19
5HSRUWRIWKHPHGLFDOWHDPRIWKH)HGHUDO8QLYHUVLW\RI5LRGH-DQHLURRQDFFXVDWLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQ3DWULFN 5HSRUWRIWKHPHGLFDOWHDPRIWKH)HGHUDO8QLYHUVLW\RI5LR GH-DQHLURRQDFFXVDWLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQ3DWULFN 7LHUQH\V'DUNQHVVLQ(O'RUDGR 0DULD6WHOODGH&DVWUR/RER .DULV0DULD3LQKR5RGULJXHV 'LDQD0DXOGH&DUYDOKR )HUQDQGR6HUJLR9LDQD0DUWLQV 5HSRUWWUDQVODWHGIURP3RUWXJXHVHE\&DWKHULQH9+RZDUG'HSWRI6RFLRORJ\DQG$QWKURSRORJ\*HWW\VEXUJ&ROOHJH 'U 0DULD6WHOODGH&DVWUR/RER 3K\VLFLDQDQG&KLHIRI6WDII&ROOHFWLYH+HDOWK6HUYLFHRIWKH &OHPHQWLQR)UDJD )LOKR 8QLYHUVLW\ +RVSLWDO )HGHUDO 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 5LR GH -DQHLUR 8)5- VSHFLDOLVW LQ (SLGHPLRORJ\ DQG 3XEOLF +HDOWK 3DUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH (PHUJHQF\ 3ODQ IRU <DQRPDPL +HDOWK &DUH 3($6< DQG LQ WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI WKH <DQRPDPL+HDOWK'LVWULFW5RUDLPD'6<55FORER#KXFIIXIUMEU

A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    11

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

5HSRUW�RI�WKH�PHGLFDO�WHDP�RI�WKH�)HGHUDO�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�5LR�GH�-DQHLUR�RQ�DFFXVDWLRQV�FRQWDLQHG�LQ�3DWULFN�

5HSRUW�RI�WKH�PHGLFDO�WHDP�RI�WKH�)HGHUDO�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�5LR�GH�-DQHLUR�RQ�DFFXVDWLRQV�FRQWDLQHG�LQ�3DWULFN�7LHUQH\V�'DUNQHVV�LQ�(O�'RUDGR 0DULD�6WHOOD�GH�&DVWUR�/RER.DULV�0DULD�3LQKR�5RGULJXHV'LDQD�0DXO�GH�&DUYDOKR)HUQDQGR�6HUJLR�9LDQD�0DUWLQV�

5HSRUW�WUDQVODWHG�IURP�3RUWXJXHVH�E\�&DWKHULQH�9��+RZDUG��'HSW��RI��6RFLRORJ\�DQG�$QWKURSRORJ\��*HWW\VEXUJ�&ROOHJH� 'U� 0DULD�6WHOOD�GH�&DVWUR�/RER���3K\VLFLDQ�DQG�&KLHI�RI�6WDII��&ROOHFWLYH�+HDOWK�6HUYLFH�RI�WKH�&OHPHQWLQR�)UDJD�)LOKR�8QLYHUVLW\�+RVSLWDO��)HGHUDO�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�5LR�GH� -DQHLUR� �8)5-��� VSHFLDOLVW� LQ�(SLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�3XEOLF�+HDOWK��3DUWLFLSDWHG� LQ� WKH� (PHUJHQF\� 3ODQ� IRU� <DQRPDPL� +HDOWK� &DUH� �3($6<��� ������ DQG� LQ� WKH� HVWDEOLVKPHQW� RI� WKH�<DQRPDPL�+HDOWK�'LVWULFW��5RUDLPD��'6<�55��������������FORER#KXFII�XIUMEU��

Page 2: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

'U��.DULV�0DULD�3LQKR�5RGULJXHV�� �3K\VLFLDQ��6HUYLFH�IRU� ,QIHFWLRXV�DQG�3DUDVLWLF 'LVHDVHV�RI�WKH�&OHPHQWLQR�)UDJD�)LOKR�8QLYHUVLW\�+RVSLWDO ��8)5-��VSHFLDOLVW�LQ�,QIHFWLRXV�'LVHDVHV��'HYHORSHG�KHDOWK�VHUYLFHV�LQ�$XDULV��'6<�55�������'U��'LDQD�0DXO�GH�&DUYDOKR� )DFXOW\�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�6FKRRO�RI�0HGLFLQH��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�3UHYHQWLYH 0HGLFLQH��8)5-�'U��)HUQDQGR�6HUJLR�9LDQD�0DUWLQV� )DFXOW\�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�6FKRRO�RI�0HGLFLQH��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�3UHYHQWLYH 0HGLFLQH��8)5-�7KH� IROORZLQJ� UHSRUW�� ZULWWHQ� DW� WKH� UHTXHVW� RI� 'U�� %UXFH� $OEHUW� � DQWKURSRORJLVW�� DQG� ZLWK� KLV�DVVLVWDQFH�� VHHNV� WR� DGGUHVV� YDULRXV� TXHVWLRQV� UD LVHG� E\� WKH� DFFXVDWLRQV� FRQWDLQHG� LQ� FKDSWHU� ���³2XWEUHDN´��RI�WKH�ERRN�E\�3DWULFN�7LHUQH\�� 'DUNQHVV�LQ�(O�'RUDGR��DJDLQVW�WKH�UHVHDUFK�WHDP�RI�WKH� JHQHWLFLVW� -DPHV�1HHO� DQG� WKH� DQWKURSRORJLVW�1DSROHRQ�&KDJQRQ�� �7LHUQH\� FKDUJHV� WKDW� WKH\�FRQGXFWHG� H[SHULPHQWV� LQ� ����� XVLQJ� DQ� LQDSSURSULDWH� YDFFLQH� RQ� WKH�<DQRPDPL� ,QGLDQV� RI� WKH�2ULQRFR�5LYHU�LQ�9HQH]XHOD��ZKLFK�SURYRNHG�RU�DJJUDYDWHG�D�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF���7KHUHIRUH��ZH�ZLOO�H[DPLQH�DQG�GLVFXVV�YDULRXV�W\SHV�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ��SULQFLSDOO\�ELRPHGLFDO��LQ�DQ�HIIRU W�WR�FRQWULEXWH�WR� DQG� LOOXPLQDWH�� LQ� WKH�PRVW�REMHFWLYH�PDQQHU�SRVVLEOH�� WKH� WHUPV�RI� WKH�SROHPLF� UDLVHG�E\� WKH�ERRN��EDVHG�RQ�JDOOH\�SURRIV�RI�WKH�FKDSWHU�GDWHG�2FWREHU�����������WR�ZKLFK�ZH�KDG�DFFHVV���0HDVOHV0HDVOHV�LV�D�YLUDO�GLVHDVH�WKDW�LV�DOZD\V FRQVLGHUHG�VHYHUH���7KH�ILUVW�V\PSWRPV�RFFXU�DIWHU����WR����GD\V� RI� LQFXEDWLRQ�� ZKLFK� UHSUHVHQW� WKH� WLPH� EHWZHHQ� H[SRVXUH� WR� GURSOHWV� RI� VDOLYD� IURP� DQ�LQIHFWHG�LQGLYLGXDO�DQG�WKH�RQVHW�RI�WKH�LOOQHVV��7KH� FOLQLFDO� SURILOH� EHJLQV� ZLWK� IHYHU�� PDODLVH�� FRQ MXQFWLYLWLV�� FRU\]D� �UXQQ\� QRVH��� DQG�WUDFKHREURQFKLWLV��FRXJKLQJ���V\PSWRPV�WKDW�FRPSULVH�ZKDW�LV�FDOOHG�WKH�SURGURPDO�RU�SUHFXUVRU\�SHULRG��ZKLFK� ODVWV��� WR���GD\V�� �%RG\�WHPSHUDWXUH�FDQ�ULVH�DV�KLJK�DV������&������)��� �.RSOLN¶V�VSRWV��WKH�W\SLFDO�HUXSWLRQ��DQ�HQDQWKHP�SUHVHQW�RQ�PXFRXV�PHPEUDQHV��RI�PHDVOHV�WKDW�DSSHDUV�DV�SXQFWDWH�EOXH�ZKLWH�VSRWV�RQ�WKH�EULJKW�UHG�EDFNJURXQG�RI�WKH�EXFFDO�PXFRVD��EUHDN�RXW���WR���GD\V�EHIRUH� WKH� UDVK� EHJLQV� DQG� ODVWV� XQWLO� �� GD\V� DIWHU� LWV� DSSHDUDQFH�� � 7KH� UDVK� �RU� H[D QWKHP��FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�D�PRUELOLIRUP�HUXSWLRQ��ZKLFK�XVXDOO\�DSSHDUV����GD\V�DIWHU�H[SRVXUH�DQG�VSUHDGV�IURP�WKH�KHDG��DORQJ�WKH�KDLUOLQH��WR�WKH�WUXQN�DQG�H[WUHPLWLHV�GXULQJ�D�SHULRG�RI���GD\V���'XULQJ�WKH�QH[W���RU���GD\V��WKH�UDVK�IDGHV�DQG�WKH�VNLQ�SHHO V���0HDVOHV�LV�D�KLJKO\�FRQWDJLRXV�GLVHDVH�WKDW�DIIHFWV�DOPRVW�DOO�QRQ �LPPXQL]HG�LQGLYLGXDOV�LI�H[SRVHG�WR�WKH�YLUXV���7UDQVPLVVLRQ�RFFXUV�IURP�SHUVRQ�WR�SHUVRQ�E\�PHDQV�RI�UHVSLUDWRU\�GURSOHWV��EXW�LW�FDQ�DOVR� RFFXU� WKURXJK� DHURVRO� SDUWLFOHV�� � 7KH� SHULRG RI� JUHDWHVW� WUDQVPLVVLELOLW\� VWDUWV� �� WR� �� GD\V�SUHFHGLQJ�WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�WKH�UDVK�DQG�ODVWV�XQWLO���GD\V�DIWHU�LW�HUXSWV���7KHUHIRUH��DIWHU�WKH�LQGH[�FDVH��WKH�ILUVW� WR�RFFXU��� WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�VHFRQGDU\�FDVHV�FDQ�RFFXU�RQ�WKH�DYHUDJH�RI����RU����GD\V �IURP���WR�����DIWHU�H[SRVXUH���7KHUH�LV�QR�GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH�EHLQJ�WUDQVPLWWHG�IURP�DV\PSWRPDWLF�LQGLYLGXDOV���7KH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV�LV�TXLFNO\�LQDFWLYDWHG�E\�KHDW��OLJKW��DFLGLF�S+��HWKHU��DQG� WU\SVLQ�� � ,W� VXUYLYHV� RQO\� D� VKRUW� WLPH�ZKHQ� H[SRVHG� WR DLU� RU� RQ� REMHFWV� DQG� VXUIDFHV� ��� ��KRXUV����$OWKRXJK�VXVFHSWLEOH�PRQNH\V�FDQ�EH�LQIHFWHG��QR�DQLPDO�UHVHUYRLU�H[LVWV�IRU�WKH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV��7KH�PRVW�IUHTXHQW�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�PHDVOHV�DUH��LQ�RUGHU�RI�IUHTXHQF\��PHGLXP�RWLWLV��SQHXPRQLD�� GLDUUKHD�� SRVW�LQIHFWLRQ� HQFHSKDOLWLV�� VXEDFXWH� VFOHURWLF� SDQHQFHSKDOLWLV�� DQG� GHDWK����7KH� OHWKDOLW\�DWWULEXWHG� WR� WKH�GLVHDVH� LV��� WR���FDVHV������ LQ� WKH�8�6� � +RZHYHU�� LQ�GHYHORSLQJ��9LVLWLQJ�UHVHDUFKHU�IURP�WKH�5HVHDUFK�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�'HYHORSPHQW �,5'�3DULV��DW�WKH�6RFLR�(QYLURQPHQWDO�,QVWLWXWH��,6$��6mR�3DXOR���VSHFLDOLVW�RQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�RI�%UD]LO��%UXFH$OEHUW#DRO�FRP ��� &HQWHUV�IRU�'LVHDVH�&RQWURO��&'&�� 3LQN�%RRN� FKDSWHU����³0HDVOHV´�����������$YDLODEOH�RQ�WKH�,QWHUQHW�� $&,3��������³0HDVOHV 3UHYHQWLRQ���5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV�RI�WKH�,PPXQL]DWLRQ�3UDFWLFHV�$GYLVRU\�&RPPLWWHH�´��00:5 ����6���������

Page 3: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

FRXQWULHV�� WKHVH�UDWHV�FDQ�UHDFK�OHYHOV� �RI���WR�������2I�WKHVH�GHDWKV ������UHVXOW�IURP�VHFRQGDU\�LQIHFWLRQV�RI�EDFWHULDO�SQHXPRQLD�DWWHQGDQW�XSRQ�PHDVOHV� �

���7KH�LPSDFW�RI�PHDVOHV�RQ�LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG�LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�QRQ�LPPXQH�SRSXODWLRQV,Q� LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG� LQGLYLGXDOV� �FDUULHUV� RI� FRQJHQLWDO� GLVHDVH�� +,9�$,'6�� OHX NHPLD��O\PSKRPD��JHQHUDOL]HG�PDOLJQDQW�GLVHDVH��WKRVH�XVLQJ�UDGLDWLRQ�WKHUDS\�RU�PHGLFDWLRQV�WKDW�GHSUHVV�WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP���PHDVOHV�FDQ�EH�SURORQJHG��VHYHUH��DQG�IUHTXHQWO\�IDWDO���,Q�WKHVH�LQGLYLGXDOV��WKH�GLVHDVH�FDQ�RFFXU�ZLWKRXW�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�UDVK�7KH� HIIHFWV� RI�PHDVOHV� RQ� QRQ �LPPXQH� LQGLJHQRXV� SHRSOHV�� VXFK� DV� WKH�<DQRPDPL�� FDQ� DOVR� EH�H[WUHPHO\�OHWKDO���+RZHYHU��LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�HPSKDVL]H�WKDW�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKR�DUH�QRQ �LPPXQH��GXH�WR� D� ORQJ� SHULRG� RI� LVRODWLRQ� DQG� WKH� ODFN� RI� SUHYLRXV� YDFFLQDWLRQ �� PXVW� QRW� EH� FRQVLGHUHG�LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG�� � 7KH� VHULRXVQHVV� RI� � WKH� FDVHV� DQG� WKH� KLJK� PRUWDOLW\� UDWH� IRXQG� DPRQJ�LVRODWHG� LQGLJHQRXV� SRSXODWLRQV� DUH� EDVLFDOO\� GXH� WR� WKH� JUHDW� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� VXVFHSWLEOH�LQGLYLGXDOV��FRQIHUULQJ�DQ�H[SORVLYH�FKDUDFWHU�WR WKH�HSLGHPLF�ZKHQ�WKH�YLUXV�DUULYHV� �,Q� WKH� ����V�� D� GHEDWH� XQIROGHG� FRQFHUQLQJ� WKH� UHDVRQ� IRU� WKH� KLJK� UDWHV� RI� OHWKDOLW\� RFFXUULQJ�GXULQJ�RXWEUHDNV�RU�HSLGHPLFV�RI�LQIHFWLRXV�GLVHDVHV��VXFK�DV�PHDVOHV��DPRQJ�LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV���$FFRUGLQJ� WR� -DPHV�1HHO�� VRFLRFXOWXUDO� DVSHFWV� �ODFN�RI� IRRG� VWRUDJH� DQG�KHDOWK� FDUH� DVVLVWDQFH��SUHGRPLQDWHG� RYHU� WKRVH� VWULFWO\� ELRORJLFDO� DV� WKH� IDFWRUV� UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU� WKH� DODUPLQJ� UDWHV� RI�OHWKDOLW\�HQFRXQWHUHG���$OWKRXJK�D�JUHDWHU�JHQHWLF�KRPRJHQHLW\�PD\�SUHGLVSRVH�D�JUR XS�WR�D�ZHDNHU�FDSDFLW\�WR�UHVSRQG��WKH�LPPXQRORJLFDO�UHVSRQVH�WR�PHDVOHV��OHYHO�RI�DQWLERGLHV�DIWHU�WKH�GLVHDVH�RU�DIWHU�YDFFLQDWLRQ��RI�UHFHQWO\� FRQWDFWHG� JURXSV� GRHV� QRW� GLIIHU� IURP� WKDW� IRXQG� LQ� LQGXVWULDOL]HG� VRFLHWLHV� � 1HHO�H[SRXQGHG� KLV� WKHVLV� RQ� WKLV� TXHVWLRQ� LQ� D� VFLHQWLILF�ZRUN� SXEOLVKHG� LQ� ������ EDVHG� RQ� UHVHDUFK�FRQGXFWHG� GXULQJ� WKH�PHDVOHV� HSLGHPLF� RI� ����� DPRQJ� WKH�<DQRPDPL� RI� WKH�2ULQRFR�� �9DULRXV�RWKHU�VWXGLHV�GXULQJ�WKDW�GHFDGH�DOVR�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW�KHDOWK�FDUH�DW�WKH�WLPH�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF LV�WKH�HVVHQWLDO�FRQGLWLRQ�IRU�UHGXFLQJ�PRUWDOLW\� ����,PPXQL]DWLRQ�DJDLQVW�PHDVOHV7ZR�IRUPV�RI�FRQIHUULQJ�LPPXQLW\�DJDLQVW�PHDVOHV�H[LVW���2QH�IRUP��FDOOHG�SDVVLYH��LV�REWDLQHG�E\�DQ�LQMHFWLRQ�RI�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ���7KH�GLVDGYDQWDJH�RI�WKLV�IRUP�LV�WKDW� LW�FRQIHUV�LPPXQLW\�IRU�RQO\���WR���ZHHNV���,W�LV�LQGLFDWHG�LQ�VSHFLDO�VLWXDWLRQV�DV�D�PHDQV�RI�DYRLGLQJ�WKH�GLVHDVH��VXFK�DV�DIWHU�WKH� H[SRVXUH�RI�FKLOGUHQ� OHVV� WKDQ�RQH�\HDU�ROG��SUHJQDQW�ZRPHQ�� LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG�SDWLHQWV��DQG�RWKHU�LQGLYLGXDOV�H[SRVHG�W R�WKH�GLVHDVH�ZKR�KDYH�VRPH�FRQWUDLQGLFDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�WKH�XVH�RI�OLYH�� 5HGG��6��&���/�(��0DUNRZLW]��DQG�6��/��.DW]���������³0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�´��,Q�9DFFLQHV��HG��3ORWNLQ�DQG�2UHVWHQ��:��%��6DXQGHUV�&R���� 7KHVH�DUH�LQGLYLGXDOV�LQFDSDEOH�RI�SUHVHQWLQJ KXPRUDO�LPPXQLW\²E\�PHDQV�RI�DQWLERGLHV²RU�FHOOXODU�LPPXQLW\��GXH�WR�D�JHQHWLFDOO\�GHWHUPLQHG�GHILFLW�RU��PRUH�IUHTXHQWO\��DV�D�VHFRQGDU\�HIIHFW�RI�GLVHDVHV�WKDW�FRPSURPLVH�LPPXQLW\�RU�IURP�WKH�XVH�RI�LPPXQRVXSSUHVVDQW�DJHQWV�� %ODFN��)���������³,QIHFWLRXV�'LVHDVHV�LQ�3ULPLWLYH�6RFLHWLHV�´��6FLHQFH ������������� 1HHO��-�9���:��5��&HQWHUZDOO��DQG�1��$��&KDJQRQ��������³1RWHV�RQ�WKH�(IIHFWV�RI�0HDVOHV�DQG�0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�LQ�D�9LUJLQ�6RLO�3RSXODWLRQ�´��$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�(SLGHPLRORJ\ ���������������� 1XWHOV��1���������³0HGLFDO�3UREOHPV�RI�1HZO\�&RQWDFWHG�,QGLDQ�*URXSV�´��3$+2�6FLHQWLILF�3XEOLFDWLRQ��QR�����

