Upload
hatuyen
View
217
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A PARADOX A PARADOX –– ONE NATION, TWO ONE NATION, TWO
COUNTRIES COUNTRIES –– INDIA & BHARATINDIA & BHARAT
� SUSTAINABLE FUTURE OF INDIA ?
� WHERE DO WE NEED TO BE AND HOW DOWE GET THERE ?
� “INDIA LIVES IN ITS VILLAGES”, 70%� “INDIA LIVES IN ITS VILLAGES”, 70%POPULATION NEGLECTED
� VIRTUALLY NOTHING HAS BEEN DONE TOIMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIVING ANDGENERAL WELL- BEING OF 70%POPULATION.
� REMOVAL OF “ENERGY POVERTY” MUST BE MAIN AIM
INDIA LIVES IN VILLAGESINDIA LIVES IN VILLAGES� POPULATION ( ESTIMATED)
TOTAL : 117 CRORES
URBAN(26%) : 30.4 CRORES
RURAL(74%) : 86.6 CRORES
� Nr. OF VILLAGES ( 2001 CENSUS)
TOTAL : 6,38,365
VILLAGES WITH POPULATION > 10000 : 3,976
VILLAGES WITH POPULATION < 500 : 2,36,000
VILLAGES WITH POPULATION 500-10000 : 3,98, 389
� MAIN OCCUPATION OF RURAL POPULATION:
* AGRICULTURE
** FOREST-BASED PRODUCE
PRESENT PROBLEMS IN VILLAGESPRESENT PROBLEMS IN VILLAGES
� PRIMITIVE, UNHEIGINIC LIVING CONDITIONS
� POOR EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
� POOR MEDICAL FACILITIES
� EXPLOITATION AT EVERY LEVEL� EXPLOITATION AT EVERY LEVEL
� LACK OF AWARENESS IN MASSES
� POOR MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
� LACK OF EMPLOYMENT AVENUES
� MIGRATION OF YOUNG PERSONS
REASON 1 : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIETYREASON 1 : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIETY
� GEOGRAPHIC - EAST : WET ; SOUTH : WET TO SEMI
–ARID ; WEST : SEMI-ARID TO DRY ; NORTH : SEMI-
ARID TO WET.
� CULTURAL – ABORIGINES, TRIBALS, SEMI-
DEVELOPED RURAL, SEMI-URBAN & ENLIGHTENEDDEVELOPED RURAL, SEMI-URBAN & ENLIGHTENED
URBAN
� HABITANTATIONS – DEEP FORESTS, INTERIOR
VILLAGES, HAMLETS, URBAN GHETTOS,
MODERNISED URBAN
� EDUCATION – PRIMITIVES, ILLITERATES, SEMI-
LITERATES, SECONDARY- SCHOOL, COLLEGE AND
HIGHLY EDUCATED
REASON 2 : LOPSIDED PLANNINGREASON 2 : LOPSIDED PLANNING
� CENTALISED PLANNING
� THE FIVE-YEAR PLANS WERE MAINLY ORIENTED
TOWARDS URBAN AREAS
� INDUSTRIALISATION AROUND THE CITIES� INDUSTRIALISATION AROUND THE CITIES
� HIGH COSTS OF TRANSMISSION AND
MANAGEMENT OF SUPPLY FROM GRIDS TO
VILLAGES.
� RURAL INDIA NOT INVOLVED IN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR AREAS .
� POLICIES OF DOLES AND SUBSIDIES - THE
CONCEPT OF AAM AADMI.
PRESENT STATUS PRESENT STATUS
� GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND RESPECTIVE
STATE GOVERNMENTS ARE NOW
SENSITIZED TO PROVIDE ELECTRICAL
ENERGY TO RURAL INDIA .
� RURAL ELECTRIFICATION SCHEMES (RES)
HAVE BEEN FORMULATED.
� SOME PROGRESS IS MADE, THOUGH
URBAN INDIA IS GIVEN PREFERENCE.
� QUALITY OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS POOR.
