A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS …de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras – Língua Inglesa e Literaturas, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Bacharel

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA

GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS/INGLÊS E LITERATURA CORRESPONDENTE

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO

AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN A BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND

INTRODUCTIONS OF ACADEMIC BOOKS ON TRANSLATION STUDIES IN BRAZIL

EDELWEISS VITOL GYSEL

Trabalho de conclusão de curso submetido à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em

cumprimento parcial dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de

BACHAREL EM LETRAS

Florianópolis

November, 2009

2


AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN A BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND


Trabalho de Conclusão de

Curso (TCC) para a disciplina

LLE5090 do Departamento de

Língua e Literatura Estrangeira do

Centro de Comunicação e

Expressão da Universidade Federal

de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras

– Língua Inglesa e Literaturas,

como requisito parcial para a

obtenção do título de Bacharel em

Letras – Língua Inglesa e

Literaturas.

BANCA EXAMINADORA:

__________________

Prof. Dra. Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos

Orientadora e Presidente

__________________

MSc. Lilian J. Fleuri

Co- orientadora

_________________

MSc.Elaine Espindola

Florianópolis

November, 2009.

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am truly thankful to all the special people who were at my side helping me directly

or indirectly throughout my undergraduate years.

First I would like to thank my advisor Prof. Dr Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos for

believing in me. Her guidance and wise decisions were crucial for this work.

I sincerely thank my co- advisor Prof. Lilian J. Fleuri for her irreplaceable presence

during the final months. Her knowledge, creative ideas, and objective view inspired me and

made this monograph come true.

A special thank to Phd. José Luiz Meurer (In Memoriam) who, with his great

knowledge, taught me the first steps in Systemic Functional Linguistics.

I also thank the member of the examination board, MSc. Elaine Espindola, for

accepting my invitation.

I thank my friend Rafael Matielo for your support and laughs. He made the difficult

times seem much easier.

I thank my friends Fernanda, Eliane, Karen and Mari. I thank them for being there

whenever I needed and for the precious moments we had together.

I really thank my dad Arnaldo and my mom Nancy for making me one of their

priorities. Their emotional, psychological, spiritual, and practical support were essential. Mom

and dad, you are the best parents ever!

I also thank my brother Leonardo for all his practical support helping me when I

needed, and my sister Leila for all the encouragement she always gave me.

I thank my kids Philipp and Matteo - the sunshine of my life!

Special thanks to my other half and the love of my life Lukas. Lukas, I don‘t know

what I would do if I didn‘t have you. I love you forever!

And last but not least I want to thank God, my holy father, for the strength when times

were difficult but also for the joy of accomplishing these years of study.

4

ABSTRACT


AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND




2009

Supervising Professor: Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos

Co-advisor: Lilian J. Fleuri

Abstract: This study is carried out at the interface among Systemic Functional Linguistics

(SFL), which sees language as a modeling system of realities. Working at the interface

between SFL, Translation Studies (TS) and Corpus Based Methodologies and aims at

analyzing excerpts of the combined corpus consisting of the introductions to Translators

Through History, Scandals of Translation, Becoming a Translator, Contemporary Translation

Theories, and After Babel (hereafter textualizations), their translations into Brazilian

Portuguese, Os Tradutores na História, Escândalos da Tradução, Construindo o Tradutor,

Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução, e Depois de Babel (hereafter retextualizations), and

their paratexts in English and in Brazilian Portuguese. This study focuses on the clause as the

unit of analysis and looks at the Ideational profile of the Participants selected for analysis,

namely translation/tradução and translator/tradutor in both textualizations and

retextualizations, with a view to identifying emerging patterns in the texts and paratexts. The

results show that translation is more frequently construed as a Participant being impacted by

an action in Material Processes and translator as Actor in the same kind of Process in the

textualization, which construes a representation associated to Material Processes of doing,

creating, and transforming and the active role of ‗translator‘ in the source context. Tradução

is more frequently construed as a Participant also being impacted by an action, not only in

Material Processes but also in Relational Processes and tradutor is more frequently construed

as an active Participant in Material and Relational Processes in the retextualization. The

configuration emerging from the analysis shows that the translator’s identification is as

important as his actions and has an impact upon his environment, as manifested in the

retextualization.

Keywords: text analysis and translation; representation of ‗translation/tradução‘ and

‗translator/tradutor‘; combined corpus.

Nº of pages: 49

Nº of words: 11.882

5

RESUMO

ANALISE COMPARATIVA DOS ÍTENS LEXICAIS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO E

TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR EM CORPUS BILINGUE: PARATEXTOS E INTRODUÇÕES

DE LIVROS ACADÊMICOS NA ÁREA DE ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO NO BRASIL



2009

Professora Orientadora: Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos

Co-orientadora: Lilian J. Fleuri

Resumo: Este estudo se insere na interface entre a Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (SFL) -

que vê a língua como um sistema semiótico, modelador de realidades - Estudos da Tradução

(TS) e as metodologias dos Estudos Baseados em Corpus, e tem como objetivo a análise de

exertos do corpus combinado constituído de Translators Through History, Scandals of

Translation, Becoming a Translator, Contemporary Translation Theories, e After Babel e

suas respectivas traduções para o português brasileiro (PB), Os Tradutores na História,

Escândalos da Tradução, Construindo o Tradutor, Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução, e

Depois de Babel. Este estudo tem como foco a oração como unidade de análise e examina,

por meio das categorias do Sistema da Transitividade, em seu componente experiencial, o

Perfil Ideacional construído para os Participantes selecionados para análise

―translation/tradução‖ e "translator/tradutor" nos textos e paratextos, com vistas a identificar

os padrões emergentes nas textualizações (textos em inglês) e nas retextualizações (textos em

português brasileiro) e os novos significados construídos no processo de retextualização. A

pesquisa evidenciou que há maior frequência de translation como Participante sendo

impactado por uma ação em Processos Materiais, e de translator como Ator nesse mesmo tipo

de Processo nas textualizações, os quais constroem uma representação vinculada a Processos

Materiais de fazer, transformar e agir num papel ativo do tradutor no contexto de saida. Nas

retextualizações, tradução é mais frequente como Participante também sendo impactado por

uma ação não só nos Processos Materiais mas também Relacionais. A configuração

emergente da análise evidencia que a identificação do tradutor na representação no contexto

de chegada é tão importante como sua ação e seu impacto sobre seu meio .

Palavras-chave: análise textual e tradução; representação de ‗translation/tradução‘ e

‗translator/tradutor‘; corpus combinado.

Nº de páginas: 49

Nº de palavras: 11.882

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction 11

2. Theoretical Framework 15

2.1 The concept of Text Analysis and Translation 16

2.2 Corpus Based Studies 18

2.3 Systemic Functional Linguistics 19

2.4. The Clause as the unit of analysis 20

3. Methodology 24

3.1 Data Source 24

3.2 Procedures for aligning the data 25

3.3 Analytical Procedures 26

4. Data Analysis and Discussion of the Findings 26

4.1. Analysis of the Data 26

4.2. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Translators through

History/ Os Tradutores na História 28

4.3. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Scandals of Translation/

Escândalos da Tradução 30

4.4. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Becoming a Translator/

Construindo o Tradutor 33

4.5. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Contemporary

Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução 36

4.6. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses After Babel/

Depois de Babel 38

4.7. Discussions of the Findings 39

5. Conclusions 40

5.1 Final Remarks 40

5.2 Limitations of the Study 46

5.3 Suggestions for further Research 47

6. References 47

7

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: Areas in Translation Research. (WILLIAMS, J. & CHESTERMAN, A., 2002, p. 6-8)

FIGURE 2: Theoretical and methodological framework: exploring interfaces among complementary

paradigms (Fleuri; Pagano e Vasconcellos, 2009, forthcoming)

FIGURE 3: The Transitivity System (Halliday, 1994, p. 108)

8

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Typological Classification of the Parallel Corpus under Study

Table 2: Examples of different Process types

Table 3: The five titles in English and in Portuguese

Table 4: Types of Participants, Processes, and Circumstances

Table 5: Clauses containing the lexical item ―translator/tradutor‖ in the English and Portuguese back

covers of Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História

Table 6: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of

Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História

Table 7: Clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the

English and Portuguese back covers of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução

Table 8: Types of Processes in textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução

e tradutor) of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução

Table 9: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução and tradutor) of

Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução

Table 10: Clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the

textualization and retextualization of Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor

Table 11: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e tradutor) of

Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor




Contemporary Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução

Table 14: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of After

Babel/ Depois de Babel

Table 15: Results of the findings regarding the differences between textualization and retextualization

of all five books.

9

ABBREVIATIONS

TATS– Textual Approaches to Translation Studies

SFL – Systemic Functional Linguistics

TS – Translation Studies

ST – Source Text

TT – Target Text

10

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: Textual information from the back cover of Translators Through History.

Appendix 2: Textual information from the back cover of Os tradutores na história.

Appendix 3: Textual information from the back cover of Scandals of translation.

Appendix 4: Textual information from the back cover of Escandalos da tradução.

Appendix 5: Textual information from the back cover of Becoming a translator.

Appendix 6: Textual information from the back cover of Construindo o tradutor.

Appendix 7: Textual information from the back cover of Contemporary Translation Studies.

Appendix 8: Textual information from the back cover of Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução.

Appendix 9: Textual information from the back cover of After Babel.

Appendix 10: Textual information from the back cover of Depois de Babel.

Appendix 11: Introduction of Translators through History

Appendix 12: Introduction of Os Tradutores na História

Appendix 13: Introduction of Scandals of Translation

Appendix 14: Introduction of Escândalos da Tradução

Appendix 15: Introduction of Becoming a Translator

Appendix 16: Introduction of Construindo o Tradutor

Appendix 18: Introdiction of Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução

Appendix 17: Introduction of Contemporary Translation Theories

Appendix 19: Afterword of After Babel

Appendix 20: Afterword of Depois de Babel

Appendix 21: Table of contextual information about Translators through History and Tradutores na

História

Appendix 22: Table of contextual information about Scandals of Translation and Escândalos da

Tradução

Appendix 23: Table of contextual information about Becoming a Translator and Construindo o

Tradutor

Appendix 24: Table of contextual information about Contemporary Translation Theories and Teorias

Contemporâneas da Tradução

Appendix 25: Table of contextual information about After Babel and Depois de Babel

Appendix 26: Translators through History‘s covers– English and Portuguese

Appendix 27: Scandals of Translation‘s covers– English and Portuguese

Appendix 28: Becoming a Translator‘s covers – English and Portuguese

Appendix 29: Contemporary Translation Theories‘ covers– English and Portuguese

Appendix 30: After Babel‘s covers– English and Portuguese

Appendix 31: Translators Through History – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 32: Translators Through History – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 33: Os tradutores na história – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 34: Os tradutores na história – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 35: Scandals of translation – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 36: Scandals of translation – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 37: Escandalos da tradução – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 38: Escandalos da tradução – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 39: Becoming a translator – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 41: Construindo o tradutor – Back cover‘s analysis

Appendix 40: Becoming a translator – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 42: Construindo o tradutor – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 43: Contemporary Translation Theories – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 44: Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução – Introduction‘s analysis

Appendix 45: After Babel – Afterword‘s‘s analysis

Appendix 46: Depois de Babel – Afterword‘s analysis

Appendix 47: Table with examples of meanings of Token and Value roles

11

1. INTRODUCTION

Man acts as if he were the shaper and master of language,

while it is language which remains mistress of man.

Martin Heidegger, 1954

In times of globalization1 not only the importance but also the performance of

translation has become the focus of debates and theories around the world: Authors such as

Lawrence Venutti (1998), Jean Delisle (1995), and Edwin Gentzler (2001) raise relevant

issues regarding translation and the act of translating. Difficulties and doubts are evidenced

and shared; therefore strategies and solutions are being elaborated for the problems emerging

in the field of Translation Studies, which, as an established academic field, has, in recent

years, acquired visibility as regards its influence in every space where languages and cultures

are in contact. As an undergraduate English student and translator, my interest in this area

motivated this specific subject of analysis.

The present project is part of the undergraduate completion requirements at

Letras/UFSC. It is affiliated with Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, and

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, being a part of the project developed by my

advisor, Prof. Maria Lucia B. de Vasconcelos2, within the context of a joint project between

the two universities.

The topic I chose for my monograph is concerned with Translation Studies as an

established area of investigation and is linked to what researchers in Brazil (cf. Grupo de

Pesquisas – CNPq) call ―Abordagens Textuais da tradução‖ [Textual approaches to

1 The term ―globalization‖ is mentioned here as Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin (2007) define: ―Globalization is

the process of the world becoming a single place.‖ As Pym (2003) completes: ―Globalization as an economic

process with certain consequences for the social role of translation.‖ And explained by Vasconcellos (2004), ―A

focus on globalization is a promising route to the reflection on issues of asymmetries, difference and identity in

translation.‖ 2 Project number 348a22e459f5d30e83257503, called „Abordagens Textuais aos Estudos da Tradução‖,

coordinated by Profs. Maria Lucia Barbosa de Vasconcelos and Célia Maria Magalhães.

12

Translation], and is described on the site of X ENTRAD – X ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE

TRADUTORES [http://www.iti.org.uk/ice/uploadedFiles/730_10 ENTRAD] as follows:

In providing translation researchers with a ‗map‘ or ‗point of orientation‘ to

translation studies, Williams and Chesterman (2002) list ‗translation and text

analysis‘ as one of the twelve research subareas of the discipline. This subarea

encompasses source text analysis, comparison of translations and source texts,

comparison of translated and non-translated texts and annotated translation, all

of them interfacing with some form of contrastive text analysis and contrastive

stylistics. In this vein, Textual approaches to translation (TAT) concentrates

research attention on the investigation of meaning as manifested in the

language of translation. It thus sides with Malmkjaer‘s (2005, see back cover)

perspective in which ‗meaning is seen as a temporary relationship between

participants in language events and translation as a creative activity that

contributes to such events‘. In addition, TAT is interested in research that

reflects upon textual models of language in their approach to translation. The

specific theory of language it draws upon is Systemic functional Linguistics

(SFL), as proposed by Halliday since the late sixties ―(...) a point of contact, a

crossroads, or a ‗third place‘, where different social practices meet in the

shaping of oral or written exchanges‘ (2007, p. 141). The contribution of

corpus based translation studies to TAT - Textual Approaches to Translation -

is also taken into account since corpus methodologies researches to access a

large amount of data which in turn make the relations of languages in use – as

instantiated in texts standing in a translation relationship – visible.

In this sense, my study will be placed within Williams and Chesterman‘s (2002)

second research sub area: ―comparison of translations and their source texts‖; in a second

moment, an investigation will be undertaken with a view to observing whether or not the

introductory sections of the specific books confirm what their particular paratexts3 have

promised, in terms of representations of both ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖.

All these steps will be performed with the aid of Corpus Based Methodologies and the

categories for analysis provided by Systemic Functional Linguistics.

Although interlingual translation4 exists since mankind noticed difficulties in

communicating because of language diversity, Translation Studies as an independent area of

3 ―Paratext‖, meaning what Genette (1982, p.10) proposes: they are extra textual elements such as titles,

subheadings, epilogues, inscriptions, prologues, book covers, back covers, introductions, editorial notes,

appendices, publicity, synopsis, bibliographical and legal information, or any other sign that relate to the text

which it belongs to. 4 The term interlingual translation is used here in the sense proposed by Jakobson (1959) and it refers to the

―interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.‖ (p. 233).

13

research is rather recent, according to Arrojo (1998):―Since the early 1960‘s, the study of

translation has begun to conquer a more defined space within academic institutions and

publications‖. Consequently, this discipline - Translation Studies - seems to be an area in its

own right, as Salkie (2001) states in his article: ―texts are being descriptively analyzed in

terms of meaning, structure, information sequencing, and pragmatic effect among others‖.

Within the context of Textual Approaches to Translation Studies (TATS), one issue has

merited the attention of researchers: how the source text (ST) is linguistically represented5 in

translated texts. The interest in the language of translation is explored by Malmkjaer (2005),

who reinforces the value of ―…descriptive and theoretical notions from linguistics to describe

and work with the language of and in translation and translating‖ (185). In her book, she

argues for the usefulness of concepts of one particular kind of linguistics – which is

functionally oriented – namely, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The interface between

SFL and TS is becoming more and more explored in descriptive studies in the Brazilian

context (Pagano & Vasconcellos (2005), and Vasconcellos (2009) as this linguistic theory

offers the possibility of describing – from a functional perspective – how realities are

represented in translation, particularly the realities portrayed in the ST and retextualized in

translations.

Since TS as an academic field is becoming more and more established in the academic

world, interest in translation theory is increasing, leading to a growing interest in translation

theory in translation as most of theoretical thought is produced in international contexts. If we

assume, with Malmkjaer (2005) that attending to the language of translation is one way of

understanding its nature, then the use of a linguistic theory, in this case SFL, to describe

translation theories in translation proves to be a good way of finding out how theory is

represented in contexts different from those in which such theories were first produced.

5 Used here in the sense attributed to it in the context of SFL by Eggins (2004): ―language as a modeling

system.‖

14

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can be such a theory because it has a semantic

orientation, presents no dissociation of grammar and meaning, seeks to consider, and identify

the role of the various linguistic items in any text in terms of their function in building

meaning, particularly in terms of what the linguistic items represent and how they represent it,

as Davidse (1992) explains. The research problem this study looks at is how some linguistic

items in translation theory in translation can be described, with a view to understanding how

particular lexical entities are represented in translation theories translated into the Brazilian

context.

In this context, the present research uses categories of SFL – particularly those

of the system realizing the ideational function of language – the Transitivity System - in the

analysis of re-representations of two specific lexical entities – central to theorizing in TS -

―translator‖ or ―translation‖, by looking at the clauses in which they are realized, both in the

ST and at the TT. It is argued here that this analysis may yield relevant information

concerning the status of the discipline itself, as embodied in the lexical items at issue.

According to previous researches and studies based in the interface between

Translation Studies, SFL, and Corpus Based Methodologies, Fleuri (2006) agrees that SFL

and TS based on Corpus methodologies are perspectives that complement each other in the

description of ST‘s and their translations. Therefore, these perspectives will be used in the

analysis of the data to be collected for the study, described in section 3.2. entitled ―Analytical

Procedures‖, part of the Method section .

My monograph is organized in five chapters: (1) the present introductory chapter; (2)

the Theoretical Framework informing the analysis with a view to reviewing relevant research

that has investigated similar or correlated matters and establishing the contribution of the

present research to the conversation in the area; (3) the Methods, in which is presented the

survey of the corpus, composed by TS books produced in the period between 1998 and 2008

translated into Brazilian Portuguese and where I describe the procedures used to analyse such

15

corpus; (4) the Data Analysis and the discussion of the findings, where is developed a

comparative analysis of the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ and ―translation/tradução‖ in

the paratexts6 and introductions of these books in order to see whether or not a pattern

emerges in the Ideational representations of the lexical items, both in the source and in the

target texts, and to confirming or disconfirming whether the representation construed in the

paratexts correspond to the body of the introductions to the books; and (5) the Final Results,

where I answer the research questions raised in the introductory chapter.