Page 4: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

YDFFLQHV��IRU�H[DPSOH��DQ�DOOHUJ\�WR�WKH�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH����,W�PXVW�EH�DGPLQLVWHUHG�ZLWKLQ���GD\V�RI�H[SRVXUH���7KH�RWKHU�IRUP�RI�LPPXQL]DWLRQ��FDOOHG�DFWLYH��LV�WKURXJK�WKH�XV H�RI�D��YDFFLQH��ZKLFK�FRUUHVSRQGV�WR�WKH�LQRFXODWLRQ�RI�DQ�DWWHQXDWHG��L�H���ZHDNHQHG��OLYH�YLUXV�RU�D�GHDG�YLUXV � LQ�RUGHU�WR�VWLPXODWH�WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP�WR�SURGXFH�DQWLERGLHV�WKDW�ZLOO�NHHS�WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�SURWHFWHG�LQ�FDVH�RI�H[SRVXUH�WR�WKH�³ZLOG�YLUXV´��WKH�FDXVH�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH��SURSHUO\�VSHDNLQJ��������(GPRQVWRQ�%�9DFFLQH7KH�PHDVOHV� YLUXV�ZDV� LVRODWHG� IRU� WKH� ILUVW� WLPH� LQ� �����E\�(QGHUV� DQG�3HHEOHV�� WKH� VWUDLQ�ZDV�FDOOHG�(GPRQVWRQ� DIWHU� WKH� QDPH�RI� WKH� FKLOG� LQ�ZKRP� WKH� LVRODWLRQ� RFFXUUHG�� �$IWHU� VXFFHVVLYH�PXOWLSOLFDWLRQV� RI� WKLV� YLUXV� LQ� GLIIHUHQW� FHOOXODU� W\SHV� LQ� RUGHU� WR� DWWHQXDWH� LW�� WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�ZDV�SURGXFHG��EHFRPLQJ�OLFHQVHG�IRU�XVH�LQ�WKH�8�6��LQ���������$V� WLPH� ZHQW� RQ�� (GPRQVWRQ� %� ZDV� JUDGXDOO\� VXEVWLWXWHG� ZLWK� RWKHU� YDFFLQH V� WKDW� ZHUH� PRUH�DWWHQXDWHG��SURGXFHG�IURP�WKH�VDPH�VWUDLQ�RI�(GPRQVWRQ��ZKLFK�KDG�WKH�DGYDQWDJH�RI�LQGXFLQJ�OHVV�LQWHQVH�YDFFLQH�UHDFWLRQV�RU�VLGH�HIIHFWV���7KHVH�YDFFLQHV�ZHUH� WKH�6FKZDUW]�YDFFLQH��DSSURYHG�LQ�������DQG�WKH�0RUDWHQ��DSSURYHG�LQ������DQG� XVHG�DW�SUHVHQW��LQ�WKH�8�6����,W�ZDV�QRW�XQWLO������WKDW�WKH� (GPRQVWRQ� %� YDFFLQH� ZDV� ZLWKGUDZQ� IURP� FLUFXODWLRQ� LQ� WKH� 8�6�� � ,Q� ����� DQG� ������ IRU�LQVWDQFH��PRUH�WKDQ���PLOOLRQ�GRVHV�RI�(GPRQVWRQ�%�ZHUH�VWLOO�EHLQJ�DGPLQLVWHUHG�LQ�WKH�8�6� ��7KH�LPPXQLW\ SURGXFHG�E\�WKH�OLYH�YLUXV�YDFFLQH�LV�SHUPDQHQW�DQG�LV�VLPLODU�WR�WKDW�SURGXFHG�E\�WKH�GLVHDVH���,W�PXVW�EH�PHDVXUHG�WKURXJK�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�VSHFLILF�DQWLERGLHV�LQ�WKH�EORRG�VHUXP���7KH�OHYHOV�RI�DQWLERGLHV�DUH�W\SLFDOO\�ORZHU�DIWHU�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�WKDQ�WKR VH�UHODWHG�WR�WKH�GLVHDVH��7KH�OHYHOV�RI�DQWLERGLHV�DOVR�GLPLQLVK�RYHU�WLPH�DQG�FDQ�EHFRPH�XQGHWHFWDEOH���+RZHYHU��WKLV�GRHV�QRW�PHDQ�WKDW�WKH�YDFFLQH�QR�ORQJHU�RIIHUV�SURWHFWLRQ���������6LGH�(IIHFWV$OWKRXJK�WKH�XVH�RI�(GPRQVWRQ�%�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�D�KL JK�IUHTXHQF\�RI�IHYHU�������&��RU�������)���LQ��������RI�FDVHV��DQG�UDVK��LQ������RFFXUULQJ���WR����GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��WKHUH�DUH�QR�UHSRUWV�RI�VHULRXV�FRPSOLFDWLRQV���,Q�JHQHUDO��LQGLYLGXDOV�UHPDLQ�ZHOO��ZLWK�D�OHVV�VHYHUH�SURILOH�WKDQ�ZLWK� WKH�PHDVOHV� GLVHDVH�� DQG� WKHUH� DUH� QR� UHSRUWV� RI� GHDWKV� UHVXOWLQJ� IURP� WKLV� UHDFWLRQ� DPRQJ�LPPXQRFRPSHWHQW�LQGLYLGXDOV��7KH�XVH�RI�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�,*�RU�0,*��KLJK�WLWHU�PHDVOHV�LPPXQH�JOREXOLQ��QR�ORQJHU�DYDLODEOH�LQ�WKH�8�6���DORQJ�ZLWK�(GPRQVWRQ�%�UHGXFHV�WKH RFFXUUHQFH�RI�WKHVH�V\PSWRPV�E\�DERXW�������7KH�6FKZDUW]�DQG�0RUDWHQ�YDFFLQHV�GR�QRW�UHTXLUH�WKH�DVVRFLDWHG�XVH�RI�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ��,W�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW��DOWKRXJK�WKH�YDFFLQH�YLUXV�ZDV�LVRODWHG�LQ�WKH�FRQMXQFWLYD� DQG�UHVSLUDWRU\�WLVVXHV� RI� D� VLQJOH� LQGLYLGXDO� ZLWK� OHXNHPLD�� ZKR� GLHG� DV� D� UHVXOW� RI� SQHXPRQLD� RQH� \HDU� DIWHU�YDFFLQDWLRQ��WKH�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�YLUXV�IURP�SHUVRQ�WR�SHUVRQ�KDV�QHYHU�EHHQ�GRFXPHQWHG��VHH�5HGG�HW�DO���FLWHG�DERYH�LQ�QRWH������,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI� QRQ�LPPXQH� SRSXODWLRQV� LQ� JHQHUDO�� DQG� LQGLJHQRXV� SHRSOHV� LQ� SDUWLFXODU�� YDULRXV�VWXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�JUHDWHU�LQFLGHQFH�DQG�LQWHQVLW\�RI�SRVW �YDFFLQH�UHDFWLRQV�HQFRXQWHUHG�DPRQJ� YDFFLQDWHG� LQGLYLGXDOV� ZHUH� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� IHYHU�� SURVWUDWLRQ�� DQG� UDVK�� VLPXODWLQJ� WKH�SURILOH RI� OLJKW� WR PRGHUDWH� FDVHV� RI�PHDVOHV�� � 6RPH� RI� WKHVH� VWXGLHV�� GHVSLWH� WKH� GLIILFXOWLHV� RI�� 7KH�YDFFLQH�FRQWDLQLQJ�GHDG�YLUXV�FHDVHG�EHLQJ�OLFHQVHG�LQ�WKH�8�6��LQ������GXH�WR�WKH�ULVN�RI�VHULRXV�K\SHUVHQVLWLYH�UHDFWLRQV� XSRQ� H[SRVXUH� WR� WKH�ZLOG� YLUXV� �$W\SLFDO�0HDVOHV� 6\QGURPH��� LQ� DGGLWLRQ� WR� KDYLQJ� D� ORZ�HIILFDF\� DQG�QRW�FRQIHUULQJ�SHUPDQHQW�LPPXQLW\���� +D\GHQ��*��)���������³0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�)DLOXUH�´��&OLQ��3HG����������������

Page 5: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

FRPSDULQJ�JURXSV�ZLWK�VLPLODU�FRQWUROV��UHFRPPHQG�WKH�XVH�RI�YDFFLQHV�FRQWDLQLQJ�PRUH�DWWHQXDWHG�IRUPV�RI�WKH�YLUXV�ZKHQ�DFFHVV�LV�GLIILFXOW�IRU�KHDOWK�WHDPV�WR�DWW HQG�WR�DGYHUVH�HIIHFWV���������&RQGLWLRQV�IRU�$GPLQLVWHULQJ�0HDVOHV�9DFFLQHV��ZLWK�DWWHQXDWHG�YLUXV�,W� LV� XVXDOO\� UHFRPPHQGHG� WKDW� PHDVOHV� YDFFLQHV� QRW� EH� DGPLQLVWHUHG� WR� LQGLYLGXDOV� ZLWK� IHYHU��VLQFH� WKH� FRQFRPLWDQFH� RI� WKH� LOOQHVVHV� FDQ� GLPLQLVK� WKH� UD WH� RI� VHUXP� FRQYHUVLRQ��� +RZHYHU��YDFFLQDWLRQ�VKRXOG�QRW�EH�GHOD\HG�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�PRGHUDWH�UHVSLUDWRU\�LQIHFWLRQV��VLQFH�VWXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�QR�GLIIHUHQFH�LQ�WKH�VHUXP�FRQYHUVLRQ�XQGHU�VXFK�FRQGLWLRQV���)XUWKHUPRUH��LQ�VWXGLHV�WKDW�FRPSDUHG� YDFFLQDWLRQ� EH WZHHQ� PDOQRXULVKHG� DQG� ZHOO� QRXULVKHG� FKLOGUHQ�� WKH� UDWHV� RI� VHUXP�FRQYHUVLRQ�ZHUH�LGHQWLFDO� ��7KH� XVH� RI� WKHVH� YDFFLQHV� LV� QRW� UHFRPPHQGHG� LQ� LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG� LQGLYLGXDOV�� � +RZHYHU��VSHFLILFDOO\�ZLWK�UHJDUG�WR�+,9�LQIHFWLRQ��WKLV�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ�KDV�EHH Q�FKDQJHG��VLQFH�WKH�QXPEHU�RI� LQIHFWHG� FKLOGUHQ� KDV� LQFUHDVHG� DQG� WKH� ULVN� RI� VHYHUH� GLVHDVH� LQ� WKHVH� FKLOGUHQ� LV� YHU\� KLJK���6WXGLHV�LQ�$IULFD�KDYH�VKRZQ�IHZ�VLGH�HIIHFWV��VXFK�WKDW�QRZ�LQ�WKH�8�6��LW�LV�DOVR�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�FKLOGUHQ�ZLWKRXW�VLJQV�RI�DGYDQFHG�LPPXQRGHILFLHQF\�EH�YDFFLQDWHG� ��7KH�XVH�RI�YDFFLQHV�DIWHU�H[SRVXUH�WR�WKH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV�FDQ�EH�HIIHFWLYH�E\�RIIHULQJ�VRPH�SURWHFWLRQ�DJDLQVW�WKH�RQVHW�RI�LOOQHVV�LI�LW�LV�DGPLQLVWHUHG�ZLWKLQ����KRXUV�DIWHU�H[SRVXUH���7KLV�SURWHFWLRQ�LV�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�EHFDXVH�WKH�WLPH�QHHGHG�WR�SURGXFH� DQWLERGLHV�LV�OHVV�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH��VLQFH�LW� LV� DGPLQLVWHUHG�RXWVLGH� WKH� DOLPHQWDU\� WUDFW� �SDUHQWKHUDOO\��� �7KLV� LV� WKH�SUHIHUUHG�RSWLRQ�ZKHQ�WUHDWLQJ�LQGLYLGXDOV�RYHU����PRQWKV�ROG���7KHUH�LV�QR�FRQWUDLQGL FDWLRQ�DJDLQVW�WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�DIWHU� WKH� ���KRXU� SHULRG�� � +RZHYHU�� LI� DGPLQLVWHUHG� ODWH�� WKH� YDFFLQH� PD\� QRW� EH� HIIHFWLYH� LQ�SUHYHQWLQJ�WKH�LOOQHVV�RU�UHGXFLQJ�WKH�V\PSWRPV��DQG�WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�PD\�FRPH�WR�SUHVHQW�WKH�IXOO �EORZQ� GLVHDVH�� � ,W� VKRXOG� EH� QRWHG� WKDW� WKLV� GRHV� QRW� UHSUHVHQW� D� IDLOXUH� RI� WKH� YDFFLQH� RU�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�ZLWK�LW��VHH�QRWH���DERYH��� �)LQDOO\�� LQ�WKH�PLGVW�RI�DQ�HSLGHPLF��WKH�UHFRPPHQGHG�SUDFWLFH� LV�PDVV�YDFFLQDWLRQ� WR�HUHFW�D�EDUULHU�DJDLQVW� WKH� VSUHDG�RI� WKH�GLVHDVH��HYHQ� LI� WKH UH�DUH�FRQFXUUHQW�GLVHDVHV�RU�PDOQXWULWLRQ�DW�WKH�WLPH�RI�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�������(WKLFV�DQG�ELRPHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK$W�WKH�SUHVHQW��WKH�HWKLFV�JXLGLQJ�UHVHDUFK�RQ�KHDOWK�LVVXHV�LQ�%UD]LO�DUH�EDVHG�RQ�IRXU�IXQGDPHQWDO�SRLQWV�� DOO� RI� ZKLFK� DUH� GHWDLOHG� LQ� ³3ROLF LHV� DQG� 5HJXODWLRQV� IRU� 5HVHDUFK� ,QYROYLQJ� +XPDQ�6XEMHFWV�´�5HVROXWLRQ��������RI�WKH�1DWLRQDO�+HDOWK�&RXQFLO�$���4XDOLILFDWLRQV�RI�WKH�WHDP�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�DQG�RI�WKH�SURMHFW��%���(YDOXDWLRQ�RI�WKH�FRVW�EHQHILW�UDWLR��&���,QIRUPHG�FRQVHQW��'���3ULRU�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�WKH�HWKLFDO�DVSHFWV�RI�WKH�UHVHDUFK�SURMHFW�E\�DQ�HWKLFV�FRPPLWWHH��FRPSRVHG�RI�UHVHDUFKHUV�DQG�FRPPXQLW\�UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV�,Q�WKH�HDUO\�����V��EHIRUH�WKH�UHVHDUFK�WHDP�RI�-DPHV�1HHO�DQG�1DSROHRQ�&KDJQRQ�FRQGXFWHG�WKHLU�UHVHDUFK�DPRQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL��WKH�'HFODUDWLRQ�RI�+HOVLQNL�,�KDG�EHHQ�DGRSWHG�E\�WKH���WK�:RUOG��� %URG\��-�$��HW�DO���������³0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�)LHOG�7ULDOV�LQ�$ODVND�´��-$0$ ������������������ 7KLV�PHDVXUH�DOVR�DYRLGV VXSHULPSRVLQJ�WKH�DGYHUVH�HIIHFWV�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�ZLWK�WKRVH�IURP�WKH�GLVHDVH�IHYHU��DQG�DOVR�DYRLGV�GRXEWV�DERXW�ZKHWKHU�D�SRVVLEOH�IHYHU�UHDFWLRQ�RULJLQDWHG�IURP�WKH�YDFFLQH�RU�IURP�WKH�XQGHUO\LQJ�GLVHDVH��� +DOVH\�� +�� $��� 5�� %RXORV�� )�� 0RGH�� HW� DO��� ������ ³5HVSRQVH� WR�0HDVOHV� LQ� +DLWLDQ� ,QIDQWV� �� WR� ���0RQWKV� 2OG���,QIOXHQFH�RI�0DWHUQDO�$QWLERGLHV��0DOQXWULWLRQ�DQG�&RQFXUUHQW�,OOQHVVHV�´��1HZ�(QJ��-��0HG� �������������� /MXQJPDQ��3���������³,PPXQL]DWLRQ�LQ�WKH�,PPXQRFRPSURPLVHG�+RVW�´��,Q�9DFFLQHV��HG��3ORWNLQ�DQG�2UHVWHQ��:��%��6DXQGHUV�&R���

Page 6: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

0HGLFDO�$VVHPEO\���������ZKLFK�GHDOW�ZLWK�WKH�SULQFLSOHV�LQKHUHQW�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�WKUHH�LVVXHV��DERYH����,QIRUPHG�FRQVHQW�KDG�EHHQ�D�SURPLQHQW� UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ�HYHU�VLQFH� WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�7UL EXQDO�RI�1XUHPEHUJ�RI������HVWDEOLVKHG�WKH�1XUHPEHUJ�&RGH��ZKLFK�VWDWHV�������7KH�YROXQWDU\�FRQVHQW�RI�WKH�KXPDQ�VXEMHFW�LV�DEVROXWHO\�HVVHQWLDO���7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�WKH�SHUVRQ�LQYROYHG�VKRXOG�KDYH�OHJDO�FDSDFLW\�WR�JLYH�FRQVHQW��VKRXOG�EH�VR�VLWXDWHG�DV�WR�EH�DEOH� WR� H[HUFLVH� IUHH� SRZHU� RI� FKRLFH�� ZLWKRXW� WKH� LQWHUYHQWLRQ� RI� DQ\� HOHPHQW� RI� IRUFH��IUDXG��GHFHLW��GXUHVV��RYHU�UHDFKLQJ��RU�RWKHU�XOWHULRU�IRUP�RI�FRQVWUDLQW�RU�FRHUFLRQ��DQG�VKRXOG�KDYH�VXIILFLHQW�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�FRPSUHKHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�HOHPHQWV�RI�WKH�VXEMHFW�PDWWHU�LQYROYHG�DV�WR�HQDEOH�KLP�WR�PDNH�DQ�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�DQG�HQOLJKWHQHG�GHFLVLRQ���7KLV�ODWWHU�HOHPHQW�UHTXLUHV�WKDW�EHIRUH�WKH�DFFHSWDQFH�RI�DQ�DIILUPDWLYH�GHFLVLRQ�E\�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDO�VXEMHFW� WKHUH� � VKRXOG� EH� PDGH� NQRZQ� WR� KLP� WKH� QDWXUH�� GXUDWLRQ�� DQG� SXUSRVH� RI� WKH�H[SHULPHQW��WKH�PHWKRG�DQG�PHDQV�E\�ZKLFK�LW�LV�WR�EH�FRQGXFWHG��DOO�LQFRQYHQLHQFHV�DQG�KD]DUGV� UHDVRQDEO\� WR�EH�H[SHFWHG��DQG� WKH�HIIHFWV�XSRQ�KLV�KHDOWK�RU�SHUVRQ�ZKLFK�PD\�SRVVLEO\� FRPH� IURP�KLV� SDUWLFLSDWLRQ� LQ� WKH� H[SHULPHQW� 7KH� GXW\� DQG� UHVSRQVLELOLW\� IRU�DVFHUWDLQLQJ�WKH�TXDOLW\�RI�WKH�FRQVHQW�UHVWV�XSRQ�HDFK�LQGLYLGXDO�ZKR�LQLWLDWHV��GLUHFWV�RU�HQJDJHV� LQ� WKH� H[SHULPHQW�� � ,W� LV� D� SHUVRQDO� GXW\� DQG� UHVSRQVLELOLW\� ZKLFK� PD\� QRW� EH�GHOHJDWHG�WR�DQRWKHU�ZLWK�LPSXQLW\���

����'LVFXVVLRQ,Q�OLJKW�RI�WKLV�IUDPHZRUN�RI�HWKLFDO�JXLGHOLQHV�IRU�ELRPHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK�LQ�YLJRU�GXULQJ�WKH�����V��LW�LV� SRVVLEOH� WR�PDNH� VRPH�FRPPHQWV�RQ� WKH�SURFHGXUHV�RI� WKH� UHVHDUFK�SURMHFW�FDUULHG�RXW�E\� WKH�WHDP�RI�1HHO�DQG�&KDJQRQ�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�DFFX VDWLRQV�PDGH�LQ�FKDSWHU���RI�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�$���&RQFHUQLQJ�WKH�4XDOLILFDWLRQV�RI�WKH�5HVHDUFKHU�DQG�WKH�5HVHDUFK�3URMHFW-DPHV�1HHO�ZDV�DQ�DFDGHPLF�VFKRODU�RI�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�UHQRZQ��ERWK�WKHQ�DQG�QRZ��ZLWK�UHFRJQL]HG�FRPSHWHQFH� WR� SODQ�� H[HFXWH�� DQG� GLVVHPLQDWH� WKH� UHVXOWV� RI� D� UHVHDUFK� SURMHFW�� � +RZHYHU�� WKH�UHVHDUFK� SURWRFRO� DQG� WKH� SULQFLSOH� REMHFWLYH� RI� KLV� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� DPRQJ� WKH� <DQRPDPL� RI�9HQH]XHOD� LQ� ����� ZHUH� QRW� FOHDUO\� H[SODLQHG� LQ� WKH� DUWLFOH� E\� 1HHO� HW� DO��� SXEOLVKHG� LQ� WKH�$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�(SLGHPLRORJ\ LQ�������VHH�QRWH���DERYH���ZKLFK�GHVFULEHV�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DQG�WKH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF��,Q�WKLV�DUWLFOH��WKH�DXWKRUV�UHIHU�WR�WKH�GLVUXSWLRQ�RI�WKHLU�UHVHDUFK�SURWRFRO�GXH�WR�WKH�QHFHVVLW\�RI�HPHUJHQF\� FDUH� IRU� WKH�<DQRPDPL�� JLYHQ� WKH� VLPXOW DQHRXV� RXWEUHDN� RI� WKH� HSLGHPLF��7KH\� DOVR�DOOXGH�WR�WKH�LQLWLDO�UHVHDUFK�REMHFWLYH��ZKLFK�ZDV�WR�KDYH�EHHQ�D�FRPSDULVRQ�RI�WKH�UHVSRQVH�WR�WKH�PHDVOHV� YDFFLQH� EHWZHHQ� D� ³WUXO\� SULPLWLYH´� SRSXODWLRQ� DQG� D� FRQWURO� JURXS� RI� � ³FLYLOL]HG´�LQGLYLGXDOV���$FFRUGLQJ�WR�5\OH�:DUG��SURIHVVRU�DW�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�2[IRUG�DQG�IRUPHU�FROODERUDWRU�

�� 7KH�'HFODUDWLRQ�RI�+HOVLQNL� ,� VWDWHV�� � ³,Q�DQ\� UHVHDUFK�RQ�KXPDQ�EHLQJV�� HDFK�SRWHQWLDO� VXEMHFW�PXVW�EH�DGHTXDWHO\�LQIRUPHG«7KH� SK\VLFLDQ� VKRXOG� WKHQ� REWDLQ� WKH� VXEMHFW¶V� IUHHO\�JLYHQ� LQIRUPHG� FRQVHQW«,Q� WKH� FDVH� RI� OHJDO�LQFRPSHWHQFH�� LQIRUPHG� FRQVHQW� VKRXOG�EH�REWDLQHG� IURP� WKH� OHJDO�JXDUGLDQ�´� � �7UDQVODWRUV�QRWH� WH[WV�RI� WKH�(QJOLVK�YHUVLRQV� RI� WKH� 1XUHPEHUJ� &RGH� DQG� WKH� 'HFODUDWLRQ� RI� +HOVLQNL� DUH� TXRWHG� IURP� WKH� RULJLQDO� GRFXPHQWV� SRVWHG� DW�KWWS���ZZZ�LUE�LUF�FRP�UHVRXUFHV�QXUHPEHUJ�KWPO DQG�KWWS���ZZZ�LUE�LUF�FRP�UHVRXUFHV�KHOVLQNL�KWPO���

Page 7: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

RI�1HHO��WKH�ODWWHU�LQWHQGHG�WR�YDFFLQDWH�������<DQRPDPL�DQG�UHWXUQ�D�IHZ�\HDUV�ODWHU�WR�FRQGXFW�D�QHZ�VHURORJLFDO�VWXG\�LQ�RUGHU�WR�PHDVXUH�WKHLU�LPPXQRORJLFDO�UHVSRQVH�WR�WKH� YDFFLQH���+RZHYHU��7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�WKH�REMHFWLYH�RI�WKH�UHVHDUFK�ZDV�WR�FRQGXFW�DQ�H[SHULPHQW�LQVSLUHG�E\�HXJHQLFV��ZKLFK�ZRXOG�GHWHFW�GLIIHUHQFHV�LQ�JHQHWLF�VXVFHSWLELOLW\�DQG�DQDO\]H�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ� DPRQJ� WKH� <DQRPDPL� E\� PHDQV� RI� DQ� HSLGHP LF� LQWURGXFHG� WKURXJK� YDFFLQDWLRQ� �³WR�UHVROYH�WKH�JUHDW�JHQHWLF�TXHVWLRQ�RI�QDWXUDO�VHOHFWLRQ´����6XFK�DQ�LQWHQWLRQ��ZKLFK�ZRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�DEVROXWHO\�XQHWKLFDO��VHHPV�WR�XV�LQ�WKLV�FDVH�WR�EH�KLJKO\�LPSUREDEOH���,Q�WKH�ILUVW�SODFH��WKHUH�LV�QR�SURRI� ZKDWVRHYHU� WKDW� WKH� YDFFLQH� YLUXV� LV� WUDQVPLVVLEOH� DQG�� WKXV�� FDSDEOH� RI� JHQHUDWLQJ� DQ�HSLGHPLF���,Q�WKH�VHFRQG�SODFH��1HHO�KLPVHOI��LQ�DQ�DUWLFOH�SXEOLVKHG�LQ�������DVVHUWV�WKDW�WKH�QXPEHU�RI� LQGLYLGXDOV� QHHGHG� WR� GHWHFW� D� SURFHVV� RI� QDWXUDO� VHOHFWLRQ� ZRXOG� EH HQRUPRXV�� DQG� WKDW�� LQ�PHWKRGRORJLFDO� WHUPV�� LW�ZRXOG�EH�SUDFWLFDOO\� LPSRVVLEOH� WR�ILQG�HYLGHQFH�RI�GLIIHUHQFHV� LQ�VPDOO�SRSXODWLRQV��DV�LQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�FDVH���HYHQ�LI�WKH\�H[LVWHG� �� 0RUHRYHU��1HHO¶V�K\SRWKHVLV�ZDV�WKDW� VRFLRFXOWXUDO� IDFWRUV� SUHGRPLQDWHG RYHU� JHQHWLF� RQHV� DV� WKRVH� UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU� WKH� H[FHVVLYH�PRUWDOLW\�FDXVHG�E\�UHFHQWO\�LQWURGXFHG�LQIHFWLRXV�GLVHDVHV�DPRQJ�LVRODWHG�LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV��VHH�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO�HW�DO���������FLWHG�DERYH����,Q�FRQFOXVLRQ��WKH�SULQFLSOH�UHVHDUFK�REMHFWLYHV� RI�1HHO�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�<DQRPDPL�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ������DQG�WKH�SURWRFRO�RI�WKLV�UHVHDUFK�FDQ�EH�HYDOXDWHG�RQO\�DIWHU�REWDLQLQJ�WKH�RULJLQDO�UHVHDUFK�VWDWHPHQW� SUHVHQWHG� WR� WKH� $(&� �WKH� 8�6�� $WRPLF� (QHUJ\� &RPPLVVLRQ�� ZKLFK� ILQDQFHG� WKH�UHVHDUFK��DQG��SUHIHUDEO\��E\�DQ�HWKLFV�FRPPLWWHH�FRPSRVHG�RI�LQGHSHQGHQW�VSHFLDOLVWV��DV�UHTXLUHG�E\�FXUUHQW�VWDQGDUGV����%���&RQFHUQLQJ�WKH�&RVW�%HQHILW��$QDO\VLV�RI�WKH�9DFFLQDWLRQ)RU� WKLV� FULWHULRQ�� WKH�DGYDQWDJHV�RI�D�SURFHGXUH� IRU� WKH�SRSXODWLRQ� LQ�TXHVWLRQ�PXVW�EH� ZHLJKHG�DJDLQVW� WKH�SRVVLEOH�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��NQRZQ�DQG�XQNQRZQ�� LQKHUHQW� LQ�WKH�VDPH�SURFHGXUH�� �,Q�WKLV�FRQWH[W��FRQGXFWLQJ� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DV�D�SUHYHQWLRQ�DJDLQVW�PHDVOHV�DSSHDUV� WR�XV� WR�KDYH�EHHQ�D�EHQHILFLDO� PHDVXUH�� VLQFH� WKH� <DQRPDPL� SRSXODWLRQ� IRXQG LWVHOI� ERWK� YXOQHUDEOH�� JLYHQ� WKH�LQWHQVLILFDWLRQ� RI� LQWHUHWKQLF� FRQWDFW�� DQG� ELRORJLFDOO\� VXVFHSWLEOH�� JLYHQ� WKH� KLJK� SHUFHQWDJH� RI�WKRVH� ODFNLQJ�DQWLERGLHV�DJDLQVW�PHDVOHV��DV�GHWHUPLQHG�IURP�EORRG�VDPSOHV�FROOHFWHG�LQ����� �����FLWHG�LQ�1HHO�HW�DO�����������+RZHYHU�� LW� LV�ZRUWK�QRWLQJ� WKDW�GXULQJ� WKH� VDPH�GHFDGH�� DQG� LQ� HDUOLHU�RQHV��RWKHU� VWXGLHV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG�DPRQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�WKDW�KDG�QR�FOHDU�EHQHILW�IRU�WKLV�SRSXODWLRQ� �� LQFOXGLQJ��DPRQJ�RWKHUV��UHVHDUFK�RQ�WK\URLG�PHWDEROLVP��ZKLFK�ZDV�DOVR�VXSS RUWHG�E\�DQ�DWRPLF�HQHUJ\�FRPPLVVLRQ��WKLV�WLPH�WKH�)UHQFK�RQH��&($�� ��%���� � 2Q� WKH� &KRLFH� RI� WKH� (GPRQVWRQ� %� 9DFFLQH�� $� IHZ� FRQVLGHUDWLRQV� FDQ� EH� KLJKOLJKWHG�UHJDUGLQJ� WKH�FKRLFH�RI� WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�E\�1HHO�� �7KH�ILUVW� LV� WKDW�KH�XVHG�WKLV�YDFFLQHDIWHU� DVNLQJ� IRU� WHFKQLFDO� LQIRUPDWLRQ� IURP� WKH� &HQWHUV� IRU� 'LVHDVH� &RQWURO� �&'&�� LQ� $WODQWD���� 7KLV�UHSRUW�LV�SRVWHG�LQ�WKH�VLWH�KWWS���ZZZ�DQWK�XFRQQ�HGX�JUDGVWXGHQWV�GKXPH�'DUN�GDUNQHVV������KWP��³7KH�'HEDWH�RYHU�$PD]RQ�'DUNQHVV�´�2FWREHU������������ 1HHO��-���������&LED�)RXQGDWLRQ�6\PSRVLXP�����QHZ�VHULHV������������ ([DPSOHV�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ���5RFKH�HW�DO���������³(OHYDWHG�7K\URLGDO�,����8SWDNH�LQ�WKH�$EVHQFH�RI�*RLWHU�LQ�,VRODWHG�9HQH]XHODQ�,QGLDQV�´�-��&OLQ��(QGRFULQ��DQG�0HWDE� ���������5RFKH�HW�DO���������³8ULQDU\�([FUHWLRQ�RI�6WDEOH�,RGLQH�LQ�D�6PDOO�*URXS�RI�,VRODWHG�9HQH]XHODQ�,QGLDQV�´�-��&OLQ��(QGRFULQ��DQG�0HWDE� ���������� 7KHUH�DUH�YDULRXV�H[DPSOHV�RI�HWKLFDOO\�GXELRXV�H[SHULPHQWV�WKDW�ZHUH�VXSSRUWHG�E\�DWRPLF� HQHUJ\�FRPPLVVLRQV�LQ�WKH�GHFDGHV� RI� WKH� µ��V� DQG� µ��V�� VXFK� DV� WKH� UDGLRDFWLYH� H[SRVXUH� RI�$PHULFDQ� WURRSV� DQG�PHQWDOO\� GHILFLHQW� SDWLHQWV� LQ�0DVVDFKXVHWWV��FRQGXFWHG�E\�WKH�8�6��$WRPLF�(QHUJ\�&RPPLVVLRQ��VHH�ZHEVLWH�FLWHG�DERYH�LQ�QRWH�����

