A New Offering Table for pet

8/2/2019 A New Offering Table for pet

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A New Offering Table for Shepenwepet

Author(s): Harold M. HaysReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 40 (2003), pp. 89-102Published by: American Research Center in EgyptStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40000292 .

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A New Offering Tablefor ShepenwepetHarold M. Hays

In its 2001-2002 field season, the EpigraphicSurveyof the Oriental Institute recovered a newofferingtable for the God's Wife ShepenwepetII from amongfoundationfill in one of the sanctuar-ies within the small temple to Amun at Medinet Habu.1Although the detailed circumstancesof itsrecovery and a facsimile of its texts will be presented in a future EpigraphicSurvey publication,photographsof its inscriptionsand a hand copy are offered here, along with both a preliminaryde-scriptionof it and a discussion of its context, especially n respect to its ownership,its style,and theinscriptionupon its platter.It is shapedof darkgranitewith the rough graincharacteristic o that stone, makingthe readingofits signsdifficultfrom a distance andpreventingthe kind of subtletyand finesse of carvingthatmighthave been gotten from a finer stone, such as limestone. Nevertheless, its figures and signs werecarved with skill and care,making readingsclearwhere the tablehas not suffereddamage.The principal points of damageare on the platter'sfront left hand corner (to adopt the point ofviewof a priestlyofficiantwho would haveperformedrites overit2),wherea largepiece wasancientlybroken off, and within the cartouches of the father of Shepenwepet,presumablygivingthe name ofPiye("Piankhy")3 rior to being attacked.4As for the missingchunk,this could have been broken offat any time after the table'sbeing finished and before being deposited in the small temple, where itwas to serve as ad hocfoundation for the Ptolemaicgranitenaos that would be installedabove it.5

Prior to the front left hand corner'sbeing damaged,the platterwould have measured 104 cm wideby 64 cm deep, with the cakejutting out from its htp-sign hape adding another 23 cm to the depth.The platteritself is about 19 cm high, and the total height of the table from verybottom to very topof the platteris about 66.5 cm.6

A draftof this article waspresented atJohns Hopkins Universityat the 2002 AnnualMeetingof the AmericanResearchCenter n Egypt.It hasgreatlybenefited from the suggestionsof RobertK. Ritner and theJARCE eferee,thoughthe respon-sibility or its contents is mine.1In Room P, accordingto the designationof Uvo Holscher, TheExcavation fMedinetHabu- VolumeI: TheTemplesf theEighteenth ynasty,OIP41 (Chicago,1939), 15.2 Tofollow the practiceof JacquesJ. Clere, "La able d'offrandesde l'echansonroyalSa-Renenoutet urnommeTchaouy,"BIFAO 1 Supplement 1981), 213-34, 216 withn. 1.*As her filiation is attested on numerousmonuments;see Jean Leclant,Recherchesur les monumentshebains e la XXVeDynastie iteethiopienne, dE36, Text(Cairo, 1965),359 withn. 2.Under Psammetichus I;seeJeanYoyotte,"Lemartelagedes noms royauxethiopiens par Psammetique I,"RdE 8 (1951),215-39.5 On the naos, see Holscher,ExcavationofMedinetHabuII, 15 with fig. 15 and further reference at his n. 12; his dating"fourthcenturyB.C.or later" s based on the paleographyof the Demoticsignsused to label the wallblocksof the west wallofRoomP to aid in the wall'sreassembly,he wallhavingbeen partiallydismantled n order to permitthe naos to be introduced;Holscher is reportingthe assessmentof WilliamF.Edgerton.bThe measurementsare courtesyof J. Brett McClain.

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Fig. 1. Cartoucheson the back side (Photograph:YarkoKobylecky)

Cartouchesdesignatingthe beneficiaryas Shepenwepet, (adoptive7)daughter of Amenirdis anddaughterof a king, appearon the platteras well as on the backside of the table (Fig. 1), facingawayfrom anyofficiantwho would haveperformedservice over it and toward whateverwas set up in frontof it, presumablya false door or some other item bearingan image of her.An imageof Shepenwepetand a number of other objects appropriate o the funeraryprovisioningof the God's Wives were recovered from Medinet Habu in Holscher's and earlierexcavations,some-times, like the newlyrecovered offering table, in proximityto the small temple of Amun,8but alsonearer their chapels, though nothing was found in the plundered cryptsbeneath them. Especially7 She was adopted in the reign of Piye, in the view of Leclant,Recherchesur lesmonuments,62. With AmenirdisI as thesister or half-sisterof Piye (accordingto KennethKitchen, TheThird ntermediateeriod n Egypt 1100-650 B.C.), 2nd ed.(Warminster, 986),359 (321)),Amenirdiswouldbe Shepenwepet'sbiologicalaunt.8As with the imageof Shepenwepet ust nowmentioned,found south of the sacred ake;presumably hroughreason of itsproximity o the SmallTempleand its distancefrom her own chapel,Uvo Holscher TheExcavationofMedinetHabu- Volume :Post-Ramessidemains,OIP66 (Chicago, 1954), 28, was led to suppose that this image originallystood in the SmallTemplerather than in her chapel.But the newlyrecoveredofferingtable of hers was also found remotelyfrom her chapeland evenwithin the SmallTemple.


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A NEW OFFERINGTABLEFOR SHEPENWEPET 91because numerous ushebtiswere among the objects,it is possible that the God's Wives wereburied inthese crypts,9 n parallelto aroughlycontemporaneous practiceof royalburial within the temple pre-cinct atTanis,as withPsusennes,OsorkonII,and others.10 n accordwiththeir location within a tem-ple precinct, there are indications that the God's Wives'chapels themselves were structuresdevotedto mortuarycult, beginning with the designationof Amenirdis'schapel as a Ka-House.11t is withinsuch a ritual context that this and other offering tables may be situated, as presumablythe tablewould have been placed somewhere within the space of Shepenwepet's chapel area. Exactlywherewithin is something unknown, since both this and another table of hers, to be discussedpresently,were found outside of their original physicalcontexts.The carvingson its platterboth structure and are structuredby its ritualcontext. As maybe seenin the platter photo (Fig.2) and hand copy (Fig.3), the most prominent manifestationof the ritualassociation is the libation trough leading out from its center and makinga kind of spout out of thecakejutting from its /^jfr-signhape, a verytraditionalshape, havingits originsin offeringtables with/^-designs as far backas the Old Kingdom.12The table accordinglywas meant to receivepoured liq-uids. That it was meant to receiveofferingsof both food and liquidsis suggestedby the depictionsoffowl, three kinds of bread, andjars cut into the platter, just above a representationof a htp-signwithinthe platter.The platteris itself of /^jfr-shape,tpof course being the term for "offering."13The inscriptionsin the band around the perimeter of the platter illustrate the table's cultic posi-tion: first, beginning at the right center of the far horizontal,a vocative to the beneficiary,Shepen-wepet, daughter of a king, presumably Piye;next, PyramidTexts utterance 44 begins on the rightvertical and near righthorizontal,where the ancient text gains an accretion.The inscriptioncontin-ues at the left center of the far horizontalwith a second vocativeto Shepenwepet, daughterof Ame-nirdis, the utterance concluding on the left verticaland the near left horizontal, with yet another