SOLUTION SOLUTION -- JOINT EFFORT JOINT EFFORT
� PROBLEMS CAN BE MITIGATED WITH THE
AVAILABILITY OF CONTINUOUS, REGULAR,
AND RELIABLE QUALITY ELECTRICAL
ENERGY.
� JOINT EFFORTS OF THE GOVERNMENTS AND� JOINT EFFORTS OF THE GOVERNMENTS AND
LOCAL INHABITANTS ARE REQUIRED.
� LOCALISED OFF-GRID GENERATION OF
ELECTRICITY TO SUPPLEMNT THE
SHORTFALL IN SUPPLY FROM THE GRID
WHERE AVAILABLE, AND ENSURE SUPPLY
WHERE TRANSMISSION LINES ARE NON-
EXISTANT.
ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL GENERATION OF ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL GENERATION OF
ELECTRICAL POWERELECTRICAL POWER
LOCALISED GENERATION WILL IMPROVE “ENERGY
RESILIENCE” TO ENSURE ADEQUATE POWER SUPPLY
TO THE VILLAGE, AS PER THE NEEDS OF THE USERS
TOWARDS:
(I) DOMESTIC REQUIREMENT
(II) AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
(III) EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES AND COMMON FACILITIES
(IV) SETTING UP SMALL AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES,
BASED ON DAIRY, POULTRY, HORTCULTURE,
TRADITIONAL SKILL ORIENTED, AND
(V) EMPLOYMENT GENERATION- REDUCE MIGRATION
SOURCES OF CAPTIVE OFF-GRID
GENSETS
FOLLOWING ARE THE PROBABLE SOURCES:
� SOLAR ENERGY
� WIND ENERGY� WIND ENERGY
� MICRO-HYDRO
� BIO – ENERGY :
BIO-GAS (METHANE-BASED),
BIO-FUEL ,AND
BIOMASS GASSIFICATION, ETC
RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIARENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN INDIA
SOURCE ESTIMATED POTENTIAL INSTALLED
UPTO 2009
1. BIOMASS POWER 16,881 MW 834.50 MW
(AGRO RESIDUES)
2. WIND POWER 48,500 MW 10925.00 MW2. WIND POWER 48,500 MW 10925.00 MW
3. SMALL HYDRO POWER 15,000 MW 2558.92 MW
(UP TO 25 MW)
4. COGENERATION-BAGASSE 5,000 MW 1302.00 MW
5. WASTE TO ENERGY 2,700 MW 65.01 MW
6. SOLAR POWER 50 MW/SQ.KM. 6.00 MW _______________________________________________________
SUB TOTAL (A) 88,081 MW 15,691.43 MW
THE BIOTHE BIO--ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE
� AT THE PRESESNT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY THEOPTIONS OF SOLAR , HYDRO AND WINDENERGY ARE CAPITAL INTENSIVE AND WEATHERDEPENDENT
� MOREOVER, THESE CAN NOT BE MAGAGED BY� MOREOVER, THESE CAN NOT BE MAGAGED BYTHE VILLAGE ON ITS OWN.
� THE BIO-ENERGY SOURCES (BIO-GAS, BIO- FUEL,BIO-MASS GASIFICATION) DEPEND UPON THEAGRICULTURE & FOREST SURPLUSES ANDWASTES FROM HUMANS AND ANIMALS. THESEARE EVER RENEWABLE SOURCES ANDHARVESTED LOCALLY.
POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS UTILISATION :POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS UTILISATION :
� PLANTS AND TREES ARE CALLED BIOMASS. SOLIDWASTE FROM HUMANS AND ANIMALS CAN BEINCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY.
� INDIA, BEING AN AGRARIAN COUNTRY, HAS VASTPOTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE ANDPOTENTIAL OF BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE ANDFOREST WASTES.
� BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDE :
1. DIRECT COMBUSTION- WOOD WASTE & BAGGASSE
2. THERMO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION:
GASIFICATION AND LIQUEFACTION
3. BIO- CHEMICAL CONVERSION:
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND FERMENTATION
(I) (I) MAJOR BIOMAJOR BIO--ENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES--: : BIOGASBIOGAS
� BIO-GAS IS ESSENTIALLY METHANE GAS (aka,GOBAR GAS) OBTAINED FROM ANAEROBICDEGRADATION OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL SOLIDAND LIQUID WASTE, WHICH CAN BE USED FORAND LIQUID WASTE, WHICH CAN BE USED FORTHERMAL AND POWER GENERATION.
� CAPITAL COST HIGH. ONLY BIG VILLAGES ANDMUNICIPALCORPORATIONS CAN FIND IT VIABLE.
� ENVIRONMENTALLY , NOT GOOD. EMISSIONS OFCO2 AND METHANE
(II) (II) MAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCEMAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCE--: : “BIO “BIO -- DIESEL”DIESEL”
� BIO –FUEL (OR, BIO-DIESEL) : SOURCE DEPENDSUPON EXTRACTION OF OILS BY FERMENTATION
� THESE OILS CAN BE USED AS ADDITIVES WITHTHE CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM FUELS (MAINLY, DIESEL) TO PRODUCE THERMAL ORMAINLY, DIESEL) TO PRODUCE THERMAL ORMECHANICAL ENERGY.
� GOI HAS MADE ADDITION OF 10% ETHANOLMANDATORY ( GASOHAL) . THIS MAY HELPREDUCE PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION
� MORE TECHNOLGY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREDTO STUDY EFFECETS ON ENGINES ANDENVIRONMENT
(III) (III) MAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCEMAJOR BIO ENERGY SOURCE--
BIOMASS GASIFICATIONBIOMASS GASIFICATION�� FOLLOWING CONSTITUTE BIOMASS FOR GASIFICATION :FOLLOWING CONSTITUTE BIOMASS FOR GASIFICATION :
PLANT STALKS (COTTON,TUAR, MAIZE)RICE AND DAL HUSKCORN COBSSUGAR CANE BAGASSESUGAR CANE BAGASSESHELLS OF COCONUT, FOREST NON-EDIABLE NUTSNON-TIMBER ROUGH WOOD, DRIED TREESSHAVINGS FROM WOOD-WORKING INDUSTRYFOREST WASTES AND SHRUBSDRIED GOBAR CAKES, AND SO ON
� GAS FROM ABOUT 2 KG OF RICE HUSK IS REQUIRED TO
GENERATE 1 kW OF ELECTRICITY.
THE BASIC IDEA OF THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY IS
TO USE BIOMASS GAS (AKA, PRODUCER GAS OR WOOD GAS ) AS
FUEL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND THERMAL
APPLICATIONS.
WOOD GAS IS PRODUCED BY SLOW BURNING OF A SUITABLE
COMBUSTIBLE BIOMASS IN A GASIFIER. IT IS THEN SCRUBBED TO
REMOVE THE SUSPENDED MATTER .REMOVE THE SUSPENDED MATTER .
THE GAS CAN THEN BE INJECTED IN IGNITION CHAMBER OF AN
ENGINE. BY COUPLING AN ALTERNATOR, ELECTRICITY CAN BE
GENERATED FOR DIRECT UTILIZATION OR FOR CHARGING A BANK
OF STORAGE BATTERIES.
THERMAL APPLICATION INVOLVES BURNING THE PRODUCER GAS
FOR GENERATION OF HEAT FOR BRICK-KILNS, BAKERIES AND
PROCESS INDUSTRIES
.
