A First Step in CHEMISTRY

First Step in

CHEMISTRY

Nuh ZDNFaiz STN

Ali Serhat Z

BASHKENT EDUCATIONCENTER PUBLICATION

Ashgabat2006

2PREFACE

Chemistry is an interesting and fundamental branch ofscience because it gives us the chance to explain the secretsof nature. What is water? What do we use in our cars as fuel?What is aspirin? What are perfumes made of?

These kinds of questions and their answers are all part ofthe chemistry. There is no industry that does not depend uponchemical substances the petroleum, pharmaceuticals, gar-ment, aircraft, steel and electronics industries, for example, aswell as agriculture, all utilize the science of chemistry.

The aim was to write this book to show that chemistry isa funny science in life and to give the ordinary level chemistryknowledge to students.

We would like to thank smet zdemir, Engin Halimolu,Nuray Tunca, Meral Krbancolu, Gyaseddin Eli, OrhanApilliolu, Guvan Paytakow, Muharrem Akman, NumanDurmu, Celal nar, Hseyin Aslan, Yunus Allaberdiyew,Ahmet Yel, Beim Agayew, Esma Tanrven, NuriNurgeldiyew, Meryem Krba, H.Ahmet etinay and MuratNiyazmatow for their thoughtful criticisms and helpful sugges-tions to the manuscript which have been of such great valuein developing the book.

The authors would like also to thank Seyit Embel andMustafa Gedikolu for their support and encouragementthroughout.

We are particularly grateful to Agacan Amangeldiyew whodesigned the book with a great care and patience.

The Authors

3CONTENTS

Chapters

1. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62. MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143. STATES OF MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204. ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265. PERIODIC TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346. MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488. IN THE CMEMISTRY LABORATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Experiments

1. Water which does not flow into empty container. . . . . . . .622. Does olive oil dissolve in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633. Percentage of oxygen gas in air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644. A simple rocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655. Fountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666. Boiling in paper container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677. Invisible ink. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688. Which metal conducts heat better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699. Boiling point of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7010. How much water overflows? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7111. A simple fire extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7212. Volcano bottle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7313. Water not fallen out from glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Pronounsation of the new words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? 1

FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY6

1Chemistry is a branch of science that has been aroundfor a long time. In fact, chemistry is known to date backto as far as the prehistoric times. By 4000 BC Europeobtained this culture but by this time in Egypt and Sumeria(Iraq) metals were being used. The name of chemistry isderived from the Arabic word al-Kimya.

Alchemists are the old chemists who are not only wantedto convert metals to gold, but they also wanted to find a mix-ture of chemical that would enable people to live longer andcure all illnesses.

Today chemistry is an important and exciting subject. It isall around you; in houses, fairgrounds, fields, farms, and fac-tories. It is taking place deep in the Earth and far out in space.You will find chemistry everywhere.

Why do we study chemistry?Because we may say that "life is chemistry" . Chemistry is

in each point of our daily life. You may not realize it, but chem-istry is all around you. Dye, plastic, cosmetic, medicine, clean-ing product, textile, paper, photography, firework, weapon,fuel, glass and metallurgy are some industries interested inchemistry.

An Alchemist.

FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY 7

Paper Photography Firework

Cleaning product

CHEMISTRY

Textile

MedicineCosmeticDye

Chemistry, physics, biology and earth science are four mainbranches of natural sciences. Each of the branches of natural sci-ence has its own area that is closely related o each other. Nobranch of science can be entirely independent of others.

Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition andstructure of matter and with the changes matter undergoes.Chemistry have six main branches which are analytical chemistry,physical chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, bio-chemistry and nuclear chemistry.

Table 1. Branches of chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry (Separation, identification, and composition of matter)Organic Chemistry (Carbon and carbon containing materials)Physical Chemistry (Investigation of the laws and theories of all branches

of chemistry)

Biochemistry (Materials and processes that occur in living organisms)Inorganic Chemistry (Elements and their compounds )Nuclear Chemistry (Changes in the nuclei of atoms and the uses of these changes)

Some industries related to chemistry.

Fathers of Chemistry and the LastExperiment

Jabir bin Hayyan (721 - 815), the chemist Geber of theMiddle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry.Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan was the son of the pharmacist(Attar). He practiced medicine and alchemy in Kufa (Iraq) .

Jabir introduced experimental investigation into alchemy,which rapidly changed its character into modern chemistry.His well-known laboratory remained after centuries, he rest-ed on over 100 reading matter , of which 22 relate to chem-istry and alchemy. His contribution of fundamental importanceto chemistry includes perfection of scientific techniques suchas crystallization, distillation, sublimation and evaporation anddevelopment of several instruments as well.

Apart from several contributions of basic nature to alche-my, involving largely the preparation of new compounds anddevelopment of chemical methods, he also developed a num-ber of applied chemical processes, thus becoming a pioneerin the field of applied science. His achievements in this fieldinclude preparation of various metals, development of steel,dyeing of cloth and tanning of leather, varnishing of water-

proof cloth, use of manganese dioxide inglass-making, prevention of rusting, letteringin gold, identification of paints, greases, etc.During the course of these practical produc-tions, he also developed aqua regia (kingwater) to dissolve gold. The alembic(Anbique) is his great invention, which madeeasy and systematic process of distillation.Jabir did great stress on experimentation andaccuracy in his work.


ReadingReading

Jabir bin Hayyan.

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) is called the father of mod-ern chemistry, having discovered that water is made ofhydrogen and oxygen. He also invented the analytical bal-ance and showed that chemical elements were neither creat-ed nor destroyed, just combined into different compounds inchemical reactions. From this work follows one of the mostfundamental principles of physics, the conservation of mass.

Lavoisier showed that diamond and graphite were bothforms of carbon. He helped to establish modern chemicalnomenclature, named oxygen and discovered its role in com-bustion, showed that candles burning and humans workingboth exhale carbon dioxide, pointing the way to understand-ing biochemistry and metabolism. His achievements thatinspire textbooks to name him the father of modern chemistry.

Unfortunately, Lavoisier was also a tax farmer and part ofthe hated upper class of France who were purged during theFrench Revolution. Lavoisier and 27 other French noblemenwere tried on the morning of May 8, 1794, at the Place deRevolution (now Place de la Concorde), sen-tenced to death and guillotined that after-noon. While others panicked in prison await-ing trial, Lavoisier remained calm, setting histhe last experiment.

May be it is an uncertified story relateshow Lavoisier arranged a final experiment athis death intended to determine whetherand for how long a cut off head remains con-scious after guillotining . Lavoisier decidedto blink as many times as possible, andasked from his assistant to count the blinks,which numbered between 15 and 20.Some biologists have expressed doubt thatit would be possible.