9 On the associated temsand for this view,see Holscher,Excavation fMedinetHabuV,26-28.1USee RainerStadelmann,"DasGrab m Tempelhof:Der Typusdes Konigsgrabesn der Spatzeit,"MDAIK 7 (1971), 111-23, esp. 114-18.11As at Nelson designationMHC 100;see OINegative 1596: r(.i)n=s hw.t-k?m inr hdnfr "making or her (sc. Amenirdis)a Ka-Houseout of fine, white stone."The Ka-House's elation to mortuary ult is owed to the ancient, intimate associationofthe Ka with the cult statue; see Liselotte Greven, Der Ka in Theologieund KonigskultderAgypterdes Alten Reiches,AF 17 (Gluck-stadt, 1952), 32-33; HermannJunkerGizaIII (Vienna, 1938), 121;andAndreyO. Bolshakov,Man and His Double n EgyptianIdeology f the OldKingdom,AAT37 (Wiesbaden,1997), 147-48 and 209. Mortuary hapelswithin temple complexesseem tohave been called "Ka-Houses"ince the Old Kingdom;see Hans Goedicke,Konigliche okumenteus demAltenReich,AA 14(Wiesbaden,1967), fig. 4 (=UrkI 214, 11), where- below a scene depictingthe kingfollowedby his motherIputin the act ofpresentingbread to gb.t(i)"theCoptite," .e., Min- is mentioned bik.wi b.tiwhw.t{t}-k]-mw.t-ni-sw.t-ipw.t(Thedistrictof) theTwoFalcons,Coptos,the Ka-Houseof the King'sMotherIput."See further citationsat UrsulaSchweitzer,Das Wesen esKainDiesseits ndjenseits eraltenAgypter, F 19 (Gluckstadt,1956),85 withn. 45, but note also referencesto foundation estatesre-ferred to as Ka-Housesat 86 n. 48, a usagethatsuggeststhat the termhad a broadersignificance.12 One of a plethoraof examples s CG 1328, for whichsee LudwigBorchardt1937Denkmdler esAltenReichesausser enStatuen),Part1, CatalogueGeneratevol. 97 (Berlin, 1937),pl. 4.13As understood by Regina Holzl, Agyptische pfertafelnnd Kultbecken, AB 45 (Hildesheim, 2002), 133-34, the wordsignifies the deceased'sbeing provisionedwith offerings;comparethe interpretationof Alan H. Gardiner n Nina de GarisDaviesand Alan H. Gardiner,The Tomb fAmenemhetNo. 82), TTS 1 (London, 1915),80, where the word is held to literallymean "'satisfaction,' contentment,'and refers to the feelings arousedby the presentationof offerings."Too limited is themeaning attributedto the word by Maha M. F.Mostafa,Untersuchungenu Opfertafelnm AltenReich,HAB 17 (Hildesheim,1982), 89, who believeshtpto have originallyreferredto the state resultingfrom the consumptionof a meal, this view basedon a singleDynasty6 text.Rather, ts specific meaningas "offering"maybe understoodasderiving roma moregeneralmean-ing of "to be satisfied,"ince in the OldKingdomhtpwasemployed n a varietyof contexts wellbeyondthe scope of food anddrink,e.g., at UrkI 225, 8-9, where a noble states that he causedhis statue to be madebya sculptorhtphr sw r.t.n(=i) =f"pre-ciselywithhim being satisfiedwith the remuneration hatI made to him,"and,e.g., ElmarEdel, "Inschriften es Alten ReichsIII.Die Stele des Mhw-lhtjReisnerG 2375),"MIO1 (1953), 327-36, 328 pl. 2 B6 (withsimilarstatementsappearingat UrkI199, 1; 200, 16;and 222, 12): [iw]wp.n(=i) n.wir htp=sn(i)"Ijudged two equalsin order that they be satisfied."Also drawnfrom or resting n this same broad field of meaningmaybe understoodhtp n its sense of "toset,"as at Pyr.1835b:htp=fhn(=fm imn "withhim (the beneficiary) ettingwithhim (Re)in the West." ee also below,n. 77.


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Fig 2. Platter (Photograph:YarkoKobylecky)

accretion. The vocatives situateShepenwepetas cultic recipient;the PyramidTextsutterance,as willbe discussed, is from the offering ritual within mortuaryserviceand, as elsewhere, is tailoredby itspronouns14to designateher as recipientof its grace;and, not insignificantly,he first additionto theoriginal text includes the term htp-di-ny-sw.t,raditionallyreferringto mortuaryservice archetypallyperformedfor the deceased by the king15as quintessentialcultic officiant.Taking he sum of its parts together, this table is an excellent example of whatLeclant called the"Ethiopian ype."16n fact, a number of contemporary ables are nearlyidentical to it, right down tothe texts upon them. For the present discussion, the most importantof these is the other table ofShepenwepet's(Fig.417),excavatedlong ago by Daressyfrom within the greaterMedinet Habu pre-

14The suffixpronounappearingconsistentlyas the classic=/ ratherthan=t;see fig. 3. The two are interchangeable n She-penwepet'sother table,e.g. withhtpn=tr( imyp.t . . . htpn=tnb.ti; ee fig. 4.15As noted byJan Assmann,"Totenkult,Totenglauben," AVI, 659-76, 663.PaulBarguet,ZakariaGoneim,andJean Leclant,"Les ables d'offrandesde la grandecour de la tomb de Montouemhat,"ASAE51 (1951),491-507, 501, and Leclant,Recherchesur lesmonuments,68 n. 1.17Previouslypublishedat Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes," l. 7;presentedhere as well for purposesof comparison.


