealtitudinal distribution in Peru although therecords are few, it has been found in areasof coca plantation and fragmentedlandscapes. It grows in secondary forests.It occurs over an area of 36,916 km2.Elevation: 1600 – 2600 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReference: 26


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Bellavista, Ecuador (Carmen Ulloa Ulloa)

SALICACEAE

Azara salicifolia Griseb.LCArgentina, Bolivia A widely distributed small tree species ofundergrowth occurring in areas of lowdeforestation rates. Commonly foundacross the altitudinal gradient and withno apparent threatsElevation: 1,100 – 4,450 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, LM, CB, SPReference: 8

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Buddleja coriacea RemyLCBolivia, Ecuador, PeruA widespread small tree. Until the 1980sthis species was collected for firewoodin Peru but agro-forestry projects arerestoring this species and populationshave improved. In Bolivia the species isplanted and there are only a few recordsof natural subpopulations around LakeTiticaca.Elevation: 3,200 – 4,200 mAssessors: MM, AAM, AF, OV, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBEReferences: 8, 34

SOLANACEAE

Cestrum peruvianum Willd. ex Roem.& Schult.LCEcuador, PeruA widespread tree or shrub with noapparent threats, it is a pioneer speciesand regenerate readily.Elevation: 1,500 – 4,000 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReference: 1

URTICAEAE

Cecropia telenitida Cuatrec.LCColombia, Ecuador, Peru, VenezuelaA common and widespread treeoccurring from Venezuela to Peru. InPeru it occurs in degraded areas.Elevation: 1,400 – 3,000 m Assessors: OV, EA, RLC, HB, SB,MATC, CR, TEBE, JG, NG, TEBEReferences: 1, 12, 58, 71, 85

Solanum stenophyllum DunalLCColombia, Ecuador This treelet is abundant and widelydistributed and has been recorded atvery high altitudes in páramo.Elevation: 2,500 – 4,500 mAssessors: OV, HB, SB, MATC, CR,TEBEReferences: 1, 38, 71

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92. Gentry, A.H. (1981) New species and a new combinationin Palmae, Theaceae, Araliaceae, Apocynaceae, andBignoniaceae from the Choco and Amazonian Peru. Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(1): 112–121.

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EXTINCT (EX)A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the lastindividual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustivesurveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times(diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failedto record an individual. Surveys should be over a time-frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive incultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations)well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wildwhen exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, atappropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historicrange have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over atime-frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for CriticallyEndangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to befacing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see SectionV), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk ofextinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), andit is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

NEAR THREATENED (NT)A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against thecriteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered orVulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify fora threatened category in the near future.

LEAST CONCERN (LC)A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against thecriteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered,Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa areincluded in this category.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information tomake a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction basedon its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this categorymay be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriatedata on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient istherefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this categoryindicates that more information is required and acknowledges thepossibility that future research will show that threatened classificationis appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever dataare available. In many cases great care should be exercised inchoosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of ataxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerableperiod of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon,threatened status may well be justified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluatedagainst the criteria.

THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED,ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidenceindicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it istherefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinctionin the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size

reduction of ≥90% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,

pollutants, competitors or parasites.

2 An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥80% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may

ANNEX 1IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA


54

not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of ≥80%, projected or suspectedto be met within the next 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), basedon (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥80% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, and where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in

any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single

location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three

years or one generation, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR

2. A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, innumbers of mature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a-b):(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:

(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than50 mature individuals, OR

(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥70% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


55


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes maynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥50% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2, and

estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in



2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more thanfive locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence

(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five

years or two generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.

(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 matureindividuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whicheveris the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates thatit meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥50% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are:clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on(and specifying) any of the following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence

and/or quality of habitat


56

(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens,


2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population sizereduction of ≥30% over the last 10 years or three generations,whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes maynot have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not bereversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.


4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspectedpopulation size reduction of ≥30% over any 10 year or threegeneration period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of100 years in the future), where the time period must includeboth the past and the future, AND where the reduction or itscauses may not have ceased OR may not be understood ORmay not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to(e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence)OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2,

and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any

of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


2. Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km2, andestimates indicating at least two of a-c:a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than

10 locations.

b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in anyof the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.


C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 matureindividuals and either:1. An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10

years or three generations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR



(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of thefollowing:1. Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 matureindividuals.

2. Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typicallyless than 20 km2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer)such that it is prone to the effects of human activities orstochastic events within a very short time period in anuncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming CriticallyEndangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in thewild is at least 10% within 100 years.

Source: IUCN (2001)

For further information please contact:

BGCIDescanso House199 Kew Road, RichmondSurrey, TW9 3BWUnited KingdomTel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956E-mail: [email protected]: www.bgci.org


Montane Tree Speciesof the Tropical Andes: Trees at the top of the world

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A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species of the ......A regional Red List of montane tree species of the tropical Andes: Trees at the top of the world 4 FOREWORD The IUCN Red List