Antoine Lavoisier.


1. What is the meaning of chemistry?

2. What were the aims of alchemists?

3. Which industries are interested in chemistry?

4. What does chemistry deal with?

5. What are the 6 branches of chemistry?

1. Who wanted to convert metals to gold?

A) alchemists B) alphysicists C) aljabir D) albiologists E) almedicine

2. Which industry is not interested in chemistry?

A) dye B) plastic C) cosmetic D) medicine E) electric

3. Which is not the branch of natural science?

A) chemistry B) physics C) biology D) english E) earth science

Supplementary Questions

Multiple Choice Questions


True-False Questions

1. Jabir bin Hayyan (721 - 815), the chemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the father of chemistry.

A) True B) False

2. Jabir bin Hayyan was achieved the development of steel.

A) True B) False

3. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) is called the father of modern chemistry.

A) True B) False

4. Chemical elements are neither created nor destroyed, just combined into different compounds in chemical reactions.

A) True B) False

5. Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon.

A) True B) False

4. Which is not the branch of chemistry?

A) analytical chemistry B) physical chemistry C) inorganic chemistry D) medicine chemistry E) organic chemistry

5. Who discovered that water is made of hydrogen and oxygen?

A) Jabir bin Hayyan B) Dalton C) Lavoisier D) Walter E) Thomson


Puzzle

ACROSS

1. The chemist who is generally known asthe father of modern chemistry.

4. The branch of chemistry which deals withchanges in the nuclei of atoms and theuses of these changes.

6. The chemist who is generally known asthe father of chemistry.

7. The branch of chemistry which deals withseparation, identification, and compositionof matter.

8. The branch of chemistry which deals withmaterials and prosesses that occur in living organisms.

9. The branch of chemistry which deals withinvestigation of the laws and theories of allbranches of chemistry.

10. An Arabic word that the name of chemistryis derived from.

DOWN

2. The branch of chemistry which deals withelements and their compounds.

3. The branch of chemistry which deals withcarbon and carbon containing materials.

5. Science that deals with the compositionand structure of matter and with thechanges matter undergoes.

7. The old chemist who wanted to convertmetals into gold.


MATTER 2


2Matter is everything around us. Matter is all of the livingand nonliving things made of atoms. Matter is any-thing that has a mass and occupies space. Eventhough matter can be found all over the universe, we usuallyfind it in just a few forms, solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Mattercan differ from another in physical state, size, shape, color,hardness, smell, etc. These are called the properties of mat-ter. For example, hardness is a property of metals and theblack color is a property of coal.

Matter includes things we can see and touch (such aswater, earth, trees) as well as things we cannot (such as air).

Air is a matter composedof some gases. Although itis difficult to understandthe fact that air is a matterwe can explain it. First wecan feel that air has massand occupys space but it isinvisible. So, air has massand volume.

Light is not a matter, itis a kind of energy.Lightning, sound, heat,thought and electricity arenot matter too.

Mass and volume are the common properties of matter. These properties are depend-ed on the quantity of matter. The more matter the more mass and volume. For example thevolume occupied by the water in two containers is the sum of the volumes of the water ineach of the containers. Common properties can not be used to identify substances. Twoobjects can be made of different materials but can have the same mass. On the other hand,two objects can have different masses and be made of the same materials.

Melting point, boiling point, density, expansion and elasticity are some examples to thecharacteristic properties. The value of a characteristic property does not depend on theamount of matter. For example the density of one gram and one kilogram of iron metal arethe same.

Electricity Lightning Sound


Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Mass canbe measured with an equal-arm balance. Itsunit is kilogram (kg) or gram (g). Weight refers to the forcethat gravity exerts on an object.

1 kg = 1000 g

Volumeis the spaceoccupied by amatter. Two pieces of matter cannot occupy the same space at thesame time. The unit of volume isliter.

We can find the volume of aliquid by using a measuring con-tainer.

The unit for volume is liter (L)or milliliter (ml) .

1 L = 1000 ml

Measuring mass.

Measuring volume.




1. What is the definition of matter?

2. What are the properties of matter?

3. What are the differences between common and characteristic properties of matter?

4. What is the difference between mass and weight?

5. What is the definition and unit of volume?

1. Which is a matter?

A) sound B) heat C) electricity D) air E) light

2. Which is not the characteristic property of matter?

A) mass B) melting point C) density D) expansion E) elasticity

3. Which is the unit of mass?

A) liter (L) B) kilogram (kg) C) milliliter (ml) D) newton (N) E) meter (m)



1. Air is a matter composed of some gases.

A) True B) False

2. Light is a matter and a kind of energy.

A) True B) False

3. Common properties can not be used to identify substances.

A) True B) False

4. The value of a characteristic property depends on the amount of matter.

A) True B) False

5. Two pieces of matter can not occupy the same space at the same time.

A) True B) False

4. Which is the unit of volume?

A) kilogram (kg) B) gram (g) C) liter (L) D) kilometer (km) E) atmosphere (atm)

5. Which are the common properties of matter?

A) mass and expansion B) mass and volume C) mass and densityD) density and volume E) density and expansion


Puzzle

ACROSS

5. Property of matter which is depended on the quantity.

6. A volume unit with symbol of ml.9. A characteristic property of matter.10. A mass unit with symbol of g.11. A mass unit with symbol of kg.12. A characteristic property of matter.14. Property of matter which is not

depended on the quantity.

DOWN

1. Anything that has a mass and occupies space.

2. A volume unit with symbol of L.3. A characteristic property of matter.4. The space occupied by a matter.7. A characteristic property of matter.8. A characteristic property of matter.13. The quantity of matter in an object.

FIRST STEP TO CHEMISTRY 19

STATESOF MATTER 3


3We can classify the matter as solid, liquid and gas. Thereis also fourth state, plasma which is formed at extreme-ly high temperature such as sun, stars and flame.

PlasmaSolid Liquid Gas

Properties of solid state

Having definite shape and volume.Particles are very close to each other.Very little compressible.Composing particles do not move.

Properties of liquid state

Does not have a definite shape, takes the shape of its container.Atoms or molecules are littleapart to each other.Little compressible.Composing particles flow over each other.

Solid

Liquid


Properties of gaseous state

Does not have a definite shape and volume.Particles are far apart from each other and move randomly.Compressible.Composing particles move freely.

Definite volume

Definite shape

Expansionwith heat Compressibility

Solid YES YES VERY SMALL VERY SMALL

Liquid YES NO SMALL SMALL

Gas NO NO YES YES

Comparision of States of Matter

Changing of State

Phase changes between different states are possible when they are heated or cooled.