BIOMASS GASIFIERBIOMASS GASIFIER
CALORIFIC VALUES OF FUELSFOSSIL FUEL CALORIFIC
VALUE,KCAL/KGBIOMASS FUEL IN DRY STATE
CALORIFIC VALUE,KCAL/KG
PETROL 10,800 BAGASSE 4,400
KEROSENE AND DIESEL
10,000 COTTON, MAIZE AND TUAR DAL STALKS
4,400
FUEL OIL 9,800 COFFEE AND OIL PALM HUSK
4,200
NATURAL GAS 8,600 COCONUT AND GROUND NUT SHELLS
4,000
COAL, COKE 4,000-7,000 CATTLE DUNG 3,700
BIOGAS (METHANE)
4,700-6,000 WOOD 3,500
COAL GAS 4,000 COCONUT HUSK, DRY GRASS, AND CROP RESIDUES
3,500
ELECTRICAL PER Kw
860 CANE TRASH, RICE HUSK, LEAVES,VEG.WASTE
3,000
WHEAT AND RICE STRAW
2,500
AIM OF OUR STUDIESAIM OF OUR STUDIES
� BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY WAS DEVELOPED DURING
SECOND WORLD-WAR(1940-45) MAINLY FOR USE IN
TRANSPORT VEHICLES.
� THERE ARE A NUMBER OF BIOMASS – GASIFIER
MANUFACTURERS IN INDIA.
� USE OF BIOMASS-GAS IN INDIA IS MAINLY IN� USE OF BIOMASS-GAS IN INDIA IS MAINLY IN
THERMAL APPLICATIONS AND , TO SOME EXTENT,
POWER GENERATION.
� OUR AIM IS TO DEVELOP AND OPTIMISE AN
INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR INDIAN VILLAGES.
� SO FAR, AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF THE KIND OURSTUDY PROPOSES HAVE NOT BEEN DEVELOPED(MNES,GOI,OM,F.NO.202/3/2009-BM,DATED 1ST DEC ,2009)
INTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEMINTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM ––
A VIABLE ALTERNATIVEA VIABLE ALTERNATIVE
SCOPE & POTENTIAL :1. GENERATING ELECTRICITY :
I. DOMESTIC LIGHTING, BETTER EDUCATION AND ENTERTAINMENT, IMPROVED SOCIAL LIFE,
II. IRRIGATION, MICRO INDUSTRIES2. HEAT GENERATION FOR COOKING AND BAKING2. HEAT GENERATION FOR COOKING AND BAKING3. SMOKELESS ENVIRONMENT4. USE IN VILLAGE-LEVEL INDUSTRIES: BRICK-
KILN,POTTERY, BLACKSMITHY, BAKERIES, ROASTING GRAINS
5. COLD-ROOMS FOR SHORT TIME STORAGE OF PERISHABLES, LIKE DAIRY PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES, POULTRY
6. HOT WATER FOR CARE OF CATTLE7. WOOD CHARCOAL AS A BY PRODUCT FOR MAKING
ACTIVATED CARBON.
AN INTEGRATED BIOMASS GASIFICATION UNIT
•ELECTRICITY •ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
•VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION
•BAKING AND HEATING
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOMASSECONOMIC ASPECTS OF BIOMASS--BASED GENSETBASED GENSET
� COMPARE CALORIFIC VALUES :PETROL : 10,800( KCAL/KG); DIESEL : 10,000 ( KCAL/KG);GOBAR GAS (METHANE) : 5,000 KCAL/M3 (1M3 FROM 12 KG OF DUNG) ; BIOMASS GAS : 1100 KCAL/M3 .
� 1 KG OF BIOMASS CAN PRODUCE ABOUT 2.5 TO 3.0 M3 OF BIOMASS GAS (AVERAGE CV = 3300 KCAL PER KG )
� 3-4 KG OF BIOMASS CAN REPLACE 1 LITER OF PETROLEUM FUEL
� ABOUT 2 KG OF RICE-HUSK CAN GENERATE 1 KWE
� INSTALLATION COST OF A BIOMASS GAS-BASED GENSET, WITH 100% PRODUCER GAS : ABOUT RS 5.0 CRORE PER MWE
( 1MWE= 1000 KWE )OR RS 50,000 PER KWE INSTALLED CAPACITY
� COST OF GENERATION WILL BE ABOUT RS 3.5 PER UNIT OF GENERATION ABOUT RS 4.0 PER KWE
� A 2 KWE UNIT WILL COST ABOUT RS 1.00 LAKH
ONE LAKH RUPEES CAN LIGHTEN 100 HOMES WITH 20 W CFL .
