'2-76

A Host Index of Fungi of the Malay Peninsula. II.

HErTAPLEUll U~I, Sp. (Araliaceae). In the Singapore Gardens, C. F. Baker, collected L emb08ia

hel)tapleu1'i, Sacco sp. nov. (Hystenaceae) on the leaTes of this plant.

HEvBA BRASILIENSIS, Muell. (Eupho1'biaceae). Para Rubber Tr~.

A list of the fungi found on this tree was published in "The Garden's Bulletin," Vol. II, No. 6.

HIllISOUS ROSA-SI~ENSIS, L. (Malvaceae) . A. Shal'pies found that the flmgu causing the "die-back"

which often affects an ornamental Hibisous hedge after it has be~ pmned, is due to a species of Fusa'rium ( Tub ercular·iaceae). Spray_ ing with Bordeaux mixture aftel' pnming is reco= ended as a preventative,

HTBlscus SAUDARIFFA, L. Jamaica or Red Sorrel. The Rozelle. -C. F. Baker records two flmgi on the dying stems of this

plant. Doihio1'ell(~ 1'llg'l~losa, ,sacco sp. nov. (Sphaerioidaceae) causing black warty excrescenses to appear, and DiplodAa hibiscina, C. and Ell. val'. wbdm'iffae Sacco var. nov. (Sphae1'ioidaceae) , which appears as minute black pimples.

HIBISCUS, spp. ,Brooks records this as one of the many ,posts on which he has

IOlmd P ink Disease, Corliciu.m salmoni·coI01'.

ICil~ ANTilUS PALLEN'S, Munro. ( Gramineae ). Recorded by Bancroft as having its inilorescence attacked by

Balansia asp8rata, Massee. '(IH ypooreaceae). A.nother s·pecies of the same genus was similarly attaeked by

Balansia sessilis, Massee.

lJ,fPBIllTA ARUNDINACEA, CyJ". (G1'allllineae) . . iUalang grass. A rust, Uredo impemta6, P . Ma",CfJl. (Uredinaceae) is recorded

by Bancroft as being found on this grass.

I NDIGOFEIll ARRECTA, Hochst. (LegU1n1inosae) Otaheite Chestnut. Three fungi are recorded by Baker on the rotting fruits of

this plant in the Singapore Gardens. Phoma inocarpi, Sacco sp: nov., Diplodia inocarpi, Sacco sp. nov., and Gloeospo1)iu1l! inocarp~ Sacco sp. nov. (Sphaerioidaceae).

J USTICIA GENDAItUSSA, L. (A.Ca?~thaceae ). Brown discoloured areas on the leaves of this plant were found

00 be caused by a smut, Ustilagp Thwaitesi4, Berkl. (Ustilagi­'/Iaceae) , H erb, SingapOf'e.

277 ·

1\00)il'ASSJA ) IAL,WCE1' SIS, Maing. (Leguminosae). )Icnt.ioned by Bancroft as a well known jungle host of Fomes

ligll OSllS.

1\0Jll·jf.I LSJA GILIN DIS, BicU. (Pctlmaceae). Baker records Melanconimn melwnoxanthmn B. and Br. (loIela­

IIcolliaceae ) as being found on dead petioles and rachises at Singapore.

I,.\ ~SJ 1:)1 DO)I.J'~TlCU~l, ·J·ack. CMeliaccae) . Lang at . Hecorded by Brook amongst the bosts of P ink Disease.

I,ASIA Ff E·l·J·~nOl'HYJ. T.~\ , Schott (A1·oideae).

Baker records S pham'ella lasiwna, Sacco sp. nov. as oc'Curring on the leaves of this plllilJt. It caulles grey brown circular blisters, the fun gns frnctifi·cations appearing as black specks.