In the context of the objectives stated above, the following Research Questions (RQs)

can be put forward:

RQ 1 - What are the English titles of academic books in the field of Translation

Studies translated into Brazilian-Portuguese, between 1998 and 2009?

RQ2 - What kind of information do their paratexts (back covers) contain both in the

English ST and the Portuguese TT?

RQ3 – What ideational profile emerges concerning the words ―translator/tradutor‖ and

―translation/tradução‖ in the paratexts introducing the books and in their introductions in

English and in Portuguese?

RQ4 – In terms of content and through an SFL analysis, do the introductions fulfill, or

at least relate to what the paratexts promise?

.

2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter proposes (i) to locate the present work at the interface among the areas of

―Text Analysis and Translation‖, ―Corpus Based Studies‖, and ―Systemic Functional

Linguistics‖ with a focus on the Transitivity System realizing the Experiential component of

the ideational Metafunction, and (ii) to provide a brief introduction to the definition of the

clause as representation, as put forward by Halliday (cf. Halliday & Mathiessen, 2004). To do

so, this chapter is subdivided into subsections, presented below.

6 In this study, paratext means the textual information on the back covers of the analyzed books.

16

2.1. The area of Text Analysis and Translation.

Williams & Chesterman (2002) state in their book ―The Map‖ that one of the twelve

areas in translation research is ―Text Analysis and Translation‖, which encompasses also the

comparison of translations and their source texts, where a comparison of a translation with its

original is undertaken. In this research, a particular lexical item considered in its context is

taken from the English source text, examined and compared to its corresponding word and

context in the translation. Figure 1 below provides a visualization of the sub area:

1. Text

Analysis and

Translation

1. Text

Analysis and

Translation

Source Text

AnalysisSource Text

Analysis

Comparison of

Translations

and their

Source Texts

Comparison of

Translations

and their

Source Texts

Comparison of

Translations

and Non-

translated

Texts

Comparison of

Translations

and Non-

translated

Texts

Translation

with

Commentary

Translation

with

Commentary

FIGURE 1: Areas in Translation Research. (WILLIAMS, J. & CHESTERMAN, A., 2002, p. 6-8)

As Figure 1 shows, this area encompasses different types of text analysis;

―Comparison of Translations and their source Texts‘ is selected for the present research. For

the purposes of the comparison, the study focuses on the language of translation (viz.

Malkjaer, 2005); the research is located at the interface among Translation Studies / Systemic

Functional Linguistics / Corpus-Based Translation Studies, already established in the

Brazilian context (viz. Pagano & Vasconcellos, 2005 and Vasconcellos, 2009).

Figure 2 below shows the interface at which the research is carried out:

17

FIGURE 2: Theoretical and methodological framework: exploring interfaces among

complementary paradigms (Fleuri; Pagano e Vasconcellos, 2009, forthcoming)

The theoretical basis of the text analysis carried out both for the source and target texts

(referred to as ‗textualization‘ and ‗retextualization‘, respectively, in the context of Systemic

Functional Translation Studies) is the model of language and language description offered by

SFL as proposed by Halliday (VIZ. Haliday & Matthiessen, 2004); the methodological basis

is informed by the methodologies provided by Corpus-Based Translation Studies, along the

lines suggested by Baker (1995) and Olohan (2004).

Attention to the language of the translation is here manifested in the investigation of

some particular lexical items, considered relevant for the purposes of the study in terms of the

realities they represent: the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖

contained in the back covers and introductions of the following pair of books: ―Becoming a

Translator‖ and ―Construindo o Tradutor‖; ―Translators through History‖ and ―Tradutores na

História‖; ―Scandals of Translation‖ and ―Escandalos da Tradução‖; ―After Babel‖ and

―Depois de Babel‖; and finally ―Contemporary Translation Studies‖ and ―Teorias

Contemporâneas da Tradução‖.

This

study

Systemic

functional

Linguistics

(SFL)

Corpus

Based

Translation

Studies (CBTS)

Text Analysis and Translation

TRANSLATION STUDIES

18

2.2. Corpus Based Translation Studies (CBTS)

The corpora of this study consist of all the five paratexts (back covers) and

introductions from the books at issue. According to Baker (1995), corpus has been defined in

three important ways:

(i) it means primarily a collection of texts held in a machine-readable form and capable of

being analyzed automatically or semi-automatically in a variety of ways; (ii) a corpus is no

longer restricted to ―writings‖ but includes spoken as well as written text, and (iii) a corpus

may include a large number of texts from a variety of sources, by many writers and speakers

and on a multitude of topics.

This study concentrates mainly in the first and third ways, for all the texts are

digitalized and amenable to automatic or semi-automatic analysis (though in this particular

study the analysis is carried out manually),7 it also includes texts from a variety of sources

(internet and books) written by different authors. Baker (ibid) also states that comparing these

corpora may lead to the identification of patterns in the source texts, in the target texts and

between them. In the light of Systemic Functional Linguistics, a comparison of these corpora

is undertaken in order to identify patterns between the paratexts and the introductions in

English and Portuguese and at last confirm if the Ideational representation of the analysed

lexical items construed in the paratexts corresponds to their representation in the Introduction

of the book.

The corpus of this study can be partly classified (only the introductions) as small scale

parallel bilingual corpus according to the parameters put forward by Olohan (2004), Baker

(1998), and Sinclair (2001). The definition of small scale parallel bilingual corpus, adopted

in my research, is compiled in Fleuri (2006). It is ―parallel‖ in that the textualization (source

text) is aligned with its retextualization for comparison purposes (Olohan, 2004); it is

―bilingual‖ in that it involves the language pair English and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) (Baker,

1995); it is defined as ―a small scale corpus‖, not only on the basis of the quantitative aspect,

7 In the case of this particular study, corpus annotation was not carried out for two reasons: (i) the dimension of

the corpus, which comfortably allowed for manual analysis; and (ii) lack of familiarity of the researcher with

computational tools available for analysis – which are grounded in corpus annotation.

19

but also and mainly for its characteristics: it is designed and built by the researcher, after

defining the objectives of the research, for the particular purposes of the investigation at hand

(Sinclair, 2001), it is amenable to the so called ―Early Human Intervention‘ – EHI‘, in terms

of manual analysis and (possible and potential) corpus annotation, as proposed by Sinclair

(idem, ibdem).

As regards the paratexts, the corpus consists of texts independently produced by

English and Brazilian publishers, therefore the Brazilian Portuguese texts can not be

considered translations from the English texts. According to Vela e Hansen-Schirra (2006)

this corpus (the paratexts) is considered a combined parallel-comparable corpus, which in

spite of its complexity has been viewed as more productive for translation research purposes.

Hansen (2002:20) applies the definition comparable and parallel corpus and describes two

types of conbined corpus: the bilingual and the multilingual (more than two languages).

Furthermore, Fernandes (2004) based on Atkins (1992), Baker (idem), and Zanettin

(2000) offers an alternative categorization, visualized in the table below:

Table 1: Typological Classification of the Parallel Corpus under Study

Parallel Corpus

Criterion

Attribute

Number of languages Bilingual (ST: English; TT: Brazilian Portuguese

Temporal Restriction Synchronic (1998 – 2009)

Domain Specialised (books on Translation Studies)

Directionality Unidirectional (English into Brazilian Portuguese)

According to this categorization, the corpus of this study can be described in the

following terms: it is ―synchronic‖ for it focuses on an object of study at one particular point

in time; it is a ―specialized corpus‖ because it looks into the language of specific translated

genres or texts types; and it is ―unidirectional‖ when the direction functions in just one

direction, for instance, texts originally written in L1 and their respective translations in L2.

20

2.3. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

Systemic Functional Linguistics is adopted in the context of Text Analysis and

Translation for its potentialities as a descriptive and interpretative framework, as pointed out

by Eggins (2004):

a very useful descriptive and interpretative framework for viewing language as a strategic,

meaning-making resource, constituted by three main strands of meanings called metafunctions

(ideational, interpersonal and textual. (3))

This analysis will focus on the Experiential meaning, in which language is seen as a

system for modeling the ―content‖ of the text. Thompson (2004) explains that the experiential

perspective of Systemic-Functional grammar allows us to recognize the ―content‖ of a

sentence through the observation of lexical entities as regards the way they behave, and how

they relate to each other. To this end, some functional labels are used in the analysis and

description of clauses. The label ―Process‖ is used to identify the verb, the label ―Participant‖

is used to name the subject and/or object and the label ―Circumstance‖ is used to determine

adverbial groups and prepositional groups. This difference in the labeling system of SFL is

not a mere question of terminology, but of the theoretical underpinnings of the framework,

which sees the elements of the clause in their functional roles, as opposed to the structural role

in traditional grammar analysis.

Halliday (1968) defines Transitivity as follows:

Transitivity is defined as relating to the experiential component of meaning (or ‗cognitive‘,

this term is not really appropriate since all components involve a cognitive stratum); the

discussion has been confined to the expression of processes and the participants therein –

syntactically, those functions having in general verbal and nominal realizations – although a

full treatment of the experiential component in the syntax of the clause would take account of

other features, the expression of time and place and other adjuncts to and conditions on the

process.

The analysis starts with the recognition of the ―Process‖ for it will determine how the

other parts will be labeled. There are three main categories of processes: the material

(involving physical actions), the mental (something that goes on in the internal world of the

mind), and the relational (determines the existence of something). The other three minor

categories are: verbal (when someone says, tells, states, etc.), behavioral (very similar to

21

mental, but involving perception), and existential (normally identified through the word

―there‖. Based on this theoretical framework, the analysis of the data will be performed and

demonstrated.

2.4. The Clause as the unit of analysis

Considering the clause as the minimum unit of analysis in Transitivity (Halliday,

2004), I find it relevant to open this section defining the clause in accordance with a

commonsensical definition presented by Collins Cobuild (1987):

A clause is, in grammar, a structure which has one or more of the following elements: subject,

verbal group, object, complement, adjunct. There are two types of clause, subordinate clauses

and main clauses. A main clause can be used on its own as a sentence; a subordinate clause can

only be used with a main clause and is often introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a

sentence adverb.

Although the meaning of a clause remains the same, in this study another

metalanguage8 is applied. In this case, as proposed by Halliday (2004), a clause is ascribed as

a representation of experiences consisting of three metafunctional lines of meaning: Textual

(the clause as a message), Interpersonal (the clause as exchange), and Experiential (the clause

as a representation). Matthissen (2001) says that:

The clause is a strong candidate for the ―unit of analysis‖ in translations, detailed

lexicogrammatical analysis of the source texts and corresponding target texts are an important

source of insight for the study of translation within linguistics.

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p. 59-60), the clause embodies in its

structure three distinct kinds of meaning, expressed in the headings: ‗the clause as a message‘,

‗the clause as an exchange‘ and ‗the clause as a representation‘. The total configuration of

functions embodied in the clause construes, or realizes the meaning. The same point is made

by Malmkjaer (2005), who talks of a unit of structure understood as ‗the locus for three types

of action performed by the manipulation of three linguistic systems, the systems of mood,

theme and rheme, and transitivity‘ (p. 168). The author states that each system enables the

realization of a clause function, as exchange, as message and as representation. This

8 Metalanguage is used here under the definition of Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary (2008): ―a

specialized form of language or set of symbols used when discussing or describing the structure of a language.‖

22

functional approach to the clause leads Malmkjaer (ibid.) to refer to these functions as the

different parts of an orchestra working together to produce what she calls ‗the clause

symphony‖ (p. 168). However, as she points out (ibid.), it is possible to describe each of the

linguistic systems separately and to concentrate in the meanings each of them realizes.

Along these lines, this study looks at a separate strand in the overall meaning of the

clause – the clause as representation – which reflects in the grammar the experiential

metafunctional, responsible for construing a model of experience from the ‗goings-on‘ of the

external or internal worlds. Experientially, the clause construes experience as a configuration

of a process, participants involved in it and the circumstances associated with it. In the present

study, taking into account the fact that the clause represents an interpretation of reality, the

investigative look concentrates on the way the entities ―translation/translator‖ are represented

in each clause in which they are realized, in the experiential configuration mentioned above –

that of a process, participants and circumstances.

More specifically, this study analyses the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and

―translator/tradutor‖ contained in the back covers and introductions of the following books:

―Becoming a Translator‖ and ―Construindo o Tradutor‖, ―Translators through History‖ and

―Tradutores na História‖, ―Scandals of Translation‖ and ―Escandalos da Tradução‖, ―After

Babel‖ and ―Depois de Babel‖, and finally ―Contemporary Translation Studies‖ and ―Teorias

Contemporâneas da Tradução‖ in terms of Transitivity, as described above, in the context of

Translation Studies interfacing with Corpus Based Methodologies. Furthermore, I base part of

the development of my study on the thesis by Zuniga (2006) and on the thesis by Fleuri

(2006), who analyzed two of the books at issue in terms of Corpus Based Studies and SFL.

According to Halliday and Matthissen (2004), ―the transitivity system construes the

world of experience into a manageable set of PROCESS TYPES.― This world of experience

refers to a flow of events, which we capture from around us and construe clauses. Each of

these clauses contain Processes and Participants. Figure 3 shows the Transitivity System.

23

FIGURE 3: The Transitivity System (Halliday, 1994, p. 108)

The Processes are classified in three major groups: as Material (Process of doing and

creating), Mental (Process of seeing, feeling, and thinking), and Relational (Process of being/

having identity or attribute, or symbolizing). The three minor groups are Existential (Process

of existing), Behavioural (Process of behaving), and Verbal (Process of saying). Each Process

has its respective Participant, namely, in Material Processes the Participant is the Actor; in

Mental Processes the Participant is the Senser; in Relational Processes the Participant is the

Carrier (when having an attribute), or the Token (when having an identity); in Existential

Processes the Participant is the Existent; in Behavioural Processes the Participant is the

Behaver; and in Verbal Processes the Participant is the Sayer. The following table shows the

different Process types.

Table 2: Examples of different Process types.

Process type Example ( Participants underlined; Process in bold; Circumstances in italics)

Material The American translator worked closely with the Argentine writer.

Behavioural Translation lies deeply repressed in the cultural identities.

Mental I will be concerned with interlingual translation.

Verbal We should like to Express our deepest gratitude.

Relational Translators are those ―lonely soldiers―.

Existential The greatest hindrances to translation exist outside the discipline itself.

Types of Processes

24

This chapter proposed to locate the present work at the interface among the areas of

―Text Analysis and Translation‖, ―Corpus Based Studies‖, and ―Systemic Functional

Linguistics‖ with a focus on the Transitivity System realizing the Experiential component of

the ideational Metafunction, and to provide a brief introduction to the definition of the clause

as representation, as put forward by Halliday (cf. Halliday & Mathiessen, 2004). The next

chapter – Chapter 3 – Data Analysis – presents the theoretical and methodological apparatus

at work by looking at the textualizations and their retextualizations selected for this research,

with a focus on the units set apart for the study of the representation of ―translation/tradução‖

and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the paratexts and introductions of academic books on TS

circulating in the Brazilian Portuguese in Brazil.

The next section describes how this research is carried out in terms of the steps and

criteria for data selection and the analytical procedures employed for the analysis of the five

books on Translation Studies with their respective translations.

3. METHODOLOGY

The first step of the research was a survey of Translation Studies books and their

paratexts already defined in the introduction of this study. In this monograph, the paratext is

the textual information on the back covers of the books at issue. This information of the back

covers, both in English and Portuguese will be taken from various web pages of book shops,

and from their English and Brazilian publishers respectively.

3.1 Search Procedures: Methods for compiling the Data Source

25

Method for carrying out the survey of titles, their respective translations and the back

cover‘s information from the textualization and retextualization.

1. Reading of bibliographical references in dissertations and thesis from CCE/UFSC:

PGET graduation students, and those dissertations and thesis from CCE/UFSC: PGI

graduation students, which had the subject ―translation‖ as its main topic.

2. Selection of Translation Studies titles and authors from the specific period of research

(2000 – 2009).

3. Search for author‘s names at Livraria Cultura‘s website (www.livrariacultura.com.br),

foregrounding titles in Portuguese, once the aim is to find translated texts.

4. Listing of the translated titles found.

5. Search for their ―source-texts‖ in English.

6. Browsing through the sites of the publishers of the translations analyzed in this study,

in order to get extratextual information.

7. Exchange of emails with the Brazilian publishers and with the foreign ones, which

published the translated texts and the source-texts respectively.

8. Exchange of emails with the source-texts translators.

9. Browsing through particular blogs focusing attention on translation theory with a view

to refining the search tools for translation theory titles translated into Brazilian

Portuguese – according to the purposes of the present research; two blogs are selected:

www.esttranslationstudies.org and

www.translation.utdallas.edu/aboutus/contactus.htm

This first part of the research yielded the following results:

Five titles in English (Source Texts - STs / Textualizations) with their respective translations

(Target Texts - TTs/Retextualizations):

Table 3: The five titles in English and in Portuguese

Translators through History Tradutores na Histórias

Scandals of Translation

Escândalos da Tradução

Becoming a Translator Construindo o Tradutor

Contemporary Translation Theories Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução

After Babel Depois de Babel

10. Search for the ST and TT‘s back cover‘s information at Livraria Cultura‘s website.

11. Differences between the ST and TT‘s back cover‘s textual information could be

confirmed.

12. Only the textual information on the back cover of Becoming a Translator was translated

into the presentation of the book Construindo o Tradutor.

13. Search in the Central Library at UFSC, at PPGI‘s library and at professors‘ private

libraries.

14. The following titles were found: After Babel, Depois de Babel, Teorias Contemporâneas

da Tradução, and Os Escândalos da Tradução.

15. The book Scandals of Translation was borrowed from PPGI‘s Library.

16. The book Contemporary Translation Theories was borrowed from prof. Maria Lucia

Vasconcellos.

http://www.livrariacultura.com.br/

http://www.est-translationstudies.org/

http://www.translation.utdallas.edu/aboutus/contactus.htm

26

17. The introductions from the books Translators through History and Os Tradutores na

História were given by Lilian Fleuri, for she had previously worked with these texts.

18. The introductions from Becoming a Translator and Construindo o Tradutor were given

by Gleimara Zuniga, for she had also previously worked with these texts.

19. The introductions of Translators through History, Os Tradutores na História, Becoming

a Translator, and Construindo o Tradutor, were in Word format, prepared to be

analyzed.

20. Before starting the analytical procedures, tables with contextual information from each

book at issue were assembled from Livraria Cultura‘s webpage in order to contextualize

the information each one contained (see Appendix number 21 – 25).

3.2 Procedures for aligning the data:

1. All the clauses containing the words ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖

were underlined in the texts.

