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• An electromechanical device which is capable of reacting in some way to its environment, and take autonomous decisions or actions in order to achieve a specific task.
• The word robotics is used to collectively define a field in engineering that covers the mimicking of various human characteristics.
Why Important ?
Knowledge & Learning
Amusement & Companionship
Competitions & Contests
Autonomous life form
Domestic or Professional tasks
Security and Surveillance
Robots are cool and interesting!
The basic type of robotics…….
Manual robot.
Semi-Autonomous
Autonomous
Ariel robots..
Mobile arm Robots..
Mobile legged Robots.
Mobile misc Robots..
Mobile Tracked Robots
Mobile Underwater Robot
Mobile Wheeled Robot (Mostly Used IN Competations)
Some Others……
Events where you can participate….
College Techfest - Janagni
Iit Roorkee Techfest - Cognizance
E-yntra
Mnit Allahabad Techfest - Avishkar
IIT Kanpur Techfest - Techkriti
Let’s Start……….
With basic ………..
Binary system….• In electronics, binary
numbers is the flow of
information in the form of
zeros and ones used by
digital computers and systems.
• digital circuits process
signals that contain just
two voltage levels or
states, labelled, Logic “0” and Logic “1”.
Logic Gates…
• Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates.
• The basic operations are described by the truth tables.
And Gate
Or Gate
Not Gate
NOR Gate
NAND Gate
Basic Components…..
Resistors (variable & fixed)
A range of resistors with different
power ratings.
24
Colour coding of through-hole resistors
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Capacitors…
Schematic symbols for polarizedand nonpolarized
capacitors.
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• Capacitor, sometimes referred to as a Condenser, is a simple passive device that is used to “store electricity”.
• The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery
Cylindrical capacitors with radial leads (top and bottom) and axial leads (centre). All are
electrolytic.
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Generic ceramic capacitors..
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Diodes…..
Symbols representing a generic diode.
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• A diode is a device that lets current flow in only one direction. A diode has two terminals, called the anode and the cathode.
• Current will flow through the diode only when positive voltage is applied to the anode and negative voltage to the cathode. If these voltages are reversed, current will not flow.
Diff. types of Diodes
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Zener diode.
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• Zener diodes are used to "clamp" a voltage in order to prevent it rising higher than a certain value.
• This might be to protect a circuit from damage or it might be to "chop off" part of an alternating waveform for various reasons.
LED(Light Emitting Diode)
• LED produce visible light when an electrical current is passed through them.
LDR{Light Dependent Resistor}
• A photoresistor or light
dependent resistor is a
component that is sensitive to
light. When light falls upon it then the resistance changes.
Chassis.
Breadboard.
Connection in Breadboard.
Switch……
• It is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
Switches Types:-
SWITCHES WITH MOTORS
DPDT Connections
• 6-pin 8-pin
Voltage Regulator..
• IC 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator .
• Last two digit show regulated voltage.
• IC 7805-
78xx Series
78xx Output(volt) 79xx Output(volt)
7805 +5 7905 -5
7806 +6 7906 -6
7808 +8 7908 -8
7809 +9 7909 -9
7810 +10 7910 -10
7812 +12 7912 -12
7815 +15 7915 -15
7818 +18 7918 -18
7824 +24 7924 -24
Blink a LED using IC 7805
DC Motors
• Polarity of the supplied voltage determines the direction.
• Inversion of battery terminal will change the direction of rotation .
Differential Drive(basics)
Dc gearless motor• Moderately high speed(rpm)
• Less torque
• Can be used for low power application
• Usually used as propeller in small boats, in beambotsand other solar bots
Geared dc motor
• Good torque
• Relatively lesser speed
• Used where the torque is the main criteria
• Low speed application
• Usually used to drive a robot and for robotic arm
Bi-directional Drive System
Bi-directional Drive System
Bi-directional Drive System
IC-L293d…..• It is 16-pin IC.• It is a dual bridge IC.• Use for Driving two motors.• Each motor is connected
to One H-Bridge.• Dual Channel Bi-directional Motor
Driver• Easy to use• The IC can operate from
4.5v to 36v• Isolated power supply for Motors• Built in thermal shutdown• Can drive up to 600mA per channel
IC pin Numbering..
IC connection on Breadboard….
IC-L293d Connection..
L293d Connection on breadboard
• Dual Tone Multi Frequency is a signaling system for identifying the key pressed in the DTMF Keypad
• Combination of two sine wave tones to represent a key• Each key has one upper band and one lower band frequency
associated with it.• The 12 keys on a cellphone ( 0,1,…,8,9,*,#) has unique signal
associated with itself. This is DTMF signal.• When the call is on, the pressing of any numerical key leads to
generation of DTMF signal which is audible on the other side
• Row frequencies-> Lower Bands• Column frequency-> Higher Bands
What is DTMF?
DTMF
• The complete system works on a signaling systems called as DTMF or “Dual Tone Multiple Frequency”.
DTMF Generation
DTMF
KEY F1(HZ) F2(HZ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 1209 697 0 0 0 1
2 1336 697 0 0 1 0
3 1477 697 0 0 1 1
4 1209 770 0 1 0 0
5 1336 770 0 1 0 1
6 1477 770 0 1 1 0
7 1209 852 0 1 1 1
8 1336 852 1 0 0 0
9 1477 852 1 0 0 1
0 1336 941 1 0 1 0
* 1209 941 1 0 1 1
# 1477 941 1 1 0 0
A 1633 697 1 0 1 1
B 1633 770 1 1 0 1
C 1633 852 1 1 1 0
D 1633 941 1 1 1 1
FUNCTIONAL TABLE
HT9170 Based Decoder
3.5 MMEAR PHONE JACK
• One wire comes from the ground
terminal of the jack that is
connected to common ground of
the complete circuit. The other
wire can be attached to anyone of two signal terminals.
DTMF connections…
Thank You…….