Gas


Some gases can be turned into liquids by put-ting them under pressure. The fuel for the campingstove in the photo contains liquefied butane gas.

As we heat a solid, its particles vibrate more and more quickly.The solid expands.

Eventually, the particles shake about so much that they begin to break free from each other. The solid starts melting. It turns into a liquid.

If we carry on heating, the particles in the liquid move around more quickly. Some particles at the surface have enough energy to escape as a gas.

The liquid evaporates. With more heating, the liquid eventually boils.

Camping stove


A. Solids have a definite volume, but shape of the container.B. Liquid particles are moving rapidly.C. Gases fill the volume of a container.D. Gas particles are in a fixed structure. E. Liquid particles are close to each other, but mobile.




1. What are the properties of solid state?2. What are the properties of liquid state?3. What are the properties of gaseous state?4. What are the properties of plasma state?5. How can phase change? Explain.

1. Which is not the state of matter?A) solid B) gas C) mass D) liquid E) plasma

2. Which is not the property of solid state?A) Have definite shape B) Have definite volumeC) Composing particles move freely D) Very little compressibleE) Particles are very close to each other

3. Which is not the property of liquid state?A) Does not have a definite shape B) Does not have a definite volumeC) Little compressibleD) Particles are not very close to each otherE) Composing particles flow over each other

4. Which is not the property of gaseous state?A) Not compressibleB) Move randomly.C) Composing particles move freelyD) Does not have a definite shape and volumeE) Particles are quite far apart from each other

5. How can a solid be changed into gas form?A) by decreasing pressure B) by coolingC) by heating D) by increasing volumeE) it is impossible


Puzzle

ACROSS

2. A state in which particles are veryclose to each other.

5. A process that is used to decreasethe volume of a substance.

6. An event that occurs when heatingany substance.

DOWN

1. A state which occurs at high tem-peratures.

3. A state in which particles are notvery close to each other.

4. A state in which particles are quitefar apart from each other andmove randomly.


ATOM 4


4Scientists proposed that all substances are composed oftiny particles. They named these indivisible and incred-ibly small particles as atomos.

But what are these particles looking like? This is a difficult question because nobody has ever seen

one. They are too small. So scientists had to invent thedevices which enable us to see these tinyparticles.

Around 1805 John Dalton putforward his ideas. He thought thatthe smallest particles were like tinyhard billiard balls. Today, the small-est particle which has all character-istics of an element is defined asatom. There are 92 different typesof atoms found naturally. About 95%of human body is composed of car-bon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxy-gen atoms. Atoms are shown bysymbols such as carbon: C, nitro-gen: N, hydrogen: H, oxygen: O.

John Dalton.


Today atom can be broken down by nuclear reactions. In20th century it is discovered that atoms consist of nucleusand electrons. In the center there is very small nucleus andaround it electrons are revolving at very high speed. Nucleushas almost negligible volume but nearly whole mass of theatom is concentrated in this small volume.

The nucleus is very tiny compared with the rest ofatom. If the atom were the size of a football stadium, thenucleus (at the center) would be the size of a pea. If theatom had no empty space, the size of the world wouldbe the size of a ball and the mass of the world would notchange.

A nucleus contains protons and neutrons.Electrons are revolving with great velocity in the cer-tain fixed energy levels around nucleus.

Protons are the positively charged particles. Itssymbol is p Each element has different number ofprotons. For example, hydrogen has 1, carbon has 6,sodium has 11 and uranium has 92 protons.

Neutrons are neutral, this means a neutron hasno charge. Its symbol is n. Its mass is equal to massof a proton. Helium has 2, carbon has 6, sodium has13 neutrons.

Electrons are negatively charged particles. Itssymbol is e. Its mass is negligible compared withthe mass of a proton or a neutron. (1840 electrons =1 protons = 1 neutrons). When the number of elec-trons and protons are equal in an atom.


It is called as neutral atom. For example, sodium has 11protons (+11 charge) and 11 electrons (-11 charge). The over-all charge is zero. There fore it is neutral.

Following representation shows the number of electron,proton and atomic mass number on a symbol of an atom (x).

A: atomic mass number, p: proton number, n: neutron number, e: electron number.

Molecule

Molecule: However elements contain onlyone type of atom, sometimes two or more ofthese join together to form a molecule.

Molecule, smallest unit of a substance that shows all thechemical properties of that substance.

For example, the molecule of water cosists of two hydro-gen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. This molecule can not


be further subdivided without destroying it.If a molecule is broken up into its atoms or into smaller

groups of atoms by chemical processes, these pieces will notbehave like the original molecule. A molecule can containatoms of the same element or atoms of different elements.

Many substances on Earth are made of molecules.Millions of molecules join together to make up the cells inhumans or in any other plant or animal. The food we eat, theair we breathe, the clothes we wear, and the wood, paint, andcarpeting that we use in homes are all made of molecules.Millions of different molecules exist in nature or can be madeby chemists. The nature of each molecule depends on theatoms that it contains and how they link to each other. Forexample, the oxygen that living ornanisms require is made ofmolecules that have two oxygen atoms bonded together.




1. What are the subatomic particles?

2. What is the definition of atom?

3. What is the definition of neutral atom?

4. Arrange the subatomic particles according to the masses.

5. How can an atom be broken?

1. How was an atom according to John Dalton?

A) like an onionB) like a billiard ballC) like a pieD) like a cloudE) like a peach

2. Which is not a part of an atom?

A) protonB) neutronC) electronD) positronE) nucleus

3. Which choice shows the charges of particles proton, electron and neutron correctly?

A) positive, negative, positiveB) positive, negative , not chargedC) negative, positive, negativeD) not charged, negative, positiveE) not charged, positive, negative



4. Which choice is wrong?

A) Symbol of proton is `p`B) Symbol of electron is ` e `C) Symbol of neutron is `nt`D) Symbol of atomic mass is `A`E) Symbol of neutron is `n`

5. Which choice is not correct?A) Masses of protons and neutrons are approximately the same.B) Mass of electron is smaller than mass of protonC) Electron is the smallest subatomic particleD) Electron is inside the nucleus.E) Protons and neutrons are inside the nucleus.

1. All substances composed of tiny, and indivisible particles called atom.

A) True B) False

2. If the atom had no empty space, the size of the world would be the size of a ball and the mass of the world would not change.

A) True B) False

3. A nucleus contains protons, neutrons and electrons.

A) True B) False

4. For a neutral atom, number of electrons and protons are equal.

A) True B) False

5. For a neutral atom, atomic mass number is equal to the proton number.

A) True B) False


Puzzle

ACROSS

2. Place of protons and neutrons.5. Meaning indivisible.7. An atom which has same number of

electron and proton.