1,lOli.Il, .I, spp. (Palmaceae) . Several species of f ungi were found on the leaves and rachises

of these palIDll b'y Baker fl.t Singapore. J1 elanconitMn melanox­alllilU1b'1n B. anc1 BT. (1vlelwnconiaceae ), Sepedonimm dubium Sacco SI)' nov. (.ilfoni liaceae), Goniospo1'i1tm vacuolatum Sacco sp. nov. (Dematiacea.e) , anc1 Ge1'cosIJ,01'a vi1'ells Sacco sp. nov. (D ematiaceae) , lIll appea.r as 5mal1 black eX'crescenses on the rachises. H elmi'flr lllOspori.lIIn maCl'tI1'lWl\ Sacco s]l. nov. (D e-maMaceae) appears as black clo t · on the leaves.

1,IVIS:rONA COCl1IN- ClUK ENSI S, Blume (Palmaceae) . Serdang.

~LentiQnec1 by Bancroft as being one of the jungle hosts of fOIl~es 7ignosus. jJf elancollliu1n 1nelanoxantlllU1n B. and: Br. (M ela.­IIconiaceae) 'and Wvnte'rina BaMe1'iana, Sa,cc. sp. nov. (S phae:riaceae) nrc recorded by Baker from Singapore as being found on the dead Icaves aud rachises.

f,YOOl'J;IlSICU'[ ESCU LHN'l'UM, ~Iill. (S olanaceae). 'l'he Tomato.

In Ba.ncrof t's li st of diseases ]lublishec1 in 19'101 he mentions ~ having found two f ungi on locally grown tonlato plants. Bacillus .lo/ancwea1'lL1n (Bactm'iaceae) whioh cau.ses a wilting of the plants and a brown colouring of the stem ocom s so badly in some parts as to renc1er the suocessful g rowing of these plants almost impossible. A mildew, E1'ysiphe Polygoni, D. C. (Erysiphaceae) was also found on plants growing at Taiping.

MAC.A.llA.'<GA GRlFI'I.'HIANA, Muell.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae).

Biclie), records a specimen of thill tree which hac1 been used for bridging as. bearing E~Ltypa caulivora, Mass. (Sphaeriaceae). He consic1erec1 it :bfl.c1 at tacked the pl.·tnt after it bad been cut down. It appears as black asphal t-like fructifications on the stem.

278

MALLOTUS Sp. (E1lphorbiaceae). , Specimens in the Singapore herbarium show ~ea\"es of this

plant as berng attacked by a speCIes of Sphaerellcl (S phaeriaceaae) Bnd' Pestalozzia (Melanconia,ceae). Both fungi cause light brown circular spots on the leaves.

·MANGJ'FER.: I:'<DlCA, L,inn. (Anaca'l'~iaceae), ~bugo. Only three fUlJo¥i have ,so far been clefin,itely recorded on 10caUy

grown trees for thIS speCIes, GlolXJslJor-lum mangtfel'ae N'oack (M elanconiceae) which Bancroft describes as developing black S]lot~ on the fruit. These spots increase in size and run together ulltil sometimes the whole surface is affected, the pillp becominO' soft Bakel' found two leaf flUlgi, one the common black leaf n7ildew' }j{eliola mangiferae. Earle, (Perispol'iaceae) the other Zimmer:

. manniella trispom, p , Renn, (DoHllideaceae), occurring as raised ,black knobs on the leaves.

MANIHOT UTILISSIMA, Pobl. (Euphol·biaceae) . Tapioca, Cassava, Bancroft records Cercospora Cecwa.e, Petch, (Dema,tiaceae) as

causing leaf spots on this plant, and also a curious occurrence of Fomes lignos1ls on the tubCl'ous roots, this lattel' fungus bei'ng ad. mittedly a wood destroyer.

MUSA, sp. (Scitamineae). Banana. ' The fact that only one fungus has oeen definitely recorded for

this plant in Mala,ya, is withollt doubt, only due to t he fact that it has so far not received much attention locally, GloeosporvlllII musanlm Gke. and Massee (Melanconia,ceae) is iududed ill Ban· ,croft's list, as occurring on the ri1ie fruits,

NEPHELIUM LAPPACEU1r, Linn. (Sapindaceae) , Rambutall. A 'black mould, M eliola nephelii, Sacco sp. nov. (Pel'ispori­

'aceal7) was cO'liected on the leaves of this species by Baker, at Singapore, It is rather surprising that hitherto ' no other fungi have been recorded for this pop111ar fruit.