Page 8: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

DFFRUGLQJ�WR�WKH�ILQGLQJV�RI�6XVDQ�/LQGHH��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�+LVWRU\�DQG�6RFLRORJ\��WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�3HQQV\OYDQLD���ZKR�H[DPLQHG�1HHO¶V�SHUVRQDO�GRFXPHQWV� ��(YHU�VLQFH�WKH�UHOHDVH�RI�(GPRQVWRQ�%�IRU�PHDVOHV�LQ�������VWXGLHV�UHYHDOHG�D�JUHDWHU�IUHTXHQF\�RI�UHDFWLRQV� WR� WKH�YDFFLQH�DPRQJ� LVRODWHG�JURXSV� �VHH�%URG\� HW�DO���������� OHDGLQJ� WR� WKH�FKRLFH�RI�YDFFLQHV�ZLWK�PRUH�DWWHQXDWHG�IRUPV�RI�WKH�YLUXV���$OWKRXJK�WKH�XV H�RI�(GPRQVWRQ�%�ZDV�VWLOO�YDOLG�ZKHQ� WKH� YDFFLQDWLRQ� WRRN� SODFH� LQ� ������ KDYLQJ� EHHQ� XVHG� RQ� DURXQG� RQH� PLOOLRQ� $PHULFDQ�FKLOGUHQ� LQ� WKH�VDPH�\HDU�� WKH�6FKZDUW]�YDFFLQH��EHLQJ�PRUH�DWWHQXDWHG��SUHVHQWHG�WKH�WKHRUHWLFDO�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�D�YDFFLQH�WKDW�ZRXOG� FDXVH�IHZHU�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�ZKLOH�RIIHULQJ�WKH�VDPH�HIILFDF\���2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� VRPH� FOLQLFDO� FRPSDUDWLYH� WULDOV� ZHUH� VWLOO� EHLQJ� FRQGXFWHG� LQ� ����� RQ�(GPRQVWRQ�%� DQG�6FKZDUW]� WR� FRPSDUH� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� RI� UHDFWLRQV� WR� WKH� WZR�YDFFLQHV� �� ZKLFK�VXJJHVWV�WKDW��DW�WKH�WLPH��VXFK�WKHRULHV�ZHUH�VWLOO�RQO\�K\SRWKHVHV�XQGHU�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ���7KH�ZRUN�FLWHG�DERYH�ZHQW�VR�IDU�DV�WR�FRPSDUH�WKH�WZR�YDFFLQDWHG�JURXSV�ZLWK�D�WKLUG�JURXS�WKDW�UHFHLYHG�D�SODFHER��GLVWLOOHG�ZDWHU���D�SURFHGXUH�WKDW�QRZDGD\V�ZRXOG�EH�FRQVLG HUHG�HWKLFDOO\�LQDGPLVVLEOH���2QFH�DJDLQ��ZH�GR�QRW�KDYH�DFFHVV�WR�GRFXPHQWV�WKDW�FRXOG�DQVZHU�FOHDUO\�ZK\�1HHO�FKRVH�WKLV�RU�WKDW�YDFFLQH�IRU�YDFFLQDWLQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�LQ������LQ�9HQH]XHOD��DQG�LQ������LQ�%UD]LO��ZKHQ������GRVHV� ZHUH� VHQW� WR� ORFDO� HYDQJHO LFDO� PLVVLRQDULHV� IRU� YDFFLQDWLQJ� WKH� <DQRPDPL� LQ� 7RRWRWREL��6XUXFXFXV��DQG�0XFDMDt��� � ,Q�DQ\�FDVH�� LW� VKRXOG�EH�PHQWLRQHG� WKDW� WKH�PRQLWRULQJ�RI� WKH�HWKLFDO�DVSHFWV�RI�PHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK�DPRQJ�LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV�ZDV��LQ�WKH�����V��TXLWH�GLVWDQW�IURP�FXUUHQWFRQFHSWLRQV��GHVSLWH�WKH�UXOHV�OLVWHG�LQ�WKH 1XUHPEHUJ�&RGH��������DQG�WKH�'HFODUDWLRQ�RI�+HOVLQNL����������7LHUQH\V�ERRN�SUHVHQWV�DQ�DUJXPHQW�WKDW�WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�XVHG�LQ�1HHO¶V�UHVHDUFK��EHVLGHV�KDYLQJ� EHHQ� SKDVHG� RXW�� FDUULHG� DQ� HOHYDWHG� ULVN RI� VHULRXV� FRPSOLFDWLRQV�� HYHQ� OHWKDO� RQHV��UHQGHULQJ� LW�DEVROXWHO\�FRQWUDLQGLFDWHG� LQ� WKH�<DQRPDPL�VLWXDWLRQ� �� $V�VWDWHG�DERYH�LQ�LWHP������DOWKRXJK�WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�FDQ�SURGXFH�D�JUHDWHU�SHUFHQWDJH�RI�YDFFLQH�UHDFWLRQV��PDLQO\�DPRQJ�LVRODWHG�JURXSV�IRU�ZKRP�WKH�PHDVOHV�GLVHDVH�LV�DOVR�PRUH�VHULRXV��WKHVH�UHDFWLRQV�WDNH�WKH�IRUP�RI�IHYHU�DQG�UDVK��ZLWKRXW�WKH�ULVN�RI�GHDWK���,W�LV�ZRUWK�QRWLQJ�WKDW�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�SUHVHQWHG�HDUOLHU�LQ�WKH�ERRN�SUHGLVSRVHV�WKH�QRQ �VSHFLDOLVW�UHDGHU� WR� EHOLHYH�� GHVSLWH� WKH� ODFN� RI� GRFXPHQWDU\� VXSSRUW�� WKH� ZRUVW� DERXW� WKH� UHVHDUFKHUV�LQWHQWLRQV�� ZKR� VXSSRVHGO\� FKRVH� WKLV� YDFFLQH� LQ� RUGHU� WR� SURYRNH� D� VLPXODWLRQ� RI� D� PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF���$Q�H[DPSOH�RI�WKLV�LV�WKH�H[DJJHUDWHG�DWWHQWLRQ�JLYHQ�LQ�WKH�WH[W�WR�WKH�FRPSRVLWLR Q�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�ZLWK�OLYH�YLUXV�� LQ�FRQWUDVW� WR�WKDW�ZLWK�WKH�GHDG�YLUXV��ZKHQ��WR�WKH�FRQWUDU\��LW�LV�WKH�ODWWHU� WKDW� FDUULHV� D�PXFK� JUHDWHU� ULVN� LI� IROORZHG�E\� H[SRVXUH� WR� WKH� GLVHDVH�YLUXV� �ZKLFK� LV� WKH�UHDVRQ�ZK\�LW�ZDV�QR�ORQJHU�UHFRPPHQGHG�LQ������� ��)LQDOO\�� LW� LV� DOVR�ZRUWK� SRLQWLQJ� RXW� WKH� FRQFHSWXDO� FRQIXVLRQ� LQ�7LHUQH\V� ERRN� FRQFHUQLQJ� WKH�LPPXQLW\�RI�WKH�<DQRPDPL���'XULQJ�WK H�WLPH�RI�WKH�<DQRPDPL�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LQ�������PXFK�GHEDWH�WRRN� SODFH� RYHU� WKH� SUHSRQGHUDQW� IDFWRU� EHKLQG� WKH� KLJK� OHWKDOLW\ RI� PHDVOHV� DPRQJ� VXFK��� ,QIRUPDWLRQ DYDLODEOH�RQ�WKH�ZHEVLWH�KWWS���ZZZ�WDPX�HGX�DQWKURSRORJ\�/LQGHH�KWPO�� 3DXO��-HDQ�-RVHSK�HW�DO���������³$�&RPSDULVRQ�RI�(GPRQVWRQ�%�DQG�6FKZDUW]�0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�LQ�0DOLDQ�&KLOGUHQ�´��7KH�/DQFHW �0DUFK��������������� )RU�WKLV�DUJXPHQW��7LHUQH\�UHOLHV�RQ�LQWHUYLHZ�VRXUFHV��ZKLFK��DIWHU�WKLUW\�\HDUV��DUH�VXEMHFW�WR�PHPRU\� ELDV� SKUDVHV�OLIWHG� IURP� DUWLFOHV� WKDW� GR� QRW� QHFHVVDULO\� FRQYH\� WKH� JHQHUDO� YLVLRQ� RI� WKH� DXWKRUV�� DQG� VWDWHPHQWV� WKDW� SUHFHGHG WKH�RIILFLDO�DSSURYDO�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�LQ�������� $OWKRXJK� WKH�DXWKRU� VWDWHV� WKDW�QR�RWKHU� UHVHDUFKHU�XVHG�(GPRQVWRQ�%�DPRQJ� LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV�� WKHUH�DUH�UHSRUWV�HYHQ�RI�GHDG�YLUXV�YDFFLQHV�EHLQJ�DGPLQLVWHUHG�WR�,QGLDQV�LQ�(FXDGRU�EHIRUH�DQ�HSLGHPLF�WKDW�D OVR�RFFXUUHG�LQ��������6HH�.DSODQ�HW�DO���������³,QIHFWLRXV�'LVHDVH�3DWWHUQV�LQ�WKH�:DRUDQL��DQ�,VRODWHG�$PHULQGLDQ�3RSXODWLRQ�´��$P�-��7URS��0HG��+\J� ���������������

Page 9: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

SRSXODWLRQV��EXW�WKLV�GRHV�QRW�MXVWLI\�FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ�RU�FRPSDULQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�ZLWK�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKR�DUH�LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG �� �VHH�FOLQLFDO�H[DPSOHV�FLWHG�DERYH�LQ�LWHP���DQG��������$Q�H[DPSOH�RI� WKLV� FRQIXVLRQ� LV� WKH� FOLQLFDO� SURILOH� GHVFULEHG� LQ� FKDSWHU� ���ZKLFK� OLNHQV�PHDVOHV� DPRQJ� WKH�,QGLDQV�WR�PHDVOHV�DPRQJ�OHXNHPLD�SDWLHQWV��ZKLFK�DPRXQWV�WR�D�IDOVHKRRG� �� $ORQJ�VLPLODU�OLQHV��7LHUQH\� DWWHPSWV� WR� GHPRQVWUDWH� WKDW� WKH� <DQRPDPL� DUH� LPPXQRFRPSURPLVHG� E\� PHDQV� RI�DQWKURSRPHWULF�PHDVXUHPHQWV��%0,��WKH�%RG\�0DVV�,QGH[��ZKLFK�GLYLGHV�WKH�ZHLJKW�LQ�NLORJUDPV�E\�WKH�VTXDUH�RI�WKH�KHLJKW�LQ�PHWHUV���OHDGLQJ�KLP�WR�FKDUDFWHUL]H�WKLV�SRSXODWLRQ�DV�V\VWHPDWLFDOO\�PDOQRXULVKHG���$OWKRXJK�WKH�%0,�PD\�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�DQ�H[FHOOHQW�LQGLFDWRU�RI�WKH�V WDWH�RI�KHDOWK�RI�D�SRSXODWLRQ��LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�H[HUFLVH�FRQVLGHUDEOH�FDXWLRQ�ZKHQ�FRPSDULQJ�VSHFLILF�ELRW\SHV�ZLWK�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�VWDQGDUGV�RI�QRUPDOLW\� ��%���� � 2Q� WKH� 6HOHFWLYH� 8VH� RI� ,PPXQRJOREXOLQ� �0,*� �� � $V� DQ� DGGLWLRQDO� SRLQW� RI� GLVFXVVLRQ��DOWKRXJK�WKH�FRQFRPLWDQW�XVH�RI�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�ZLWK�(GPRQVWRQ�%�ZDV�IUHTXHQWO\�UHFRPPHQGHG�LQ� RUGHU� WR� UHGXFH� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQV�� PDQ\� VWXGLHV� ZHUH� FRQGXFWHG� ZLWKRXW� LPPXQRJOREXOLQ� WR�FRPSDUH�WKHVH�UHDFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�DQ\�LQWHUYHQLQJ�IDFWRU� �� ,Q�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�FRQGXFWHG�E\�1HHO�LQ�������OLWWOH�LV�NQRZQ�DERXW�ZKHWKHU�KH�KDG�D�GHOLEHUDWH�LQWHUHVW�LQ�FRPSDULQJ�JURXSV�YDFFLQDWHG�ZLWK�DQG�ZLWKRXW�PHDVOHV�LPPXQH�JOREXOLQ��0,*����,W�LV�NQRZQ�WKDW�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�ZDV�FRQGXFWHG�ZLWKRXW�LPPXQRJOREXOL Q��0,*��LQ�9HQH]XHOD��QHDU�WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ���DV�ZHOO�DV�LQ�DW�OHDVW�RQH�RI�WKUHH�UHJLRQV�LQ�%UD]LO��6XUXFXFXV��7RRWRWREL��DQG�0XFDMDt��� ZKHUH� ������ GRVHV� RI� (GPRQVWRQ� %� ZHUH� VHQW� �VHH� 1HHO� HW� DO��� ����������� � ,Q� WKH�9HQH]XHODQ� FDVH�� WKH� RQO\� JURXS� WKDW� G LG� QRW� UHFHLYH� LPPXQRJOREXOLQ� �0,*��ZDV� WKH� ILUVW� WR�EH�YDFFLQDWHG��VR�RQH�PLJKW�VSHFXODWH�WKDW�DQ�LQLWLDO�SURWRFRO�RI�FRPSDULQJ�WKH�UHDFWLRQV�WR�WKH�YDFFLQH�ZLWK�RU�ZLWKRXW�0,*��LQ�RWKHU�YLOODJHV�DV�ZHOO��ZDV�SHUKDSV�DERUWHG�JLYHQ�WKH�HSLGHPLF�HPHUJHQF\��,Q� DQ\� FDVH�� HYLGHQFH� WKDW� D� FRPSDULVRQ�ZDV� LQGHHG�PDGH� EHWZHHQ�SHRSOH�ZKR�ZHUH�YDFFLQDWHG�ZLWK�DQG�ZLWKRXW�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ��0,*��FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�WKH������DUWLFOH�RI�1HHO� HW�DO� 7KH�HGLWRUV�RI� WKH� $PHULFDQ� -RXUQDO� RI� (SLGHPLRORJ\�� E\� DFFHSWLQJ� LW� IRU� SXEOLFDWLRQ�� DSSDUHQWO\� GLG� QRW�FRQVLGHU�WKH�LVVXH�WR�EH�D�VHULRXV�HWKLFDO�SUREOHP DW�WKDW�WLPH�*LYHQ�WKLV�IDFW��WKH�K\SRWKHVLV�EHFRPHV�SODXVLEOH�WKDW�1HHO�PD\�KDYH�DFWXDOO\�LQWHQGHG�WR�FRQGXFW�WKLV�FRPSDULVRQ� LQ�SODQQLQJ� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�� �6XFK�D�SURFHGXUH�� ZKLFK� WRGD\�ZH�ZRXOG�FHUWDLQO\�HYDOXDWH� DV� HWKLFDOO\� LQDSSURSULDWH�� ZDV�� KRZHYHU�� DSSDUHQWO\� FRPSDWLEOH� ZLWK� WKH� SUDFWLFHV� RI�ELRPHGLFDO� UHVHDUFK� DQG� WKH� HGLWRULDO� SROLFLHV� RI� WKH� ����V� �EXW� QRW� ZLWK� WKH� UXOHV� RI� WKH� �����1XUHPEHUJ�&RGH�DQG�WKH������'HFODU DWLRQ�RI�+HOVLQNL����)LQDOO\�� LW� UHPDLQV� IRU� XV� WR� FRPPHQW� RQ� RQH�PRUH� TXHVWLRQ� LQ� WKH� FDVH�� RQH� WKDW�ZDV� QRW� HYHQ�EURDFKHG�E\�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN��ZKLFK�FRQFHUQV�WKH�FRQFOXVLRQ�RI�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO� HW�DO� ���������,Q�WKH�PLGVW�RI�DQ�HSLGHPLF��ZKHQ�LW�LV�LPS RVVLEOH�WR�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�DFFXUDWHO\�EHWZHHQ�FDVHV�RI�PHDVOHV�DQG� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQV�� LW� ZRXOG� KDUGO\� EH� VFLHQWLILF� WR� VD\�� EDVHG� RQ� WKLV� H[SHULHQFH�� WKDW� WKH�UHDFWLRQV� ZHUH� PRUH� IUHTXHQW� DPRQJ� WKRVH� YDFFLQDWHG� ZLWKRXW� DQ� LQMHFWLRQ� RI� LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�

�� ,QGHHG��7LHUQH\¶V�SRVLWLRQ�FRQYH\V�WKH�SUHMXGLFLDO�QRWLRQ�WKDW�WKH�,QGLDQV�DUH�ELRORJLFDOO\�IUDJLOH��� $PRQJ�OHXNHPLD�SDWLHQWV��SQHXPRQLD�FDQ�RFFXU�ZLWK�JLDQW�FHOOV�DQG�PDQLIHVWDWLRQV�RI�KHPRUUKDJLQJ�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�D�UDVK��� $PRQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL��WKH�DYHUDJH�KHLJKW�LV�DERXW�����FP�IRU�PHQ�DQG�����FP�IRU�ZRPHQ��DQG�WKH�DYHUDJH�ZHLJKW�LV�DURXQG����.J� IRU�PHQ�DQG����.J� IRU�ZRPHQ�� �6HH�+ROPHV��5���������³1RQ�GLHWDU\�0RGLILHUV�RI�1XWULWLRQDO�6WDWXV� LQ�7URSLFDO�)RUHVW�3RSXODWLRQV�RI�9HQH]XHOD�´��,QWHUFLHQFLD ���������������� 6HH�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�3DXO��-HDQ�-RVHSK�HW�DO���������FLWHG�DERYH�LQ�QRWH����

Page 10: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

�0,*���� %XW�DJDLQ��WKLV�VKRZV�WKDW�WKH�PHWKRGRORJLFDO�VWDQGDUGV�RI�VFLHQWLILF�MRXUQDOV�LQ�WKH�����V�ZHUH�YHU\�GLIIHUHQW�WKDQ�WKRVH�FXUUHQWO\�LQ�HIIHFW�%�����2Q�:LWKKROGLQJ�$VVLVWDQFH�DQG�6HOHFWLYH�9DFFLQDWLRQ ���0RUH�WKDQ�RQFH��7LHUQH\�FODLPV�WKDW�1HHO�DQG�KLV�WHDP�GLG�QRW�DGHTXDWHO\�WUHDW�<DQRPDPL�ZKR�KDG�V\PSWRPV�RI�PHDVOHV��E\�SUHYHQWLQJ�WKH�XVH�RI�DQWLELRWLFV��DYRLGLQJ�UHTXHVWV�IRU�PRUH�PHGLFDO�SHUVRQQHO��DQG�HYHQ�IDLOLQJ�WR�YDFFLQDWH�YLOODJHV� WKURXJK�ZKLFK�KH�SDVVHG�� �+RZHYHU��7LHUQH\�RIIHUV�QR�VROLG�GRFXPHQW DWLRQ� LQ�FKDSWHU���WKDW�ZRXOG�VXSSRUW� VXFK�VWDWHPHQWV�� �)RU�H[DPSOH�� WR�VXSSRUW� WKH�FKDUJH� WKDW�QR�YDFFLQDWLRQ�ZDV�FDUULHG�RXW�LQ�3ODWDQDO��KH�UHIHUV�WR�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO� HW�DO� ��������LQ�ZKLFK�WKHUH�LV�QR�PHQWLRQ�ZKDWVRHYHU�RI� VXFK�D� IDFW�� �%HVLGHV� WKL V��PXFK�RI�KLV� LQIRUPDWLRQ� LV�EDVHG�RQ�KLV� LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV��LQHYLWDEO\�RSHQ�WR�GLYHUVH�DSSUDLVDOV��RI�IUDJPHQWV�RI�LQWHUYLHZV�DQG�HVSHFLDOO\�ILOP�VRXQGWUDFNV���)URP�ZKDW� LV�DFWXDOO\�SRVVLEOH� WR�DVVHVV� LQ� WKLV�FDVH��ZH�NQRZ� WKDW�1HHO� WULHG� WR�FUHDWH�D�EDUU LHU�DJDLQVW� WKH�HSLGHPLF�E\�PHDQV�RI�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��ZKLFK��JLYHQ�WKH�VSHHG�ZLWK�ZKLFK�WKH�GLVHDVH�VSUHDG�� ZDV� QRW� VXIILFLHQW� WR� UHGXFH� WKH� PRUWDOLW\� WKDW� RFFXUUHG�� )XUWKHUPRUH�� LW� LV� ZRUWK�XQGHUVFRULQJ�WKDW�LW�LV�QRW�DOZD\V�HDV\�WR�GLVWULEXWH�WKH�WDVNV�D QG�KXPDQ�UHVRXUFHV�LQ�WKH�GUDPDWLF�FLUFXPVWDQFHV� RI� DQ� HSLGHPLF� LQ� DQ� LQGLJHQRXV� DUHD�� � $OVR�� LW� ZRXOG� KDYH� EHHQ� SUDFWLFDOO\�LPSRVVLEOH� WR� DOWHU� WKH�<DQRPDPL¶V� EHKDYLR U� �JLYHQ� WKHLU�PRELOLW\�� DQG� LPSRVH� D� TXDUDQWLQH� RQ�YLOODJHV�WKDW�ZHUH�LVRODWHG�RU�OLWWOH FRQWDFWHG��D�PHDVXUH�WKDW�7LHUQH\�VXJJHVWV���2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� JLYHQ� WKDW� 1HHO� ZDV� DOUHDG\� DZDUH� RI� WKH� ULVN� RI� WKH� HSLGHPLF� GXULQJ� KLV�SUHSDUDWLRQV� IRU� WKH� WULS� �KDYLQJ� UHFHLYHG� LQIRUPDWLRQ� RQ� WKH� HSLGHPLF� LQ� %UD]LO� LQ� WKH� ERUGHU�UHJLRQV�ZLWK�9HQH]XHOD LQ� ODWH� ������� VRPH� DGGLWLRQDO� SUHFDXWLRQV� FRXOG� KDYH� EHHQ� LQFOXGHG� RU�IRUHVHHQ�LQ�KLV�ZRUN�SODQV���6RPH�SUHFDXWLRQV�WKDW�ZRXOG�KDYH�UHGXFHG�WKH�GLIILFXOWLHV�HQFRXQWHUHG�LQ�WKH�ILHOG�LQFOXGH�WKH�WUDLQLQJ�RI�WKRVH�DGPLQLVWHULQJ�YDFFLQDWLRQV��LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ FRPSOLFDWLRQV�DQG�WUHDWPHQWV��SURYLVLRQV�RI�PHGLFDWLRQV�DQG�DQWLELRWLFV��DQ�LWLQHUDU\�DQG�VFKHGXOH�RI�YLOODJHV�WR�YLVLW��HWF�,I��LQ�WKH�ILQDO�DQDO\VLV��LW�GRHV�QRW�VHHP�WR�XV�WKDW�WKHUH�LV�FRQFOXVLYH�GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�WR�VXEVWDQWLDWH�WKH�DFFXVDWLRQ�WKDW�1HHO ¶V�UHVHDUFK�WHDP�UHIXVHG�WR�YDFFLQDWH�RU�WUHDW�DQ\�FDVH�RI�YDFFLQH�UHDFWLRQV�RU�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�IURP�WKH�PHDVOHV�GLVHDVH��WKH�PRWLYHV�IRU�QRW�YDFFLQDWLQJ�DOO�WKH�LQGLYLGXDOV�LQ�WKH�YLOODJHV�YLVLWHG�E\�WKH�WHDP�UHPDLQ�WR�EH�FODULILHG���2Q�WKH�RQH�KDQG��WKH�DF FXVDWLRQ�UDLVHV�TXHVWLRQV�DERXW�ZKHWKHU� WKLV� FRXOG�EH� HYLGHQFH�RI�PHGLFDO�QHJOHFW�RU�HYHQ�RI� WKH�FRQVWLWXWLRQ�RI�D�FRQWURO�JURXS� DV� SDUW� RI� DQ� H[SHULPHQW�� � 2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� RQH�PXVW� DOVR� FRQVLGHU� WKDW� WKH� WUDGLWLRQDO�PRELOLW\�RI�WKH�<DQRPDPL�LQ�LVRODWHG� DUHDV��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�D�SDQLF�LQ�WKH�PLGVW�RI�DQ�HSLGHPLF�� LQ�DGGLWLRQ� WR� WKH� ODFN�RI�FHQVXVHV�DQG� UHFRUGV� IRU� LGHQWLI\LQJ� LQGLYLGXDOV��FDQ�H[SODLQ�ZK\�VRPH�YLOODJHV�RU�SDUWV�RI�YLOODJHV�ZHUH�OHIW�RXW�GXULQJ�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQV���+RZHYHU��WKLV�ODVW�H[SODQDWLRQ�PD\�VHHP�OHVV�SODXVLEOH�LQ�WKH�IDLOXUH�WR�LPPXQL]H����SHRSOH�IURP�,\HZHL� WKHUL� DW� WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ��ZKHUH� RQO\� ��� UHVLGHQWV�ZHUH� YDFFLQDWHG�� � 6LQFH� WKLV�ZDV� D�YLOODJH� VLWXDWHG� QHDU� D�PLVVLRQDU\� VWDWLRQ�� IRXQGHG� LQ� ������ WKHVH� ,QGLDQV�ZR XOG� KDYH� EHHQ� OHVV�PRELOH�� DQG� WKH� PLVVLRQ� PXVW� KDYH� KDG� D� FHQVXV� OLVW�� � 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH\� ZRXOG� KDYH� EHHQ� PRUH�DFFHVVLEOH�� EXW� WKH\�ZHUH� QRW� DOO� YDFFLQDWHG� GXULQJ� WKH� WKUHH�ZHHNV� IROORZLQJ� WKH�GDWH�ZKHQ� WKH�LPPXQL]DWLRQ�LQ�2FDPR�EHJDQ� �� ,Q�WKLV�FDVH��WKHUH LV�D�ODFXQD�LQ�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�WKH�UHDVRQV�IRU�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�WKRVH�,QGLDQV�DW�WKH�PLVVLRQ�GXULQJ�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SHULRG��&���&RQFHUQLQJ�,QIRUPHG�&RQVHQW�� +RZHYHU��VXFK�D�K\SRWKHVLV�PD\�EH�ELRORJLFDOO\�SODXVLEOH��DQG�RWKHU�VWXGLHV�KDYH�DUULYHG�DW�WKLV�VDPH�FRQFOXVLRQ���6HH�%ODFN��)��HW�DO���������³0HDVOHV�9DFFLQH�5HDFWLRQV�LQ�D�9LUJLQ�3RSXODWLRQ�´��$P��-��RI�(SLGHPLRORJ\ ����������������� 6HH�1HHO�HW�DO�����������������

Page 11: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

5HVROXWLRQ��������RI�WKH�1DWLRQDO�+HDOWK�&RXQFLO�LQ�%UD]LO��UHTXLUHV�WKDW��LQ�FXOWXUDOO\�GLIIH UHQWLDWHG�SRSXODWLRQV��LQFOXGLQJ�LQGLJHQRXV�RQHV��SULRU�DVVHQW�EH�JUDQWHG�E\�WKH�FRPPXQLW\�WKURXJK�LWV�RZQ�OHDGHUV�� ZKLFK� GRHV� QRW�� KRZHYHU�� SUHFOXGH� HIIRUWV� WR� REWDLQ� LQGLYLGXDO� FRQVHQW�� � %HVLGHV� WKHVH�RIILFLDO�QRUPV��WKH�<DQRPDPL�DQG�PDQ\�RWKHU�LQGLJHQRX V�JURXSV�DUH�WRGD\�FDSDEOH�RI�H[SUHVVLQJ�NQRZOHGJHDEOH�RSLQLRQV�DERXW�FRQGXFWLQJ�ELRPHGLFDO�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ�� WKHUH�DUH�HYHQ�IRUXPV�IRU�LQGLJHQRXV�UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ�LQ�WKH����6SHFLDO�,QGLJHQRXV�+HDOWK�'LVWULFWV�HVWDEOLVKHG�E\�WKH�1DWLRQDO�+HDOWK�)RXQGDWLRQ��)81$6$��LQ�WKH�0LQLVWU\�RI�+HDOWK��LQ�YDULRXV�VWDWHV�LQ�WKH�FRXQWU\���,Q�WKLV�FRQWH[W��WKH�IRUPHU�SUDFWLFH�RI�H[FKDQJLQJ�JLIWV�IRU�EORRG��XVHG�E\�WKH�WHDP�RI�1HHO�DQG�&KDJQRQ�ZLWK�WKH�<DQRPDPL�DQG�RWKHU�LQGLJHQRXV�JURXSV���RU�DQ\�RWKHU�VLPLODU�SURFHGXUH�WKDW VXEVWLWXWHV�DV�D�GLVWRUWHG�IRUP�RI�³LQIRUPHG�FRQVHQW´�IURP�LQGLJHQRXV�SRSXODWLRQV��LV�QRZDGD\V�WRWDOO\�SURKLELWHG�E\� QDWLRQDO� OHJLVODWLRQ�� DV� ZHOO� DV� E\� LQGLJHQRXV� FRPPXQLWLHV� DQG� RUJDQL]DWLRQV� LQ� %UD]LO� DQG�ZRUOGZLGH���,I� ZH� FRQVLGHU� DXWKRUL]DWLRQ� IRU� E LRPHGLFDO� UHVHDUFK� DPRQJ� LQGLJHQRXV� SHRSOHV� IURP� WKH�SHUVSHFWLYH� RI� WRGD\¶V� VWDQGDUGV� LQ� %UD]LO�� ZH� ILQG� WKDW 5HJXODWLRQ� ������� UHTXLUHV� WKDW� ³HYHU\�UHVHDUFKHU��LQFOXGLQJ�FLWL]HQV�DQG�IRUHLJQHUV��ZKR�ZLVKHV�WR�HQWHU�LQWR�LQGLJHQRXV�WHUULWRU\�WR�FDUU\�RXW� VFLHQWLILF� UHVHDUFK� SURMHFWV� PXVW� VXEPLW� D� UHTXHVW� WR� WKH� SUHVLGHQW� RI� )81$,�� � )XQGDomR�1DFLRQDO�GR�ËQGLR��WKH�1DWLRQDO�,QGLDQ�%XUHDX���� 0RUHRYHU��5HVROXWLRQ��������PDGH�WKH�1DWLRQDO�&RPPLVVLRQ� RQ� 5HVHDUFK� (WKLFV� �&21(3�� RI� WKH� 1DWLRQDO� +HDOWK� &RXQFLO� UHVSR QVLEOH� IRU�DSSURYLQJ�DQG�PRQLWRULQJ�UHVHDUFK�SURMHFWV�LQ�VSHFLDO�WKHPDWLF�DUHDV��DPRQJ�WKHVH�EHLQJ�UHVHDUFK�RQ�LQGLJHQRXV�SRSXODWLRQV��SURMHFWV�GLUHFWHG�IURP�DEURDG�RU�ZLWK�IRUHLJQ�SDUWLFLSDWLRQ��DQG�UHVHDUFK�WKDW�LQYROYHV�VHQGLQJ�ELRORJLFDO VDPSOHV�WR IRUHLJQ�FRXQWULHV��������������7KHUH� VWLOO� UHPDLQV�� LQ� LWV� FRQWH[W�� WKH� TXHVWLRQ� RI� DXWKRUL]DWLRQ� IURP� WKH� 9HQH]XHODQ� KHDOWK�DXWKRULWLHV�IRU�1HHO¶V�WHDP�WR�FRQGXFW�UHVHDUFK�DQG�YDFFLQDWLRQV���$JDLQ��FHUWDLQ�GRXEWV�H[LVW�DERXW�WKH�UHVHDUFKHU¶V�SRVWXUH�LQ�WKLV UHVSHFW�2Q�WKH�RQH�KDQG��7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�SUHVHQWV�D�VWDWHPHQW�IURP�'U��$��%LWHQFRXUW��ZKR��DW�WKH�WLPH��ZDV�'LUHFWRU� RI� WKH�'HSDUWPHQW� RI�9DFFLQDWLRQV� LQ� WKH�9HQH]XHODQ�0LQLVWU\� RI�+HDOWK�� LQ�ZKLFK� VKH�DVVHUWV� WKDW� VKH� GLG� QRW� UHFHLYH� DQ\� UHTXHVW� IRU� DXWK RUL]DWLRQ� IRU� WKH� UHVHDUFK�� � ,Q� DGGLWLRQ��MRXUQDOLVWV� ZKR� FDUULHG� RXW� LQYHVWLJDWLRQV� LQ� %UD]LO�� ZKHUH� 1HHO� DQG� KLV� FROODERUDWRUV� FROOHFWHG�EORRG� IRU�JHQHWLF� VWXGLHV�GXULQJ�DW� OHDVW� VL[�H[SHGLWLRQV�DPRQJ� LQGLJHQRXV�JURXSV� �LQFOXGLQJ� WKH�<DQRPDPL�LQ�������ZLWK�1DSROHRQ�&KDJQRQ���IRXQG�HYLGHQFH�WKDW�VRPH�RI�WKHVH�H[SHGLWLRQV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG� ZLWKRXW� RIILFLDO� DXWKRUL]DWLRQV� RU� HOVH� WKURXJK� DXWKRUL]DWLRQV� REWDLQHG� E\� ORFDO�FROOHDJXHV���2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� D� GRFXPHQW� H[LVWV� WKDW� GHPRQVWUDWHV� 1HHO¶V� LQWHQWLRQ� RI� REWD LQLQJ� RIILFLDO�DXWKRUL]DWLRQ��DW� OHDVW� IRU� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDP�LQ������LQ�9HQH]XHOD��EHLQJ�D�OHWWHU�ZULWWHQ�WR�0LJXHO�/D\ULVVH��KLV�FROOHDJXH�DW� WKH�9HQH]XHODQ� ,QVWLWXWH�RI�6FLHQWLILF� ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV��,9,&���RQ�'HFHPEHU������������)LQDOO\��ZKHWKHU�WKH�9HQH]XHODQ�DXWKRULWLHV�DFWXDOO\�JDYH�WKHLU�FRQVHQW�IRU�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�SURJUDP�LQ�������RU� IRU�D� UHVHDUFK�SURWRFRO�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK� WKLV�SURJUDP�� LV�D�TXHVWLRQ�DERXW�ZKLFK��RQFH�DJDLQ��ZH�GR�QRW�KDYH�FRQFOXVLYH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DW�WKLV�WLPH�����$OWHUQDWLYH�K\SRWKHVLV�RQ�WKH�RULJLQ�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�LQ�WKH�2ULQRFR�UHJLRQ�������7KH�DUJXPHQW�LQ�FKDSWHU���RI�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�OHDGV�WKH�XQLQIRUPHG�UHDGHU�WR�WKH�FRQFOXVLRQ�WKDW�WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�ZDV� VXSSRVHGO\� FKRVHQ� IRU� LWV� DELOLW\� WR� VWDUW� D�PHDVOHV� HSLGHP LF�� �$V�ZH��� 2�*ORER �2FWREHU������������³*HQHWLFLVW�5HVHDUFKHG�,QGLDQV�:LWKRXW�$XWKRUL]DWLRQ�IURP�)81$,�´�� $YDLODEOH�RQ�WKH�,QWHUQHW�DW�KWWS���ZZZ�WDPX�HGX�DQWKURSRORJ\�&R[�KWPO