DOWN

1. A chemist who thought that an atomis like a billiard ball.

2. No charged subatomic particle.3. Negatively charged subatomic

particle.4. Positively charged subatomic

particle.6. Smallest particle which has all

characteristics of an element.

PERIODICTABLE 5

FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY

5Elements and the Aparment ofElements

Some substances can't be broken down into anythingsimpler. This is because all the atoms in them are thesame type. These are the chemical elements. They cannot be broken into simpler substances. Elements contain onlyone type of atom such as sodium element is made of sodiumatoms, iron element is made of sodium atoms.

Scientists are still trying to find new elements. So far, 111elements have been officially recognised and named. 92 ofthese are found in the Earth and atmosphere. The rest weremade in the laboratory. Many of the artificial elements last justin a few seconds.

Elements are represented by symbols.

Mg

Zn

Hg

O

I

H

Ca

Ni

Al

F

P

Li

Ba

Au

C

Cl

S

Na

Fe

Ag

N

Br

He

KHydrogen

Magnesium

Zinc

Mercury

Oxygen

Iodine

Cacium

Nickel

Aluminum

Fluorine

Phosphorus

Lithium

Barium

Gold

Carbon

Chlorine

Sulfur

Sodium

MercuryHg SodiumNa GoldAu

Some common elements and their symbols;

Iron

Silver

Nitrogen

Bromine

Helium

Potassium

34


Naming Elements

There is not a certain rule for naming elements. Some names of elements takes thename of scientists (Mendelevium, Md; Rontgenium, Rg...), places (Americium, Am;Europium, Eu...), name of planets (Uranium, U; Plutonium, Pu...) . Some names come frommythology (Titanium, Ti; Thorium,Th...) or property of element (hydrogen means water for-mer, oxygen means acid former...). Some elements have been known since ancient times(Iron, Fe; Tin, Sn...). Today, some artifical elements are waiting for being named in the peri-odic table (Ununbium, Uub, Ununquadium, Uuq...).

Metal and Nonmetal Elements

Elements can be classified into 3 sets which are metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals.Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. 92 elements are found naturally onEarth.

General properties of metals and nonmetals;


Each horizontal row in the periodic tableis called a period. There are seven periodstotally in the modern periodic table and eachperiod begins with a metal and ends with a

noble gas. But, the first element of the first period (hydrogen)is not a metal. Additionally, the noble gas of seventh periodhas not been discovered yet.

Each vertical column in the periodic table is called agroup. Since the chemical and physical properties of the ele-ments in a group are similar sometimes they are also called afamily. There are a total of eighteen groups of which eight ofthem are A and eight of them are B groups in the periodictable. The group 8B contains three columns. A groups arecalled main groups and B groups are called transition metals.

In the periodic table, some groups have special names;1A group: Alkali Metals2A group: Alkaline Earth Metals 3A group: Earth Metals7A group: Halogens8A group: Noble Gases

The Aparment of Elements

Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) is often considered the"father" of the periodic table, and the studies of many sci-entists also contributed to form modern periodic table. WhenMendeleev published his periodic table for the first time, there

were 63 elements. After his death, the number of the ele-ments had increased to 86. This quick increase was the

result of the periodic table, the most important gener-alization of chemistry. The periodic table prepared byMendeleev showed a target for scientists and ele-

ments for the blank spaces in his table were quick-ly discovered.

Although Mendeleev did not discover anynew elements, the element with the atomic num-ber 101 discovered by a committee ofAmerican scientist lead by G.T Seaborg in1955, named it mendelevium (Md) in honor ofDmitri Mendeleev.

The modern periodic table appeared as afunction of the physical and chemical proper-ties of elements. When the elements arearranged in the order of increasing atomicnumbers, there is a periodic repetition in theproperties of these elements.




1. Why do some substances can't be broken down into simpler substances which are different than initial substances?

2. Give two examples for names of elements which have the name of scientists , places and planets.

3. Which element is named as mendelevium (Md) in honor of Dmitri Mendeleev?

4. How many groups and periods are there in the periodic table?5. Group is also called as family. What is the reason of that?

1. How many natural elements are found in the Earth and atmosphere?

A) 90 B) 91 C) 92D) 93 E) 94

2. How many elements are produced artificially which are officially recognised and named?

A) 17 B) 18 C) 19D) 20 E) 21

3. Which symbol belongs to calcium?

A) Ba B) Ca C) NaD) Cl E) Cd

4. What is the name of horizontal row in the periodic table?

A) group B) period C) earthD) alkaline E) area

5. What is the general name of group B elements?

A) Earth metalsB) Transition metals C) HalogensD) Alkali metalsE) Noble gases



1. Elements contain only one type of atom.

A) True B) False

2. Elements are represented by symbols.

A) True B) False

3. Most of elements can be classified into 3 sets which are metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals.

A) True B) False

4. When Mendeleev published his periodic table for the first time, there were 60 elements. After his death, the number of the elements had increased to 86.

A) True B) False

5. The modern periodic table appeared as a function of the biological and chemical properties of elements.

A) True B) False


Puzzle

Name of 1A group.Name of 2A group.Name of 3A group.Name of 7A group.Name of A groups.Russian chemist.

Name of an element.A type of element.Name of 8A group.A type of element.Name of group B elements.

Find the words by using clues below. Words can go horizontally, vertically anddiagonally in all eight directions.

MIXTURES 6


6When you look around you see the existence of almostuncountable number of things. Just few of thesethings are found as pure (elements and compounds).Most of them are composed of at least two or more kinds ofdifferent substances which are called mixtures.

Mixtures are materials which have special properties. Forexample, cement is a man-made mixture used for buildingmaterial and bone is a natural mixture forms our major portionof the skeleton,.

Mixtures are absolutely everywhere you look. They maybe in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Mixtures are the form formost things in nature and life. Rocks, air, ocean, tap water,salad, soup, glass, concrete, medicine, dental filling materialsand deodorants are just a few.

There are an infinite number of mixtures. Anything youcan combine is a mixture. Think of everything you eat. Justthink about how many cakes there are. Each of those cakes ismade up of a different mixture of ingredients. Even the woodin your pencil is considered a chemical mixture. There is thebasic cellulose of the wood, but there are also thousands ofother compounds in that pencil.

For example concrete is a mixture of lime (CaO)/cement,water, sand, and other ground-up rocks and solids. All of theseingredients are mixed together. Workers then pour the con-crete into a mold and the concrete turns into a solid (becauseof the cement solidifying) with the separate pieces inside.