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Fig. 3. Platter of the newly recovered able (Hand copy:Harold M. Hays)

cinct18but today situated within the court of Amenirdis'schapel, immediately adjacentto Shepen-wepet's. Besides Shepenwepet'ssecond table, her contemporaryMontuemhat19and Montuemhat'sNubian wife, Wedjarenes,20 ave tables much like this new one. All four of them have a /^jfr-shapedplatter,an arrangementof three kinds of bread, fowl, and twojars over an internalhtp-sign, hesebeing surroundedby nearlythe same inscription,includingPT 44. However,the "Ethiopian ype"oftable is more characterizedby the physicalarrangementof inscriptionsaround the platter and thenature of the objects appearingon it thanby textual similitude. Above all, PT 44 maybe replaced by

18On this table, see G. Daressy,"Notes et remarques," T20 (1898), 72-86, 75; Holscher,ExcavationofMedinetHabuV,28with fig. 31; Barguetet al., "Les tablesd'offrandes," 06-7 with pls. 7-8; and further references at Leclant,Recherchesur lesmonuments,69 (D, 17).19See Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes,"91-93 withpl. 1.20See Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes,"93-94 withpl. 2;Yoyotte,"Lemartelagedes noms royauxethiopiens," 34;and Edna R. Russmann,"Mentuemhat's ushiteWife (FurtherRemarkson the Decoration of the Tombof Mentuemhat,2),"fARCE34 (1997), 21-39, 24 with n. 31.


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Fig. 4. Platter of the table excavatedby Daressy(Hand copy:Harold M. Hays)

htp-di-ny-sw.tormulae or other utterances(such as an extract from PT 42421),as with a table for She-penwepet'simmediatepredecessorthe God's Wife AmenirdisI,22a second table of Montuemhat,23table of the officialGemaset,24and a table of Basa from Dynasty26.25Tablesreckoned to this typethus begin to appearin Dynasty25, the "Ethiopiandynasty," nd continue into Dynasty26, certainlynot an "Ethiopiandynasty."21Pyr.772b-774bon a contemporary able fromTT34;Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes," l. 4.22See AhmedBeyKamal,Tables 'offrandes, atalogueGeneralevols. 46-47 (Cairo, 1906),85 andpl. 21.23See Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes,"94-96 withpl. 3.2 Berlin StaatlicheMuseen7497;see ErhartGraefe,UntersuchungenurVerwaltungnd GeschichteerInstitution erGottes-mahlindesAmunvomBeginndesNeuenReiches iszurSpdtzeit, A 37 (Wiesbaden,1981),vol. 1, 198-99 andpl. 1 (P3).25BM 967, broughtto my attention by Will Schenck.For the table, see Jan Assmann,Das Grabdes Basa(Nr. 389) in derthebanischenNekropole, V 6 (Mainzam Rhein, 1973), 16 withfig. 7,and see 22 for the date of Basa:reign of Psammetichus ,followingMontuemhatandNesptahII.


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A NEW OFFERINGTABLEFOR SHEPENWEPET 95But the new table of Shepenwepetis of interest not onlyfor being a fine exampleof a typebut alsofor being one of two tables dedicatedto her. Her other table is closelyakin to this one in form,depic-tions, and texts. At first it might seem puzzlingthat a single person should have two offering tablesdedicated to her; perhaps one would expect that only one would be needed, especiallywithin the

restrictiveconfines of Shepenwepet'schapel at Medinet Habu. Butjust now mentioned were twotables of her contemporaryMontuemhat, both of them excavated from his Grabpalast t Thebes(TT 34),26and so the circumstanceof two tables for one person in this period is not unknown.To at-tempt to explain why Shepenwepet might have had two, one might assume that each table wasusedin a differentstageof the mortuaryservice.A simpler explanation mightbe that the newlyrecoveredtable had become damaged,its corner knocked off, and so the table excavatedby Daressywas pre-paredas a replacement.27But other scenarioscould be envisaged,and it is difficult to choose amongthe possibilitiesthatimaginationcan generate.Makinga hypothesisis complicatedall the more sinceboth tables were found outside of theiroriginalcontexts- the newlyrecoveredtable buriedunder thesmall temple'sPtolemaic naos as ad hoc foundationalsupport, and the old from somewhereoutsidethe temple'senclosure wall.28Howevertheywereused, a closer comparisonof them can draw out differencesenough to suggestthat they were craftedseparately.First,they are of slightlydifferentgranites,the old table'sgranitebeing darkerand smoother;the new table more coarse. The old table is of seeminglyunfinishedcon-dition, with a kind of shelf on either side of the cakejutting out from the htp-shape;he new table,in contrast, seems fully finished from top to bottom, complete with a thin, molded band wrappedaround the platter's pedestal; this is in addition to the pedestal's general symmetryof shape, com-pared to irregularbulges in the old table'spedestal.29Also, the newlyrecovered table has its platterinscriptionbanded on either side by incised lines; the old table lacksthem; its platterinscriptionisbanded only by changesin elevation.Last,even though their platter inscriptionshave essentiallythesame content, there are noteworthyvariationsbetween them. Chief of these are the writingsof thename of Shepenwepet'sadoptivemother Amenirdis,with the old table showing a unique orthogra-phy.30There are also variations n the titles given to Shepenwepet31and there are some differencesin clauses and phraseswithinPT44.32Figure5 synoptically hows the best preservedof the published