ONCOSPERMA FILA1.fENTosu:.r, Blume (Palmaceae). Nibong . . ' .. Bancroft quotes this as one of the jungle hosts of Fomes lign9sus, ~

ORMOSIA SIJMATHANA, (Leguminosae). I ,' Baker collected specimens of Lembosia h01'lnosia,na, Sacco sp, nov. (Hysteriaceae) on the 'leayes of this plant. '

ORYZA S"tTIVA, Linn, (GI'amvneae). Hice. ,. Only one fl\ngus disease '.can so far be found definitely recorded :for this important crop in M.alaya. A smut, Ustilago vil'ens eke, , (U stilaginaceae)r is mentioned by B'a,ncroft as being parasitic on grains of rice in ,Per/l,k, ,

I'.IPQUIUM OllLONGU'OLIUM, Burck. (Sap.otaceae) Gutta 'percha; , THban, . . Bancroft recol'ds LaestuiJ;ia 7JulaqtWi, Bane, (SphCW1'iaccue) as

",Ildng a leaf s>pot disease of this plant, which in the seedling stage otten proves fa tal.

P.!J'DANGS PEN ANGENSIS, Riell. and

I'.\~J)ANUS U'l'lLIS, Bory. (Pund"anuccue). Screw Pine. On the leayes of both of t he species ' Baker found LC1nbosia p(m­

dani Sheiss, (Hystm"iaccuc) ,

P.;SI'AL U~{> sp. ( G1'a1nin.eae) . Ridley collected a ,pecim.en of thi s gr.ass with its lateral ·

branches di storted by Hypo crella punici, Mass·. (H!lPocrcuceuc).

I',\SPALU)I, sp. (G1'C!1nineae). Ghaetosl1'o1na cladospol'ioidcs, Sacco (Tub crcula1'iaceac) was

collected by Ba.ker in Singapore on the C).ead f ruits of this grass.

Pr:-i.\ NGA, sp. (Pctl'lnaccae) , In a .part of the Gard'en's Jungle at Singapore, buat is being

devastated by fl ' fungus a species of Roscllinlia (S phac1··iacea·c) that wa found on a dead stem of this palm seems chiefly respons]JJle. The species cannot be determined at present, but is ne'ar R. pai'a­sificct E. and Ev.

PIPER, sp. (Pi1J C1·aceae) . Pepper. The various species of pepper in local ·cultivation have not re­

ceived much attention at the hands or the pathologists. 0nly two fungi are recorded for .them . . Golleotot1'ichu'In nccato1' Mass. (Me­lall.co7llia,cecte) was found by Ridley attacking .the fruiting spike!> and causing them to blacken and fa.ll off. A species of Diplodia (Sphael"ioiclaceae), was at the' same time observed growing on the roots.

PrSOIDIA. ERY'l'mUN A, Linn. (Legurninosae). Fish Poison Tree. Baker records two fungi as growing on the dead limbs of this

tree. Dothiorcll'a stmtosa~ Sacco (Sphaerioidaceae) causing black excrescences, and· Hyrncm/,la socia Sacco (Tub erculariaceac).

P~EO'l'OOOMIA, sp. (Pal1nacea~ ).

Four J~ngi were fOUM by Baker all wppearing as black specks , on the de'a:d le'aves and rachises- of this Rotan.

G1'aphiola 1nacrospo1'a, Penz. and Sacco M clanconiu1n mcla­noxanthu1n, B .• anel Br. (111 elanctJniaoeae) A'rthrobot1'YU'ln sociu1n, Sacco (Stilbaccae) a.nd Ea;osponVurn rnacr'u1'U1n, Sacco (Tuberoula1··i­aceae) .

280

POLYTRIAS PRAE~roRSA , Hack. A Slllu t, UstiZago' polykiadis Mass (Ustilagvnacoae)' is re­

corded on the ovaries of this plant.