Page 12: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

KDYH� DOUHDG\� VWDWHG�� WKHUH� LV� QR� GHVFULSWLRQ� LQ� WKH� PHGLFDO� OLWHUDWXUH� RI� SHUVRQ �WR�SHUVRQ�WUDQVPLVVLRQ� RI� WKH� YDFFLQH�PHDVOHV� YLUXV�� QRU� HYHQ� RI� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� YLD� REMHFWV� FKDQJLQJ� KDQGV��VLQFH�WKH�YLUXV�LV�UDSLGO\�LQDFWLYDWHG�RXWVLGH�WKH� KRVW¶V�ERG\���7R� VXSSRUW� KLV� K\SRWKHVLV�� WKH� DXWKRU� VWDUWV� ZLWK� WKH� DVVXPSWLRQ� WKDW� WKH� ILUVW� FDVH� RI� PHDVOHV�GLDJQRVHG�E\�1HHO�ZDV�QRW�UHDOO\�D�FDVH�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH��DQG�WKHUHIRUH�WKH�H[SODQDWLRQ�IRU�WKH�DUULYDO�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV�LQ�WKH�FRPPXQLW\�ZRXOG�KDYH�EH HQ�WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�YDFFLQH�LWVHOI��*LYHQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�UDVK�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�SDWLHQW�WKH\�H[DPLQHG��PHQWLRQHG�E\�1HHO�LQ�WKH�DUWLFOH�GHVFULELQJ�WKH�HSLGHPLF��1HHO� HW�DO����������VXFK�D�GLDJQRVLV�RI�PHDVOHV�ZDV�� LQ�IDFW��XQFHUWDLQ��VRPHWLPHV�LW� LV�GLIILFXOW� WR GLVFHUQ� D� UDVK� LQ� QRQ�ZKLWH� SRSXODWLRQV��� �2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� LW� LV� SRVVLEOH� WKDW� WKLV�GLDJQRVLV�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�UHWURVSHFWLYHO\��VLQFH�LW�ZDV�WKH�ILUVW�FDVH�RI�IHYHU�UHFRUGHG�E\�WKH�WHDP�EHIRUH�WKH�HSLGHPLF�ZDV�FRQILUPHG���7KH�GLDJQRVLV�FRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�VX EVWDQWLDWHG�RQO\�LI�EORRG�KDG�EHHQ�FROOHFWHG�IURP�WKH�SDWLHQW� WR�PHDVXUH� WKH�DPRXQW�RI�DQWLERGLHV�EHIRUH�EHLQJ�YDFFLQDWHG�� �,Q�DQ\� HYHQW�� HYHQ� LI� WKLV� LQGLYLGXDO�ZDV�QRW� WKH� ILUVW� FDVH�RI� WKH�GLVHDVH�� WKLV�GRHV�QRW� VXSSRUW� WKH�K\SRWKHVLV�WKDW�WKH�HSLGHPLF� UHVXOWHG�IURP�WKH�YDFFLQH�,Q�WKH�IDFH�RI�WKHVH�VSHFXODWLRQV�DQG�GRXEWV��WKH�EHVW�ZD\�RI�DSSURDFKLQJ�WKH�HQLJPD�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�LQ�WKH�2ULQRFR�UHJLRQ�LQ�HDUO\������DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�WKH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�RI�LWV�RULJLQ�DQG�GLVVHPLQDWLRQ�ZRXOG�EH�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�FKDLQ�RI�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH���:H�KDYH�VRXJKW�WR�GR�WKLV�WKURXJK�D�FKURQRORJLFDO�RUGHULQJ�RI�WKH�IDFWV�WDQJOHG�XS�LQ�FKDSWHU���RI�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN��WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO�HW�DO� ��������DQG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FRQYH\HG�LQ�RWKHU�GRFXPHQWV��LQFOXGLQJ�D�O HWWHU�IURP�WKH�UHVHDUFKHU��VHH�FKDUW�DQG�PDS�EHORZ��7KH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�DPRQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL� LQ�%UD]LO� LQ�������FLWHG� LQ� WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO� HW�DO���������KDV�EHHQ�FRQILUPHG�E\�YDULRXV�VRXUFHV���7KH�GDXJKWHU�RI�D�PLVVLRQDU\�IURP�WKH�1HZ�7ULEHV�0LVVLRQ��170���FDPH�IURP�0DQDXV�WR�7RRWRWREL��D�WULEXWDU\�RI�WKH�XSSHU�5LR�'HPLQL���EHDULQJ�WKH�GLVHDVH��ZKLFK� LQIHFWHG� WKH�<DQRPDPL� LQ� WKDW� UHJLRQ�DQG� ODXQFKHG�DQ� HSLGHPLF� WKDW� ODVWHG� IURP�6HSWHPEHU� WR� 1RYHPEHU� RI� ������ � 'HVSLWH� WKH� SHUPDQHQW� KHDOWK� DVVLVWDQFH� GLVSH QVHG� E\� WKH�PLVVLRQDULHV��WKH�PRUWDOLW\�UDWH�ZDV������VLPLODU�WR�WKDW�GHVFULEHG�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�IRU�GHYHORSLQJ�FRXQWULHV��� $�PHDVOHV� HSLGHPLF�ZDV� DOVR� UHSRUWHG� DPRQJ� WKH�%UD]LOLDQ�<DQRPDPL� RQ� WKH�5LR�$SLD~� �5LR�0XFDMDt� EDVLQ���5LR�$MDUDQL�� DQG� WKH�5HSDU WLPHQWR� 6WUHDP� �5LR�&DWULPDQL� EDVLQ�� LQ�$SULO�DQG�0D\�RI������&KURQRORJ\�RI�(YHQWV�&LWHG'$7( (9(17'HF���������� x 1HHO� LQGLFDWHV� KH� ZDV� DOUHDG\� LQIRUPHG� RI� WKH� PHDVOHV� HSLGHPLF� DPRQJ�<DQRPDPL� RI� WKH� XSSHU� 'HPLQL� �7RRWRWREL�� %UD]LO�� DQG� SRVVLEO\� RQ� WKH XSSHU�2ULQRFR��9HQH]XHOD��E\�PLVVLRQDULHV�RI�WKH�1HZ�7ULEHV�0LVVLRQ-DQ���������� x $UULYDO�RI�1HHO�DQG�&KDJQRQ�DW�WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ��9HQH]XHOD�x $FFRXQW� RI� �� GHDWKV�ZLWK� UHVSLUDWRU\� V\PSWRPV�GXULQJ� WKH���SUHFHGLQJ�PRQWKV�QHDU�FRQIOXHQFH�RI�0DYDFD�DQG�2ULQR FR�ULYHUV-DQ������������� x )LUVW�FDVH�RI�PHDVOHV�GLDJQRVHG��ZLWKRXW�UDVK��RQ�-DQ������SDWLHQW�YDFFLQDWHGx %HJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�DQWL�PHDVOHV�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DW�2FDPR��LQ�,\HZHL�WKHUL�����UHVLGHQWV�YDFFLQDWHG��SOXV�YLVLWRUV�IURP�RWKHU�YLOODJHV��WRWDOOLQJ����SHRSOH YDFFLQDWHG�x ��SHRSOH�IURP�,\HZHL�WKHUL�PRYH�WR�6KXEDULZD�WKHUL��ZKHUH�KLJK�PRUWDOLW\�LV�ODWHU��� 7LHUQH\ DOOXGHV� WR� WKH� SRVVLELOLW\� RI� WUDQVPLVVLRQ� E\�PHDQV� RI� WUDGH� JRRGV�� DV�ZHOO� DV� WR� WKH� SRVVLEOH� H[LVWHQFH� RI�DQLPDO�UHVHUYHV�IRU�PHDVOHV��ZKLFK�LV�TXHVWLRQDEOH��� ,QIRUPDWLRQ� SURYLGHG� E\� %UXFH� $OEHUW�� EDVHG� RQ� LQWHUYLHZV� ZLWK� WKH� <DQRPDPL� RI� 7RRWRWREL� DQG� RQ� LQIRUPDWLRQ�SXEOLVKHG�E\�1HZ�7ULEHV�0LVVLRQ�LQ�%URZQ�*ROG �-DQXDU\�����������������

Page 13: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

UHSRUWHG��ZLWK�WKH�H[FHSWLRQ�RI�FDVHV�WUHDWHG�E\�D�QXUVH-DQ���������� x )LUVW�GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�UDVK�DPRQJ�LQGLYLGXDOV�YDFFLQDWHG�RQ�-DQ����)HE��������� x 'HDWK�RI���FKLOGUHQ�ZKR�KDG�EHHQ�YDFFLQDWHG�RQ�-DQ����)HE��������� x ���LOO�SDWLHQWV�WUHDWHG�DW�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ��DPRQJ�WRWDO�RI����SHRSOH�YDFFLQDWHG�x 6HULRXVO\�LOO�FKLOG��GDXJKWHU�RI�ORFDO�DGPLQLVWUDWRU��EURXJKW�WR�0DYDFD�0LVVLRQ)HE��������� x )LUVW�QRWDWLRQ�DERXW�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�LQ�PHGLFDO�UHFRUGV�DW�2FDPRx 9LVLW�E\�WZR�HPSOR\HHV�IURP�3ODWDQDO�0LVVLRQ�WR�2FDPR)HE����������� x 1HHO¶V� DUWLFOH� GHVFULEHV� ��PRUH� V\PSWRPDWLF� LQGLYLGXDOV�� %UD]LOLDQ� $PD]RQLDQ�SHDVDQWV��FDERFORV�x 9DFFLQDWLRQ�RI�SHRSOH�LQ�:LWRNDL�WKHUL��ZKR�VX EVHTXHQWO\�PRYHG�WR�0DYDFD�)HE���������� x 'HDWK�RI�FKLOG�ZLWK�UDVK�EURXJKW�HDUOLHU��)HE�����WR�0DYDFD�IURP�2FDPRx %HJLQQLQJ�RI�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DW�0DYDFD)HE���������� x 9DFFLQDWLRQ�RI����<DQRPDPL�LQ�&RVKLURZD�WKHULx ���FDVHV�RI�PHDVOHV�DPRQJ�WKH����SHRSOH�DW�,\H ZHL�WKHUL�ZKR�ZHUH�QRW�YDFFLQDWHG�DW�2FDPR��V\PSWRPV�EHJDQ�RQ�)HE�����)HE���������� x )LOPLQJ�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF�EHJLQV�DW�0DYDFD��W\SLFDO�PRUELOLIRUPH�UDVK�x $W�0DYDFD�� LOOQHVV� UHSRUWHG� LQ�%LVDDVL� WKHUL� �ZKHUH�YDFFLQDWLRQ� WRRN�SODFH�)HE������DPRQJ�LQGLYLGXDOV ZKR�FDPH�IURP�:LWRNDL�WKHUL�)HE��� ���x 5HUHEDZD�� &KDJQRQ¶V� DVVLVWDQW� IURP�.DURKL� WKHUL�� GLVSOD\V� IHYHU� DQG� .RSOLN¶V�VSRWV�x 5HTXHVW�IRU�GRFWRUV�DQG�SHQLFLOOLQ�PDGH�WKURXJK�UDGLR�FRQWDFWx 1HHO¶V� WHDP� GHSDUWV� IRU� 3ODWDQDO� �WR� YDFFLQDWH� SHRSOH� LQ� 0DKHNRWR� WKHUL ��+DVXSXZHL� WKHUL�� DQG� 3DWDQRZD� WKHUL��� OHDYLQJ� D� QXUVH� DW� 0DYDFD� WR� FRQWLQXH�WUHDWPHQWV�)HE���������� x $UULYDO�RI�1HHO¶V�WHDP�DW�3ODWDQDOx 7LHUQH\¶V� DFFXVDWLRQ� FODLPV� WHDP� GLG� QRW� YDFFLQDWH� DW� 0DKHNRWR� WKHUL�� FLWLQJ�DUWLFOH�RI�1HHO�HW�DO� ������"�x 3KRWR� RI� �� HPSOR\HHV� ZKR� ZHUH� KHDOWK\� XSRQ� DUULYDO� DW� 2FDPR� RQ� )HE�� ���DFFRUGLQJ�WR�1HHO��WKH\�ODWHU�EHFDPH�V\PSWRPDWLF�x 5HSRUW� PDGH� �DIWHU� WKH� IDFW�� RI� LOOQHVV� DQG� GHDWK� RI� ���� RI� 0DKHNRWR� WKHUL�UHVLGHQWV��QR�GDWH�VSHFLILHG�)HE���������� x 5HIHUHQFH�WR�WULS�WKURXJK�3DWDQRZD�WKHUL)HE������������� x )HYHU�SURILOH�DPRQJ����RI�WKRVH�YDFFLQDWHG�DW�&RVKLURZD�WKHUL� �/HWWHU�IURP�-��1HHO�WR�0��/D\ULVVH��FLWHG�DERYH�LQ�LWHP�&�� �7KH�SUHFLVH�GDWH�RI�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�LV�QRW�FOHDU�LQ�HLWKHU�7LHUQH\¶V�WH[W QRU�LQ�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO�HW�DO���������

Page 14: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner
Page 15: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

,W�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�WKH�5LR�7RRWRWREL�LV�YHU\�FORVH�WR�WKH�ERUGHU�ZLWK�9HQH]XHOD�D QG�WKDW�WKH�<DQRPDPL� RI� WKH� UHJLRQ� VD\� WKDW� WKH� HSLGHPLF� UHDFKHG� WKH�<DQRPDPL� RI� WKH�5LR�6LDSD� DQG� WKH�XSSHU�2ULQRFR�� �,Q�IDFW�� WKH�<DQRPDPL�RI�WKH�IRUPHU�7RRWRWREL�0LVVLRQ�XVHG�WR�PDLQWDLQ�UHJXODU�LQWHUFRPPXQLW\�UHODWLRQV�ZLWK�WKH�JURXSV�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�5LR�'HPLQL��3DUDZDX� ²ZKLFK��LQ�WXUQ��WRRN�SDUW�LQ�DQ�H[FKDQJH�QHWZRUN�WKDW�H[WHQGHG�WR�WKH�FRPPXQLWLHV�RI�WKH�XSSHU�6LDSD ²DV�ZHOO�DV�ZLWK�JURXSV�DW�WKH�2ULQRFR�KHDGZDWHUV�,Q�DGGLWLRQ��D� OHWWHU� IURP�-DPHV�1HHO� WR�0LJXHO�/D\ULVVH��GDWHG�'HFHPEHU�����������DOVR�UHSRUWV�UHFHQW�LQIRUPDWLRQ�IURP�WKH�170�PLVVLRQDULHV�WKDW�³WKHUH�LV�VLFNQHVV�DPRQJVW�WKH�,QGLDQV�RQ�WKH�YHU\� KLJK� 2ULQRFR�� SRVVLEO\� GXH� WR� PHDVOHV�´� � 7KLV� SUREDEO\� UHIHUV� WR� WKH� UHJLRQ� RI� WKH� XSSHU�3XWDFR��D�WULEXWDU\�RI�WKH�2FDPR�ZKHUH�D�170�VWDWLRQ�ZDV�ORFDWHG���7KLV�UHJLRQ�LV�DOVR�FORVH�WR�WKH�%UD]LOLDQ� ERUGHU� DQG� WKH� KHDGZDWHUV� RI� WKH�3DULPD� DQG�0XFDMDt�5LYHUV� �WKH� OHWWHU� D OVR�PHQWLRQV�PHDVOHV�RQ�WKH5LR�0XFDMDt��$OO�WKHVH�GDWD�UDLVH�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�WKDW�WKH�SDWKV�RI�SURSDJDWLRQ�WDNHQ�E\�WKH�GLVHDVH�ZHUH�WKURXJK�WKH�QHWZRUN�RI�UHODWLRQV�DPRQJ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�YLOODJHV��VWDUWLQJ�LQ�WKH�UHJLRQ�RI�7RRWRWREL�DQG�RU�0XFDMDt� LQ� %UD]LO DQG� KHDGLQJ� LQ� WKH� GLUHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� XSSHU� 2ULQRFR� LQ� 9HQH]XHOD�� HLWKHU� E\� D�QRUWKHUQ� URXWH� �5LR�0XFDMDt²5LR�3DULPD��RU� D� VRXWKHUQ� URXWH� �5LR�7RRWRWREL ²XSSHU�'HPLQL²XSSHU�6LDSD��DQG�5LR�7RRWRWREL²2ULQRFR�KHDGZDWHUV���RU�ERWK� ��$OWKRXJK� WKH\� DUH� K\SRWKHWLFD O�� WKHVH� SRVVLEOH� FKDLQV� RI� WUDQVPLVVLRQ��ZKDWHYHU� IRUP� WKH\� WRRN��DSSHDU�WR�EH�PXFK�FORVHU�WR�WKH�WUXWK�DV�DQ�H[SODQDWLRQ�RI�WKH�RQVHW�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF�LQ�WKH�2ULQRFR�WKDQ� WKH� WKHRU\� SUHVHQWHG� LQ�7LHUQH\¶V� ERRN��ZKLFK� DWWULEXWHV� WKH� HSLGHPLF� WR� WKH�(GPRQVW RQ�%�YDFFLQH�:KHQ�1HHO¶V�WHDP�DUULYHG�DW�WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ��WKHUH�ZHUH�UHSRUWV�RI�D�VHULHV�RI�FDVHV�RI�VHYHUH�UHVSLUDWRU\� GLVHDVHV� LQ� WKH� UHJLRQ� GXULQJ� WKH� WZR� SUHFHGLQJ� PRQWKV�� ZKLFK� ZHUH� GLDJQRVHG� DV�EURQFKLDO� SQHXPRQLD�� EXW�ZKLFK�� DFFRUGLQJ� WR� VWDWHPHQ WV� JDWKHUHG�E\�7LHUQH\�� FXULRXVO\�GLG�QRW�UHVSRQG�WR�DQWLELRWLF�WUHDWPHQW���$OWKRXJK�WKH�DUWLFOH�E\�1HHO� HW�DO� �������VWDWHV�WKDW�WKH�UHVSRQVH�WR�SHQLFLOOLQ� ZDV� VDWLVIDFWRU\�� WKLV� QHZ� LQIRUPDWLRQ� PDNHV� XV� TXHVWLRQ� WKH� GLDJQRVLV VXJJHVWHG��EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD��DQG�LQIHU�WKDW�WKH�GLVHDVH�KDG�D�YLUDO�HWLRORJ\��SHUKDSV�IURP�DQ�HSLGHPLF�RI�LQIOXHQ]D�RU�HYHQ�PHDVOHV� ��$OWKRXJK� WKH� GRFXPHQWDWLRQ� LV� LPSUHFLVH� FRQFHUQLQJ� WKH� H[DFW� GDWH� RI� WKH� EHJLQQLQJ� RI� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��LQ�1HHO�HW�DO� ����������LW�DSSHDUV�WKDW�LW ZDV�-DQXDU\�����������RU�VKRUWO\�WKHUHDIWHU���VRPH� LQGLFDWLRQV�VXJJHVW� WKH�PHDQV�E\�ZKLFK� WKH�GLVHDVH�GLVVHPLQDWHG�� � ,I� WKH�<DQRPDPL�RI� WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ�ZHUH�YDFFLQDWHG�PRUH�WKDQ����KRXUV�DIWHU�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�ZLOG�YLUXV ²WKH�SHULRG�DIWHU�ZKLFK�YDFFLQDWLRQ� LV�JHQHUDOO\�QR� ORQJHU�HIIHFWLYH�IRU�SUHYHQWLQJ�RU� OHVVHQLQJ� WKH� LPSDFW�RI�PHDVOHV²WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�YLVLWLQJ�,QGLDQV�DW�WKH�PLVVLRQ�DQG�WKHLU�PRYHPHQW�WR�RWKHU�YLOODJHV��IRU�H[DPSOH��WR�6KXEDULZD�WKHUL��DOORZV�XV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�YHORFLW\�RI�WKH�VSUHDG�R I�WKH�HSLGHPLF���,I�WKH�UDVK�DSSHDUV��RQ�WKH�DYHUDJH�����GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�FRQWDJLRQ��DQG�WKH�ILUVW�FDVHV�RI�WKH�UDVK�DUH�GDWHG�DSSUR[LPDWHO\� -DQXDU\� ���� ����� �� WKHVH� ,QGLDQV� ZRXOG� KDYH� KDG� FRQWDFW� ZLWK� WKH� GLVHDVH� RQ�-DQXDU\������������7KHUHIRUH��H[SRVXUH�ZR XOG�KDYH�RFFXUUHG�RQH�ZHHN�EHIRUH�WKH�DUULYDO�RI�1HHO¶V�WHDP� DQG� WKH� YDFFLQH� LQRFXODWLRQ�� ZKLFK� ZRXOG� H[SODLQ� ZK\� WKH� SDWLHQWV� ZHUH� LQ� VXFK� VHULRXV�FRQGLWLRQ����� ,QIRUPDWLRQ�JDWKHUHG�E\�%UXFH�$OEHUW���� 7KHUH�LV�QR�VXFK�WKLQJ�DV�DQ�³HSLGHPLF�RI�EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD�´�DV�VXJJHVWHG�E\�7LHUQH\��EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD�KDV�D�EDFWHULDO�HWLRORJ\���� ,Q� 7LHUQH\¶V� RZQ�ZRUGV�� UHIHUULQJ� WR�1HHO¶V� DUWLFOH�� ³$FFRUGLQJ� WR� WKHP� �1HHO� DQG�&KDJQRQ��� WKH�<DQRPDPL� ILUVW�YDFFLQDWHG�DW�2FDPR�KDG�GHILQLWLYH�UDVK�LQ�VWURQJ�UHDFWLRQV�WKDW�EHJDQ�VL[�GD\V�DIWHU�YDFFLQDWLRQ�DQG�FRQWLQXHG�IRU�PRUH�WKDQ����GD\V �-DQXDU\����)HEUXDU\����´