26Barguetet al., "Les ablesd'offrandes,"91, for provenance.27As suggestedto me by Bill Petty.28According o Daressy,"Noteset remarques," 5, it wasfound "a 'a exterieurdu mur d'enceinte."29The mostpronouncedof these irregularitiess displayed n the photographof Holscher,ExcavationofMedinetHabuV,28fig. 31. The unfinishedstate of the pedestal ed Holscherto supposethat the table wasdesignedto be let into the floor.30WithLeclant,Recherchesur lesmonuments,56 n. 3, noting the uniqueness.31On Shi: hm.tntr dwl.tntrsp-n-wp.t ]((.t)-hrw God'sWife,Adoratriceof the God Shepenwepet,True of Voice."On Sh2:hm.t-ntr cb{.t) .wimip.t-s.wt r.tntrsp-n-wp.tGod'sWifePure of Handsin Karnak,God'sHandShepenwepet" ndhm.t-ntr iimnhnw.thm.wtnb(.wt)p-n-wp.tGod'sWife of Amun,Mistressof All the WomenShepenwepet" cf. hm.t-ntr (b(.t) .wimip.t-s.wtto the similar itle hm.t-ntr (b(.t)c.win(i) imn,cited at C. E. Sander-Hansen,Das GottesweibesAmun(Copenhagen,1940),12; and cf. hnw.thm.wtnb(.wt) o the title hritwr.thnr.t pit,discussedextensivelyat Saphinaz-AmalNaguib,Le clergeeminind'Amonhebain la 21edynastie,OLA 38 (Leuven, 1990), 188-207). The title given to Amenirdis s the same on Shi and Sh2:dr.tntr imn-ir-di-s V(.t)-hrwGod'sHandAmenirdis,True of Voice."32Mostprominently, ike Mon. andWedj.,Sh2 omitshtpn=t nb.tiof Pyr.34b, although t is attested n the other exemplars.But Sh2, unlike any of the other exemplars,adds the participialphrase in n=t after htp.wml(])=t in 34c and probablyaftersdm=tn the sameline, though the damageto the left front corner leavesonly in in the second case. Singular o the new tableis the odd writingof htpat Pyr.34b {htpn=thrw)with full phonetic complementsat the verybeginning of the word, makingredundant the otherwisetypicalphonetic complementsat the end of it. As observedto me by RandyShonkwiler, he initialphonetic complementswere a secondaryaddition intended to replace an older and mistakenn=t, traces of which are stillclearlyvisible.Last,one notices that theofferingtables omit the ritual nstructionat the end of PT44, e.g., in W.pl.t w?d.t,butmake short insertions n the middleand,with Shi and Sh2, at the end.


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Fig. 5. Synopticpresentation of Pyramid Textsutterance44

exemplarsof PT44,33from left to rightWenis(W.34),Neit (Nt.35),Senwosretankh S.36), he alreadyknown table (Shi), the newly recovered table (Sh2), the contemporary tables of Montuemhat(Mon.37),his wife (Wedj.38), nd a famous Dynasty26 exemplar(TT 3339).Finally,Shepenwepeton33Along with those shownin fig. 5,just enough of the text appears n the followingsources to know that it wasonce fullyborne by them as well:Pepi I (P.),see IsabellePierre-Croisiau, es textes e lapyramide ePepy er, . Facsimiles,MIFAO 18/2(Cairo,2001),pl. 4 B (P/F/NeI 81-84); PepiII (N.), see GustaveJequier,Le monumentuneraire ePepiII,Tome1 (Cairo,1936),pl. 3 cols. 267-69; Wedjebteni Oudj.),see Gustave equier,Lapyramide 'OudjebtenCairo,1928),pl. 6, col. 34; Ibi (Aba),seeGustaveJequier,Lapyramide 'Aba Cairo, 1935), pl. 5, col. 97; and Henenit (designatedMlBa by GimtherLapp, TypologiederSdrgeundSargkammernon der 6. bis 13. Dynastie, AGA7 (Heidelberg,1993), 288), see GiintherLapp, SdrgedesMittlerenReiches us derehemaligenammlung hashaba, A43 (Wiesbaden,1985),pl. 35 middle.According o CatherineBerger-elNag-gar et al.,Les textes e lapyramide ePepy er,1. Descriptiontanalyse,MIFAO 18/1 (Cairo,2001), 70, Teti(T.)and NemtiemzafMerenre M.)also bear this text, thoughthe relevantelements areyet unpublished.Add to allof these a now lost or otherwiseunknownofferingtable given vague referenceby Daressy,"Noteset remarques," 5 n. 2, who reportsthat "Unfragmentdetable d'offrandedonne le commencementdu meme texte," he relevantportionbeing: htp(ri>=k


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A NEW OFFERINGTABLEFOR SHEPENWEPET 97the old table is designated as m^(.t)-hrwbut not on the newly discovered one. The presence andabsence of the epithet used to be regardedas a sound criterion for establishingdatesin thisperiod,40but Leclant has since noted that it "ne s'applique pas necessairement a un defunt; son emploi pourun vivantne se borne pas au Nouvel Empire,"41nd with thatrealization t becomes difficultto arguefor a relative date based upon this difference.Though the temporal relationshipbetween them may remain obscure, the incorporationof thisPyramidText into the decoration of these tables is clearly importantfor several reasons. After theoccurrence of a PyramidTextutterance on the cylindricalsupportfor a libationaltar from the pyra-mid temple of Pepi I,42the earliestpreserved example of one on an offering table is from the NewKingdom offeringtable of Sarenenutit.43t, however,does not includePT 44. (In fact, these tables ofShepenwepet,togetherwith the tables of Montuemhatand his wife Wedjarenes,bear the earliestex-emplarsof this particular ext since the MiddleKingdom.44)After Dynasty25, other offering tableswith PyramidTexts are attested, for example the Dynasty26 table of an Amenirdisu(CG 23099),which bears both PT 25 and 32.45Appearingalso on the table of Sarenenutit46 nd the Pepi I altarstand,47 he latter text is more characteristicof offering table inscriptions;it is a libation formula,thus the recitation made during the rite of pouring water onto the table itself:48"This libation ofyours,O Osiris,this libation of yours, O Amenirdisu,which went forth from49your son, whichwentforth from Horus!"50This statement has a long historyafterDynasty26, takingon a life of its own as