2. These clauses were copied manually, and put into tables.

3. These tables were divided according to the type of Participants, Processes, and

Circumstances of each clause.

4. The analysis was undertaken as described in 3.3.

5. The number of Participants and Processes was checked.

6. Other tables were done with the aligned types of Processes and Participants of each

ST‘s and TT‘s back cover‘s text and introduction.

3.3 Analytical Procedures

1. The analysis focused on the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and

―translator/tradutor‖.

2. All the clauses in the back covers and introductions containing these words as the

nuclear Participant of the clause were isolated and analyzed manually.

3. The categories of the transitivity system, which realize the experiential metafunciton

in SFL were applied.

4. The Participants, Processes and Circumstances were labeled manually.

5. The result was displayed in tabular form (see appendixes for the full picture), for

instance <Par>, <Pro>, and <Cir> containing the classification according to the next

table.

Table 4: Types of Participants, Processes, and Circumstances.

Nuclear Participants Processes Circumstances

Actor/Goal/Range/Beneficiary

Senser/Phenomenon

Carrier/Attribute

Token/Value

Sayer/Receiver

Behaver

Existent

Material

Mental

Relational

Verbal

Behavioural

Existential

Extent

Location

Manner Cause

Contingency

Accompaniment Role

Matter

Angle

27

6. After this analysis, a comparison between the English clauses and the Portuguese ones

was done.

7. The aim of this comparison was structure patterns of difference in the ideational

profile of the texts in translation relationship.

8. The back cover‘s textual information of each book was compared with the information

in the introduction.

9. The analysis focused on the extent to which the introductions really fulfilled the

expectations raised in the back cover‘s information, as regards the representation of

―translation/translator‖.

10. Finally, the information gathered in the analysis provided material for the reflections

made in the concluding section of the monograph.

The following section will display the tables with the results of the analysis of the data

and disscuss the findings and results.

4. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis of the Data

It is important to state that the paratexts (defined in chapter 1), in this study, are the

textual information on back covers of the books at issue. This textual information exposes the

subject of the book, and therefore we assume that it should, at least, relate to the inside

content of the book.

The collected data is excerpted from these back covers and the introductions of the

following five books: Translators through History ( Deslile / Woodsworth, 1995), Scandals of

Translation (Venuti, 1998), Becoming a Translator (Robinson, 1998), Contemporary

Translation Theories (Gentzler, 2001), and After Babel (Steiner, 1975, 1° Ed.), and their

correspondent retextualizations in Portuguese: Os Tradutores na História (trad. Bath, 2003),

Escândalos da Tradução (trad. Pelegrin/ Villela/ Esquerda/ Biondo 2002), Construindo o

Tradutor (trad. Simões, 2002), Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução (trad. Malvezzi, 2009),

and Depois de Babel (trad. Pereira, 2005).

The representation of the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖

are observed in the back covers, aiming at analyzing the representations of such Participants

28

before reading the introductions. In this monograph, such back covers not only contextualize

the reader about the studied corpus, but also provide previous analytical elements about the

Participants ―translation/translator‖, showing how these Participants are represented in the

textualization and retextualization even before the reading of the book.

Concerning the introductions, the same lexical items are observed and analyzed but the

focus of the analysis is, at this point, to check if the representation of ―translation/tradução‖

and ―translator/tradutor‖ correspond to the representation construed in the back covers. Thus,

we can observe whether the previous construal of the Participant in the back covers

correspond to its construal in the introductions. The back covers information analysis as the

introduction analysis are done manually (as showed in the appendices number 33-46),

followed by the analysis‘ results, done in the same way.

In this study I intend to analyze one book at the time observing the bilingual corpus of

the back covers, followed by the introductions analysis and finally confronting the results of

these two analyses.

4.2. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses

Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História

4.2.1 Back cover‘s analysis

The back cover‘s analysis (appendix number 31) from Translators through History

starts with some stories of ancient translators, aiming at contextualizing the reader to where

the history of translation began, therefore, not many occurrences of the words

―translation/translator‖ happen. Only when the authors start to describe their purposes with

the book, clauses containing the words at issue are present.

Different from the English back cover, the Portuguese one does not start with a

narration about ancient translators; it is rather objective and points out the contributions which

translators have been giving to the field of translation. The lexical item ―tradutor‖ is, at first,

represented as a Participant in a Mental Process being the one who creates alphabets; then

29

being the Participant in four Material Processes being the one who acts on activities related to

the translation task, therefore being an important and rather central figure in the field; and

finally, being the Participant in a Relational Process, here the authors highlight the role

translators play within the area of Translation Studies. The table with both back covers‘

information are displayed in the appendix number 26.

After analysing the ocurrence of the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ in both

textualization and retextualization, the Process and the involved Participants were counted

and the number of occurence is displayed in Table 5.

Table 5: Clauses containing the lexical item translators/tradutor in the English and Portuguese back cover

of Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História. (appendix 31 and 33)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS

ENGLISH Percentage PORTUGUESE Percentage

GOAL 1 100% 0 0%

ACTOR 0 0% 3 50%

SENSER 0 0% 1 17%

TOKEN 0 0% 2 33%

TOTAL 1 100% 6 100%

Departing from the analysis of both back covers, we can conclude that, in the English

text, the representation of translators as a title of the book is mere information, the book itself

is personified being the one who will tell the story. The second occurrence puts translators

involved in action as Goal in a Material Process, here the representation of the translator

becomes more similar to its representation in the Portuguese text. Different from the English

text, the Portuguese one starts with a Mental Process followed by Relational and Material

Processes. The importance of the translator‘s actions is foregrounded, and his actions are

central. And even in the end, when their role in the field of translation is showed, the

translator himself is placed as Participant.

It is very important to remember that both back covers can not be considered a

translation for their characteristics neither in their structure and content nor in their

representations of the analyzed lexical items correspond. However, they point to a

30

representation of ―translator/tradutor‖ from the inside content of the book. The ―translator‖ is

expected to be represented in the English book as Goal involved in a Material Processes and

in the Portuguese book, as Actor, Senser and Token involved respectively in Material, Mental

and Relational Processes. The lexical item ―translation/tradução‖ was not analyzed because it

appeared in the clauses as a modifier.

4.2.2. Analysis of the Introduction

The introduction of Os Tradutores na História is a parallel translation of Translators

through History, therefore not many differences in the analysis were found. The text

concentrates in the role of the ―tradutor‖ and his acting in the translation area, as the analysis

of its back cover showed. Comparing the introduction with the back cover we can perceive

that the Portuguese back cover follows more closely the patterns of the introduction than the

English one because in Portuguese the ―tradutor‖ is represented as an active participant

mainly in Material, Mental and Relational Processes. Whereas in English the ―translator‖ is

represented in other kinds of Processes, not only in Material ones.

Table with the types of Participants in the analysis of the introductions follows.


Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História (appendix 32 and 34)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS

TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage

SENSER 1 9% 1 10%

CARRIER 1 9% 1 10%

ACTOR 2 18% 2 20%

TOKEN 2 18% 3 30%

GOAL 1 9% 0 0%

SAYER 1 9% 0 0%

PHENOMENON 2 18% 2 20%

RECEIVER 1 9% 1 10%

TOTAL 11 100% 10 100%

Table 6 shows a total of 11 Participants in the textualization and 10 in the

retextualization as the result of the analysis. The four overriding Participants are: Actor,

Token, and Phenomenon. Therefore, in both introductions (textualization and retextualization)

the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ are mostly realized by Participants involved in

31

Processes such as Material, Mental, and Relational. This is the reason why we can assume

that a central issue on the book is the position and attitude of the ―translator―being the main

character in the history of translation. It is interesting to mention that the back cover‘s

information concentrates on the exposition of the book itself, whereas the introduction focuses

on the ―translator‖ and the role he/she plays in the scenery of translation.


Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução

4.3.1 Back cover‘s analysis

In the book Scandals of Translation the word ―translation― is central, for there are just

a few occurances of the word ―translator―. In this book, Venuti discusses the implications of

―translations―for translators and authors as well as publishers. For the front cover‘s image and

the back covers‘ information see appendix number 27.

In the English back cover the word ―translation―is represented as Phenomenon and

Goal being a part of a Mental Process and a Material Process. This means that the word at

issue is being manipulated, or acted upon by other Participants such as Senser or Actor.

The back cover information of Escandalos da Tradução, can not be considered a

translation from the English back cover of Scandals of Translation, this is why the first clause

is different from the ones in the previous back covers. The lexical item ―tradução‖ appears

just once, and is a modifier in the Nomimal Group ―processo da tradução‖, in which

―processo‖ is the center of such group. The text is very short and gives the reader a brief idea

of the book‘s approach. Next, Table 7 presents the Participants ―translation/tradução‖ and

―translator/tradutor‖.

Table 7: Clauses containing the lexical items “translation/tradução” and “translators/tradutor” in the

English and Portuguese back covers of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 35 and

37)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


GOAL (translation) 1 33% 0 0%

32

SAYER (translator) 1 33% 0 0%

PHENOMENON

(translation)

1 33% 0 0%

TOTAL 3 100% 0 100%

As already stated, the Portuguese text is not a translation from the English text

therefore they focus on different aspects. The author of the Portuguese version represents the

lexical item ―tradução‖ as a Circumstance being looked at and being degraded. By doing so,

he discusses the perspectives in which ―tradução‖ is being the location in a Relational Process

where cultural elements are hidden.

4.3.2 Introductions Analysis

In this introduction, Venuti discusses through various Processes the identity and action

of ―translations/traduções―and ―translators/tradutores‖ in the present global scene. These two

words are represented throughout the introduction, most clauses contain them, and Venuti

portraits ―translations/traduções ―and ―translators/tradutores‖ as Participants mostly involved

in Material Process, this means that the words at issue are very relevant to the topic.

The table below states the types of Processes in which such lexical items are involved.

Table 8: Types of Processes in textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e

tradutor) of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 36 and 38)

TYPES OF

PROCESSES


MATERIAL 48 66% 50 66%

MENTAL 10 14% 9 12%

RELATIONAL 8 11% 10 13%

VERBAL 5 7% 5 7%

BEHAVIUORAL 1 1% 1 1%

EXISTENTIAL 1 1% 1 1%

TOTAL 73 100% 76 100%

Most of the analyzed ocurrences in both the textualization and the retextualization

belong to Material Processes, in which the words at issue appear as Actors. This shows that,

in Venuti‘s point of view, ―translation/tradução― and ―translator/tradutor― play active roles in

33

the field of Translation Studies. In order to confirm that, Table 9 shows the types of

Participants.


Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 36 and 38)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


ACTOR 26 67% 26 64%

SENSER 4 10% 4 10%

SAYER 2 5% 2 5%

TOKEN 5 12% 4 10%

EXISTENT 1 3% 1 2%

BEHAVER 1 3% 1 2%

CARRIER 1 3% 3 7%

TOTAL 39 100% 41 100%

The patterns of the Types of Processes‘ table are confirmed in the previous table. This

means that the Material Processes are still the most recurrent, and that the words at issue, are

represented as active Participants. In other words, the introduction of Escândalos da

Tradução projects the same light upon the roles that the lexical items ―tradução― and

―tradutor― play in the Portuguese text and the English one. Comparing the choices made in the

English textualization and in the Portuguese retextualization, there is a very important

difference to be pointed out: the retextualization represents the ―tradutor‖ twice as a Carrier,

whereas the English text does not realize it in the same manner. It seems as the author of the

Portuguese retaxtualization is more concerned in identifying the ―tradutor‖ in his explanation.

After a detailed analysis of the English introduction, it becomes rather clear that it

fulfills the profile that the paratext portrayed. The lexical items ―translation‖ and ―translator‖

are involved in active Processes, where they are frequently Actors.

From the Portuguese introduction and its back cover, we can conclude that, due to the

fact that the back cover contains only one occurence of the lexical item ―tradução‖ it becomes

difficult to state if the introduction fulfills what the back cover promised. It is however clear

that in its only occurence is realized by a modifier, not representing a Participant itself.

34



4.4.1. Back cover‘s analysis

The Portuguese back cover from the book Becoming a Translator is the only one,

from all the analyzed books, that although having the clauses rearranged, can be seen as a

parallel translation from the English back cover. Therefore, both back covers are addressed as

textualization (English version) and retextualization (Portuguese version). The full back

cover‘s textual information from both books and their respective front covers are to be seen in

the Table in appendix number 28.

Although the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖ are central in the information on

both back covers, all the clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/translator‖ are

medifiers. Both textualization and retextualization introduce the author and present the

various skills translators will acquire after reading the book. Through the ideational analysis,

as the results below show, the profile of these words can be described in Table 10.

Table 10: Clauses containing the lexical items “translation/tradução” and “translator/tradutor” in the

textualization and retextualization of Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 39 and 41)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


GOAL 0 0% 1 50%

CARRIER 1 50% 0 0%

BENEFICIARY 1 50% 1 50%

TOTAL 2 100% 2 100%

According to the textualization analysis, the lexical item ―translator‖ is presented in

two clauses. In the first, as part of a Relational Process being the Carrier, and in this case the

―translator‖ has an Attribute, which are the practical skills he needs to accomplish his tasks. In

the second clause he is represented as Goal in a Material Process. It is interesting to notice

that the lexical item ―translation‖ is part of a Material Process being represented as Goal in

the retextualization. As already mentioned, these are the only back covers that can be

35

considered a parallel translation. But I have to point out that the sentences have been

rearranged, therefore some differences are to be signalized. The first clause in which the word

―tradução―appears in the retextualization, is classified as a Material Process. In the

textualization ―translation‖ is Beneficiary, but in the retextualization it is the Participant Goal.

The book in the position of Actor will integrate ―tradução―in order to benefit knowledge. In

the second clause, we have a Relational Process and ―tradutores―are the Beneficiary, who will

make use of the book, which is analyzed as the Token, here the author is identifying the book

as useful. In both clauses the book is a Participant, first as Actor and then as Token. It is

curious that the information on the back cover is usually made to introduce a product which,

in this case, is the book.

4.4.2. Introductions Analysis

Concerning the content of the book, Zuniga (2006), a researcher who previously

worked with the book, explains that:

The book is designed for introductory undergraduate courses in the theory and

practice of translation. It provides information and advice to translators as how to

translate faster and more accurately as well as issues regarding job market work and

ethics. It also brings exercises and discussion topics for the teacher, being most of

them related to Suggestopedia, defined by the author as ―accelerated learning, aiming

at speeding the learning of both practice and theory. (34)

In this sense, the ideational analysis was undertaken viewing the confirmation of such

statement and the relation between the information on the back cover and content of the book.

The table with the types of Processes found in the two books follows.


Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 40 and 42)

TYPES OF

PROCESSES


MATERIAL 12 67% 7 70%

MENTAL 6 33% 2 20%

RELATIONAL 0 0% 1 10%

TOTAL 18 100% 10 100%

36

Regarding the types of Processes, we can assume that in both textualization and

retextualization the Material Process constitutes more than 50% of the cases. This shows that

both words ―translation/tradução― and ―translator/tradutor― play an active role, doing, creating

and influencing things and situations. As the title says, Becoming a Translator translated as

Construindo o Tradutor takes into account a great deal of actions and initiative.

Consequently, the Processes which involve ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖

confirm what the title promissed.

In order to check the roles of the Participants the following table displays the

occurences.


Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 40 and 42)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


ACTOR 7 43% 4 50%

SENSER 2 13% 1 12,5%

CARRIER 0 0% 1 12,5%

GOAL 3 19% 2 25%



TOTAL 16 100% 8 100%

As expected most of the Participants are Actors, reinforcing the survey of the

Processes. Furthermore, the lexical item ―translator/tradutor‖ occured as a Participant more

often than the lexical item ―translation/tradução‖, which in the textualization did not appear

once. In the retextualization it did occur as Goal and a Circumstance of Location. This fact

corresponds to the expectation that the figure of the ―translator/tradutor‖ is an active

Participant. However, in the comparison between the information at the back covers and the

text from the introductions, we can state that the back covers focus on the book itself, its

importance and its effect upon the reader, while the introductions concentrate on the processes

of becoming a translator, not only the challenges and obstacles a translator scholar will face,

but also the benefits this scholar will gain through this process.

37

4.5. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses: Contemporary Translation Theories/

Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução


In Contemporary Translation Theories, Edwin Gentzler presents the evolution of

Translation Studies up to the moment when the book was written (2001), and discusses new

approaches related to the act of translating. The Table with the back covers‘ information is in

appendix number 29.

The textual information at the back covers of both books can not be considered a parallel

translation, for they were produced separately and written by different authors.

In the English back cover there are occurrences of the lexical items ―translation‖ and

―translator‖ but as modifiers. They appear in relation to workshop, science, theories, studies,

and field. This means that the approach to ―translation‖ chosen by the author does not

prioritize ―translation‖ itself, but the process it is involved in. As it is the case in the English

text, in the Portuguese text happens the same, there are some occurrences of the words at

issue linked with theories, science and workshop. Although the Portuguese text on the back

cover is not exactly a translation of the English one, it follows the same pattern not referring

to ―tradução‖ alone, but transforming it into a modifier.

4.5.2. Introduction Analysis

The introduction of Contemporary Translation Theories has many occurrences of the

lexical item ―translation‖, in which it is realized as Participant. ―Translator‖ is not often

mentioned, but when it appears it is represented as Actor, doing and influencing the Material

Processes. Due to the fact that there are no occurrences of these words on the back covers, it

remains open if the introduction confirms the information on the back covers. But it is

important to point out that many clauses also contain the lexical item ―translation‖ linked with

other words such as science, theories, field, etc. as it is the case in the back covers.

Following the table of the types of Participants.

38


Contemporary Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução (appendix 43 and 44)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


TOKEN 4 29% 4 27%

VALUE 0 0% 2 13%


ACTOR 3 21% 4 27%

GOAL 3 21% 3 19%


SAYER 0 0% 1 7%

TOTAL 14 100% 15 100%

Most of the occurrences relate to Relational Processes and Material Processes, where

the Participants are whether Token, Value, Actor, or Goal. The information on the back

covers of the books contain the words at issue as modifiers and are addressed as science,

theories and field, this result confirms the profile of ―translation/tradução‖ of the back covers.

In the information contained in the back covers the words at issue are being identified in

relation to science, theories and field, and in the afterwords they are also being identified as

Values. The word ―translator/tradutor―is often portrait as Actor and Goal, which means that

they are active in the processes of translation.

4.6. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses: After Babel/ Depois de Babel


As it was the case in the previous two books, in After Babel and Depois de Babel there

are occurrences of the words at issue but just as modifiers. In this book, George Steiner

presents an investigation of the processes of translation which will be useful not only for

translators, but also for other researchers in the area of linguistics.

The Table showing both front covers and the information on the back covers are to be found

in appendix number 30.