COMMUNITY ISSUES :COMMUNITY ISSUES :
1.1. BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AN BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY AN
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR INDIA ?APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR INDIA ?
� AN “APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY” IS ONE WHICHIS RELEVANT TO THE SOCIETY BY USINGINDIGENOUS INPUTS AND GIVING DESIREDOUTPUT AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF THEINDIGENOUS INPUTS AND GIVING DESIREDOUTPUT AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF THEUSER AT ECONOMICAL AND ECO-FRIENDLYOPERATION.
� BIOMASS GAS BASED TECHNOLOGY DOESQUALIFY AS APPROPRIATE TECHNILOGY FORRURAL INDIA.
2. 2. SUSTAINABILTY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION SUSTAINABILTY OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
� BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY USES ONLY THE NATURALPRODUCTS , WHICH OTHERWISE WOULD HAVEBEEN WASTEFULLY BURNT OR DESTROYED , ANDREDUCES THEM INTO WHOLLY CONVERTIBLEREDUCES THEM INTO WHOLLY CONVERTIBLENATURAL PRODUCTS.
� THE INPUTS ARE RENEWABLE AND GROW EVERYSEASON WITHOUT DAMAGING THE SOIL , WATEROR AIR.
� THUS, IT IS A SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY.
3. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BIOMASS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF BIOMASS
GASSIFICATION TECHNOLOGYGASSIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
� USE OF THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION BASED GENSETSHAVE GOOD COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY ( THOUGHPOORER THAN PETROL OR DIESEL)
� THE EXHAUST GASES CAN BE USED FOR RUNNING A� THE EXHAUST GASES CAN BE USED FOR RUNNING AVAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.
� THE HOT WATER CAN BE USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES.
� THE BIOMASS IS MOSTLY CONVERTED INTO GAS, TARAND CHARCOAL. THERE IS NO UNBURNT ASH.
� TAR IS BURNT IN THE GASIFIER.
� SCRUBBER WATER IS RECYCLED.
� THIS TECHNIQUE IS ECO- FRIENDLY AND GREEN.
4. 4. SOCIAL IMPACT SOCIAL IMPACT
BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY HAS SEVERAL POSITIVE IMPACTS UPON THE SOCIETY.
1. IT GENERATES ADDITIONAL REVENUE FOR THE FUEL SUPPLIERS.
2. IT USES OTHERWISE WASTE MATERIAL AS FUEL, WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN USELESSLY BURNT. HELPS CLEAN THE ATMOSPHERE AND SOIL.WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN USELESSLY BURNT. HELPS CLEAN THE ATMOSPHERE AND SOIL.
3. IT CAN GALVANISE SOCIAL FORESTRY.4. IT WILL ENSURE BETTER LIVING & EDUCATION AND
QUALITY LIFE TO PEOPLE.5. IT WILL GENERATE NEW EMPLOYMENT AVENUES. 6. TRAIN LOCALS TO REPAIR, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE BY THEMSELVES.7. GALVANISE THE SOCIETY TOWARDS SELF-
SUFFFICIENCY.
SUMMARYSUMMARY
� CONSIDERING THE DIRE NEED TO PROVIDECONTINUOUS , RELIABLE AND ADEQUATEELECTRICITY TO THOUSANDS OF VILLAGES TOIMPROVE QUALITY OF LIVING AND ALSO CREATEAVENUES FOR EMPLOYMENT AND VOCATION ,THE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGYTHE BIOMASS GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGYOFFERS GREAT POTENTIAL FOR INDIA ANDOTHER DEVELOPNG NATIONS.
� THOUGH IT IS NOW AN ESTABLISHEDTECHNOLOGY, WITH SCORES OF GENSETS ANDTHERMAL APPLICATION UNITS ALREADY IN USE,NEW METHODOLOGIES ARE REQUIRED TO BEDEVELOPED FOR AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM TOINCLUDE THE REFRIGERATION AND WASTE HEATRECOVERY SYSTEMS WITH POWER GENERATION.
THANKS…..THANKS…..THANKS…..THANKS…..