40E.g., byJean Leclant,"Lepretre Pekiryet son fils le grandmajordomeAkhamenrou,"//VE53 (1954), 154-69, 168;JeanLeclant, Montuemhatquatriemepropheted'Amon,BdE 35 (Cairo, 1961), 266; and Leclant, Recherches ur les monuments,357. Andthis criteriondoes not yet seem to have been universally bandoned,aswhen it is used by LuisaBongraniFanfoni,"Unnuovodocumento di Scepenupet a e Amenardis a" in OrAnt26 (1987), 65-71, 67-68.41Jean Leclant,"VariaAethiopica,"MDAIK 7 (1981), 289-97, 295 n. 43. A sharp llustrationof the dubious value of mV-hrw as a dating criterion is drawn out from the adoption stele of Ankhnesneferibreby Anthony Leahy,"TheAdoption ofAnkhnesneferibre,"EA82 (1996), 145-65, 152n. (v)and 160. AidanDodson, "TheProblemof AmenirdisIIand the Heirs tothe Officeof God's Wifeof Amunduringthe Twenty-Sixth ynasty,"EA88 (2002), 179-86, 185, does not treatthe term as acertain criterion.42WithPT32;seeJeanLeclant,"Fouilles t travaux n Egypteet auSoudan, 1982-1983,"Or 53 (1984),350-416, 367 n. 92,andJean Leclant,"Unsupportd'autel a libations du temple haut de Pepi Ier,"n SarahIsraelit-Groll, d., Studies n EgyptologyPresentedo MiriamLichtheim,ol. 2 (Jerusalem,1990),653-55 and 1118-19.43See Clere,"La abled'offrandes,"13-234.44See the enumerationof exemplarsof PT 44 aboveat n. 33.45See Kamal,Tablesd'offrandes,5 withpl. 21.46Forit, see Clere,"La abled'offrandes," 19 (Inscr.Ha).47Forit, see Leclant,"Unsupportd'autel a libations," 118-19.8 Accordingto Brigitte Altenmiiller-Kesting, einigungsritenmdgyptischen ult(Diss. Hamburg,1968), 3 and 35-39, therite, which involves the manipulationof qbhntritl 2 "libationand 2 natronpellets"(see Pyr.23b (W.)), s one of three ritesleading up to the purification hatpreparesfor the offeringmeal, but PT 32 "sichbei der Zeremonie um eine reine Libationhandelt, nicht um eine Reinigungszeremonie"; ather, t is a matter of cooling the heart (qbbb)of the beneficiary see Pyr.22b).49The renderingof RaymondO. Faulkner,TheAncientEgyptianPyramidTextsOxford, 1969), 6, as "goneforth to" is in-correct. As alreadyseen by Fr.W. von Bissing, "ZurGeschichte der Libationsformeln," T 23 (1901), 38-47, 39 (similarlyAltenmiiller-Kesting, einigungsriten,5, with "durch"),he libation s come forth hr from ratherthan to Horus.ComparePyr.905a-c(N.), where the sense of hrin associationwithjfrn"togo forth" s clear:htp-di-ni-sw.t=k t=khnq.t=k p?d.(w)y=k(i)r.whr hr imi wsh.t shtp=fb=k m Ne. n d.t d.t "Theoffering givenof the kingto you: yourbread,yourbeer, andyourtwo pellets,which went forth from Horus,He in the BroadHall, that he may satisfyyour heart thereby,O Neferkare, or ever and ever."Horus,the ritualist, atisfiesthe objectof rite throughthe pellets'going forth hrfrom himself to the latter; he ritualistdoesnot satisfy he beneficiary hroughthe ritualist'sreceiving he pellets.The CoffinTextsversion of this statement,whichadds adative fromn, verifies the directionalvalue of hrin this context, CTI 275b-f:qbh=kpnit(=i) \ qbh=kpnwsir\ iw n=khr z?=kiw n=khr hr "Thisyourlibation,O myfather,thisyourlibation,O Osiris,whichcameto you fromyourson, whichcame to youfrom Horus!"hrs use in indicatingorigin is observedby ElmarEdel,Altdgyptischerammatik,ol. 2, AnOr 39 (Rome, 1964), 768d.50Kamal, Tablesd'offrandes,85 with pl. 21: qbh=k pn wsir qbh=k pn imn-ir-di-s(w)r.w hr z?=kpr.w hr hr.


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98 JARCEXL (2003)a formulasubject to wide variation from its Old Kingdomancestor,a phenomenon studied by vonBissing a century ago.51The following example, on CG 23155, comes from the Ptolemaic Period,when it was quite popular: "Let me give you this libation, which went forth from your son, whichwent forth from Horus!"52Within the broader historicalcontext, the new table of Shepenwepet is apartof a long tradition of includingPyramidTexts utteranceson offeringtables.Thattheydo so is in full accord with the originalposition in life of many PyramidTextsutterances;they are generallyclosely connected with mortuaryservice.53 ndeed, all of the textsjust now men-tioned- PT 25, 32, and our PT 44- are recitations from the offeringritual,54 he central element ofthe mortuary service. That fact situates Shepenwepet's tables squarely within mortuary service,though presumablythe table's employment of the text fromjust one rite55of the whole ritual issynecdochic,the part standingfor the whole, the table used in more thanjust one rite.More importantly,PT 44, as an ancient cultic recitation from a ritualalreadya millennium and ahalf old, stands on these offering tables as an appropriationof tradition,not only by the NubiansShepenwepet and her contemporary Wedjarenes,but also by Montuemhat,who claims ancestryofmultiple generations of Theban and Egyptian priests and functionaries.56 t is an appropriationofcultural identity alreadyevident with the PyramidTexts covering the interior walls of the chapelof Shepenwepet's predecessor,Amenirdis.57 t is an appropriationevident in the scenes decoratingthe innermost room of Amenirdis'schapel, scenes of mortuaryservice,58which,but for the style oftheir rendering,could havebeen taken from an Old Kingdommortuarychapel.59Preciselythe samescenes of mortuaryservice are employed by Shepenwepet II in her own chapel.60 n adopting these