In the English back cover all the occurrences of the lexical item ―translation‖ are liked

with other words, such as studies, processes and aspects. The approach of the book is very

39

historical, and it aims at telling the history of language. This is why the words language and

communication appear more frequently than ―translation‖ or ―translator‖. Following the

patterns of the English text, the Portuguese back cover also has the words ―translation‖ and

―translator‖ as modifiers. Instead, it presents the phenomenon of language and communication

in a detailed way, and leaves the definitions of ―translation―to another moment.

4.6.2. Afterword Analysis

At this point, it is necessary to say that the books After Babel and Depois de Babel do

not have an introduction. Therefore, the afterword was taken as the text for analysis for it

aims at giving a small summary of the book, as it is the aim of an introduction.

Following the table with the occurrances in which the lexical items ―translation―and

―translator― appear as Participants.

Table 14: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of After

Babel/ Depois de Babel (appendix 45 and 46)

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


CARRIER 4 100% 4 100%

TOTAL 4 100% 4 100%

It is very interesting to highlight the fact that all the occurrences of the lexical item

―translation‖ are represented as Carrier in a Relational Process. This shows the concern of the

author to give ―translation‖ an identity, a clear definition of what he understands behind this

word. Relating this afterword with its respective back cover, we can perceive that one aim of

the author could be to define what ―translation‖ is in the context of communication and

language. As already stated in the English afterword, all the occurrences of the lexical item

―translation‖ are a part of a Relational Process being represented as Carrier. It shows the clear

aim of the author to define what he understands behind ―translation―.

4.7. Discussion of the findings

Considering what Munday (2002) states regarding probability of occurrence of new

construals in patterns of transitivity in translation, and what Baker (1995) says regarding the

40

fact that comparing corpora may lead to the identification of patterns in the source texts, in the

target texts and between them, one of the aims of this monograph was to try to ascertain if

new configurations of the ideational profile of the words ―translation― and ―translator― truly

occurred (where and how) within the corpora of the back covers and introductions of the

analyzed books. This analysis was performed in the interface between Systemic Functional

Linguistics, Translation Studies based on Corpus methodologies, and Translation Studies.

The Table below shows these results:

Table 15: Results of the findings regarding the differences between textualization and retextualization of

all five books.

TYPES OF

PARTICIPANTS


GOAL (translation)

1 6% 0 0%

ACTOR

(translator)

10 59% 8 50%

CARRIER (translator)

1 6% 4 25%

VALUE

(translation)

0 0% 2 13%

SENSER (translator) 2 12% 1 6%

PHENOMENON

(translation)

3 18% 0 0%

BENEFICIARY

(translator)

0 0% 1 6%

TOTAL 17 100% 16 100%

Based on theses results, collected from all the analysis of all back covers and

introductions, we can assume that ―translation‖ is more frequently construed as a Participant

Goal suffering an action in Material Processes and ―translator‖ as Actor in the same kind of

Process in the textualization, which construes a representation associated to Material

Processes of doing, creating, and transforming and an active role of ‗translator‘ in the source

context. ―Tradução‖ is more frequently construed as a Participant also suffering an action, but

not only in Material Processes but mainly in Relational Processes and ―tradutor‖ is more

frequently construed as an active Participant in Material and principally Relational Processes

in the retextualization, showing that the translator‘s identification is as important as his

actions and impact upon his envoiroment in the representation in the target context.

41

The last section of this study presents the final remarks resulting from both the

theoretical basis and analytical results. The limitations of the study and suggestions for further

research are also presented in the same section.

5. CONCLUSIONS

5.1. Final Remarks

This study was located within Williams and Chesterman‘s (2002) second research sub

area: ―comparison of translations and their source texts‖, and in a second moment, an

investigation was undertaken in order to prove if the introductions of the specific books

confirmed what the information on the back covers promised. All these steps were performed

applying Corpus Based Methodologies and the categories for analysis provided by Systemic

Functional Linguistics.

The research problem this study wanted to look at is how some linguistic items in

translation theory in translation could be described, with a view to understanding how

particular lexical entities are represented in translation theories produced in Brazilian

Portuguese (BP).

In this context, the present research aimed at using categories of SFL – particularly those

of the system realizing the ideational function of language – the transitivity system in the

description of re-representations of two specific lexical entities – central to any theorizing in

TS - ―translator―and ―translation―, by looking at the clauses in which they were realized, both

in the ST and in the TT. It is argued here that this description may yield relevant information

concerning the status of the discipline itself, as embodied in the lexical items at issue.

According to Fleuri (2006) Systemic Functional Linguistics and Translation Studies

based on Corpus methodologies are perspectives that complete each other in the description of

42

ST‘s and their translations. Therefore, these perspectives were used in the analysis of the data

collected for the study, described in the section entitled: Procedures.

My monograph consisted of three parts: (i) survey of the books in TS produced in the

period between 1998 and 2008 and translated into Brazilian Portuguese; this survey was done

via internet, where web pages from book shops, and English and Brazilian publishers were

browsed with the intention of finding the intended data; (ii) a comparative analysis of the

lexical items ―translator‖ and ―translation‖ on the back covers of these books were done to see

whether or not a pattern emerged in the representations of the items both in the source and in

the target texts with a view to comparing the ideational profile of both texts; (iii) through the

ideational metafunction, an investigation aiming at confirming if the content promised on the

back covers was fulfilled in their respective introductions.

In the context of the objectives stated above, the following RQs were put forward:

RQ 1 - What are the English titles of academic books in the field of Translation

Studies translated into Brazilian-Portuguese, between 1998 and 2008?

RQ2 - What kind of information do their back covers contain both in English ST and

Portuguese TT?

RQ3 – What ideational profile emerges concerning the words ―translator‖ and

―translation‖ on the back covers introducing the books and in their introductions in English

and in Portuguese?

RQ4 – In terms of content and through an SFL analysis, do the introductions fulfill, or

at least relate to what the back covers promise?

In relation to RQ1, five titles were found namely, Translators through History (

Deslile / Woodsworth, 1995), Os Tradutores na História (trad. Bath, 2003), Scandals of

Translation (Venuti, 1998), Os Escândalos da Tradução (trad. Pelegrin/ Villela/ Esquerda/

Biondo 2002), Becoming a Translator (Robinson, 1998), Construindo o Tradutor (trad.

Simões, 2002), Contemporary Translation Theories (Gentzler, 2001), Teorias

Contemporâneas da Tradução ( trad. Malvezzi, 2009), After Babel (Steiner, 1975, 1° Ed.),

and Depois de Babel (trad. Pereira, 2005).

43

In what concerns RQ2, we can not refer to all the Portuguese back covers as TT from

the English ST, for they were produced independently, and partly by Brazilian publishers. The

only back cover text that could be considered a translation is Construindo o Tradutor,

translated from the one of Becoming a Translator. Starting with Translators through History,

the first half of the back cover‘s text is a narration about the first translators in history, the

word ―translator‖ does not appear and is replaced by the names of the first translators. Only in

the end, ―translator‖ and ―translation‖ appear in the explanation of what the book proposes.

The main focus of this text is the book, being the one that tells the story and involves

―translators‖ and authors in its project. The back cover of Os Tradutores na História is not as

long as the one of Translators through History, it omits the first part of the English back

cover, and goes straight to the purpose of the book, which focuses on the influence of the

―tradutor‖ upon the translation history. In the back cover‘s text of Scandals of Translation, the

author is introduced as a professional translator and from this position he discusses the

implications of translations for translators and authors as well as publishers. The back cover

of Os Escândalos da Tradução starts with questions concerning the act of translating and the

translation itself. Moreover it states that the main voice in this book is the one from the

author. As mentioned above, the back covers from Becoming a Translator and Construindo o

Tradutor can be considered ST and TT. Although some clauses are positioned differently, the

focus is the same. In Becoming a Translator the back cover‘s text introduces the author and

promises information regarding the process of translation based on recent discoveries. From

the text‘s point of view, the book provides valuable advice to novice translators. In

Construindo o Tradutor the ―content‖ is the same. The back cover of Contemporary

Translation Theories introduces the new theories in the field of Translation Studies, it also

contains information about new approaches to translation. The back cover of Teorias

Contemporâneas da Tradução follows the same pattern of the Enlgish text, but includes an

important comment at the end, namely, that along with the information the author makes a

44

critical analysis of these new approaches. In the back cover of After Babel, the historical

importance of the book in the field of Translation Studies is evidenced, and investigations as

well as analyses of the phenomenon of translation are promised. In Depois de Babel the

importance of the book is also showed, and the scholars from different areas, who can profit

from this work, are listed.

Regarding RQ3, the results showed that in Translators through History the word

―translator‖ appears just once in a Material Process where ―translators‖ are represented as

Goal, being involved by the project (the project of the book). In Os Tradutores na História,

the lexical item ―tradutores‖ occurs once in a clause which has six secondary clauses, all of

them contain the lexical item ―tradutores‖ in three kinds of Processes, moreover ―tradutores‖

is always a Participant: as Actor in four Material Processes contributing, forming,

participating, importing and exporting; as Senser in one Mental Process creating alphabets;

and as Token in one Relational Process representing a role. It is important to recall that the

Portuguese back cover text is not a translation of the English. Therefore, we can observe a

difference: the English back cover advertises the book, and the Portuguese focuses on the

influence of the ―tradutor‖ upon the translation history.

Moving on to the introductions, a central issue in the English textualization is the

position and attitude of the „translator―, being the main Participant involved in Material,

Mental, Relational and Verbal Processes. The Portuguese retextualization follows the same

pattern: the ―tradutor‖ is mostly represented as a Participant. The back cover of Scandals of

Translation has three clauses in which the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖ occur. In two

of them ―translation‖ is represented as Participant in a Mental and Material Processes. The

lexical item ―translator‖ is represented as the Participant Sayer in a Verbal Process. Its

introduction, partly confirms the back cover, in the sense that more than 50% of the Processes

are Material and the words at issue are Participants and seldom Circumstances. In the

Potruguese back cover ―tradução‖ is realized as Circumstance of a Relational Process, it

45

seems that the author wants to identify the ―translation‖ he wants to deal with, and make it

clear to the reader. The introduction of Escândalos da Tradução places the lexical items

―tradução‖ and ―tradutor‖ as Participants and Circumstamces of mainly Material Processes. In

this case, the retextualization of the introduction follows the same patterns as the

textualization. The texts on the back covers of Becoming a Translator and Construindo o

Tradutor are the only ones from the analyzed books that can be considered textualization

(English) and retextualization (Portuguese). This is the reason why the Processes the words at

issue are involved in are similar. In both back covers the book/author presents

―translation/tradução‖ to the reader. However, the ―translator‖ is the Carrier in a Relational

Process having attributes, while the ―tradutor‖ is a Beneficiary in the same kind of Process. In

the back covers of Contemporary Translation Theories and of Teorias Contemporâneas da

Tradução there were no occurrences of the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖, however they

appeared as a workshop, science, theories, studies, and field. This means that the approach to

―translation‖ chosen by the author did not prioritize ―translation‖ itself, but the process it is

involved in. As it was the case in Contemporary Translation Theories, in the back covers of

After Babel and Depois de Babel all the occurrences of the word ―translation‖ were linked to

other words. The approach of the book is very historical, and it aims at telling the history of

language. This is why the words language and communication appeared more frequently than

―translation‖ or ―translator‖.

As for RQ4, in Translators through History, we can assume that the English

introduction did not fulfilled exactly what the back cover‘s text promised, this text introduces

the book, while the introduction discusses the role of the ―translator‖. However the

introduction of Os Tradutores na História states what its back cover proposed. In Scandals of

Translation the back cover introduces the author of the book and the lexical item ―translation‖

in different Processes. Its introduction develops the roles of the ―translation‖ and ―translator‖

in Material Processes. Therefore we can assume that one reinforces the ―content‖ of the other.

46

In Escândalos da Tradução the texton the back cover is concerned in identifying ―tradução‖,

whereas its introduction focuses on the role this ―tradução‖ and the ―tradutor‖ will play in the

present field of translation. In the comparison of what the back covers of Becoming a

Translator and Construindo o Tradutor portray and what the introductions actually say, we

can state that the texts on the back covers focus on the book itself, its importance and its effect

upon the reader, whereas the introductions concentrate on the processes of becoming a

translator, not only the challenges and obstacles a translator scholar will face, but also the

benefits this scholar will gain through this process. The back covers of Contemporary

Translation Theories and Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução contain the analyzed words

as modifiers such as adjectives for workshop, science, theories, studies, and field. As stated

above, the approach to translation does not prioritize translation itself, but the process it is

involved in. After the SFL analysis, we can state that the introductions confirm what the back

covers proposed, and ―translation‖ partly as a Participant being identified, and partly being

acted upon can be interpreted as a quality, or an adjective. After Babel and Depois de Babel

also have the words at issue as modifiers. These words are related to aspects, processes and

study, this means that the context in which translation is performed is rather the central issue

than ―translation‖ itself. However, after the SFL analysis of the afterword, and observing the

profile of these words on the back covers, we can perceive that one aim of the author in both

of them could be to define what ―translation‖ is in the context of communication and

language.

When reading any information on the back cover of a book, we frequently assume that

the issues discussed in it and its focus will be confirmed throughout the book. Taking the

introductions of the books at issue as a sample of the whole, I could verify that, in the one

hand, some texts on the back covers introduce its author, while their introductions discuss

what this author claims. In the other hand, some back covers present the book as its content

47

teller; they seem to personify the book, whereas their introductions do not even mention the

book itself.

Regarding the English introductions as ST and the Brazilian Portuguese as TT, not

many differences in terms of SFL were testified. However, I could perceive that the TTs were

more concerned in identifying the analyzed lexical items than the STs, which discusses these

lexical items more frequently as active agents in the clause.

5.2. Limitations of the Study

The profile of ―translator‖ in the Brazilian context of Translation Studies, based on

SFL analysis, has been traced in Brazil only by few researchers in the area. With this

monograph I intended to contribute a little with the major research interfacing Translation

Theories and Systemic Functional Linguistics. My study was often faced with some

limitations, some of them were:

Time and space constrains prevented me from analyzing the words ―translation‖ and

―translator‖ when they were part of a nominal group.

The proposed language direction precluded the inclusion of other books handling with

the same subject.

The temporal restriction of 1998 to 2009, excluded the analysis of previous books

written and translated in the same direction and within the same field.

5.3. Suggestions for further research

Systemic Functional Linguistics interfacing with Translation Studies is an explored

research field in various countries. In this sense, this interface is becoming more and more

explored in descriptive studies in the Brazilian context, as stated by Vasconcellos (2009).

Since this is an ongoing research process, some suggestions for further research can be listed

as follows:

To analyze further paratexts as critical reviews and magazine articles about the books

at issue;

To analyze the ideational profile of other words from the books at issue;

To survey translated books in the area of Translation Studies from other languages ;

To deepen the analysis not only focusing on the Ideational Profile, but also the logical

profile of the same words.

48

During the four years of my undergraduate course I have fallen in love with

translation, not only for its usefulness, but I see it as a chain of connection between

peoples and cultures. In this sense, wanting to deepen my knowledge in this area, I

focused my interest in Translation Studies, and from this interest my monograph initiated.

I hope to have achieved clarity in my explanations, and to have fulfilled my aims. May

this study serve as a source for further works, and as an inspiration for future researchers.

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Aplicada. São Paulo: Puc/SP.

Vasconcellos, M.L.,Fleuri, L., Filgueira, J. P. Transcorbi—Transitividade em Corpora Bilíngües

Paralelos: Explorando a Linguagem como "Sistema Modelador de Realidade(S)‖ em Estudos da

Tradução. In: Anais do 6º Encontro do Círculo de Estudos Lingüísticos do Sul – Celsul, 2004.

Vela, M., Hansen-Schirra, S. (2006). The use of multi-level annotation and alignment for the

translator. In: Proceedings der ASLIB Translating and the computer 28 conference. London.

Available in: http://fr46.uni-saarland.de/croco/publicationen.html

Retrived in <14 june 2007>

Venuti, L. (1998). The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. New York:

Routledge.

Williams, J. and Chesterman, A. (2002). The Map: A Beginner‘s Guide to Doing Research in

Translations Studies. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Zuniga, G. R. F. (2006). Construing the translator: a meta-reflexion grounded in corpus-based-

translation studies and systemic functional linguistics. Florianopolis: Universidade Federal de Santa

Catarina. pp. 34-35.

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: Textual information from the back cover of Translators Through History.

http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-2587.html

http://fr46.uni-saarland.de/croco/publicationen.html

50

Translators Through History

In AD 629, a Chinese monk named Xuan Zang set out for India on a quest for sacred texts. He

returned with a caravan of twenty-two horses bearing Buddhist treasures and spent the last

twenty years of his life in the ―Great Wild Goose Pagoda‖, in present-day Xi‘an, translating

the Sanskrit manuscripts into Chinese with a team of collaborators.

In the twelfth century, scholars came to Spain from all over Europe seeking knowledge that

had been transmitted from the Arab world. Their names tell the story: Adelard of Bath,

Hermann of Dalmatia, Plato of Tivoli. Among them was Robert of Chester (or Robert of

Kent), who was part of an elaborate team that translated documents on Islam and the Koran

itself.

Doña Marina, also called la Malinche, was a crucial link between Cortés and native peoples

he set out to convert and conquer in sixteenth-century Mexico. One of the conquistador‘s

―tongues‖ or interpreters, she was also the mother of his son. She has been an ambivalent

figure in the history of the new world, her own history having been rewritten in different ways

over the centuries.

James Evans, an Englishman sent to evangelize and educate the natives of western Canada

during the nineteenth century, invented a writing system in order to translate and transcribe

religious texts. Known as ―the man who made birchbark talk‖, he even succeeded in printing a

number of pamphlets, using crude type fashioned out of lead from the lining of tea chests and

ink made from a mixture of soot and sturgeon oil. A jackpress used by traders to pack furs

served as a press.

These are just some of the stories told in Translators through History, published under the

auspices of the International Federation of Translators (FIT). Over seventy people have been

involved in this project — as principal authors, contributors or translators and proofreaders.

The participants come from some twenty countries, reflecting the make-up and interests of

FIT.

Appendix 2: Textual information from the back cover of Os tradutores na história.

Os tradutores na história Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a criação de

línguas e deram forma às literaturas nacionais. Participaram também da difusão do

conhecimento e da propagação das religiões, importaram e exportaram valores culturais.

Além disso, representaram um papel determinante na evolução das sociedades e na vida

intelectual.

Appendix 3: Textual information from the back cover of Scandals of translation.

Scandals of translation Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of translation' by looking at the relationship between

translation and the practices which at once need and marginalize it. Lawrence Venuti, a

professional translator, argues that prevalent concepts of authorship degrade translation in

literary scholarship and underwrite its unfavorable definition in copyright law. Exposing

myriad abuses, Venuti provides stinging critiques of institutions such as the Modern

Language Association for its neglect of translation, as well as publishers for their questionable

treatment of translators.

Appendix 4: Textual information from the back cover of Escandalos da tradução.