Liquid mixture.

Gaseous mixture.


Mixtures are separated by means of physical methods.Physical properties of a component are usually used for itsseparation from a mixture.

While the cement hardeningmight be a chemical reaction, therocks and gravel are held in placeby physical forces. They are includ-ed in the mixture to increase thestrength of concrete. The rocks andgravel are not chemically bondedto the cement. The gravel is alsonot evenly distributed. There arepieces of gravel here and there.The concentrations of gravelchange from area to area.

You might be wondering whyconcrete is not a new compoundwhen it is formed. The specialname of mixtures is that physicalforces can still remove the basicparts. You can take the solid con-crete and grind it up again. Theindividual components can then beseparated and you can start allover.

Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures

A homogeneous mixturehas the same uniform

appearance and composition throughout

like air and tapwater.

A heterogeneous mixtureconsists of visibly different

substances or phases like soil and oil-water.

The prefixes: "homo"-indicate sameness

The prefixes: "hetero"-indicate difference

Mixtures may be divided into two groups according to thedistributions of components in the mixture.

Solid mixture.



1. What is the definition of mixture? Give three examples.

2. How many mixture can be?

3. What is the definition of homogeneous mixture?

4. What is the definition of heterogeneous mixture?

5. What are the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures?

1. What is the name of composition of two or more kinds of different substances?

A) nonmetalB) mixtureC) elementD) metalE) solution

2. What is the name of mixture of lime (CaO) / cement, water, sand, and other ground-up rocks and solids?

A) calciumB) lime C) concrete D) limestone E) cement

3. What does the prefix "homo" indicate?

A) differenceB) sameness C) type D) mixed E) heat



1. Elements and compounds are pure substances.

A) True B) False

2. Cement is a natural mixture used for building material.

A) True B) False

3. Mixtures may be in solid, liquid or gaseous state.

A) True B) False

4. Mixtures may be divided into three groups according to the distributions of components.

A) True B) False

5. A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout.

A) True B) False


4. What does the prefix "hetero" indicate?

A) samenessB) mixed C) state D) difference E) mixture

5. Which is wrong for mixtures?

A) separated by physical meansB) contain different substancesC) can be in solid stateD) can be in liquid stateE) elements are pure mixtures

Puzzle


Find the words and hidden message.

concretegasheterogeneoushomogeneousliquidmelting

mixturephasephysicalpureseparationsolid

PHYSICAL ANDCHEMICALCHANGE 7

Physical change Chemical change


7Chemists are interested in the way in which substanceschange under different conditions. They classify thechanges that they observe as physical and chemical.

Substances change when, for example, they are heated,cooled, placed under pressure or even mixed with other sub-stances. If the change does not actually make any new sub-stance, we say it is a physical change. Most physical changesare quite easy to reverse. Some reactions are fast and someare slow.

Easily reversed Not easily reversed

No new substances made New substance(s) made

Some examples for physical and chemical changing areshown below.


Drilling of iron Rusting of iron

Sharing of cake Baking of cake



Evaporation of water Electrolyzing of water

Pouring of milk Making of yogurt

Cutting of wood Burning of wood

Breaking of egg Cooking of egg

Peeling of potato Frying of potato

Dividing of apple Decaying of apple


reactants: starting substances (at the left of arrow ` ` ) .

products: new substances (at the right of arrow ` ` ) .

Q(heat): energy that is taken or given.(s): solid (l): liquid(g): gas(aq): aqueus-in water.

: reversible reaction(reaction in balance): is equal to (=) sign in math.

: precipitates as solid (forming solid particles).

: evaporates as gas.

The Meaning of Symbols in ChemicalEquations

Chemical changes (reactions) are shown with symbolsand formulas is called chemical equation. By this way chemi-cal reactions can be shown easily.

For example;





1. How many types of changes are there?2. What is the definition of physical change?3. What is the definition of chemical change?4. How can you change a substance into another substance?5. Explain the meanings of symbols in chemical equations.

1. Which is true for physical change?A) No new substances are produced B) Frying of potato is a physical changeC) Cooking of egg is a physical changeD) New substances are producedE) They are not easily reversed

2. Which is true for chemical change?A) No new substances are produced B) Drilling of iron is a chemical changeC) Rusting of iron is a chemical changeD) Dividing of an apple is a chemical changeE) Easily reversed

3. What does (s) indicate in chemical equation?A) soap B)subscript C) superscript D) solid E) soup

4. What does (l) indicate in chemical equation?A) linear B)line C) liquid D) lie E) like

5. What does (g) indicate in chemical equation?A) genius B) gas C) gamma ray D) gift E) green

1. Sharing of cake is a type of chemical change.A) True B) False

2. Electrolyzing of water is a type of physical change.A) True B) False

3. Cutting of wood is a type of chemical change.A) True B) False

4. Beginning substances are called reactants.A) True B) False

5. New substances are called products.A) True B) False

Puzzle


ACROSS

1. Meaning of in chemical equations.4. Initial substance.5. The change that new substance

will not be produced.9. Shown as Q10. Shown as s12. Meaning of in chemical

equations.

DOWN

2. The change that new substance will be produced.

3. Meaning of in chemical equations.6. Shown as I.7. Shown as aq.8. Substance that formed.11. Shown as g.

IN THE CHEMISTRY

LABORATORY 8


8Chemistry is the science that deals with the compositionand structure of matter and with the changes matterundergoes.To perform this mission, the most importantprocesses are experiments. Because of this reason, we cansay that doing experiment is the significant part of chemistry.

To explain structure of matter and changes of it under-goes, some theories are offered. But this is not enough toexplain structure of matter because these theories must beproved.

You will ask "How can be theories proved?"Answer is "By doing experiments."I think you will ask another question. " How can be exper-

iments done?" Answer of this question is about our chap-

ter. We will answer that question in this chap-ter.

Experimens are done by using somechemical substances and some chemicalapparatus.

For doing experiment,chemical sub-stances are needed.There are millions ofchemical substunces which are used in exper-iments. Only names of these substances com-pose lots of books. Salts, alcohols, sugars andwater are examples for chemical substances.

The second needed material is chemicalapparatus. Many types of apparatuses aremanufactured for different experiments. Thereare lots of chemical apparatus. We will exam-ine some of these which are needed for ourexperiments.

electronic balanceTo weigh chemicals

accurately.


A) Common laboratory apparatuses:

graduated cylinder

Volumes of liquid chemicals

are measured.

erlenmayer flask

For mixing fluids.

1

distillation flask and condenser

For distilling impure liquid substances. 6

2

buret

It is used in titrationexperiments.