51See von Bissing,"ZurGeschichteder Libationsformeln,"sp. 38-43. See furtherthe supplementarymaterialand obser-vations at Fr.W.von Bissing,"EineLibationsformel us dem Neuen Reich,"RT25 (1903), 119-20, andFr.W.von Bissing,"ZurGeschichteder Libationsformel, II,"RT30 (1908), 180-83.52Kamal, Tablesd'offrandes,115 with pl. 39: di(=i) n=k qbh ipn pr.w hr zl=k pr.w hr hr.53As theyarenowadaysbeing understood once more;seeJanAssmann, mages t ritesde a mortdansI'EgyptencienneParis,2000), 33 withn. 1.54Because of their relationshipwith elements of offering ists. On this relationship, ee HermannJunker,Giza I (Vienna,1934),80, and Harold M.Hays,"TheWorshipperand the Worshipped n the PyramidTexts," AK30 (2002), 153-67, 153-54.PT25 corresponds o the second element of a more or less fixed offering ist (number2 of the tablebeginningatJunker,GizaII, 85), which s alreadyattested at the startof Dynasty5, a list designated"TypA"byWinfriedBarta,Diealtdgyptischepferliste,MAS3 (Munich,1963), 72-76. PT32 and 44 correspondto elements of a more or less fixed series of items that is designatedas list "TypB"byBarta; ee Barta,Diealtdgyptische pferliste,8-79. ThisTypeB list does not appear ndependentlyof the TypeA list, but is always ound within t. It is firstrecognizablewithin the offeringritualof Wenis,but it begins to appear n purelylist form as earlyas the MiddleKingdomtomb of Amenemhat, or whichsee PercyNewberry,Beni HasanPartI, ASE1 (Lon-don, 1893),pl. 17. PT32 and 44 respectively orrespond o qbhntri tl 2 (the third tem in the list of Amenemhat,whichbeginsin the upperleft corner)andpl.t wdl.t(the eighteenthitem in his list).55p-p44 deais with the presentationof a.pl.t wdl.t "awholepat-cake"Pyr.34d). Concerning his item'ssignificance, hepl.tis repeatedlyassociatedwiththe Eyeof Horus in the PT,as at Pyr.117a: r(.t)hrpl.t n{it)ntr.wwsb{.t)=snm "theEyeof Horus,the pat-cake f the gods,wherefrom heyarenourished";Pyr.35b-c: r(.t)hr | pl.t=k"theEyeof Horus,your pat-cake";ndPyr.78a: r.thrpl.t=k"theEyeof Horus,yourpat-cake." s thepl.t is explicitlyemblematicof the Eyeof Horus,the significanceofthe adjectivewdl in pl.t wdl.t is necessarily ied to the ir.thr wdl.t "thewhole Eyeof Horus," n imagealso repeatedlyencoun-tered in the PT,as at Pyr.21a, 54c, 55a, and 900a, with clear connotations to it at Pyr.55c, 451b-c,and 2050a. The notion ofwholeness or wellness becomes so intertwinedwith the Eyethat,after the Old Kingdom, he word wdl.talone comes to standfor the WholeEye, especially thoughnot exclusively) he WholeEyeof Horus,as at CT IV 238/9b, IV240/lb, IV250/la, VII373a,VII378c, and VII454e.56Leclant,Montuemhat,60-61.57For the texts, see G.Daressy,"Inscriptions e la chapelled'Ameniritisa Medinet-Habou," T23 (1901), 4-18.58Nelson designationMHC 141 and 145, asyet unpublished; ee OINegatives8353 and 8354.59Cf. e.g., MargaretMurray, aqqaraMastabas artI, ERA10 (London, 1905),pl. 23. Such scenes of mortuary ervice areattested alsoin the MiddleKingdom,e.g., atAylwardM.Blackman,TheRockTombsfMeir,Part I,ASE23 (London, 1915),pls.6-8, and in the New Kingdom,e.g., at MedinetHabuin the SmallTemple,at Nelson designationMH B 75 and78, publicationcurrently n preparationby the EpigraphicSurvey.50Nelson designationMHC 211 and 215, asyet unpublished; ee OINegatives7924 and 7923.


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A NEW OFFERINGTABLEFOR SHEPENWEPET 99tokens richlychargedwith evocation of the past, Shepenwepet,Amenirdis,Wedjarenes,and Montu-emhat were all makingthemselves a partof that tradition.It is within this context of tradition that the newlyrecovered table sits. And it was a tradition whosecontinuitywas not factitious.61Undoubtedly, the following Dynasty26 is an "ageof archaismparexcellence?nd certainlyevidence of this trend may be detected alreadyin Dynasty25,62and evenbefore then, with Kitchen,in the nature of the formal names of OsorkonIII and ShoshenqV,abouta centurybefore the Saites.63But as for the use of PyramidTexts n the LatePeriod,Assmannrightlyarguesthat it represents ess a case of a revivalof a dead textual tradition and more a case of certaintexts in continual use from the Old Kingdom throughthe PtolemaicPeriod.64In fact,PyramidTexts are attestedin allperiodsfrom the Old Kingdomon, though of course morefrequentlyin some periods than in others.65For example, there are about forty-six ndividualPyra-midTexts attestedin partor whole from the New Kingdom,66 omparedto about four hundred fromthe Late Period.67While the strikinglygreaterfrequencyof attestationin the Late Period should beinterpretedas the result of an archaizingmotive, leading to a greaterinterest in displayingthem indurablemedia, it would be incorrect to saythat the corpus of literature and the rites representedin