51

Escandalos da tradução Como um texto que vai ser publicado num jornal, numa revista, num livro, deve ser

traduzido? Quais são os elementos culturais ocultos em qualquer tradução? Estas são algumas

questões discutidas neste livro por Lawrence Venuti - autor famoso por suas posições

polêmicas em relação ao processo da tradução.

Appendix 5: Textual information from the back cover of Becoming a translator.

Becoming a translator

Douglas Robinson presents an innovative approach to translation by integrating translation

theory and the practical skills required by the working translator. The book provides the type

of information and advice that novice translators really need; how to translate faster and more

accurately; how to deal with arising problems and stress; how the market works; includes a

wide variety of lively activities and exercises to facilitate the learning of both theory and

practice; includes a detailed Teachers Guide; and contains suggestions for discussion and

activities and hints for the teaching of translation.

Appendix 6: Textual information from the back cover of Construindo o tradutor.

Construindo o tradutor

Como traduzir com mais rapidez e maior precisão? Como lidar com os problemas que

geralmente surgem nesse processo? Como funciona o mercado de traduções? Estas são

algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson discute e responde neste livro, que integra a

tradução aos conhecimentos práticos necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais recentes

descobertas da Pedagogia, dos estudos da memória e das neurociências. Criado inicialmente

para cursos de graduação em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é útil também para

tradutores profissionais e estudiosos de tradução e línguas.

Appendix 7: Textual information from the back cover of Contemporary Translation

Studies.

Contemporary Translation Studies

From 1970 through to the beginning of the new millennium, the field of translation has

exploded with multiple new theories. "Contemporary Translation Theories" examines five

new approaches - the translation workshop, the science of translation, translation studies,

polysystem theory, and deconstruction - all of which began in the mid-1960s and continue to

be influential.

Appendix 8: Textual information from the back cover of Teorias Contemporâneas da

Tradução.


'Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução' delineia o crescimento da teoria da tradução a partir de

suas raízes tradicionais por meio da proliferação de teorias incentivadas por pesquisas em

investigações feministas, pós-estruturais e pós-coloniais. Edwin Gentzler examina cinco

abordagens - oficina de tradução, ciência da tradução, estudos da tradução, teoria dos

polissistemas e desconstrução -, as quais começaram em meados dos anos de 1960 e

continuam a ser influentes. Nesse panorama crítico, ele explora os pontos fortes e fracos de

cada método, detectando as conexões entre as diferentes escolas de pensamento.

52

Appendix 9: Textual information from the back cover of After Babel.

After Babel

Students of language, linguistics, literary theory, translation studies, comparative literature.

On its first publication in 1975, 'After Babel' quickly established itself as both controversial

and seminal. George Steiner was the first since the eighteenth century to present a systematic

investigation of the phenomenology and processes of translation both inside and between

languages. Taking issue with the principal emphasis of modern linguistics, he finds the root of

the 'Babel problem' in our deep instinct for privacy and a unique body of shared secrecy. With

this provocative thesis he analyses every aspect of translation, from fundamental conditions of

interpretation to the most intricate of linguistic constructions.

Appendix 10: Textual information from the back cover of Depois de Babel.

Depois de Babel

Pioneiro quando publicado pela primeira vez em 1975, Depois de Babel, permanece, trinta

anos depois, insuperável, constituindo-se talvez na mais importante obra de George Steiner - o

que, em se tratando de um intelectual como ele, não é dizer pouco. Manejando como em

nenhuma outra obra a erudição que marca sua produção, Steiner discute, a partir dos

problemas levantados pelo fenômeno da tradução, a linguagem humana e o fenômeno

literário. Livro que tem contribuição direta a dar não apenas aos estudiosos da tradução, mas

também aos que se interessam por literatura, linguística e filosofia, é uma das grandes obras

de nosso tempo.

53

Appendix 11: Introduction of Translators through History

This book comes at the end of a long gestation period; it is the culmination of an idea that took root in the early 1960s when the International

Federation of Translators (FIT) was only ten years old. At the Fourth World Congress of FIT held in Dubrovnik in 1963, it was unanimously agreed

that a comprehensive history of translation should be written.

One of the principal initiators of this project, Dr Gyõrgy Radó (1912-94) (Hungary), called upon historians of translation to carry out

preliminary studies and write monographs on this subject, which had previously received little attention. "We have to show the way and lay the

foundations; in other words, we must create a framework and a method that will enable us to carry out the research and ultimately write the

proposed history of translation" (Radó 1964: 15).

At the FIT Congress held three years later in Lahti, Finland, Dr Radó raised the matter once more and outlined to the delegates his concept

of how a comprehensive history of translation should be written. The reaction was enthusiastic, and the FIT Council decided to establish a

Committee for the History of Translation. The scope of the project was enormous: the proposed study was to cover no less than twenty-five

centuries, encompass every continent and deal with hundreds of languages. Studying the history of translation in this way would be tantamount to

rewriting the history of the world, the history of civilization - but from the perspective of translation (Van Hoof 1991: 7).

Given the amount of work involved, the state of research in history of translation and the limited financial and human resources of FIT, some people

were sceptical about whether so ambitious a project would ever be completed. In an articIe that appeared in Babei, Radó nevertheless presented a

detailed outline of the book as he saw it (Radó 1967: 4-8). Years went by.

Despite a steady increase in the number of publications on the subject, the vast compendium of translation history envisioned by the

translators of thirty years ago had not yet been written. Would it be possible to produce this "worldwide encyclopedia of translation", full of dates

and facts, containing all the milestones along the "glorious road which the art of translation has travelled" (Radó 1964: 15)? Even the most

enthusiastic and daring of historians would feel daunted by such an undertaking, and justifiably so. A new Committee for the History of Translation

was struck at the Twelfth World Congress of FIT in Belgrade in 1990.

Moved by the same spirit as those who initiated the original history project, the Committee developed plans for a publication that would be

more limited in scope. The goal remained the same: to enhance the translation profession throughout the world by revealing the immeasurable

contribution of translators to the intelIectual and cultural history of humanity.

To borrow the words of PierreFrançois Caillé, founding president of FIT, translators are those "Ionely soldiers" who plunge into the fray of

ideas and cultures to bear messages from one to the other, often becoming agents of profound ideological and social change (1955: 3). It was felt

that their work, their dignity, their place in the "Republic of Letters" had yet to be highlighted (Larbaud 1946: 9). Interest in the history of

translation has grown in recent years.

Since the 1980s, in particular, translation scholars have been aware of the importance of historical research and have begun to define

appropriate methods and theoretical models for the new subdiscipline. In their conference papers, scholarly articIes and books, they have addressed

54

the subject of the history of translation from a variety of perspectives, each drawing the boundaries of history in a different way and looking at the

past through different lenses. The Committee for the History of Translation set out to make a contribution to this area.

One of its first tasks was to compile as complete a list as possible of historians of translation around the world and to gather information

about their research. This groundwork led to the publication of the lnternational Directory of Historians of Translation in 1991. The Directory, of

which a second edition appeared in 1993, and a third will be issued in 1996, now lists over 140 scholars, with their addresses and areas of expertise.

This valuable tool enabled us to set up research teams, create an international network of historians and get the preparation of Translators through

History under way.

While broad-ranging and ambitious, Translators through History does not cIaim to be an exhaustive study of the history of translation.

Instead, it is a selective and thematic overview of the principal roles played by translators through the ages. Nine broad themes were chosen to

reflect the various areas in which the work of translators has been most apparent. Translators have been viewed not so much from a psychological

point of view, but rather in terms of their position in a cultural and temporal space. The result is rather like a canvas drawn with a broad brush, and

readers will undoubtedly discover significant omissions in the pages that folIow. We are well aware of the lacunae, which inevitably derive from the

approach we decided to adopt. Each of the nine themes was assigned to an international team of historians, headed by a principal author. The

participating scholars had complete freedom to ilIustrate their remarks by means of examples drawn from any period of time and any cultural or

linguistic community. Through teamwork, we have drawn on the expertise of scholars living in various parts of the world and have sought to move

beyond a Eurocentric view of translation, thereby respecting the vocation of FIT. It is undeniable that the West in general, and Europe in particular,

have been given preferential treatment, as it were, owing to the sheer number of historians in that part of the world, and to the important strides they

have made in historical research in the past twenty years.

And yet we have been fortunate enough to incIude history specialists from the major regions of the world: from Europe, the Americas, the

Middle East and - to a lesser extent - from Africa and Asia. Underlying our task as editors were two concerns: one was for our readership, which

was intended to be an international one, and the other Was for stylistic and methodological consistency.

Without compromising our standards of scholarship, we have sought to make the book readable and accessible to as wide an audience as

possible.

For this reason, we have been careful to avoid using some of the highly specialized terminology particular to the field of translation studies

or related disciplines.

In addition, explanations have been added, either in the text or in endnotes, to cIarify allusions to specific historical events or cultural

features that might not be familiar to every reader. Translators through History can be regarded as a guide to the field of translation history.

The "Further Readings" section at the end of each chapter is intended to help readers find more information on that particular topic. All the

further readings, as welI as works mentioned in parenthetical references in the body of the text, are listed in full in the bibliography at the end of the

book.

An index of proper names is also provided to make the book easier to use.

55

IlIustrations have been inserted between the chapters. They are another means of portraying the role and status of translators through history.

These iIIustrations, in our opinion, are not simply decorative. The iconography of a field is an essential element in any meaningful history of it. A

description of all illustrations is incIuded in Appendix I.

We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the translators and revisers - around twenty-five in all - who have made it possible to

publish the English and French editions of this book simultaneously. Their names are listed in Appendix 11.

It is our sincere hope that you, the reader, will take pleasure in reading this coIlective work, and that the wide range of material presented

will arouse your curiosity about the history of translation.

Jean Delisle

Judith Woodsworth

56

Appendix 12: Introduction of Os Tradutores na História

Este livro tem atrás de si um longo período de gestação. É o florescimento de uma idéia que criou raízes no princípio da década de 1960, quando a

Federação Internacional de Tradutores (FIT) tinha ,só 10 anos. No seu quarto congresso mundial (Dubrovnik, 1963), chegou-se ao acordo unânime

de que deveria ser preparada uma história compreensiva da tradução.

Um dos principais iniciadores do projeto, o dr Gyorgy Radó, da Hungria (1912-94), convocou os historiadores da tradução a desenvolver

estudos preliminares e escrever monografias sobre o tema, que até aquele momento recebera pouca atenção: "Precisamos mostrar o caminho e

firmar os alicerces; em outras palavras, precisamos criar uma estrutura e uma metodologia que nos permitam pesquisar e por fim escrever a proposta

história da tradução" (Radó, 1964, p, 15).

No congresso da FIT reunido três anos mais tarde em Lahti, na Finlândia, o dr. Radó focalizou outra vez esse tema, resumindo para os

delegados sua idéia de como poderia ser preparada uma história compreensiva da tradução. A reação foi entusiástica, e o Conselho da FIT decidiu

criar uma Comissão para a História da Tradução. O escopo do projeto era grandioso: o estudo proposto deveria cobrir não menos de 25 séculos,

abrangendo todos os continentes e centenas de línguas. Estudar a história da tradução corresponderia a reescrever a história do mundo, a história da

civilização, vista da perspectiva da tradução (Van Hoof, 1991, p 7). Dada a extensão do trabalho envolvido, a situação da pesquisa na história da

tradução e a limitação dos recursos financeiros e humanos da FIT, alguns reagiram com ceticismo à idéia de que um projeto de tal ambição pudesse

chegar a ser concluído. No entanto, em artigo publicado em Babe! (Radó, 1967, p 4-8), Radó apresentou um projeto minucioso de estrutura da obra,

conforme ele a concebia. Passaram-se os anos.

A despeito do aumento regular do número de publicações sobre o tema, o amplo compêndio sobre a história da tradução, imaginado pelos

tradutores há trinta anos, ainda não tinha sido escrito. Seria possível produzir essa "enciclopédia mundial e exaustiva da tradução", contendo todas

as datas e fatos da "gloriosa estrada percorrida pela arte da tradução" (Radó, 1964, p 15). Até mesmo o historiador mais ousado e entusiasta se

assustaria diante desse empreendimento - com boas razões. Uma nova Comissão para a História da Tradução foi criada no 12Q Congresso Mundial

da FIT, em Belgrado, em 1990.

Movida pelo mesmo espírito dos que deram o impulso inicial ao projeto original, a comissão preparou planos para uma obra que teria escopo

mais limitado. O objetivo era o mesmo: valorizar a profissão de tradutor em todo o mundo, revelando a enorme contribuição dos tradutores para a

história intelectual e cultural da humanidade.

Para repetir as palavras de Pierre-François Caillé, presidente fundador da FIT, os tradutores são esses "soldados solitários" que mergulham

na confusão das idéias e das culturas para transmitir mensagens de um lado para outro, tornando-se, muitas vezes, os agentes de profundas

mudanças sociais e ideológicas (1955, p 3). Sentia-se que o seu trabalho, a sua dignidade e o seu lugar na "república das letras" ainda precisavam ser

devidamente reconhecidos (Larbaud, 1946, p 9). Nos últimos anos cresceu o interesse pela história da tradução.

Especialmente a partir da década de 1980, os estudiosos da tradução perceberam a importância da pesquisa histórica e começaram a definir

os métodos apropriados e os modelos teóricos da sua nova subdisciplina. Nos trabalhos apresentados em conferências, em seus livros e artigos,

57

esses especialistas têm abordado o tema de uma variedade de perspectivas, desenhando as fronteiras da história de uma forma diferente e vendo o

passado de diversos pontos de vista. A Comissão para a História da Tradução se empenhou em dar uma contribuição nessa área.

Uma das suas primeiras tarefas consistiu em compilar uma lista tão completa quanto possível dos historiadores da tradução de todo o mundo,

e em procurar informar-se sobre as suas pesquisas. Esse esforço levou à publicação, em 1991, do lnternational Directory of Historians

ofTranslarion. O Directory, cuja segunda edição apareceu em 1993 e uma terceira estava programada para 1996, relaciona 140 especialistas, com o

respectivo endereço e áreas de interesse. É um instrumento valioso que nos permitiu compor grupos de pesquisa, criar uma rede internacional de

historiadores e iniciar o preparo da presente obra.

Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo exaustivo da história da tradução, mas simplesmente um

exame seletivo e temático dos principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo. Nove temas foram selecionados para refletir as

diferentes áreas nas quais o trabalho dos tradutores foi mais visível. Os tradutores foram considerados não tanto sob uma perspectiva sociológica

como em termos da sua posição no espaço cultural e temporal. O resultado é um painel pintado a traços largos, e os leitores identificarão sem dúvida

omissões importantes nas páginas que seguem. Estamos bem conscientes dessas lacunas, inevitáveis devido ao tipo de abordagem adotada. Cada um

dos nove temas foi entregue a um grupo internacional de historiadores, liderado por um autor principal. Esses historiadores tiveram completa

liberdade para ilustrar suas observações com exemplos extraídos de qualquer época e de qualquer comunidade lingüística e cultural. Mediante esse

trabalho coletivo, utilizamos a experiência de pesquisadores de várias partes do mundo, procurando afastar-nos de uma visão eurocêntrica do nosso

tema, seguindo assim a vocação da FIT. É inegável que o Ocidente, em geral, e a Europa, em particular, de certo modo receberam tratamento

preferencial, devido ao grande número de historiadores daquela parte do mundo, e aos importantes esforços que eles fizeram no campo da pesquisa

histórica, nos últimos vinte anos.

No entanto, tivemos a sorte de incluir historiadores das principais regiões do globo: da Europa, das Américas, do Oriente Médio e, em menor

número, da África e da Ásia. Subjacente à nossa tarefa como organizadores do livro havia uma dupla preocupação: a primeira, com respeito aos

nossos leitores, que pretendíamos constituíssem um público internacional; a outra, com a preservação da consistência estilística e metodológica.

Sem prejudicar nossos padrões de pesquisa, procuramos tornar o livro de fácil leitura e acessível a um público maior de leitores. Por isso,

evitamos cuidadosamente o uso da terminologia altamente especializada do campo dos estudos de tradução e disciplinas correlatas.

Além disso, ao longo do texto ou ao final de cada capítulo, acrescentamos explicações para esclarecer as alusões a eventos históricos

específicos ou a traços cultUrais que pudessem ser desconhecidos de muitos leitores. Os tradutores na história pode ser considerado um guia do

campo da história da tradução.

A seção intitulada "Leitura suplementar", ao fim de cada capítulo, se destina a ajudar os leitores a informar-se mais amplamente sobre o

assunto. Todas essas fontes, assim como os trabalhos mencionados entre parênteses ao longo do texto, aparecem relacionados na bibliografia, nas

páginas finais.

Um índice onomástico facilitará o manuseio do livro.

58

Entre os capítUlos, o leitor encontrará algumas ilustrações - outro meio de retratar o papel e o status dos tradutores ao longo da história.

Essas ilustrações não são meramente decorativas. A iconografia é um elemento essencial para histOriar de forma significativa qualquer campo. O

Apêndice I descreve todas essas ilustrações.

Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores e revisores cerca de 25 pessoas - que tornaram possível a publicação simultânea das

edições inglesa e francesa deste livro. Seus nomes estão registrados no Apêndice II.

Esperamos sinceramente que o leitor tenha prazer na leitura desta obra coletiva, e que a amplitude do material apresentado estimule sua

curiosidade sobre a história da tradução.

Jean Delisle Judith Woodsworth

59

Appendix 13: Introduction of Scandals of Translation

60

61

62

63

Appendix 14: Introduction of Escândalos da Tradução

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

Appendix 15: Introduction of Becoming a Translator

The present-day rapid development of science and technology, as well as the continuous growth of cultural, economic, and political relations

between nations, have confronted humanity with exceptional difficulties in the assimilation of useful and necessary information. No way has yet

been found to solve the problems in overcoming language barriers and of accelerated assimilation of scientific and technological achievements by

either the traditional or modern methods of teaching. A new approach to the process of teaching and learning is, therefore, required if the world is to

meet the needs of today and tomorrow.

The study of translation and the training of professional translators is without question an integral part of the explosion of both intercultural

relations and the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge; the need for a new approach to the process of teaching and learning is

certainly felt in translator and interpreter training programs around the world as well. How best to bring student translators up to speed, in the literal

sense of helping them to learn and to translate rapidly and effectively? How best to get them both to retain the linguistic and cultural knowledge and

to master the learning and translation skills they will need to be effective professionals?

At present the prevailing pedagogical assumptions in translator training programs are (a) that there is no substitute for practical experience -to learn

how to translate one must translate, translate, translate—and (b) that there is no way to accelerate that process without damaging students' ability to

detect errors in their own work. Faster is generally better in the professional world, where faster translators—provided that they continue to translate

accurately—earn more money; but it is generally not considered better in the pedagogical world, where faster learners are thought to be necessarily

careless, sloppy, or superficial.