PTEROCARPUS IXDIC s, Willd. (Leg'll.1ninosae) . Owing to the loss of so many famous avenues of t his tree in the

country it has received more attention than other ornamental trees Consequently sj..'{ fungi have so far been r eported as having hee~ found growing on it, although e:>ecept the leaf fungi all were col­lected on dead stullltps. It is possible however, that some may be responsible for hasteni ng its death, the fungus fructifications onh' appearing at a later stage when the damage is done, and in this connection the shiny chocolate brown bracket fungus, sometimes appearing with a false stalk, GIl'IWde1'1ntIS /1uJid:us (Polypomceae) is more than suspected. Other Polyporaceous br.acket fungi re­corded ·are Polysiict11.S h·i1·SUt1IS Fr., and Polystict'lls jloridaillus Sacco The slllall white tomentose fan shaped Schizo phyll'll.m com~ mIme Fr. (Aga1-icaceae) is commonly found on dead wood but doubtless as a sa:prophyte only. Leaf fungi recorded are Dothi­della pterocarpi, Mass. (Dothideaceae) and H el1n·inthosponllnt obovatmn, Mass. (D ematiaceae) ..

RHODOMYRTUS TOMENTOSA, Wight, (Myrtaceae) . Kamunting. . Two fungi are recorded by Baker for thi shrub Dime1°ium

singapo1'ense Sacco (Perisp9ria.ceae ) and PodospvriU1n penicillilllm Speg. (Stilbaceae) .

ROSA, sp. (Rosaceae) Rose. Only one fungus S phae1'ostilbe 'cinnabm'ina., Tu!. (H ypocre­

aceae) is recorded for our cultivated roses. It causes the bran{!hcs to bla{!ken and die.

S·ACCHARImr OFFICINAllUM, Linn . (Gra1nVneae). Sugar Cane. The fact that only one fungus is re{!orded for the Sugar Cane

can only be attributed to the fact, t hat the cane had ceased to be cultivated loca.Ily as a fhst class crop, before t he study of diseases was seriousiy attempted here. A red smut fungus, l'richosllhoeria sa.cchan Mass. (Sp7IUe1'iaceae) is the only record we have.

S,I.RACA, sp .. ( Legmninosae). Mim'othY1'iu1n b1·owl1eanum, Sacco (MicrothY1oiaceae ) was col­

lected by Baker ·at Singa.pore on the leaves of this shrub.

<SELOSIA SUMATRENSlS, (GramNneae ) . . ' S ingapore materiwl in the herbarium shows the fruits of this

grass to be infccted with a smut UstiZago fiavo-nigrescens, B. and C. (U stiZa,qinaceae).

SHOMA, sp. (Di ptc1'oca1'paceae ), Mel'anti. Bancroft's list of jungle hosts of Pink Disease includes this

tree.

281

:-;OI .• I ;;U)1 TUJlJmOS U;\I, Linn. (S olanaceae). Potato. 'l'he bacterial disease Bacill~ts solanacearum was found on

potato plants at 'l'a.iping by Bancroft.

S'fNltOULIA, sp. ( teI'CIt/;iaceae) . Dim,erospor i-lwn ({tbo-ma"ginatul1~, Sacco (Pel'iSp01'iaceae) was

found by Baker on the leaves of this tree.

S'l'1l01l 1 1,~I KTl1ES, sp. (i canthacecw) . Recorded by Hi clley a a hos t fOT Pink. Disease.

' 1'.1 Il ElUU 1·;11 ON'J'A:\.I , sp. (Apoc!lnaceae) . A brown leaf spot disease Cercospom tabo1'llae1n:ontana Syd.

(Dematiaceae ) is found on specimen in the Singapore herbarium from 'I'aipil1g.

'fEPlillOSIA. HOOKElll .\ ;;A, Wight and Am. (Legu11l.inosae) .

,Sba.rples records a patch of th is plant growing under rubber liS being badly attacked by Pink Di sease, and providing a centre of infection for t he rubber.

'I.'lIBA SINENS l., Li,1J1 . ( 'Te""ls ·t,·oeln~aceae) . · 'l'ea .