61A largelyfactitiouscontinuitybeing one of the characteristics f a non-genuineor "invented"radition; ee Eric Hobs-bawm, "Introduction:InventingTraditions,"n Eric Hobsbawmand TerenceRanger,eds., TheInventionof TraditionCam-bridge, 1984),3.62A "return o the forms andlessons of the past"perceivable n it byJean-ClaudeGoyon,"AnInterpretation f the Edifice,"in RichardA. Parker t al., TheEdifice fTaharqa y heSacredLakeofKarnak Providence,1979),80 withreference at n. 9.63Kitchen,TheThird ntermediateeriod, 49-50 (309), from whom the quotation s taken.64SeeJanAssmann,"EgyptianMortuaryLiturgies,"n Israelit-Groll, d., Studiesn Egyptology,ol. 1, 1-45, 24, who is speak-ing of the continuous use of liturgicalmanuscripts or the mortuary ervice.A position parallel o Assmann's s DavidP.Silver-man, "CoffinTextSpell 902 and Its LaterUsages in the New Kingdom,"n L'egyptologien 1979: axesprioritaires erecherches,(Paris,1982),vol. 1, 67-70, 69 withn. 16, where it is suggestedthat the attestationof CT902 in the New Kingdom"indicatesthat the Egyptianshadknowledgeof and access to their ownreligious iteraturereachingbackmanycenturies."AssmannandSilvermanare exceptions,as there seems to be a tendencyto characterize he attestationof PT in the Late Periodas partof abroader,archaizingpattern,encounteredat, e.g., KlausKoch,Geschichteerdgyptischen eligion Stuttgart,1993), 452. It is aconceptionof venerablepedigree,going back at least as far as GeorgMoller,Uebern einemspdthieratischenapyrus esBerlinerMuseums rhaltenPyramidentexteBerlin, 1900),6, with an extreme variationof this notion atJamesH. Breasted,DevelopmentfReligion ndThoughtn AncientEgypt NewYork,1912),294 with n. 1, who says,"Whilea few scanty ragmentsof the PyramidTextshave survived n the Book of the Dead, it mayneverthelessbe said thatthey have almostdisappeared," dding,"Later,especially n the SaiticAge, theywere revived"-an unfortunate tatement hat continues to appear n expanded paraphrase, satT.G.H.James,A ShortHistory fAncientEgyptromPredynasticoRomanTimesCairo,1995), 138: n Dynasty26, "Temple ndtomb reliefs of earliertimes werecopied, as were the religioustexts found in the ancienttombs,includingclose adaptationsofthe PyramidTexts, therwise ound only in the royal sepulchresof the Old Kingdom."65As observedalreadyby Moller,Pyramidentexte,-6.66Withoutconsideringresonantstatements n the Opening of the Mouth and in temple ritualtexts, and excepting shortstatementsmade on royal sarcophagiof Dynasty18, the following s a representativeist, for references to which see ThomasG. Allen, Occurrencesof PyramidTextswith Cross ndexesof Theseand OtherEgyptianMortuary Texts,SAOC 27 (Chicago, 1950), 61-102, except where noted: PT 23 (TT 95, noted at Andrea MariaGnirs,"DasPfeilerdekorationsprogrammm Grabdes Meri,Theben Nr. 95"inJan Assmannet al., eds., ThebanischeBeamtennekropolen,AGA12 (Heidelberg,1995), 233-53, 241), PT25(e.g., TT 100),PT32 (e.g., TT 93, see Norman de GarisDavies,TheTombofKenamun t ThebesNewYork,1930),pl. 56A), PT94 (TT353 a.k.a.Tm),PT 95 (TT 353), PT 108 (e.g., TT 107,for whichsee H. W.Helck, "Inhaberund Bauleiterdes thebani-schen Grabs107,"MIO4 (1956), 11-26, 14), PT 113 (TT 107), PT 204-5 (e.g., TT 39), PT 207 (e.g., TT 39), PT 209-12 (e.g.,TT 39), PT219 (TT 353), PT220-22 (e.g., TT 82), PT223 (e.g.,TT 100),PT249 (TT 112, see Nina de GarisDavies,TheTombsof Menkheperrasonb,menmose,nd AnotherNos.86, 112, 42, 226), TTS 5 (London, 1933),pls. 26-27), PT 251-53 (TT 87), PT268-69 (tableof Sarenenutit),PT275-76 (Sarenenutit),PT307 (Sarenenutit),PT311-12 (TT 57), PT356-57 (TT 82), PT 364(TT 82), PT366-67 (TT353), PT368 (e.g.,TT 87), PT422 (TT 39), PT424 (TT353), PT431-32 (TT 353), PT450-51 (TT 11),PT540 (MHB 166-69, for which see KurtSethe, "Dasalte RitualzurStiftungvon Konigstatuenbei der Einweihung ines Tem-pels,"ZAS70 (1934), 51-56, 52-55), PT644 (TT 100),PT650 (MHB 166-69), and PT677 (TT 82).67MassimoPatane,"Au ujetdes Textes des Pyramides es plus frequentsa la BasseEpoque,"BSEG 16 (1992), 65-67, 65,finds in his corpus of PT "a a BasseEpoque environquatrecents formulesrepetees en tout pres de mille fois."Besides thesources listed in Allen, Occurrences,ee MassimoPatane,Les variantesdes Textes es Pyramides la BasseEpoque Geneva,1992), ii-v.


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100 JARCEXL (2003)it had previouslyfallen out of use. Besidesthe simplefact thatPyramidTexts are attestedin the NewKingdom, it may be observed that fully one quarter of those attested in the Late Period- 109 ofthem68-are the recitations for the rites specifiedin a type of offeringlist69repeatedlyattestedin theNew Kingdom.70This correspondence provides ground for one to believe that these 109 PyramidTextswere indeed known in the New Kingdom,and to go on to conclude that it is only an accidentof preservationthat no full copies of them survive from thatperiod. PT 44, on our newlyrecoveredtable, is one of these 109 texts.71 n light of these things, it wouldbe difficultto see its attestationinDynasty25 as evidence of a revivalof a dead textual tradition.Rather, t is easier to saythat it consti-tutes the survivingwrittenexpressionof something in the continuous possession of the society thatauthoredit. Its use by Shepenwepetwas an appropriationof tradition,but it wasthroughthe appro-priationthat the traditionwaskept alive.

Transliterationand Translationof the New Table(rightto left):72hi wsir hm.t-ntrw(b(.t)