This book is grounded in a simultaneous acceptance of assumption (a) and rejection of assumption (b). There is no substitute for practical

experience, and translator training programs should continue to provide their students with as much of it as they can. But there are ways of

accelerating that process that do not simply foster bad work habits.

The methodological shift involved is from a pedagogy that places primary emphasis on conscious analysis to a pedagogy that balances conscious

analysis with subliminal discovery and assimilation. The more consciously, analytically, rationally, logically, systematically a subject is presented to

students, and the more consciously and analytically they are expected to process the materials presented, the more slowly those materials are

internalized.

And this is often a good thing. Professional translators need to be able to slow down to examine a problematic word or phrase or syntactic

structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical awareness of the problem and its possible solutions. Slow analysis is also a

powerful source of new knowledge. Without the kinds of problems that slow the translation process down to a snail's pace, the translator would

quickly fall into a rut.

The premise of this book is, however, that in the professional world slow, painstaking, analytical learning is the exception rather than the

rule—and should be in the academic world of translator training as well. All humans learn better, faster, more effectively, more naturally, and more

enjoyably through rapid and holistic subliminal channels. Conscious, analytical learning is a useful check on more efficient learning channels; it is

not, or at least it should not be, the only or even main channel through which material is presented.

71

This book, therefore, is set up to shuttle between the two extremes of subliminal or unconscious learning, the "natural" way people learn

outside of class, and conscious, analytical learning, the "artificial" way people are traditionally taught in class. As teaching methods move away

from traditional analytical modes, learning speeds up and becomes more enjoyable and more effective; as it approaches the subliminal extreme,

students learn enormous quantities of material at up to ten times the speed of traditional methods while hardly even noticing that they're learning

anything. Because learning is unconscious, it seems they haven't learned anything; to their surprise, however, they can perform complicated tasks

much more rapidly and confidently and accurately than they ever believed possible.

Effective as these subliminal methods are, however, they are also somewhat mindless, in the sense of involving very little critical reflection,

metathinking, testing of material against experience or reason. Translators need to be able to process linguistic materials quickly and efficiently; but

they also need to be able to recognize problem areas and to slow down to solve them in complex analytical ways. The main reason for integrating

conscious with subliminal teaching methods is that learners need to be able to test and challenge the materials and patterns that they sublimate so

quickly and effectively. Translators need to be able to shuttle back and forth between rapid subliminal translating and slow, painstaking critical

analysis—which means not only that they should be trained to do both, but that their training should embody the shuttle movement between the two,

subliminal-becoming-analytical, analytical-becoming-subliminal. Translators need to be able not only to perform both subliminal speed-translating

and conscious analytical problem-solving, but also to shift from one to the other when the situation requires it (and also to recognize when the

situation does require it).

Hence the rather strange look of some of the chapters, and especially the exercises at the end of the chapters. Teachers and students

accustomed to traditional analytical pedagogies will probably shy away at first from critical perspectives and hands-on exercises designed to

develop subliminal skills. And this critical caution is a good thing: it is part of the shuttle movement from subliminal to conscious processing. The

topics for discussion that precede the exercises at the end of every chapter are in fact designed to foster just this sort of critical skepticism about the

claims made in the chapter. Students should be given a chance both to experience the power of subliminal learning and translating and to question

the nature and impact of what they are experiencing. Subliminal functioning without critical self-awareness quickly becomes mind-numbing

mechanical routine; analytical critiques without rich playful experience quickly become inert scholasticism.

The primary course for which this textbook is intended is the introduction to the theory and practice of translation. Such introductory courses

are designed to give undergraduate (and, in some cases, graduate) students an overall view of what translators do and how translation is studied. To

these ends the book is full of practical details regarding the professional activities of translators, and in chapters 6-10 it offers ways of integrating a

whole series of theoretical perspectives on translation, from psychological theories in chapter 6 through terminological theories in chapter 7,

linguistic theories in chapter 8, and social theories in chapter 9 to cultural theories in chapter 10.

In addition, however, the exercises are designed not only to teach about translation but to help students translate better as well; and the book

might also be used as supplementary material in practical translation seminars. Since the book is not written for a specific language combination, the

teacher will have to do some work to adapt the exercises to the specific language combination in which the students are working; while suggestions

are given on how this might be done, it would be impossible to anticipate the specific needs of individual students in countries around the world. If

72

this requires more active and creative input from teachers, it also allows teachers more latitude to adapt the book's exercises to their students' needs.

A teacher's guide at the end of the book provides some additional suggestions for adapting these exercises to individual classrooms.

Since most translators traditionally (myself included) were not trained for the job, and many still undergo no formal training even today, I

have also set up the book for self-study. Readers not currently enrolled in, or employed to teach in, translator training programs can benefit from the

book by reading the chapters and doing the exercises that do not require group work. Many of the exercises designed for group work can easily be

adapted for individuals. The main thing is doing the exercises and not just thinking about them. Thought experiments work only when they are truly

experiments and not just reflection upon what this or that experiment might be like.

73

Appendix 16: Introduction of Construindo o Tradutor

O desenvolvimento rápido da ciência e da tecnologia na atualidade, bem como o aumento das relações culturais, econômicas e políticas entre

as nações, fazem com que a humanidade enfrente dificuldades excepcionais na assimilação de informações úteis e necessárias.Ainda não se

descobriu um meio de resolver o problema das barreiras lingüísticas e da assimilação acelerada de realizações científicas e tecnológicas pelos

modelos didáticos, tanto tradicionais quanto modernos. Para que o mundo atenda às necessidades atuais e do futuro, portanto, é preciso criar um

novo método de ensino e aprendizagem.

Os estudos de tradução e a formação de tradutores profissionais são, sem dúvida, parte integrante da explosão das relações interculturais e da

transmissão de conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos; a necessidade de um novo método para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem também se

faz sentir nos programas de formação de tradutores e intérpretes do mundo inteiro. Qual seria a melhor maneira de acelerar, no sentido literal, o

aprendizado dos alunos de tradução para que aprendam e traduzam com rapidez e eficácia? Qual seria a melhor maneira de fazer com que

apreendam língua e cultura e dominem os conhecimentos de aprendizado e de tradução de que precisarão para se tornarem profissionais eficientes?

Atualmente, os pressupostos pedagógicos predominantes dos programas de formação de tradutores são (1) que não há substituto para a

prática para aprender a traduzir é preciso traduzir, traduzir, traduzir e (2) que não há como acelerar esse processo sem prejudicar a capacidade do

aluno de detectar erros em seu próprio trabalho. A velocidade é melhor, em geral, no mundo profissional, onde os tradutores mais velozes contanto

que continuem a traduzir com precisão ganham mais dinheiro; mas normalmente não se considera a rapidez melhor no mundo pedagógico, onde se

acredita que quem aprende mais depressa é obrigatoriamente desatento, relaxado ou superficial.

Este livro baseia-se na aceitação simultânea do pressuposto (1) e na rejeição do pressuposto (2). Não há substituto para a prática, e os programas de

formação de tradutores devem continuar a oferecer aos alunos o máximo possível em experiência. Mas há meios de acelerar esse processo que não

sejam o simples estímulo de maus hábitos de trabalho.

A mudança metodológica parte de uma pedagogia cuja ênfase principal está na análise consciente rumo a uma pedagogia que equilibre a

análise consciente com a descoberta e a assimilação subliminares. Quanto mais consciente, analítica, racional, lógica e sistemática for a

apresentação do assunto aos alunos, e quanto mais consciente e analiticamente se esperar que processem o material apresentado, mais lenta é a

assimilação desse material.

E isso é sempre bom‘. Os tradutores profissionais precisam ser capazes de reduzir a marcha para examinar minuciosamente uma palavra,

frase, ou estrutura sintática problemática ou um pressuposto cultural, com plena consciência analítica do problema e de suas possíveis soluções. A

análise lenta também é uma potente fonte de novos conhecimentos. Sem os problemas que levam a passo de lesma o processo tradutório, o tradutor

rapidamente cairia na rotina.

A premissa deste livro, porém, é que no mundo profissional o aprendizado lento, minucioso e analítico é a exceção, e não a regra – e devia

estar no mundo acadêmico da formação do tradutor também. ‗todos os seres humanos aprendem melhor, mais depressa, com maior eficiência, mais

naturalidade e mais prazer por meio de canais subliminares rápidos e holísticos. O aprendizado consciente e analítico é um controle útil dos canais

mais eficientes de aprendizado; não é, ou pelo menos não devia ser, o único canal ou, pelo menos o principal, pelo qual se apresentam as matérias.

74

Este livro, portanto, foi configurado como ponte entre os dois extremos do aprendizado subliminar ou inconsciente, o modo ―natural‖ como

as pessoas aprendem fora da sala de aula, e o aprendizado analítico e consciente, o modo ―artificial‖ que normalmente se emprega em sala de aula.

Quando os métodos didáticos se afastam das modalidades analíticas tradicionais, cresce a velocidade do aprendizado, que se torna mais agradável e

mais eficiente; quando se aproxima do extremo subliminar, os alunos apreendem quantidades imensas de dados até dez vezes mais depressa do que

nos métodos tradicionais, praticamente sem reparar que estão aprendendo. Já que o aprendizado é inconsciente, parece que não aprenderam nada;

surpreendem-se, porém, realizando tarefas complicadas com muito mais rapidez, confiança e precisão do que acreditavam ser possível.

Por mais eficientes que esses métodos subliminares sejam, no entanto, também são um tanto irracionais, no sentido em que envolvem muito

pouca reflexão crítica, meta-raciocínio, comparação do material com a experiência ou a razão. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a processar

materiais lingüísticos com rapidez e eficiência; mas também precisam estar aptos a reconhecer áreas problemáticas e a reduzir a velocidade para

resolvê-los de maneira complexa e analítica. O principal motivo da integração dos métodos conscientes com os subliminares é que os educandos

precisam estar capacitados a testar e refutar o material e os modelos que assimilarem por sublimação com a mesma rapidez e eficiência. Os

tradutores precisam da capacidade de transitar entre a tradução subliminar rápida e a análise crítica lenta e minuciosa o que significa que, além de se

prepararem para fazer as duas coisas, sua formação deve incluir o movimento de ligação entre as duas, de subliminar para analítica, de analítica para

subliminar. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a realizar a tradução veloz subliminar e a resolução de problemas consciente e analítica, mas também

precisam da capacidade de passar de um método para outro quando a situação o exigir (e também reconhecer quando a situação o exige).

É conseqüência disso a esquisitice de alguns capítulos e, principalmente, dos exercícios ao final dos capítulos. Professores e alunos

acostumados com as pedagogias analíticas tradicionais talvez se sintam intimidados a princípio com as perspectivas críticas e os exercícios práticos

criados, para desenvolver a capacidade subliminar. E essa cautela crítica é boa: faz parte do movimento de ida e volta entre processamento

subliminar e consciente. Os tópicos para discussão que precedem os exercícios ao fim de cada capítulo foram, de fato, elaborados para incentivar

exatamente esse tipo de ceticismo crítico com relação às afirmações feitas no capítulo. Deve-se dar aos alunos a oportunidade de experimentar o

poder do aprendizado subliminar, de traduzir e de questionar a natureza e o impacto do que estiverem experimentando. O funcionamento subliminar

sem conscientização crítica rapidamente se transforma numa rotina mecânica entorpecente; as críticas analíticas sem experiências ricas e divertidas

logo se transformam em eruditismo inerte.

O principal curso ao qual este livro se destina é o de introdução à teoria e à prática da tradução. Tais cursos introdutórios destinam-se a

oferecer ao aluno de graduação (e, em alguns casos, pós-graduação) um panorama geral daquilo que os tradutores fazem e de como se estuda

tradução. Para isso, o livro está repleto de detalhes relativos às atividades profissionais de tradutores e, nos Capítulos de 6 a 10, oferece meios de

integrar uma série de perspectivas teóricas da tradução, das teorias psicológicas do Capítulo 6 às teorias terminológicas do Capítulo 7, das teorias

lingüísticas do Capítulo 8 e das teorias sociais do Capítulo 9 às teorias culturais do Capítulo 10.

Além disso, porém, os exercícios não foram elaborados somente para ensinar a respeito da tradução, mas também para ajudar os alunos a

traduzir melhore também se pode utilizar o livro como material complementar em seminários de prática de tradução. Já que o livro não foi escrito

para uma combinação específica de línguas, o professor deverá tratar de adaptar os exercícios à combinação de línguas na qual os alunos estiverem

trabalhando; embora haja sugestões com relação a como fazê-lo, seria impossível prever as necessidades específicas dos alunos de todos os países

75

do mundo. Embora exija mais contribuições ativas e criativas dos professores, também lhes oferece maior flexibilidade para adaptar os exercícios

do livro às necessidades dos alunos. No fim do livro ha um manual do professor que oferece mais algumas sugestões para a adaptação desses

exercícios às salas de aula.

Já que a maioria dos tradutores não teve formação específica para o ofício (eu, inclusive), e muitos ainda hoje não passam por preparação

formal, também elaborei o livro para autodidatas. Os leitores que não estejam matriculados, ou contratados para lecionar, em cursos de formação de

tradutores podem tirar proveito do livro lendo os capítulos e fazendo os exercícios que não requeiram trabalho em equipe. Muitos dos exercícios

criados para equipe podem ser facilmente adaptados para trabalho individual. O mais importante é fazer os exercícios, em vez de apenas pensar

neles. As experiências racionais só funcionam quando são verdadeiras experiências, e não apenas reflexões sobre o que esse ou aquele experimento

poderia ser.

76

Appendix 17: Introduction of Contemporary Translation Theories

77

78

79

Appendix 18: Introdiction of Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução

80

81

82

Appendix 19: Afterword of After Babel

83

84

85

Appendix 20: Afterword of Depois de Babel

86

87

Appendix 21: Table of contextual information about Translators through History and

Tradutores na História

Contextual information of

the source text


the target text

Genre Book Book

Language English Portuguese

Author / Translator Jean Delisle, Judith

Woodsworth

Sérgio Bath

Title Translators through History Os Tradutores na História

Number of pages 346 359

Publishing year 1995 2003

Publisher John Benjamins Atica

Place of publishing Montreal São Paulo

Appendix 22: Table of contextual information about Scandals of Translation and

Escândalos da Tradução


the source text


the target text

Genre Book Book


Author / Translator Lawrence Venuti Laureano Pelegrim. Lucinéia

M. Vilela, Marileide D.

Esqueda, Valéria Biondo

Title Scandals of Translation Escandalos da Tradução



Publisher Taylor Print on Dema EDUSC

Place of publishing New York São Paulo

Appendix 23: Table of contextual information about Becoming a Translator and

Construindo o Tradutor


the source text


the target text

Genre Book Book


Author / Translator Douglas Robinson Jussara Simões

Title Becoming a Translator Construindo o Tradutor


Publishing year 1998 (2° Ed.) 2002

Publisher Routledge (Taylor &

Francis)

EDUSC

Place of publishing New York São Paulo

Appendix 24: Table of contextual information about Contemporary Translation Theories

and Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução

Contextual information of Contextual information of

89

the source text the target text

Genre Book Book


Author / Translator Edwin Gentzler Marcos Malvezzi

Title Contemporary Translation

Theories

Teorias Contemporâneas da

Tradução



Publisher Multilingual Matters Ltd. Madras

Place of publishing London Rio de Janeiro

Appendix 25: Table of contextual information about After Babel and Depois de Babel


the source text


the target text

Genre Book Book


Author / Translator George Steiner Carlos Alberto Faraco

Title After Babel Depois de Babel


Publishing year 1998 (3° Ed.) 2005

Publisher Oxford UK Editora UFPR

Place of publishing Oxford Curitiba

Appendix 26: Translators through History’s covers– English and Portuguese

Translators Through History

In AD 629, a Chinese monk named Xuan

Zang set out for India on a quest for sacred

texts. He returned with a caravan of twenty-

two horses bearing Buddhist treasures and

spent the last twenty years of his life in the

―Great Wild Goose Pagoda‖, in present-day

Xi‘an, translating the Sanskrit manuscripts

into Chinese with a team of collaborators.

In the twelfth century, scholars came to

Spain from all over Europe seeking

knowledge that had been transmitted from

the Arab world. Their names tell the story:

Adelard of Bath, Hermann of Dalmatia, Plato

of Tivoli. Among them was Robert of

Os tradutores na história Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores

inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a

criação de línguas e deram forma às

literaturas nacionais. Participaram também

da difusão do conhecimento e da propagação

das religiões, importaram e exportaram

valores culturais. Além disso, representaram

um papel determinante na evolução das

sociedades e na vida intelectual.

90

Chester (or Robert of Kent), who was part of

an elaborate team that translated documents

on Islam and the Koran itself.

Doña Marina, also called la Malinche, was a

crucial link between Cortés and native

peoples he set out to convert and conquer in

sixteenth-century Mexico. One of the

conquistador‘s ―tongues‖ or interpreters, she

was also the mother of his son. She has been

an ambivalent figure in the history of the new

world, her own history having been rewritten

in different ways over the centuries.

James Evans, an Englishman sent to

evangelize and educate the natives of western

Canada during the nineteenth century,

invented a writing system in order to

translate and transcribe religious texts.

Known as ―the man who made birchbark

talk‖, he even succeeded in printing a

number of pamphlets, using crude type

fashioned out of lead from the lining of tea

chests and ink made from a mixture of soot

and sturgeon oil. A jackpress used by traders

to pack furs served as a press.

These are just some of the stories told in

Translators through History, published under

the auspices of the International Federation

of Translators (FIT). Over seventy people

have been involved in this project — as

principal authors, contributors or translators

and proofreaders. The participants come

from some twenty countries, reflecting the

make-up and interests of FIT.

Appendix 27: Scandals of Translation’s covers– English and Portuguese

Scandals of translation Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of

translation' by looking at the relationship

between translation and the practices which

Escandalos da tradução Como um texto que vai ser publicado num

jornal, numa revista, num livro, deve ser

traduzido? Quais são os elementos culturais

91

at once need and marginalize it. Lawrence

Venuti, a professional translator, argues that

prevalent concepts of authorship degrade

translation in literary scholarchip and

underwrite its unfavorable definition in

copyright law. Exposing myriad abuses,

Venuti provides stinging critiques of

institutions such as the Modern Language

Association for its neglect of translation, as

well as publishers for their questionable

treatment of translators.

ocultos em qualquer tradução? Estas são

algumas questões discutidas neste livro por

Lawrence Venuti - autor famoso por suas

posições polêmicas em relação ao processo

da tradução.

Appendix 28: Becoming a Translator’s covers – English and Portuguese

Becoming a translator

Douglas Robinson presents an innovative

approach to translation by integrating

translation theory and the practical skills

required by the working translator. The book

provides the type of information and advice

that novice translators really need; how to

translate faster and more accurately; how to

deal with arising problems and stress; how

the market works; includes a wide variety of

lively activities and exercises to facilitate the

learning of both theory and practice; includes

a detailed Teachers Guide; and contains

suggestions for discussion and activities and

hints for the teaching of translation.