5

beaker

For making solutions with uncertain

concentrations.For collecting

solutions.For mixing liquids.

4

alcohol burner

For heating substances.

3

manometer

For measuring gas pressures.

7

8

FIRST STEP IN CHEMISTRY

pipette

Liquid chemicals are measuredand carried by this apparatus.

9

round bottomflask

For collecting liquids.

10

spatulaTo take solid chemical

from its container. 12

test tube brushTo clean test tubes. 15

test tubebrush

To wash testtubes.

16

stirring rodTo mix solutions. 13

thermometerTo measure temperatures of

mediums or substances while experiments are going on. 18

separatory funnel

To separate immiscibleliquids from each other.

11

support base and

support rod

Many chemicalapparatuses are

attached on it, to doexperiments, like

burette, separatoryfunnel, distillation

flask 14

test tubes

For mixing

materials.

17

56


tripod

It is placed above burners.

19

wooden tongs

For holding chemical apparatus especially hot ones.

20

B) Safety rules

1. Never enter the laboratory unless a teacher is present.2. Never run or play in the laboratory.3. Never remove anything from the laboratory without your

teacher's permission.4. Never use your bare hands to transfer chemicals. Use spatula

instead.5. Never leave experiments unattended.6. Never smell gases directly-fan a little of the gas towards the

nose instead.7. Never look directly down the test tube or turn the mouth of a

test tube towards any one when heating.8. Never taste anything without your teacher's permission.9. No eating or drinking in the laboratory.10. Never put solids in the sink.11. Always follow strictly the instructions given.12. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary.13. Always read the label on a reagent bottle carefully to make

sure it contains the chemical you want. Put the bottle in its orig-inal place immediately after use.

14. Always handle flammable liquids with great care and keepthem away from naked flames.

15. Always handle concentrated acids and alkalis with great care.16. Report all accidents and breakage to your teacher. If any chem-

icals get onto your skin or clothing, wash the affected area witha large amount of water and then report it to your teacher.

17. Always adjust the Bunsen burner to give a luminous flamewhen not using it (or just simply turn it off).

18. Always tie up your tie or long hair.19. Always wash hands after experiments.


C) Symbols of hazards





1. Which apparatus is used for measuring volume of liquid sub-stances?A) balance B) graduated cylinder C) manometerD) barometer E) ruler

2. Which apparatus is used for titration?A) beaker B) test tube C) graduated cylinderD) burette E) pipette

3. What is the usage of spatula?A) measuring solid chemicals B) measuring liquid chemicalsC) taking solid chemicals D) taking liquid chemicalsE) no usage

4. What is the usage of thermometers?A) measuring heat B) measuring temperatureC) measuring weight D) measuring volumeE) measuring height

5. Which apparatus is used to prepare solutions with certain concen-trations?A) graduated cylinder B) volumetric flask C) beakerD) erlenmayer E) burette

1. What is the importancy of experiments?2. How can structure of matter be explained?3. What are needed to do an experiment?4. What is the importancy of chemical substances and apparatuses?5. Which apparatures are used for only liquids?

1. Separatory funnel is used to separate immiscible liquids from eachother.A) True B) False

2. Voltmeter is used to measure volumes of liquids.A) True B) False

3. Manometer is used for measuring atmospheric pressure.A) True B) False

4. Electronic balance is used to weigh chemicals accurately.A) True B) False

5. Graduated cylinder is used for measuring solid chemicals.A) True B) False

Puzzle


Find the words in the grid. When you are done, the unused letters in thegrid will spell out a hidden message. Pick them out from the left to right,top line to bottom line. Words can go horizontally, vertically and diagonal-ly in all eight directions.

buretteclampcrucibledistillationflaskerlenmayer

graduatedcylin-dermanometerpetridishpipette

separatorfunnelspatulastirringrodtesttubethermometer

tripodvoltmeterwiregauze

EXPERIMENTS


1

ExperimentWater which does not flow into empty container.

Purpose:To understand the existence of air and it occupies space.

Equipment and Materials:A container, round bottom flask, funnel, and rubber stop-pers

Procedure:1. Mount a one-hole rubber stopper to the end of funnel as

it is seen in the figure.2. Place a little water into the funnel. Did water flow down?

Record your observations in "Observations and DataTables".

3. Connect the rubber stopper to the round bottom flask, andthen fill the funnel again with water. Does water flow downinto the round bottom flask?

4. Repeat the steps 1 to 3 with a two-hole rubber stopper.Record your observations.

Evaluations and Conclusions:1. Which property of air did you realize from this experi-

ment?2. How many milliliter of air are there in the round bottom

flask?


Experiment??????

2

Does olive oil dissolve in water?

Purpose:To observe water does not dissolve olive oil.

Equipment and Materials:A glass, one half glass of water, and one half glass ofolive oil.

Procedure:1. Fill one half of the glass with olive oil.2. Add some water onto it, and then stir.3. Wait for a while, and then record your observations.

Evaluations and Conclusions:1. Explain why water did not dissolve water.2. Why is water at the bottom of the mixture?3. List several substances that they are soluble and

insoluble in water.


3

ExperimentPercentage of oxygen gas in air

Purpose:To determine the percentage of oxygen gas in air.

Equipment and Materials:A candle, a graduated cylinder, and a water bath.

Procedure:1. Ignite the candle, then stick it at the center of water bath,

and then fill the water bath with water until it covers onethird.

2. Place the graduated cylinder up side down onto the can-dle, and then record your observations.

Evaluations and Conclusions:1. Why did the candle fade away?2. Why did water go up in the graduated cylinder?3. What is the percentage of oxygen in air? Calculate it.


ExperimentA simple rocket

4

Purpose:To understand the effect of heat.

Equipment and Materials:A test tube, alcohol burner, a rubber stopper, a test tube hold-er and match.

Procedure:1. Fill less than one half of the test tube with water. 2. Heat the rubber stopper a little and close the test tube with it. 3. Hold the test tube with test tube holder with an angle and heat. 4. Keep the mouth of the test tube to any empty side and count

down. What happened?Did the rubber stopper pop out?

Conclusion:Because of the pressure provided by the heated water in thetest tube, the rubber stopper pops out. As the rubber stopperpops out the test tube kicks back.

Evaluations:1. What happens when water is heated?2. Instead of water which liquids can be used?3. Why did you heat the tube with an angle?


5

ExperimentFountain

Purpose:To understand the effect of atmospheric pressure.

Equipment and Materials:A support rod and a base, two clamps and boss heads,two round bottom flasks, a beaker, two 40 cm-rubbertubing, two glass tubes, rubber stoppers with two holes.