Page 16: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

7KH�UHSRUW�RI�WKH�ILUVW�GHDWKV�IURP�EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD��D�FRPSOLFDWLRQ�IURP�PHDVOHV��RQ�)HEUXD U\����������LV�DOVR�PRUH�FRPSDWLEOH�ZLWK�D�SRVVLEOH�FRQWDJLRQ�LQ�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�-DQXDU\���2Q�WKH�VDPH�GD\��D�VLFN�FKLOG�ZDV�WUDQVIHUUHG�WR�0DYDFD��EULQJLQJ�WKH�ZLOG�YLUXV����GD\V�EHIRUH�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ�WRRN�SODFH�DW�WKH�PLVVLRQ���6KRUWO\�DIWHUZDUGV��)HEUXDU \�����������LQ�WKH�PLGVW�RI�WKH�GRFXPHQWHG�HSLGHPLF�� WZR�HPSOR\HHV� IURP�3ODWDQDO�0LVVLRQ�FDPH� WR�2FDPR��ZKR�DOVR�PD\�KDYH�FDUULHG� WKH�YLUXV�EDFN�ZLWK�WKHP���'XULQJ�WKLV�SHULRG��,QGLDQV�YDFFLQDWHG�DW�:LWRNDL�WKHUL��WKH�YLOODJH�FORVHVW�WR�WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ��DOVR�PRYHG�WR�0DYDFD��ZKHUH�WKH\�VRRQ�SUHVHQWHG�V\PSWRPV�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH�$FFRUGLQJO\��1HHO�DSSHDUV�WR�KDYH�DUULYHG�DW�0DYDFD�WRR�ODWH���2Q�WKH�GDWH�RI�KLV�DUULYDO��)HEUXDU\������������WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�.RSOLN¶V�VSRWV�RQ�&KDJQRQ¶V�JXLGH�DOVR�OHDGV�XV�WR�EHO LHYH�WKDW�KH�ZDV�LQIHFWHG� LQ�:LWRNDL� WKHUL� �RU� LQ� WKH�YLOODJH�ZKHUH�KH�UHVLGHG��.DURKL�WKHUL������WR����GD\V�HDUOLHU��ZKHUH�WKH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV�PXVW�KDYH�DOUHDG\�FLUFXODWHG���7KH�GDWH�RI�LQIHFWLRQ�ZRXOG�KDYH�DOVR�EHHQ�LQ�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�)HEUXDU\�LQ�WKH�FDVH RI�WKH����LQGLYLGXDOV�LQ�,\HZHL�WKHUL�ZKR�EHFDPH�LOO��EHLQJ�VRPH�RI�WKRVH�ZKR�KDG�QRW�EHHQ�YDFFLQDWHG�DW�2FDPR�DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�H[SHGLWLRQ���2QFH�DJDLQ�� WKH�DUULYDO�RI� WKH�KHDOWK� WHDP�LQ�3ODWDQDO�DSSHDUV� WR�KDYH�EHHQ�WRR�ODWH��FRQVLGHU�WKH�YLVLW�RI�WKH�HPSOR\HHV�WR�2FDPR���H[SODLQLQJ�WKH�VXEVHTXHQW�HSLGHPLF�DQG�WKH�KLJK�UDWH�RI�PRUWDOLW\�REVHUYHG�LQ�0DKRNRWR�WKHUL���,Q�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�UHVLGHQWV�RI�&RVKLURZD�WKHUL��ZKR�SUHVHQWHG�WKH�ILUVW�V\PSWRPV����WR����GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��VHH�1HHO� HW�DO����������LW�EHFRPHV�HYHQ�PRUH�GLIILFXOW�WR�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�WKH�YDFFLQH�UHDFWLRQ��SURSHUO\�VSHDNLQJ��IURP�WKH�SURILOH�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�GLVHDVH�WKDW�ZDV�OHVVHQHG�E\�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��WKLV�WLPH�DGPLQLVWHUHG�VRRQ�HQRXJK��LQ�WKLV�FDVH��QR�GHDWKV�ZHUH�UHSRUWHG����,W�VKRXOG�EH�QRWHG�WKDW�WKLV�YLOODJH�LV�VLWXDWHG�WR�WKH�QRUWK�RI�2FDPR��WKDW�LV��PRUH�GLVWDQW�IURP�WKH�FLUFXLW�RI�WKH�PRVW�LQWHQVH�FRQWDJLRQ��ZKLFK�ZDV�WR�WKH�VRXWKHDVW�RI�WKH�PLVVLRQ�2QH�SRVVLEOH�FRQFOXVLRQ�IURP�WKLV�UHFRQVWLWXWLRQ�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLRORJLFDO�FK DLQ�ZRXOG�WKHUHIRUH�EH�WKDW�� LQVWHDG�RI�KDYLQJ�FDXVHG� WKH�HSLGHPLF�� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQV�E\�1HHO¶V� WHDP�DSSHDUV� WR�KDYH�QRW�EHHQ� VXIILFLHQW� WR� SUHYHQW� WKH� PRUWDOLW\� REVHUYHG� LQ� VRPH� RI� WKH� YLOODJHV�� � ,Q� RWKHU� ZRUGV�� WKH�YLOODJHV�WKDW�ZHUH�YLVLWHG�ODWHU�WKDQ��� KRXUV�DIWHU�FRQWDFW�ZLWK�WKH�PHDVOHV�YLUXV�FRXOG�QRW�EHQHILW�IURP�WKH�LQWHQGHG�SURWHFWLRQ��ZKLFK�H[SODLQV�WKH�GLVDVWURXV�LPSDFW�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH���,Q�WKLV�FDVH��WKH�HUXSWLRQ�RI� V\PSWRPV�RI�PHDVOHV� VKRUWO\�DIWHU� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��ZKLFK� OHIW� VXFK�DQ� LPSUHVVLRQ RQ�YDULRXV�REVHUYHUV�FLWHG�E\�7LHUQH\��FDQ�EH�H[SODLQHG�E\�WKH�DSSHDUDQFH�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�GLVHDVH�DQG�QRW�E\�DQ�H[DJJHUDWHG�UHDFWLRQ�WR�WKH�YDFFLQH�)LQDOO\�� LI� WKHVH� FKURQRORJLFDO� IDFWV� PDNH� LW� SRVVLEOH� WR� GHPRQVWUDWH� VRPH� RI� WKH� FKDLQV� RI�WUDQVPLVVLRQ�LQ WKH�XSSHU�2ULQRFR��ZH�SUHVXPH�WKDW�PDQ\�RWKHU�FKDLQV�XQNQRZQ�WR�XV�PXVW�KDYH�DOVR� RFFXUUHG� LQ� D� FRPSOHPHQWDU\� IRUP��ZKLFK�PDNHV� LW� LPSRVVLEOH� WR� LGHQWLI\� WKH� LOOQHVV� DW� WKH�2FDPR�0LVVLRQ�DV�WKH�LQGH[�FDVH���7KH�REVHUYDWLRQ�DQG�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�PDS�DERYH�DO VR�DOORZV�XV�WR�FRQFOXGH�WKDW�WKH�DUULYDO�RI�WKH�ZLOG�YLUXV�LQ�9HQH]XHOD�RFFXUUHG�LQ�DQ�HDVW �WR�ZHVW�GLUHFWLRQ��ZKLOH�WKH� PRYHPHQW� RI� 1HHO¶V� WHDP� ZDV� SUHGRPLQDQWO\� LQ� WKH� RSSRVLWH� GLUHFWLRQ�� WKDW� LV�� DJDLQVW� WKH�HSLGHPLF¶V� PRYHPHQW�� � 7KHLU� SDWK� ZDV� MXVWLIL HG� E\� WKH� JUHDWHU� SUREDELOLW\� RI� ILQGLQJ� YLOODJHV�QHHGLQJ�XUJHQW�PHGLFDO�DVVLVWDQFH��� &RQFOXVLRQV���ZKDW�FDQ�DQG�FDQQRW�EH�FRQFOXGHG&DXVH�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF�DQG�LWV�OHWKDOLW\

x 7KH�SULQFLSOH�K\SRWKHVLV�RI�FKDSWHU���LQ�3DWULFN�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN ²WKDW�D�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�ZDV� SURYRNHG� E\� YDFFLQDWLRQV� DV� SDUW� RI� D� HXJHQLFV� H[SHULPHQW ²DUH� HDVLO\� UHIXWHG�� KLV�DUJXPHQWV�KDYLQJ�OLWWOH�VROLGLW\�DQG�EHLQJ�KLJKO\�LQFRQVLVWHQW�

Page 17: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

x $W� WKH� WLPH�ZKHQ�1HHO¶V� WHDP�FRQGXFWHG� WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQV��RWKHU�YDFFLQHV�ZHUH�DYDLODEOH�WKDW� SURYRNHG� IHZHU� UHDFWLRQV� WKDQ� WKH� (GPRQVWRQ� %� WKH\� FKRVH�� � 1HYHUWKHOHVV�� WKH�LQWHQWLRQ�RI�XVLQJ�WKLV�YDFFLQH�FDQQRW�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�WHFKQLFDOO\�LQFRUUHFW�x 7KH�PRUWDOLWLHV� REVHUYHG� LQ� �����RQ� WKH�5LR�2ULQRFR�ZHUH� SUREDEO\� WKH� UHVXOW� RI� D� WUXH�PHDVOHV� HSLGHPLF� WKDW� FDPH� IURP� %UD]LO�� ZLWK� QR� UHODWLRQ� WR� WKH� YDFFLQDWLRQ� �DOWKRXJK�FRQFXUUHQW�ZLWK�LW���JHQHUDOO\�VSHDNLQJ��WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQV�ZHUH�QRW�FRQGXFWHG�VRRQ�HQRXJK�WR�EORFN�WKH�HSLGHPLF���,W�LV�ZRUWK�HPSKDVL]LQJ�WKDW�SXWWLQJ�XS�D EDUULHU�DURXQG�DQ�HSLGHPLF�E\�PHDQV� RI� YDFFLQDWLRQV� FRQWLQXHV� WR� EH� WKH� UHFRPPHQGHG�SUDFWLFH�XS� WR� WRGD\�� 6LQFH�1HHO�ZDV�DZDUH�RI�WKH�VSHHG�ZLWK�ZKLFK�WKH�GLVHDVH�VSUHDG�DQG�WKH�GLIILFXOWLHV�HQFRXQWHUHG�LQ� WKLV� W\SH�RI� ILHOGZRUN�� WKH�RQO\�TXHVWLRQ� LV�ZKHWKHU�� JLYHQ�KLV�SU LRU�NQRZOHGJH�RI� WKH�HSLGHPLF� LQ� %UD]LO�� EHWWHU� SODQQLQJ� DQG� WUDLQLQJ� RI� WKH� WHDPV� RI� YDFFLQDWRUV� FRXOG� KDYH�UHGXFHG�WKH�LPSDFW�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF�

3ODQQLQJ�DQG�FRQGXFWLQJ�H[SHULPHQWVx $GPLQLVWHULQJ� (GPRQVWRQ� %� DORQJ� ZLWK� LPPXQRJOREXOLQ� �0,*�� ZDV� WKH� UHFRPPHQGHG�SURFHGXUH� LQ� WKRVH� GD\V� WR� FRXQWHUDFW� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQV�� DOWKRXJK� WKH� XVH� RI� WKH�YDFFLQHDORQH�ZDV�QRW�FRQWUDLQGLFDWHG���,Q�IDFW��WKH�XVH�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH�ZLWKRXW�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�ZDV�FRPSDWLEOH�ZLWK�WKH�VWDWH�RI�WKH�DUW�LQ�UHVHDUFK�GXULQJ�WKH�����V���+RZHYHU��FOLQLFDOO\�WKH�XVH�RI�DVVRFLDWHG�LPPXQRJOREXOLQ�ZRXOG�EH�PRUH�LQGLFDWHG��FRQVLGHULQJ�WKH�ZHOO �EHLQJ�RI�D�SRSXODWLRQ�� VXFK�DV� WKH�<DQRPDPL�� WKDW�ZDV� LVRODWHG� DQG�VXVFHSWLEOH� WR� WKH�PRVW� LQWHQVH�VLGH� HIIHFWV�� � 7KH� WUXH� UHDVRQV� IRU�ZKLFK�1HHO� RSWHG� QRW� WR� XVH� LPPXQRJOREXOLQ� �0, *��DPRQJ����RI� WKRVH�YDFFLQDWHG� DW� ,\HZHL� WKHUL� �DQG� LQ�DW� OHDVW�RQH�RI� WKH� WKUHH� UHJLRQV� LQ�%UD]LO�� DUH� QRW� FOHDU� IURP� WKH� DYDLODEOH� GRFXPHQWDWLRQ�� DOWKRXJK� WKH� LQWHQWLRQ� RI�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ�LV�SODXVLEOHx $OWKRXJK� 1HHO� PHQWLRQHG� LQ� KLV� DUWLFOH� WKH� GLVUXSWLR Q� WR� WKH� UHVHDUFK� SURWRFRO� DQG�PHWKRGRORJ\�KH�LQLWLDOO\�SURMHFWHG��ZKLFK�KH�GLG�QRW�FOHDUO\�H[SODLQ���ZH�VWUHVV�WKDW��LQ�DQ\�FDVH�� WKH� UHVXOWV�RI�KLV� FRPSDULVRQ�RI� LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKR�ZHUH�YDFFLQDWHG�ZLWK�DQG�ZLWKRXW�0,*� DUH� RI� GXELRXV� YDOXH�� LQVRIDU� DV� LQGLYL GXDOV� ZLWK� D� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQ� FDQQRW� EH�GLIIHUHQWLDWHG�IURP�WKRVH�ZKR�DOUHDG\�KDYH�PHDVOHV��PRGLILHG�RU�QRW�E\�WKH�YDFFLQH�

(WKLFV�LQ�UHVHDUFK�DPRQJ�LQGLJHQRXV�SHRSOHV��SDVW�DQG�SUHVHQWx $�YHULWDEOH�GLFKRWRP\�FDQ�EH�REVHUYHG�LQ�WKH�����V�EHWZHHQ�WKH�VWDWH� RI�WKH�DUW�RI�HWKLFV�LQ�ELRPHGLFDO� UHVHDUFK� DQG� WKH� DFWXDO� SUDFWLFHV� WKDW� ZHUH� IROORZHG�� HVSHFLDOO\� DPRQJ�PLQRULWLHV�� � ,Q� WKLV� FRQWH[W�� WKH� H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ� WKDW�PD\� KDYH� EHHQ� FRQGXFWHG� E\�1HHO�ZRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�FRXQWHU�WR�WKH�HWKLFDO�SUHFHSWV��EXW�ZRXOG�QRW� KDYH�GLIIHUHG�LQ�WKLV�UHVSHFW�IURP� PDQ\� RWKHU� UHVHDUFK� SURMHFWV� RQ� KXPDQ� VXEMHFWV� FDUULHG� RXW� DQG� SXEOLVKHG� LQ�UHQRZQHG�MRXUQDOV�LQ�WKDW�GHFDGH�x 7KH�SRVLWLYH�DVSHFW�RI�WKH�SROHPLF�UDLVHG�E\�FKDSWHU���RI�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN��GHVSLWH�LWV�VHULRXV�GRFXPHQWDU\�DQG�FRQFHSWXDO�IDLOXUHV�DQG�LWV�ODFN�RI�GHPRQVWUDWLYH�ULJRU��LV�LQ�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�LW�KDV�PDGH�SRVVLEOH�D�PRUH�SURIRXQG�GLVFXVVLRQ�UHIOHFWLQJ�XSRQ�WKH�HWKLFV�RI�UHVHDUFK�DPRQJ�LQGLJHQRXV�SRSXODWLRQV�DQG�PLQRULWLHV�LQ�JHQHUDO��QRW�RQO\�LQ�ELRPHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK��EXW� DOVR�LQ�RWKHU�VSKHUHV��VXFK�DV�DQWKURSRORJLFDO�UHVHDUFK��ZKLFK��LQ�WKH�FDVH�XQGHU�GLVFXVVLRQ��ZDV�VWULFWO\�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�ELRPHGLFDO�UHVHDUFK�

Page 18: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

x )LQDOO\�� LI� WKH� VFLHQWLILF� FRPPXQLW\� MXGJHV� LW� QHFHVVDU\� WR�SUREH�GHHSHU� LQWR� WKH� VSHFLILF�TXHVWLRQV�UDLVHG�E\�WKH�DFFXVDWLRQV�LQ�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�DQG�GLVFXVVHG�KHUH�LQ�WKLV�UHSRUW��ZH�VXJJHVW� WKH� FUHDWLRQ� RI� DQ� LQWHUQDWLRQDO� FRPPLWWHH�� LQGHSHQGHQW� DQG� PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\��ZKLFK�ZRXOG� SURFHHG� WR� DQDO\]H� WKH� FDVH� EDVHG� RQ� WKH� SURWRFRO� RI� WKH� UHVHDUFK� SURMHFW��GRFXPHQWV�IURP�JRYHUQPHQW�LQVWLWXWLRQV�WKDW�ZHUH�LQYROYHG�DW�WKH�WLPH��ILHOG�QRWHV�IURP�WKH�WHDP� RI� -DPHV� 1HHO� DQG� 1DSROHRQ� &KDJQRQ�� DQG� UHFRUGV� RI� PHGLFDO� WUHDWPHQWV�DGPLQLVWHUHG�LQ�WKH�ILHOG�3RVWVFULSW��1RYHPEHU����������

$V�PHQWLRQHG�DW� WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKLV�UHSR UW��RXU�DQDO\VLV�RI�FKDSWHU���RI�3DWULFN�7LHUQH\¶V�ERRN�ZDV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�SDJH�SURRIV��ZKLFK�FLUFXODWHG�EHIRUH�LWV�SXEOLFDWLRQ�DQG�ZKLFK�WULJJHUHG�D�GHEDWH�WKDW�ZDV�ZLGHO\�FRYHUHG�LQ�WKH�QDWLRQDO�DQG�LQWHUQDWLRQDO�SUHVV�VWDUWLQJ�LQ�6HSWHPEHU�������&RQIURQWHG�E\�WKH�LQWHQVH�FRQWURYHUV\�WKDW�VXUJHG�LQ�DFDGHPLF�DQG�MRXUQDOLVWLF�FLUFOHV�RQ�WK H�WKHVLV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�YHUVLRQ�RI�WKH�FKDSWHU��WKH�DXWKRU�HQGHG�XS�LQWURGXFLQJ�VRPH�PRGLILFDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�YHUVLRQ�WKDW�ZDV�SXEOLVKHG�LQ�PLG �1RYHPEHU��������D�KLJKO\ XQXVXDO�HGLWRULDO�SURFHGXUH���7KH�PDMRULW\�RI�WKH�DOWHUDWLRQV�WHQG�WR�VRIWHQ�WKH�IRUPXODWLRQ�RI�KLV�SUHYLRXV�DFFXVDWLRQV��IRU�H[DPSOH��S�����RQ�WKH�0,*�H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ��S�����RQ�1HHO¶V�ODFN�RI�PHGLFDO�FDUH�IRU�VLFN�SDWLHQWV��S�����RQWKH� (GPRQVWRQ� %� YDFFLQH� DQG� WKH� YLRODWLRQ� RI� PHGLFDO� HWKLFV��� � 2WKHUV� GHDO� ZLWK� VRPH� RI� WKH�VWDWHPHQWV�KH�FROOHFWHG��JHQHUDOO\�ZLWK�WKH�VDPH�IXQFWLRQ��S������ZKHUH�WKH�LQWHUYLHZ�ZLWK�'U��&��%RWW�LV�GHOHWHG��S������ZKHUH�WKH�LQWHUYLHZ�ZLWK�'U��3DSDQLD�LV�FRQWH[WXDOL]HG�DQG�WKH� LQWHUYLHZ�ZLWK�-��(DUOH� LV�GHOHWHG���+RZHYHU�� WKH�PDLQ�PRGLILFDWLRQ�FRQVLVWV�LQ�WKH�FRPSOHWH�UHVWUXFWXULQJ�RI�WKH�FKDSWHU¶V�FRQFOXVLRQ��SS�����������%HORZ��ZH�DGG�VRPH�FRPPHQWDU\�RQ�WKH�ERRN¶V�QHZ�FRQFOXGLQJ�VHFWLRQ�

x 7HFKQLFDO� UHIHUHQFHV� RI� D� ELRPHGLFDO� FK DUDFWHU� ZHUH� DPSOLILHG� �QRWHV� ����� ����� ������ZKLFK��QHYHUWKHOHVV��GR�QRW�VXEVWDQWLDWH�WKH�K\SRWKHVHV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�WKH�RULJLQDO�WH[W��RI�WKH�SDJH�SURRIV����2Q�WKH�FRQWUDU\��WKHVH�DGGLWLRQV�PDNH�WKH�DXWKRU¶V�DUJXPHQW�RQ�WKH�YDFFLQH�RULJLQ�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF�HYHQ�PRUH�DPELJXRXV���7KXV��WKH�QHZ�WH[W�MX[WDSRVHV�D�FDWHJRULFDO�DVVHUWLRQ� E\� 'U�� 6DPXHO� .DW]� RQ� WKH� LPSRVVLELOLW\� RI� D PHDVOHV� YDFFLQDO� WUDQVPLVVLRQ�DORQJVLGH�FRPPHQWV�WKDW��LQ�DQ�LQGLUHFW�PDQQHU��OHDYH�GRXEWV�DERXW�.DW]¶V�VWDWHPHQW�x )XUWKHU� UHLQIRUFLQJ� WKLV� QHZ� DPELJXLW\� �³LW� LV� XQFOHDU�ZKHWKHU� WKH�(GPRQVWRQ�%�EHFDPH�WUDQVPLVVLEOH� RU� QRW´��� 7LHUQH\� HQGV� XS� DWWULEXWLQJ� WKH�PRUWDOLW\� HQFRXQWHUHG� GXULQJ� WKH������ HSLGHPLF� WR� WKH� DVVRFLDWLRQ� RI� WKH� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQ� ZLWK� PDODULD� DQG� EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD��IXUWKHU� DJJUDYDWHG�E\�WKH�EHKDYLRU�RI�WKH�<DQRPDPL�ZKHQ�WKH\�SDQLFNHG�DQG�GLVSHUVHG� DV� WKH� HSLGHPLFV� DUULYHG�� �& ODLPLQJ� WKDW� LW� LV� VLPSOLVWLF� WR� DUJXH� LQ� WHUPV� RI� D�³PHDVOHV� HSLGHPLF�´� KH� SURSRVHV� WKH� QRWLRQ� RI� D� ³PHDVOHV� YDFFLQH ²EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD²PDODULD� HSLGHPLF�´� � $OWKRXJK� 7LHUQH\� FLWHG� WKH� RFFXUUHQFH� RI� FDVHV� RI�EURQFKLDO�SQHXPRQLD�DQG�PDODULD�GXULQJ�WKH�YDFFLQDWLRQ��SS���� ������WKHUH�LV�QR�LQGLFDWLRQ�ZKDWVRHYHU� LQ� WKH� WH[W� �QRU� LQ� WKH� DUWLFOH� E\�1HHO� HW� DO��� ������ RI� VXFK� D� FOLQLFDO� SURILOH�DQG�RU� DERXW� VHULRXV� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� GXH� VSHFLILFDOO\� WR� PDODULD� � 3�� IDOFLSDUXP�� VXFK� DV�FHUHEUDO�PDODULD��ZKLFK�IUHTXHQWO\�OHDG�WR�WKH�GHDWKV�RI�<DQRPDPL�VWUXFN�E\�WKLV�GLVHDVH���0RUHRYHU��DFFRUGLQJ�WR�ZKDW�WKH�DXWKRU�KLPVHOI�UHSRUWHG�RQ�SU HYLRXV�SDJHV��PHDVOHV�DPRQJ�³YLUJLQ�VRLO´� LQGLJHQRXV� SHRSOHV� LV� VXIILFLHQWO\� VHULRXV� WR� H[SODLQ� WKH� KLJK� PRUWDOLW\�HQFRXQWHUHG�GXULQJ�WKH������HSLGHPLF���7KHUHIRUH��WKH�PRVW�FRQYLQFLQJ�K\SRWKHVLV�IRU�WKH�REVHUYHG�PRUWDOLW\�LV�VWLOO�WKH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�LWVHOI��ZKLFK��UHFRJQL]LQJ�LWV�VHULR XVQHVV��LV�DQ� LQGLFDWLRQ� WR� VWDUW� YDFFLQDWLQJ�� HYHQ� LQ� WKH� PLGVW� RI� RWKHU� GLVHDVHV� RU� FRQFXUUHQW�DJJUDYDWLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV�

Page 19: A partial description of Botrychium dissectum Wagner and Wagner

x 3HUVLVWLQJ�LQ�FRQWUDGLFWLRQV�LQ�KLV�QHZ�FRQFOXVLRQ��7LHUQH\�HYHQ�DGPLWV�WR�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�WKH� PHDVOHV� GLVHDVH� �QRQ�YDFFLQH��� ZKLFK� LV� KLJKO\� FRQWDJLRXV�� LQ� WKH� 2ULQRFR� UHJLRQ��EHVLGHV�WKH�³YDFFLQDWLRQ�FLUFOH´���DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�WKDW�WKH�YLUXV�DUULYHG�IURP�PRUH�SHULSKHUDO� DUHDV� RI� WKH� <DQRPDPL� WHUULWRU\� �VXFK� DV� WKH� 5LR� 3DGDPR�� IURP� &KDJQRQ¶V�JXLGH��PHQWLRQHG�DERYH�LQ�SRLQW����� &XULRXVO\�� WKH�PHQWLRQ�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�HSLGHPLF�WKDW�RFFXUUHG�LQ�ODWH������LQ�%UD]LO�DSSHDUV�RQ�WKH�ODVW�SDJH��EXW�WKH�DXWKRU�GRHV�QRW�HYHQ�PDNH�D�OLQN�EHWZHHQ�WKLV�DQG�WKH�FKDLQ�RI�FRQWDJLRQ�PRYLQJ�WKURXJK�WKH�<DQRPDPL�WHUULWRU\���2Q�WKH�FRQWUDU\��WKH�DXWKRU�DVVHUWV�WKDW�³FXOWXUDO�EDUULHUV�EHWZHHQ�YLOODJHV´�� VLF��ZRXOG�LPSHGH�WKH�VSUHDG�RI�HSLGHPLFV�LQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�DUHD��D�SRLQW�WKDW�FDQ�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�WRWDOO\� XQWUXH��DV�GHPRQVWUDWHG�E\�WKH�SURJUDP�RI�PHGLFDO�DVVLVWDQFH�XQGHU�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�WHUULWRU\�� � ,Q� WKLV� UHJDUG�� WKH� PHPEHUV� RI� D� PHGLFDO� H[SHGLWLRQ� FRQGXFWHG� E\� WKH� 3UR �<DQRPDPL� &RPPLVVLRQ� �&&3<�� DQG� E\� WKH� RUJDQL]DWLRQ� 'RFWRUV� :LWKRXW� %RUGHUV��06)�+ROODQG�� LQ� WKH� UHJLRQ� RI� WKH�6LDSD� ULYHU�EDVLQ� � 9HQH]XHOD�� IURP�2FWREHU������ WR�0D\� ����� ZULWH� LQ� WKHLU� UHSRUW�� ³7KH� HLJKW� YLVLWHG� FRPPXQLWLHV� WKDW� FRPSRVH� WKLV�SRSXODWLRQ�PDLQWDLQ�FORVH�UHODWLRQV�DPRQJ�WKHPVHOYHV�DQG�ZLWK�RWKHUV�ORFDWHG�IDUWKHU�DZD\�LQ� 9HQH]XHOD� �3ODWDQDO�� 0DYDFD�� DQG� 0DYDTXLWD�� DQG� LQ� %UD]LO� �3DUDZDX� DQG� 0DUDUL����'HVSLWH� IHZ� RU QHJOLJLEOH� GLUHFW� FRQWDFWV� ZLWK� RXU� VRFLHW\�� ZH� DUH� QRW� GHDOLQJ� ZLWK� D�SRSXODWLRQ�WKDW�OLYHV�LQ�D�VLWXDWLRQ�RI�HSLGHPLRORJLFDO�LVRODWLRQ�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�RWKHU�UHJLRQV�LQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL�DUHD�ZLWK�ROGHU�DQG�SHUPDQHQW�FRQWDFW�´ ��x )LQDOO\��7LHUQH\�HQGV�WKH�WH[W�R I�KLV�QHZ�FRQFOXVLRQ�RI�FKDSWHU���UHLQIRUFLQJ�KLV�DFFXVDWLRQV�WKDW�1HHO�VXSSRVHGO\�JDYH�SULRULW\�WR�KLV�UHVHDUFK�REMHFWLYHV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�WR�WKH�QHFHVVLW\�RI�DWWHQGLQJ�WR�WKH�VLFN��DQG�WKDW�KH�IDFLOLWDWHG�WKH�VSUHDG�RI�WKH�PHDVOHV�ZKHQ�KLV�WHDP�PRYHG�WKURXJK WKH�UHJLRQ��DFFRPSDQLHG�E\�,QGLDQV�ZKR�ZHUH�DOUHDG\�LQIHFWHG���2Q�WKHVH�SRLQWV��VRPH�IXUWKHU�REVHUYDWLRQV�FDQ�EH�PDGH��

�� $Q�LPSRUWDQW�QHZ�GRFXPHQW�ZDV�LQFOXGHG�LQ�WKH�SXEOLVKHG�WH[W��VHH�KLV�QRWH��������D�UHVHDUFK� SURSRVDO� SUHVHQWHG� LQ� ����� E\� 1HHO� WR� 'RZ� &KHPLFDO� IRU� WHVWLQJ� D� WULSOH�YDFFLQH�RQ�WKH�<DQRPDPL���7KLV�GRFXPHQW�LQGLUHFWO\�VKRZV�WKDW�WKH�VFLHQWLVW¶V�UHVHDUFK�SURSRVDO�IRU�WKH����� YDFFLQDWLRQ�ZDV�SUREDEO\�WR�HYDOXDWH�WKH�HIILFDF\�RI�WKH�YDFFLQH��WR� YHULI\� WKH� YDFFLQH� UHDFWLRQV�� WR� FRPSDUH� WKH� IUH TXHQF\� RI� WKHVH� UHDFWLRQV� DQG� WKH�LPPXQRORJLFDO� UHVSRQVHV� WR� WKH� YDFFLQH� ZLWK� XUEDQ� SRSXODWLRQV�� DQG�� ILQDOO\�� WR�LPPXQL]H�WKH�<DQRPDPL�DJDLQVW�PHDVOHV���$OWKRXJK� WKH� YDULRXV�PRYHPHQWV� RI� WKH� H[SHGLWLRQ�PLJKW� KDYH� FRQWULEXWHG� WR�WKH� VSUHDG� RI� WKH� HSLGHPLF�� ZH� NQRZ� WKDW� WKH� WUDGLWLRQDO� PRYHPHQWV� RI� WKH�<DQRPDPL� DPRQJ� YLOODJHV� ZHUH� DOUHDG\� VXIILFLHQW� WR� H[SODLQ� LWV� SURSDJDWLRQ�IURP�%UD]LO�XS�WR�WKH�2ULQRFR���0RUHRYHU��LI�PHDVOHV�UHDFKHG�WKH�UHJLRQ�EHIRUH�WKH� WHDP� DUULYHG�� WKH� SODQQLQJ� DQG� RUJDQL]DWLRQ� RI� WKHLU PRYHPHQWV²ZKHWKHU�WKH\� JDYH� SULRULW\� WR� HLWKHU� PHGLFDO� FDUH� RU� UHVHDUFK²SUREDEO\� KDG� D� JUHDWHU�LPSDFW� RQ� WKH� IDLOXUH� RI� WKH� YDFFLQDWLRQ� �VLQFH� LPPXQL]DWLRQ� WRRN� SODFH� ODWHU�WKDQ���GD\V�DIWHU�LQIHFWLRQ��DQG�WKH�ODFN�RI�FRQWURO�RYHU�PRUWDOLW\��GXH�WR�WKH�LO O�SUHSDUHGQHVV�RI�WKH�WHDP�IRU�GHDOLQJ�ZLWK�WKH�VHULRXV�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�PHDVOHV��PDLQO\�SQHXPRQLD���UDWKHU�WKDQ�RQ�WKH�VSUHDG�RI�WKH�HSLGHPLF��� &&3<� DQG�06)�+ROODQG��0D\� ������ � ³(PHUJHQF\� ([SHGLWLRQ� WR� WKH� 5HJLRQ� RI� WKH�9HQH]XHODQ�<DQRPDPL�$UHD���)LQDO�5HSRUW�´