Construindo o tradutor

Como traduzir com mais rapidez e maior

precisão? Como lidar com os problemas que

geralmente surgem nesse processo? Como

funciona o mercado de traduções? Estas são

algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson

discute e responde neste livro, que integra a

tradução aos conhecimentos práticos

necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais

recentes descobertas da Pedagogia, dos

estudos da memória e das neurociências.

Criado inicialmente para cursos de graduação

em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é

útil também para tradutores profissionais e

estudiosos de tradução e línguas.

Appendix 29: Contemporary Translation Theories’ covers– English and Portuguese

Contemporary Translation Theories


92

From 1970 through to the beginning of the

new millennium, the field of translation has

exploded with multiple new theories.

"Contemporary Translation Theories"

examines five new approaches - the

translation workshop, the science of

translation, translation studies, polysystem

theory, and deconstruction - all of which

began in the mid-1960s and continue to be

influential.

'Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução'

delineia o crescimento da teoria da tradução

a partir de suas raízes tradicionais por meio

da proliferação de teorias incentivadas por

pesquisas em investigações feministas, pós-

estruturais e pós-coloniais. Edwin Gentzler

examina cinco abordagens - oficina de

tradução, ciência da tradução, estudos da

tradução, teoria dos polissistemas e

desconstrução -, as quais começaram em

meados dos anos de 1960 e continuam a ser

influentes. Nesse panorama crítico, ele

explora os pontos fortes e fracos de cada

método, detectando as conexões entre as

diferentes escolas de pensamento.

Appendix 30: After Babel’s covers– English and Portuguese

After Babel

Students of language, linguistics, literary

theory, translation studies, comparative

literature. On its first publication in 1975,

'After Babel' quickly established itself as

both controversial and seminal. George

Steiner was the first since the eighteenth

century to present a systematic investigation

of the phenomenology and processes of

translation both inside and between

languages. Taking issue with the principal

emphasis of modern linguistics, he finds the

root of the 'Babel problem' in our deep

instinct for privacy and a unique body of

shared secrecy. With this provocative thesis

he analyses every aspect of translation, from

fundamental conditions of interpretation to

the most intricate of linguistic constructions.

Depois de Babel

Pioneiro quando publicado pela primeira vez

em 1975, Depois de Babel, permanece, trinta

anos depois, insuperável, constituindo-se

talvez na mais importante obra de George

Steiner - o que, em se tratando de um

intelectual como ele, não é dizer pouco.

Manejando como em nenhuma outra obra a

erudição que marca sua produção, Steiner

discute, a partir dos problemas levantados

pelo fenômeno da tradução, a linguagem

humana e o fenômeno literário. Livro que

tem contribuição direta a dar não apenas aos

estudiosos da tradução, mas também aos que

se interessam por literatura, linguística e

filosofia, é uma das grandes obras de nosso

tempo. (UFPR)

Appendix 31: Translators Through History – Back cover’s analysis

1. Over seventy people have been involved in this project — as principal authors, contributors

or translators and proofreaders.

93

Over seventy people

— as principal

authors, contributors

or translators and

proofreaders.

have been involved by Ø in this project

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirLocation>

Appendix 32: Translators Through History – Introduction’s analysis

1. Despite a steady increase in the number of publications on the subject, the vast

compendium of translation history envisioned by the translators of thirty years ago had not

yet been written.

…the vast

compendium of

translation history

envisioned by the translators

of…

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>

2. To borrow the words of PierreFrançois Caillé, founding president of FIT, translators are

those "Ionely soldiers"…

…translators are those "Ionely soldiers"…

<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>

3. …who plunge into the fray of ideas and cultures to bear messages from one to the other,

often becoming agents of profound ideological and social change (1955: 3).

…who (translators) plunge into the fray of ideas …

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

…Ø (they) becoming agents of…

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>

4. This valuable tool enabled us to set up research teams, create an international network of

historians and get the preparation of Translators through History under way.

This valuable tool enabled us to get the

preparation of

Translators

through

History under

way.

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

5. While broad-ranging and ambitious, Translators through History does not claim to be an

exhaustive study of the history of translation.

Translators through History does not claim to be an exhaustive study…

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParProjectedClause>

94

6. Instead, it is a selective and thematic overview of the principal roles played by translators

through the ages.

…the principal roles played by translators through the ages.

<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken> <CirSpacial>

7. Translators have been viewed not so much from a psychological point of view, but rather in

terms of their position in a cultural and temporal space.

Translators have been viewed… (by Ø) …from a

psychological

point of view,

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirLocation>

8. Translators through History can be regarded as a guide to the field of translation history.

Translators through

History

can be regarded (by Ø) as a guide to…

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirRole>

9. We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the translators and revisers - around

twenty-five in all-…

We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the

translators…

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage> <ParReceiver>

10. …- who have made it possible to publish the English and French editions of this book

simultaneously.

…who (translators) have made it possible to

publish

the English and French …


Appendix 33: Os tradutores na história – Back cover’s analysis

1. Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a criação de

línguas e deram forma às literaturas nacionais.

Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram

alfabetos,

<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomeon>

Ø contribuíram para a criação de

línguas

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>

Ø deram forma às literaturas

95

nacionais.


Ø participaram da difusão do...


Ø importaram e

exportaram

valores culturais.


Ø representaram um papel

determinante...


Appendix 34: Os tradutores na história – Introduction’s analysis

1. A despeito do aumento regular do número de publicações sobre o tema, o amplo

compêndio sobre a história da tradução, imaginado pelos tradutores há trinta anos, ainda

não tinha sido escrito.

…o amplo

compêndio sobre a

história da tradução,

imaginado pelos tradutores…


2. Para repetir as palavras de Pierre-François Caillé, presidente fundador da FIT, os

tradutores são esses "soldados solitários"...

…os tradutores são esses "soldados solitários"...


3. ... que mergulham na confusão das idéias e das culturas para transmitir mensagens de um

lado para outro, tornando-se, muitas vezes, os agentes de profundas mudanças sociais e

ideológicas (1955, p 3).

…que (tradutores) mergulham na confusão das idéias ...


…tornando -se os agentes de profundas...

<ProRelational> <ParToken> <ParValue>

4. Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo

exaustivo da história da tradução, mas simplesmente um exame seletivo e temático dos

principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.

…principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.


96

5. Os tradutores foram considerados não tanto sob uma perspectiva sociológica como em

termos da sua posição no espaço cultural e temporal.

Os tradutores foram considerados (por Ø) ... sob uma

perspectiva

sociológica ...

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirLocation>

6. Os tradutores na história pode ser considerado um guia do campo da história da tradução.

Os tradutores na

história

pode ser considerado (por Ø) um guia do campo

da …

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirRole>

7. Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo exaustivo da

história da tradução, mas simplesmente um exame seletivo e temático dos principais papéis exercidos

pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.

…dos principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.


8. Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores e revisores cerca de 25 pessoas -...

Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores...

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage> <ParReceiver>

9. ... - que tornaram possível a publicação simultânea das edições inglesa e francesa deste

livro.

… que (tradutores) tornaram possível a

publicação

das edições inglesa e

francesa…


Appendix 35: Scandals of translation – Back cover’s analysis

1. Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of translation' by looking at the relationship

between translation and the practices which at once need and marginalize it.

Lawrence Venuti

exposes

the 'scandals of translation' by

looking at the relationship

between

translation and…

<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>

2. Lawrence Venuti, a professional translator, argues that prevalent concepts of authorship

degrade translation in literary scholarship and underwrite its unfavorable definition in

copyright law.

Lawrence

Venuti, a

argues that…

97

professional

translator,

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>

…prevalent concepts of

authorship

degrade translation in literary

scholarship and…


Appendix 36: Scandals of translation – Introduction’s analysis

1. They are revealed when one asks why translation today remains in the margins of research,

commentary, and debate, especially in English.

…translation… remains in the margins of research,

<ParActor> <ProBehavioural> <CirLocation>

2. Translation is stigmatized as a form of writing, discouraged by copyright law, depreciated

by the academy, exploited by publishers and corporations, governments and religious

organizations.

Translation is stigmatized …

(by Ø) as a form of

writing

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirRole>

Ø (translation) discouraged

by copyright law

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>

Ø (translation) depreciated

by the academy


Ø (translation) exploited by publishers…


3. Translation is treated so disadvantageously, I want to suggest, partly because it occasions

revelations that question the authority of dominant cultural values and institutions.

Translation is treated (by Ø) so

disadvantageously,

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirManner>

4. And like every challenge to established reputations, it provokes their efforts at damage

control, their various policing functions, all designed to shore up the questioned values and

institutions by mystifying their uses of translation.

…it provokes their efforts


98

5. My project is, first, to expose these scandals by enquiring into the relationships between

translation and a range of categories and practices that contribute to its current marginal

status.

My project is to expose by enquiring

into

the

relationships

between

translation

and a range

of …


<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParGoal>

6. Research thus becomes scientistific, claiming to be objective or value-free, ignoring the

fact that translation, like any cultural practice, entails the creative reproduction of values.

…translation, entails the creative

reproduction

of values.

<ParActor> <CirMaterial> <ParGoal>

7. These lines of research are not only limited in their explanatory power, but directed

primarily to other academic specialists in linguistics, instead of translators or readers of

translations or even specialists in other humanistic disciplines.

These lines

of research…

are directed… (by Ø) to other academic…instead

of translators or…

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParBeneficiary>

8. In the end translation suffers from an institutional isolation, divorced from the

contemporary cultural developments and debates that invest it with significance.

…translation suffers an

institutional

isolation,


9. By far the greatest hindrances to translation, however, exist outside the discipline itself.

… the greatest

hindrances to

translation,

exist outside the

discipline

itself.

<ParExistent> <ProExistential> <CirLocation>

10. Translation is degraded by prevalent concepts of authorship, especially in literature and

in literary scholarship, and these concepts underwrite its unfavorable definition in copyright

law, not only the codes of specific national jurisdictions, but the major international treaties.

Translation is degraded by prevalent

concepts


99

11. Translation lies deeply repressed in the cultural identities that are constructed by

academic, religious, and political institutions;

Translation lies deeply

repressed

in the cultural

identities

<ParBehaver> <ProBehavioural> <CirManner> <CirLocation>

12. Translation figures hugely in the corporate world, in the international publishing of

bestsellers and the unequal patterns of cross-cultural commerce between the hegemonic

Northern and Western countries and their others in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Translation figures in the

corporate

world,

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>

13. Translation powers the global cultural economy, enabling transnational corporations to

dominate the print and electronic media in the so-called developing countries by capitalizing

on the marketability of translations from the major languages, preeminently English.

Translation powers the global

cultural

economy,

enabling transnational

corporations

to

dominate

the print…


<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>

14. Translation embarrasses the institutions that house these categories and practices

because it calls attention to their questionable conditions and effects, the contradictions and

exclusions that make them possible – and discredit them.

Translation embarrasses the institutions


15. The English translation is extraordinary for its ideological slanting against pre-

Columbian Mexicans, whose oral culture is represented as inferior, especially as a repository

of the past.

The English

translation

is extraordinary…


16. In the following sentence, the translation has edited the Spanish, diminishing the

indigenous culture by simplifying the syntax and deleting another key term, ―mitos‖.

the

translation

has edited the Spanish,


the

translation

diminishing the

indigenous

by

simplifying

100

has edited

the Spanish,

culture the syntax…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner>

17. As Mason observed, we do not need to attribute a deliberate intention to the translator in

order to perceive the skewed representation in the translation.

…we do not need to

attribute

a deliberate

intention

to the

translator…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <ParBeneficiary>

18. The ideological slanting against the indigenous population is inscribed in specific

discursive choices which work both to create a subordinate identity and to make it seem

natural or obvious – as it must have seemed to the translator and the magazine editors.

…it must have

seemed

to the

translator


19. Despite the magnitude of this particular example, the exposures that translation enables

here will seek to avoid the sensationalism inherent in any simple muckraking.

…the exposures

that

translation enables here…

<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>

20. I want instead to initiate a productive rethinking of the questioned values and institutions,

although through their anxious relationships with translation.

I want to initiate a productive

rethinking

although through their anxious

relationships with translation.


21. I want to explore the ways in which translation redefines authorship in literature and in

law, creates identities receptive to cultural difference, requires different approaches to

teaching literature to doing philosophy, and recommends new policies for publishers and

corporations.

…translation redefines authorship…


22. In the process translation will be conceived anew on the basis of detailed case studies,

resulting in a set of theoretical concepts that carry practical consequences.

…translation will be conceived anew (by Ø) on the basis

of…

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParActor> <CirLocation>

23. Translations are produced for many reasons, literary and commercial, pedagogical and

technical, propagandistic and diplomatic.

101

Translations are produced (by Ø) for many

reasons,

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirCause>

24. Yet no translator or institutional initiator of a translation can hope to control or even be

aware of every condition of its production.

… no translator can hope to

control

every

condition


… no translator can hope to

be aware of

every condition


25. Nonetheless, it is these conditions and consequences that offer the most compelling

reasons for discriminating among the stakes involved in translating and reading translations.

… the stakes

involved in

translating

and…

translations.


… the stakes

involved in

reading translations.


26. They move between several different languages, cultures, periods, disciplines, and

institutions in an effort to describe and evaluate the social effects of translated texts, to

expand the possibilities for translation projects, to establish translation more firmly as an

area of research in the academy, and to win for translators greater cultural authority and a

more favorable legal status, especially in the US and UK.

They move

between several

different

languages,

to establish translation more firmly as an area…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner> <CirRole>

They move

between several

different

languages,

to win for translators greater

cultural

authority

and…


27. The authority I wish to achieve for translators and translations isn’t a mere

aggrandizement.

The authority I wish to achieve for translators

and

translations…

<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>

102

28. The only authority that translation can expect depends on its remaining derivative,

distinguishable from the original compositions that it tries to communicate, and collective,

remaining open to the other agents who influence it, especially domestic readerships.

The only authority

that

translation can expect… depends on its remaining

derivative,

<ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser> <ProMental>


29. Hence, the only prestige that a translator can gain comes from practicing translation, not

as a form of personal expression, but as collaboration between divergent groups, motivated

by an acknowledgement of the linguistic and cultural differences that translation necessarily

rewrites and reorders.

…the only

prestige that

a translator can gain…

<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>

the only

prestige that

a translator can gain comes from

practicing

translation


an

acknowledgement

of the linguistic

and cultural

differences that

translation rewrites and

reorders.


30. Translators are complicit in the institutional exploitation of foreign texts and cultures.

Translators are complicit…


31. But there have also been translators who acted just as dubiously on their own, not in the

employ of any bureaucracy.

…translators

who

acted dubiously on

their own…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner>

32. Between 1967 and 1972, the American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni worked

closely with the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, publishing several English-language

volumes of Borge’s fiction and poetry, acting as his literary agent, helping him gain the

canonical status he enjoys today.

…the American

translator

worked closely with the

Argentine writer

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParBeneficiary>

103

…the American

translator

worked closely

with the

Argentine writer

publishing several

English-

language…


…the American

translator

worked closely

with the

Argentine writer

acting as his literary

agent,


…the American

translator

worked closely

with the

Argentine writer

helping him

gain the

canonical

status he

enjoys today.


33. But he was himself enforcing a discursive regime that sought to repress the literary

peculiarities of Borge’s innovative writing, practicing and anti-intellectualism in the

translation of a most intellectual writer.

But he was

himself

enforcing a discursive

regime …


But he was

himself

practicing an anti-

intellectualism

in the

translation…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>

34. Authors have in turn exploited translators, but few have publicly denounced the

translations of their writing.

Authors have exploited translators,


few have denounced the

translations…


35. …the second in 1982 was ―unacceptable‖ because he judged it ―not my text‖, a

―translation-adaptation‖.

(…he) judged it a ―translation-

adaptation‖.

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParBeneficiary> <ParVerbiage>

104

36. Kundera is rightly suspicious of domesticating translations that assimilate foreign

literary texts too forcefully to dominant values at home, erasing the sense of foreignness that

was likely to have invited translation in the first place.

Kundera is suspicious of domesticating

translations


…the sense of

foreignness that

was likely

to have invited translation…


37. Yet how can any foreignness be registered in a translation except trough another

language?

…any

foreignness

be registered in a translation…

<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken>

38. He assumes that the meaning of the foreign text can avoid change in translation, that the

foreign writer’s intention can travel unadulterated across a linguistic and cultural divide.

the meaning of

the foreign text

can avoid change in translation


39. A translation always communicates an interpretation, a foreign text that is partial and

altered, supplemented with features peculiar to the translating language, no longer

inscrutably foreign but made comprehensible in a distinctively domestic style.

A translation

always

communicates an interpretation,


40. Translations, in other words, inevitably perform a work of domestication.

Translations, perform a work of

domestication.


41. Kundera, in effect, wishes to control the interpretations put forward by French and

English translators.

Kundera wishes to control the interpretations put forward by

French and English translators.


42. That a translation was well received in French or English, important for achieving an

international readership for the author, doesn’t matter to Kundera (whose own writing has

acquired considerable cultural and economic capital through translations).

105

That a

translation

was well received in French or

English,

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirLocation>

whose own

writing

has acquired considerable

cultural and

economic capital

through

translations

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirMeans>

43. He wishes only to evaluate the relationship between the translation and the foreign text as

if his access to the latter were direct and unmediated.

He wishes to evaluate the relationship

between the

translation and the

foreign text


44. But a translation can’t give what a foreign writer would want if he were alive and writing

in the translating language and culture.

a translation can’t give what a foreign

writer…


45. Kundera doesn’t want to recognize the linguistic and cultural differences that a

translation must negotiate;

… the linguistic

and cultural

differences

that a translation must negotiate;


46. Thus, he produced a third English version of his novel The Joke, which he cobbled

together not just from his own English and French renderings, but also from the many ―fine

solutions‖ and the ―great many faithful renderings and good formulations‖ in the previous

translations.

he produced third English

version

from the many

―fine

solutions‖…in the

previous

translations.


47. Whether the translators consented to Kundera’s handling of their work remains unclear;

the translators consented to Kundera’s

handling…


106

48. When the author is the translator, apparently, he is not above the domestications that he

attacked in the previous English versions.

the author is the translator,


49. Translation clearly raises ethical questions that have yet to be sorted out.

Translation raises ethical

questions…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirRange>

50. The mere identification of a translation scandal is an act of judgment: here it presupposes

an ethics that recognizes and seeks to remedy the asymmetries in translating, a theory of good

and bad methods for practicing and studying translation.

a theory of good

and bad methods

for Ø practicing translation.

<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

a theory of good

and bad methods

for Ø studying translation.

<CirMeans> <ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>

51. And the ethics at issue must be theorized as contingent, an ideal grounded in the specific

cultural situations in which foreign texts are chosen and translated or in which translations

and the act of translating are made the objects of research.