Procedure:1. Assemble the apparatus as seen in the figure.2. Fill the flask at the bottom up to one half with water.3. Fill the second flask at the top to one half with water

and then close with rubber stopper connected by glasstubes.

4. Assemble the rubber tubing as seen in the figure whilethe second flask is attached to support rod. Did watermove up like a fountain from the flask at the bottom?

5. Add water from time to time to the flask at the bottom.

Conclusion:As the water in the flask at the top goes down due togravity, pressure of air in it decreases. When the pres-sure is decreased water in the second flask moves up.

Evaluations:1. Why does water move up?2. Does the height of the flask at the top affect the move-

ment of water?


ExperimentBoiling in paper container

6

Purpose:To make paper container and to heat water in it.

Equipment and Materials:One A4 size paper, four paper clips, alcohol burner orcandle, match and water.

Procedure:1. Fold the four side of paper with 3 cm-height.2. Attach the corners with clips.3. Fill the paper container with two glass of water.4. By the help of your friend keep it on the alcohol burn-

er. Did paper container burn?5. Check the temperature of water after few minutes?

Did water warm up?

Conclusion:Because water is a good conductor of heat it preventsto burn paper.

Evaluations:1. Why did not paper burn out?2. How long can you keep paper container without

burning? Why?3. Can it be tried with plastic bottles?


7

ExperimentInvisible ink

Purpose:To prepare invisible ink.

Equipment and Materials:Lemon juice or vinegar, a sheet of paper, a dental stick,an alcohol burner, and wire gauze.

Procedure:1. Use lemon juice or vinegar like ink.2. Use dental stick like a pen and write something on the

paper.3. Leave the paper for a while until it dries. Do the writings

disappear?4. Put the paper on wire gauze, and then heat it. Do not let

the paper burn while heating. Are the writings appear?

Conclusion:The ignition degree of a liquid is less than that of paper.Therefore, when ink is heated, it turns black.

Evaluations:Which other liquids can be used for the same purposes?


ExperimentWhich metal conducts heat better?

8

Purpose:To understand the heat conductance of different metals.

Equipment and Materials:A heat conductor (set of metals) a candle, an alcoholburner, a sheet of paper and match

Procedure:1. Light the candle and drop it equally into the holes at

the end of heat conductor.2. Place the burner on paper, and light it.3. Heat the heat conductor from its center.4. Pay attention to candle drops on the metals (iron, alu-

minum, copper, and zinc) at the end of heat conduc-tor. Which one melts first?

5. Determine the order of melting.

Conclusion:Every metals conduct heat at different rate.

Evaluations:1. Which of the metals first melted candle drops?2. Which metal is the best conductor of heat? Search.3. Give examples from life in which we use heaters.


Experiment??????

9

Boiling point of water

Purpose:To learn the boiling point of water.

Equipment and Materials:A beaker, a thermometer, an alcohol burner, a tripod,water and match.

Procedure:1. Light the burner and put tripod above it.2. Fill the beaker up to one half with water and put it on

tripod.3. Place the thermometer into water and wait until water

boils.4. Observe the thermometer while water heats up. What

is the temperature when water boils?

Conclusion:Water boils at 100 0C at sea level.

Evaluations:1. What factors affect the boiling temperature of water?2. Find the boiling points of some substances like alcohol

and oil. 3. Which substances have lesser boiling points?


Experiment??????

10

How much water overflows?

Purpose:To find the volume of a stone.

Equipment and Materials:A beaker, a graduated cylinder, a small stone.

Procedure:1. Put the graduated cylinder into the beaker.2. Fill the graduated cylinder fully with water, and then

put the stone slowly in it. 3. Take the graduated cylinder out and empty it.4. Pour the water in the beaker into the graduated cylin-

der, and then measure.

Conclusion:Every substance, when put in water, will overflowwater as much as its volume.

Evaluations:1. Will you measure the same volume when you try it

many times?2. Are there any other methods to find the volume of sub-

stances?3. How do you calculate the volume of a cube without

performing any experiment?


Experiment??????

11

A simple fire extinguisher

Purpose:To understand why foam is used to extinguish fire.

Equipment and Materials:A round bottom flask, a stopper with one hole, a shortglass tube, a 20 cm- plastic tubing, a candle, vinegar andbaking powder, and match.

Procedure:1. Light the candle, and stick it on the table.2. Connect the plastic tubing to the glass tube, and insert it

into the stopper.3. Put some vinegar into the flask, and then as soon as you

add one spoon full of baking powder, close it with stopper.4. After you shake the flask a few times, keep the other end

of plastic tubing toward the burning candle. Did foamcoming from the flask extinguish the fire?

Conclusion:When a fire is extinguished foam is used. Because foamexposes fire without air, it fades away. There is no firewithout oxygen.

Evaluations:1. Which gas produced from baking powder stops fire?2. Suggest any other methods which stop fire.3. Search the substances in ordinary fire extinguishers.


ExperimentVolcano Bottle

12

Purpose:To observe the movement of hot and cold water.

Equipment and Materials:Two identical bottles, ink or paint, and cardboard.

Procedure:1. Fill the bottle fully with hot water and add some ink, and then place cardboard on

the mouth of bottle.2. Fill the other bottle fully with cold water. 3. Invert the bottle, which has hot water, together with cardboard and place it onto

the mouth of the other bottle. 4. Now, invert the bottles together as the one which has cold water at the top. 5. Hold the bottles tightly, and then remove the cardboard between bottles with a

great rush.6. Observe the movement of hot water in cold water like a volcano.

Conclusion:Hot water is lighter than cold water. Therefore it stands on cold water. As coldwater moves upward hot water moves downward. It can be seen clearly with col-ored water.

Evaluations:1. Why is hot water lighter?2. Why does a smoke move upward like hot water?


Experiment??????

13

Water not fallen out from glass

Purpose:To understand the atmospheric pressure.

Equipment and Materials:A glass and a sheet of paper

Procedure:1. Fill the glass fully with water.2. Close the glass with paper, press on it with your hand,

and then invert it.3. Hold the glass from up, and then remove your hand. Did

water fall out?

Conclusion:While water applies a pressure from up to down becauseof its weight, air pushes paper from down to up. Becauseof atmospheric pressure water in the glass does not fallout.

Evaluations:1. Can it be tried with any other liquid and got the same

result?2. What are the forces applied on water and their directions?


1. WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?

2. MATTER


3. STATES OF MATTER

4. ATOM

5. PERIODIC TABLE



6. MIXTURES

7. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANCE

8. IN THE CMEMISTRY LABORATORY



Pronounsation of the new words

Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pronounsation . . . . . . . . . . . .Turkmenability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(blit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ukypabove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bav) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .okarysyndaactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ktvti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ije ijelik aktiwlikaddress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .salgyair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(er) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .howaanimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(nml) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hawanapply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(play) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .amal etmekarea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(eriy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .medanatmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . .(tmsfr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .atmosferaatom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(tm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .atomattract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(trkt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ekimaverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(vrc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ortaabalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bl ns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .terezibarometer . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bramtr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .barometrbattery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(btri, btri) . . . . . . . . . . . . .batareabeaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bi kr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himiki bulgurbelow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(blo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aagyndabiologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bayalicst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biologbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bayal ci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .biologiabody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(badi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bedenboil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(boyl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ganamakbranch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(brn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ahalanmaburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(brn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .anmakburner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(br nr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .akyjychemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kem kl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himikichemical change . . . . . . . .(kem kl eync) . . . . . . . . . .himiki tgemechemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kemst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himikchemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kemstri) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .himiaclamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(klmp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gysgyclassification . . . . . . . . . . .(kls fkan) . . . . . . . . . . . .klassifikasia colourless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(khlrls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .renksizcombine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmbayn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .birledirmekcompare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmper) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tapawutlandyrmakcompose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kmpoz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garyndycompound . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kampaund) . . . . . . . . . . . . .birlemeconsist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(knssts ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ybarat

This section is guide to the pronunciation of the words that appear in the book. Thephonetic system is the one used in the Red House English-Turkish Dictionary, which is thesystem adapted for the Turkish Alphabet. Also we added the meanings of the words inTurkmen language.


constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kan`stnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hemielikcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(kntrol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .barlagconvert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(knvrt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wrkmekcrystalline . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(krstln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .kristaldecompose . . . . . . . . . . . .(dikmpoz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .blnmekdecrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dkris) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .azaltmakdefinite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(defnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .takykdeveloped . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dvel pt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zgerendissolve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dizalv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eremekdistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(dstns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aralykeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ist) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gndogarearth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(rth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .er arelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ilektrsti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .elektrikelement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(elmnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .elementevaporate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ivp reyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bugartmakevaporating dish . . . . . . . .(ivp reytng d) . . . . . . . . .bugartmak in gapexperiment . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ikspermnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . .tejribeeye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gzfilter paper . . . . . . . . . . . . .(fl tr, pey pr) . . . . . . . . . . .szg kagyzyflask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flsk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .kolbafloat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zmekflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(flo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .akymflying balloon . . . . . . . . . . .(flayng blun) . . . . . . . . . . . .uan howa aryform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(frm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ekilfreeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(friz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .domakfreezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(frizr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doduryjyfrozen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(frozn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doanfunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(fan l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .woronkagas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(gs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gazgaseous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(gsys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gaz grnligraduated cylinder . . . . . . .(grc uweytd sl ndr) . . . . .leg menzurkasygravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(grv ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .er ekimihappen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hpn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sebp bolmakhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gatyheat transfer . . . . . . . . . . .(hit trnsfr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylylyk geirijiligiheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylylykhigh school . . . . . . . . . . . .(hay skul) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .okary okuwhuman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(hyuman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ynsanimage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(m c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .suratincrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(nkris) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ulalmakinvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(nvent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .aykinetic energy . . . . . . . . . .(knetk enrci) . . . . . . . . . . .kinetik energialabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ley bl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .etiket (bellik)laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lb rtri, lbr tri) . . . . . . . .tejribehanalength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lengkth, lenght) . . . . . . . . . .uzynlyklightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(laytnng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yldyrymliquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(lkwd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .suwuklyk


magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mg nt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .magnitmagnetize . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mgntayz) . . . . . . . . . . . . .magnetikimass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .massamatter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mtr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .maddameasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mejr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .legmeasurement . . . . . . . . . . .(mejrmnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lemekmelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(melt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .eremekmetal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(metl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .metalmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(methd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .usulmix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garmakmixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mksr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .garyndymodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mad l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .modelmolecule . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(malkyul) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .malekulamotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(mo n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hereketobject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bcekt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jisimobservation . . . . . . . . . . . .(abzrveyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . .gzlegobserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bzrv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ns berip seretmekoccupy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(akyupay) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doldurmakodourless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(odrls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yssyzorganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(r gnzm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .organizmpart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .blekphysical change . . . . . . . . .(fzkl eync) . . . . . . . . . . . .fiziki zgeriphysicist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(fz sst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fizikphysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(fziks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fizikapipette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(paypet , p-) . . . . . . . . . . . . .pipetkaplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(plnt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fabrika-zawod, krhanaprefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(pri fks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .prefikspreparatory class . . . . . . . .(priper tri kls) . . . . . . . . . .taarlyk synpypull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(pl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ekmekpure substance . . . . . . . . .(pyr sabstns) . . . . . . . . . . .arassa maddaroom conditions . . . . . . . . .(rum, rm kndn) . . . . . . . .otag ertleriscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sayns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .bilimscientific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sayntfik) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ylmyscientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sayntst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .alymshine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ayn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .alpyldyly wginsmell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(smel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yssoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sft) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yumaksolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sald) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gatysound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(saund) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sessource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(srs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .emespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(speys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .gi ilik, kosmosspatula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sp l) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .patelspeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(spid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tizliksphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sfr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sferaspherical . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sfrkl, sfer -) . . . . . . . . . . .sfera eklindestate of matter . . . . . . . . . .(steyt v mtr) . . . . . . . . . . . .maddany hallarystopper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(stap r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .probkastiring rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(str rng rad) . . . . . . . . . . . .e taajyk


substance . . . . . . . . . . . . .(sabstns) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .maddasuccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(skses) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .baarmaksurroundings . . . . . . . . . . .(sraund ng)s . . . . . . . . . . . .tweregindkilersymbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(smbl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .belgisystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(stm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sistemataste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(teyst) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tagamtechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . .(teknalci) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tehnologiatelephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(telfon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .telefontemperature . . . . . . . . . . . .(temprr, -pr-) . . . . . . . . . .temperaturatripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(tray pad) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aakly stol, tagantouch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .degmekthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(thng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zatthought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(tat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dnjethunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ta ndr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .yldyrymtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(taym) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .wagtuniverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(yu nvrs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lemuniversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(yunvrsti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .uniwersitetvaporization . . . . . . . . . . . .(veyprayzn) . . . . . . . . . . .bugarmavolume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(valyum, -ym) . . . . . . . . . . .gwrmweather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(wedhr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .howaweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(weyt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .agyrlykwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(wrk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i

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A First Step in CHEMISTRY