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A NEW OFFERINGTABLEFOR SHEPENWEPET 101him makingthe TwoLadies satisfied78withyou;and the night is satisfied withyou,and the day79s satisfied withyou!The offering80be yours:the81offering given of82 the king is what is ever performedtoward83 ou-O Osiristhe God's Wife of Amun, Mistressof All the Women,her mother the God's Hand Amen-irdis True of Voice-and is whatis brought to you;8477htpn "be satisfiedwith,because of" frequentlyappears n the PT,as at Pyr. b, 103c, 611a, 639a, 708b, 1088b,and 1088c,and in latermortuary exts,as at CTI 57b, I 77a, and I 77b, andappearswith thismeaningeven later, n the PtolemaicPeriod(see Wbiii 189.1: "zufrieden ein mit etw."). tpandshtp n the context of ritual can refer to the statebroughtaboutthroughritual'sperformance.See e.g., Pyr.59c:m-n=kr.thrhtphr=shtpwsh.t2 "Take he eye of Horus! Be satisfiedwithit!Twobroad-hall offerings";Pyr.897b:shtptw hr m htp hr{i)=f"LetHorussatisfyyou with the offeringthat is with him";and Pyr.1116d:shtp=fs mptq=s"thathe satisfies the Ennead)with its paq-cake." or a personagebeingshtp hroughthe agencyof Re, cf. CTI 300a:shtp=km crc"May ou be made satisfiedby the hand of Re."78Besides the discussion n the followingnote, cf. the personagecalledhtp=s-hw=sAs he is satisfied,so does she protect"at CT IV256/7a and IV260/lb, where,in Sq4Sqand M57Crespectively, he name is determinedwith a cobra-sign.79With the referenceto nb.ti n the precedingstatementand the pairingof grhandhrw,one maysee an allusion to the ben-eficiary'sbeing conceived and born. For the constellation of day and night, birth and conception, and the two diadems,seePyr.7l4a-b (T.):msii.wtgrhmii ms T. \ iwr.ty rw w tn(i) ms=tn(i) w imi swh.t"Abirth at night!Come! Teti s born!O twowhoconceiveby day,present yourselves lit. be long) and bearhim, the one who is in his egg!" Cf. exemplarP. at Pierre-Croisiau,Les textes e apyramideePepy er, ., pl. 9 (P/A/E)4, whichreplacesmsii.wtgrh"abirth atnight"with ms.tigrh"O two who givebirth at night").The iwr.tywho areto bear the beneficiaryare understoodby me as the twodiademgoddesses,since especiallyNekhebet elsewhereperformsthe role of conceivingand bearing;see Pyr.568a (sim. 569a):i.iwrnr.t[m]M. m ssl.t "Thevul-ture (i.e., Nekhebet)is pregnant[with]Merire n the night sky";and Pyr.1370a: . . sml t hm.twr.t wr=s w msi=s w ". . . theGreat Wild Cow,she conceiving,she bearing him"(for the identityof smt.t hm.twr.tas nhbw.t;ee Pyr.729a-band 2003a,throughthe epithethrit-ib hb"Shewho is resident n Nekheb," nd 1566a,throughthe epithet lw.tsw.ti"longof plumes"; heidentityof the GreatWild Cow withNekhebet s notedbyHelmutBonnet,Reallexikon erdgyptischeneligionsgeschichteBerlin,1952), 507). For both diademsgivingbirth,see Pyr.1425c-1427a:fy.tynb.t(i) ?pn . . . iw=sn(i)hmms.n=sn(i) =sn(i)m P. "thetwoAkhet-diadems,he TwoLadiesof this land.. . . They ndeed gavebirth to Pepifor themselves," s well asPyr.I7l9a-b (sim.804a and 1017c):ms.n wzl.ti bi.ti \ tp.tinbwwrr.t"The wo daughtersof the kingof LowerEgypt,who areupon the possessorof the wereret-crowni.e., who arethe diadems),bore you"; ee alsoPyr.198b-c or the beneficiary's eingbornbyih.t-wr.t.e.,the uraeus(see Sally B.Johnson, TheCobraGoddessfAncientEgypt London, 1990), 10 n. 53, for the identityof ih.t with th.t,which would make for a meaning "GreatAkhet-Diadem";n contrast,see KurtSethe, UbersetzungndKommentaru den alt-dgyptischenyramidentextenGluckstadt,1935),vol. 1, 113,whereit is held that ih.t-wr.ts constructed rom ih.t"thing,"n turna euphemismfor "fire,"making he terma referenceto the "feuerspeiendeUrausschlange")nd Adolf Erman,Hymnen n dasDiademderPharaoner1911), 10, 4, for nb.th( m hl.t ms=s"the Mistressof the Crownbeing in the brow of the one whom shebore."The close associationof conceptionandbirth,dayandnightis attestedoutside of Pyr.7l4a-b;see Pyr.705c:sdr T. wrmsr(nb "LetTetipassthe night, being conceivedand born every day!"; ee also Pyr.132aand 698d. Ultimatelydayand night arefiguresfor the solarcycle:birthandconception.80The pluralstrokesaddedto htp,to makehtp.w,here and in all subsequent nstancesof wordsbuilt from the stem on Sh2(so also consistently n Shi, Mon.,andWedj.,beginningwiththe next htp.w) raphically ontrastthese forms from the preced-ing, verbalforms, thus indicatingthat they are regardedsubstantively,ust as in W, Nt., S. the substantivehtp.t s hereafterused.81As observedby Helmut Satzinger,"Beobachtungen ur Opferformel:Theorie und Praxis,"LingAeg5 (1997), 177-188,180-82, htpshould be treated as definite ratherthanindefinite,since it is modifiedby a relative orm (or, as interpretedhere,

a passiveparticiplewithgenitivalagent).82Here interpreting he verb form di with Alan H. Gardiner,"The Mansionof Life and the Masterof the King'sLargess,"TEA 4 (1938), 83-91, 89 n. 1, as a passiveparticiple.83Concerning he use of r, see above,n. 73.84In in.t n=k of Nt. and S. (with in.t n{t}=kin W.),a substantive,"what s brought to you."Forhtp.whtp.t "offerings" e-ing brought, see Pyr. 133c: in.n=f dfi.w htp.wn hr hntipr.w"withhim having brought provisions and offerings to HorusForemost of the Houses" and CT II 137d: in t(w)n=ihtp.w"Bringme offerings!"Cf. the beneficiarybeing broughtto offer-ings at Pyr.536b: inn 1pw mrNe. pn in.w Ne. r htp.t"Ah, t is the ones who bring, who love Neferkare,who bring Nefer-kare to the offering!"


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102 JARCEXL (2003)the offeringis whatyou see,85and is what is brought to you;the offeringis whatyou hear,86and is what is brought [to you];///... /// [the offeringis what is with yo]u,87withoutcease88concerning , or ever!

The EpigraphicSurveyLuxor,Egypt

85A substantive n W., Nt., and S., with mfl.t=k"whatyou see."The notion of seeing offeringsoccurs also at Pyr.818a-b,thoughtherewither instead of htp:ml=kphrpn \ ir.nn=kni-sw.t r.n n=khnt(i)-imn.tiwandsee this reversion-offering,whichthe kingmade foryou, which Khentimentiumade for you."Forphras "reversion-offering,"ee Goedicke,Konigliche okumente,fig. 1, 4+11(=UrkI 160):irphrwlh.w \ ni-sw.tbi.timn-kl.w-r(nhd.t]"As or the reversion-offering(s)hatare to be presented(to) the king of Upper [andLowerEgypt,Menkaure, ivingfor ever,]"and cf.phr.tand its food-stuffsdeterminativesat CTII263b (B9C): r=snn=iphr.thnhnw"thatthey may performthe reversion-offerings f the henhenu-bark or me";B1Preplacesphr.twith hi m t hnq.t"athousandbreadandbeer."8bThis statement reveals the aural dimension of ritual,since the offeringis not only seen but heard; t therefore includesthe words recitedduringthe presentationof a physicalobject,the thing that is seen. The combination of mtt and sdmconsti-tutingan act of witnessingoccurs also at Pyr.1007a-b sim. 1976a-b): hcml=knn ch( dm=k n | ir.n n=kz?=k r.nn=khr "Ariseand see this;arise and hear this, whichyour son did for you, which Horus did for you!"See also Pyr.53b and 979a, thoughthere it is the beneficiarywho is being seen and heard.87hr(i)t=k,it. "what s with/toyou," s a substantivenisbain W., Nt., and S.88On n nwd,see KurtSethe's nterpretationof thisphraseas reportedat BattiscombeGunn,"The Berlin Statueof Harwaand Some Notes on OtherHarwaStatues,"BIFAO 4 (1934) 135-42, 140: "ohneAufhoren."

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A New Offering Table for pet