'rhe " capper blight " Laestad1'a 'Theae, Rae. (Sphcteriaceae) is the only ftlJlgu s actually on r ecord, although instances of the blister hlight Peslaloz?ia p. (M elctnconiaceae) are lUldoubteclly common.

'l'HIWllJl01IA 0_10.,10, ]~inn . (Ste1'clllictceae): Cocoa. Another example of a host o:E Pink Disease, r ecorded by Brooks.

'l'ltl STANLI GnwlTulI, Kurz. (illyrtaceae).

Brown circl1J ar leaf spots on the leaves of tbis shrub recently collected were found by Wakefi.eld to be caused by a new species 8phae"olla 'T1'istaniae WaH. (Sphaeriaceae) .

WOIDlIA SUFFRUTIOOSA, Griff. (Dilleniaceae).

A black lea.f mildew Meliola malaccensis Sacco sp. nov. (Pens­poriaceae ) is r ecorded by Baker as havillg been found on the leaves of thi s sbrub.

ZHAOOA EDULI S, Bl. (Palmaceae ). Buah Salak. Micropelt-is ma1'ginata, Mont . (Mic-rothyrmceae) causing

brown discoloured area on the leaves, .and also M elan conium melar­noxanthu1n B. and Br. (Melancomaceae) were collected by Baker in Singapore.

ZALA OOA . WALLIClUANA, Mart. (Palmaceae). Kumbak.

Mic-ropez-t.is m.wrginata is also recorc1ed by Baker for the leaves of this species.

Z],A' MAYS, Linn. ~G1·a1nineae). Indii\,h Corn. ,J , ",

"The Sll11lt Us'l iZago Mwydis (UstiZ(£g.ina'Ceae) ~s the' only record for tins crop. It destroys the cobs tUl'lllllg them lito a sooty m{lss.

ZINGIDER, sp. (Soita'l7vineae)'. Ginger. Hypoc1'ella zinziberis, Mass. (HY7JOC1'eaCe(w) was fOllnd by

Ric1ley on the petioles of this plant. !The fungus has a bright orange coloured stroma.

'rhe !l!bove brings to a 'conclusion the summary of il.lll O'llS

diseases of plants in Malaya a hitherto definitely recorded. 'rho list .i s small and many of our best known farm and garden plants have but a small record against them. This no dOltbt is due to the fact 11hat the main crops, such as rubber, have hitherto engage<l the attention of the few pathologists that have worked out here. As t11i 8 work increases more attention will be able to be given to other plants quite important in themselves but not ran,king with the main crops of the country. When the next revision of this list takes places it is certain to be considerably increased. In the mllantime additions will be published in this Bull etin from time to time as they occur.

T. F. CHIPP.

Castor Oil as A Crop. The Oastor-.oil plant (Ric:imus C01n1nunts) , seems so faT, to

have attracted little notice in Malay·a, and yet, when looked into its cultivation appears to offer fairly good prospects for the small planter, while the industry of mechanical expxession of the oil offers a promising ,opening for the esmblishment of up-to-date mills.

It brings prompt returns to the cultivator '!I!nd its product, whether in seed, or oil, or cake is in :i.J;Jcreasing demand from home at steadily advancing l)rices.

According to the Chemist and Druggist 28th February, 1920, the prices quoted by the pressers in Hull were £114 pei: ton for pharmaceutical oil-£111 for first pressing-£109, for second press­ing. For medicinal Fl:ench oil, the price was 120/- per cwt. in casell.

The present price (1st lI~a}', 1920) of Castor-oil in Singapore, obligingly supplied by the Secretaries of the Chamber of Commerce is quoted at '$50 per case of 74 to 75 catties packed in 4 tins, or 0.66 per catty.

The Blue Book ;sta.tes that 861927 gallons -of lubricating oils were imported into the Straits Settlements i'll 1918, the value being $1,036,943.

We cannot apportion the amount for wNch Castor-oil enters in this aggregate, but we know that being a heavy-bodied oil and the most viscolls of all fa.tty oils, it occupies a large place alllong luliricnnts for machiu.ery, ei:lpecia.!~y for the Qiling of fast moving machines.