…translations

and the act of

translating

are made the objects of

research.


52. I articulate these ethical responsibilities first in terms of my own work, beginning with a

discussion of the choices I confront as an American translator of literary texts.

…with a

discussion of the

choices

I…as an American

translator of literary

texts

confront

<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>

53. The ethical stance I advocate urges that translations be written, read, and evaluated with

greater respect for linguistic and cultural differences.

The ethical

stance I advocate

urges that translations be

written,

<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParProjectedClause>

54. Insofar as translation involves an intercultural collaboration, my aim extends to the

global reach of my topic: to address translators and users of translations throughout the

107

world, but with an attentiveness to their different locations that influences the terms of

address.

translation involves an intercultural

collaboration,

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirRange>

Ø I address translators and

users of

translations…

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParReceiver>

55. For translation looms large among the cultural practices that at once join and separate

us.

translation looms large…


Appendix 37: Escandalos da tradução – Back cover’s analysis

1. Quais são os elementos culturais ocultos em qualquer tradução?

Quais são os elementos

culturais

ocultos

em qualquer

tradução?

<ProRelational> <ParCarrier> <Cir Location>

Appendix 38: Escandalos da tradução – Introduction’s analysis

1. São revelados quando se pergunta por que a tradução permanece hoje às margens da

pesquisa, dos comentários e dos debates, especialmente em inglês.

…a tradução … permanece às margens da pesquisa,


2. A tradução é estigmatizada como uma forma de escrita, desencorajada pela lei dos direitos

autorais, depreciada pela academia, explorada pelas editoras e empresas, organizações

governamentais e religiosas.

A tradução é estigmatizada (por Ø) como uma forma

de escrita,

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirRole>

Ø tradução é desencorajada pela lei dos direitos autorais,


Ø tradução é depreciada pela academia,


108

Ø tradução é explorada pelas editoras...


3. Quero sugerir que a tradução é tratada de forma tão desvantajosa em parte porque

propicia revelações que questionam a autoridade de valores culturais e instituições

dominantes.

...a tradução é tratada (por Ø) de forma tão

desvantajosa...


4. E como todo desafios às reputações estabelecidas, ela provoca seus esforços para

controlar danos, suas diversas funções policiais, todas com o objetivo de escorar os valores e

as instituições questionados, mistificando os usos que fazem da tradução.

…ela (tradução) provoca seus esforços


5. Meu projeto é, em primeiro lugar, expor esses escândalos ao averiguar as relações entre a

tradução e uma gama de categorias e práticas que contribuem para seu status marginal

atual.

Meu projeto é, expor esses

escândalos

ao averiguar

as relações

entre a

tradução e

uma gama

de...



6. Pelo fato de tais abordagens promoverem modelos científicos de pesquisa, elas relutam em

levar em consideração os valores sociais envolvidos na tradução bem como em deu estudo.

...tais abordagens relutam em levar em

consideração

os valores sociais

envolvidos na

tradução...


7.Dessa maneira, a pesquisa torna-se científica, reinvindicando ser objetiva ou livre de valor,

ignorando o fato de que a tradução, como qualquer prática cultural, acarreta a reprodução

criativa de valores.

...a tradução acarreta a

reprodução

criativa de

valores.


109

8. Essas linhas de pesquisa não são somente limitadas em seu poder explanatório, mas

direcionadas, principalmente, a outros especialistas acadêmicos em linguistica, em vez de se

dirigirem a tradutores ou leitores de traduções ou mesmo a especialistas em outras

disciplinas da área de humanas.

Essas linhas

de pesquisa...

são

direcionadas,

(por Ø) a outros...

a tradutores

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParBeneficiary>

9. Finalmente, a tradução sofre de um isolamento institucional, divorciada dos

desenvolvimentos culturais contemporâneos e dos debates que a revestem de significado.

a tradução sofre de um

isolamento

institucional,


10. De longe, os maiores obstáculos à tradução, entretanto, encontram-se fora da própria

disciplina.

os maiores

obstáculos à

tradução,

encontram-se fora da

própria

disciplina.

<ParExistent> <ProExistential> <CirLocation>

11. A tradução é degradada pelos conceitos dominantes de autoria, especialmente em

literatura e na discussão literária acadêmica, e esses conceitos reforçam sua definição

desfavorável na lei sobre os direitos autorais, não somente nos códigos de jurisdições

nacionais específicas, mas nos principais tratados internacionais.

A tradução é degradada pelos

conceitos...


12. A tradução encontra-se profundamente reprimida nas identidades culturais que são

construídas pelas instituições acadêmicas, religiosas e poliíticas;

A tradução encontra-se profundamente

reprimida

nas

identidades

culturais

<ParBehaver> <ProBehavioural> <CirManner> <CirLocation>

13. A tradução faz-se presente de forma maciça no mundo empresarial, na publicação

internacional de best-sellers e nos padrões desiguais de comércio intercultural entre os

países hegemônicos do norte e do ocidente e seus Outros na África, Ásia e América do Sul.

A tradução faz-se presente no mundo

empresarial,

<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute> <CirLocation>

110

14. A tradução fortalece a economia cultural global, possibilitando às empresas

multinacionais dominar a mídia impressa e eletrônica nos chamados países em

desenvolvimento, lucrando com a possibilidade de venda das traduções a partir das línguas

de maior difusão, principalmente do inglês.

A tradução fortalece a economia

cultural

global,


15. A tradução constrange as instituições que abrigam essas categorias e práticas, visto que

chama a atenção para as condições e efeitos questionáveis dessas instituições, para as

contradições e exclusões que as tornam possíveis – e as desacreditam.

A tradução constrange as instituições...


16. A tradução em inglês é extraordinária por seu viés ideológico contra os mexicanos pré

colombianos, cuja cultura oral é representada como inferior, especialmente como depósito do

passado.

A tradução

em inglês

é extraordinária...


17. Como Mason observou, não precisamos atribuir uma inteção deliberada ao tradutor para

perceber a representação enviesada na tradução.

Ø (nós) não precisamos atribuir

uma

inteção

ao tradutor... para perceber a representação

enviesada

na tradução.


<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon> <CirLocation>

18. A inclinação ideológica contra a população nativa está inscrita em escolhas discursivas

específicas que funcionam tanto para criar uma identidade subordinada como para fazê-la

parecer natural ou óbvia – como deve ter parecido ao tradutor e aos editores da revista.

A inclinação ideológica contra a população

nativa está inscrita em escolhas discursivas

específicas que funcionam tanto para criar uma

identidade subordinada como para fazê-la

parecer natural ou óbvia

deve ter parecido ao tradutor...


19. Apesar da magnitude desse exemplo específico, as exposições que a tradução permite

aqui buscarão evitar o sensacionalismo inerente à qualquer denúncia.

…as exposições

que

a tradução permite aqui...


111

20. Pelo contrário, quero iniciar uma reflexão produtiva sobre os valores e instituições

questionados, embora por meio de suas relações angustiadas com a tradução.

Ø (eu) quero iniciar uma reflexão

produtiva

embora por meio de suas

relações angustiadas com a

tradução.


21. Quero explorar as maneiras pelas quais a tradução redefine a autoria na literatura e na

lei, cria identidades receptivas à diferença cultural, exige abordagens diferentes no ensino da

literatua e na prática filosófica e recomenda novas políticas para editoras e empresas.

…a

tradução

redefine a autoria...


22.No decorrer deste trabalho, a tradução será tratada mais uma vez com base em estudos de

caso detalhados, resultando num conjunto de conceitos teóricos que acarretam

consequencias práticas.

a tradução será tratada mais uma vez (por Ø) com base em...

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParActor> <CirLocation>

23. As traduções são produzidas por muitas razões, literárias e comerciais, pedagógicas e

técnicas, propagandistas e diplomáticas.

As traduções são produzidas (por Ø) por muitas

razões,

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirCause>

24. Contudo, nenhum tradutor ou instituição que patrocina uma tradução pode ter a

esperança de controlar ou mesmo ter conciência de todas as condições de sua produção.

…nenhum

tradutor

que patrocina uma

tradução...


…Øtradutor pode ter a esperança...


…Øtradutor ter conciência de todas as

condições...


25. Eles movem-se entre diversas línguas, culturas, períodos, disciplinas e instituições

diferentes num esforço para descrever e avaliar os efeitos sociais de textos traduzidos,

expandir as possibilidades para projetos de tradução, estabelecer a tradução de forma mais

firme como uma área de pesquisa acadêmica, e conquistar para os tradutores uma

112

autoridade cultural maior e um status legal mais favorável, especialmente nos EUA e Reino

Unido.

Eles movem-se

entre diversas

línguas,...

para estabelecer a tradução de forma mais

firme

…como uma

área

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner> <CirRole>

Eles movem-se

entre diversas

línguas,...

para conquistar para os

tradutores

uma

autoridade

cultural...


26. A autoridade que desejo alcançar para os tradutores e para as traduções não é um mero

engrandecimento.

A autoridade que Ø (eu) desejo alcançar para os

tradutores e para

as traduções...

<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>

27. Pelo contrário, visto que a tradução é intercultural, ela envolve um tipo diferente de

autoria, secundária para o texto estrangeiro e a serviço de diferentes comunidades, tanto

estrangeiras como domésticas.

…a tradução é é intercultural,


28. A única autoridade que a tradução pode esperar depende da continuidade do seu caráter

deirvado, distinto das composições originais que tenta comunicar , e coletivo, permanecendo

aberta aos outros agentes que a influenciam, especialmente os públicos-leitores domésticos.

A única

autoridade que

a tradução pode

esperar...

depende da continuidade

do seu

caráter...

<ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser> <ProMental>


29. Portanto, o único prestígio que um tradutor pode ganhar vem da prática da tradução, não

como uma forma de expressão pessoal, mas como uma colaboração entre grupos divergentes,

motivada por um reconhecimento das diferenças linguisticas e culturais que a tradução

necessariamente reescreve e reordena.

…o único

prestígio que

um tradutor pode ganhar... vem da prática da

tradução,



...um

reconhecimento

a tradução reescreve e

reordena.

113

das diferenças

linguisticas e

culturais que


30. A tradução, como qualquer escrita, é geralmente praticada em condições solitárias.

A tradução, é praticada por Ø em condições

solitárias.…


31. Mas ela (tradução) liga multidões, frequentemente nos grupos mais inesperados.

…ela (tradução) liga multidões,


32. Os tradutores são cúmplices na exploração institucional de textos e culturas estrangeiros.

Os tradutores são cúmplices …


33. Mas também existiram tradutores que agiram de forma duvidosa, por conta própria, não

a serviço de qualquer burocracia.

…tradutores que agiram de forma

duvidosa...


34. Entre 1967 e 1972, o tradutor americano Norman Thomas di Giovanni trabalhou próximo

ao escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges, publicando vários volumes em língua inglesa da

obra ficcional e poética de Borges, atuando como seu agente literário, ajudando-o a ganhar

o status canônico de que hoje goza.

…o tradutor

americano...

trabalhou próximo ao escritor

argentino

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <CirLocation>

…o tradutor americano


argentino

publicando vários volumes...




argentino...

atuando como seu agente literário,



trabalhou próximo ao

ajudando -o

a ganhar o status

canônico de que hoje

114

escritor argentino... goza.


35. Di Giovanni acreditava estar advogando uma abordagem de escritura para a tradução,

oposta aos ―professores e pseudo-eruditos que olham a escrita através de microscópios,

colocando muita ênfase em palavras isoladas e abstrações‖.

Di Giovanni acreditava estar advogando uma abordagem

de escritura para a tradução,


36. Mas ele próprio estava pondo em prárica um regime discursivo que procurava reprimir

as peculiaridades literárias da escrita inovadora de Borges, exercendo um anti-

intelectualismo na tradução de um escritor antes de mais nada intelectual.

Mas ele próprio estava pondo em

prárica

um regime

discursivo...


Mas ele próprio exercendo um anti-

intelectualismo

na tradução

de…


37. Os autores, por sua vez, exploram os tradutores, mas poucos têm denunciado de forma

pública as traduções de seus escritos.

Os autores exploram os tradutores,


poucos têm denunciado as traduções de seus

escritos.


38. ... a segunda, de 1982, foi ―inaceitável‖ porque ele julgou-a ―não meu texto‖, uma

―tradução-adaptação‖.

...ele julgou -a uma ―tradução-

adaptação‖.

<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParReceiver> <ParVerbiage>

39. Kundera tem razão ao suspeitar de traduções domesticadoras que assimilam de modo

muito violento textos literários estrangeiros aos valores dominantes locais, apagando o ar de

estrangeiridade que foi provávelmente o que motivou a tradução.

Kundera ao suspeitar de traduções

domesticadoras...


…o ar de estrangeiridade que

foi provávelmente o que

motivou a tradução.

115


40. Contudo, como pode qualquer estrangeiridade ser registrada numa tradução senão por

meio de outra língua...

…qualquer

estrangeiridade

ser registrada por Ø numa tradução...

<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirLocation>

41. O pensamento de Kundera sobre tradução é de uma ingenuidade notável para um escritor

tão finamente sintonizado com os efeitos estilísticos.

O pensamento de Kundera

sobre tradução

é de uma

ingenuidade...


42. Ele acredita que o significado do texto estrangeiro pode evitar mudanças na tradução,

que a intenção do escritor estrangeiro pode cruzar de forma não adulterada uma fronteira

linguistica e cultural.

o significado do

texto estrangeiro

pode evitar mudanças na tradução,


43. Uma tradução sempre comunica uma interpretação, um texto estrangeiro que é parcial e

alterado, suplementado com carcaterísticas peculiares à lingua de chegada, não mais

inescrutavelmente estrangeiro, mas tornado compreensível num estilo claramente doméstico.

Uma tradução sempre comunica uma interpretação,


44. As traduções, em outras palavras, inevitavelmente realizam um trabalho de domesticação.

As traduções, realizam um trabalho de domesticação.


45. De fato Kundera deseja controlar as interpretações apresentadas pelos tradutores de

língua francesa e inglesa – mas na base do desacordo absoluto com eles.

Kundera deseja controlar as interpretações

presentadas pelos

tradutores


46. O fato de uma tradução ter sido bem recebida em francês ou inglês não importa para

Kundera (cuja própria escrita adquiriu capital cultural e econômico considerável por meio

das traduções).

O fato de uma

tradução

ter sido bem recebida francês ou inglês...

116

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirLocation>

cuja própria

escrita

adquiriu capital cultural e

econômico

considerável

considerável por

meio das

traduções

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirMeans>

47. Ele deseja apenas avaliar a relação entre a tradução e o texto estrangeiro como se seu

acesso ao último fosse direto e não mediado.

Ele deseja apenas avaliar a relação entre a tradução e o texto...


48. Mas uma tradução não pode dar o que o escritor estrangeiro teria desejado se ele

estivesse vivo e escrevendo na língua e cultura para a qual se traduz.

uma tradução não pode dar o que o escritor

estrangeiro...


49. Kundera não quer reconhecer as diferenças linguisticas e culturais que uma tradução

deve negociar;

… as diferenças

linguisticas e culturais

que uma tradução deve negociar;


50. Dessa maneira, produziu uma terceira versão em inglês do seu romance A brincadeira, a

qual ele alinhavou não somente a partir de suas próprias traduções em inglês e francês, mas

também a partir de ―várias soluções boas‖ e de ―muitas traduções fiéis e boas formulações‖

das traduções anteriores.

a qual ele alinhavou a partir de suas

próprias traduções


Ø (ele) produziu uma terceira

versão

a partir de ―várias

soluções boas‖ das

traduções anteriores.


51. Não se sabe se os tradutores permitiram a intervenção de Kundera em seus trabalhos;

os tradutores permitiram a intervenção de

Kundera...


52. Quando o autor é tradutor, aparentemente, ele não está acima das domesticações que

atacou nas versões anteriores em inglês.

117

o autor é tradutor,


53. A tradução certamente levanta questões éticas que ainda tem que ser esclarecidas.

A tradução levanta questões éticas...

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>

54. A simples identificação de um escândalo de tradução é um ato de julgamento: aqui ele

pressupõe uma ética que reconhece e procura remediar as assimetrias no ato tradutório, uma

teoria de métodos bons e ruins para praticar e estudar a tradução.

uma teoria de

métodos bons e

ruins

para Ø praticar a tradução.

<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

uma teoria de

métodos bons e

ruins

para Ø estudar a tradução.

<CirMeans> <ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>

55. É a ética em questão deve ser teorizada como contingente, um ideal baseado em situações

culturais específicas nas quais os textos estrangeiros são escolhidos e traduzidos ou nas

quais as traduções e o ato de traduzir são feitos objeto de pesquisa.

as traduções e o

ato de traduzir

são feitos objeto de

pesquisa.


56. Articulo essas responsabilidades éticas primeiramente em termos de meu próprio

trabalho, começando com uma discussão das escolhas as quais me confronto como um

tradutor americano de textos literários.

...as quais me confronto como um tradutor americano de

textos literários.

<CirMeans> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>

57. A postura ética que advogo insiste que as traduções sejam escritas, lidas e avaliadas com

maior respeito em relação às diferenças linguisticas e culturais.

A postura ética

que advogo

insiste que as traduções

sejam escritas,

<ParSenser> <ProVerbal> <ParProjectedClause>

58. Na medida em que a tradução envolve uma colaboração intercultural, meu objetivo

estende-se ao alcance global de meu tópico: dirijo-me a tradutores e usuários de tradução em

todo o mundo, mas com uma atenção especial a suas diferentes localidades as quais

influenciam os termos do diálogo.

118

...a tradução envolve uma colaboração

intercultural,


59. Pois a tradução sobressai-se entre as práticas culturais que ao mesmo tempo nos unem e

nos separam.

a tradução sobressai-se entre as práticas...


Appendix 39: Becoming a translator – Back cover’s analysis

1. Douglas Robinson presents an innovative approach to translation…

Douglas Robinson presents an innovative

approach

to translation…


2. …by integrating translation theory and the practical skills required by the working

translator.

…practical skills required by the working translator.

<ParAttribute> <ProRelational> <ParCarrier>

3. The book provides the type of information and advice that novice translators really need;

The book provides the type of

information and

advice

that novice

translators really

need


Appendix 40: Becoming a translator – Introduction’s analysis

1. How best to bring student translators up to speed, in the literal sense of helping them to

learn and to translate rapidly and effectively?

Ø bring… up to

speed

student

translators


Ø helping…to

learn and to

translate

them


2. How best to get them both to retain the linguistic and cultural knowledge and to master the

learning and translation skills they will need to be effective professionals?

Ø to get…to

retain…

them both the linguistic and

cultural

119

knowledge…

<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParBeneficiary> <ParPhenomenon>

3. Faster is generally better in the professional world, where faster translators—provided that

they continue to translate accurately—earn more money;

translators earn more money;


4. Professional translators need to be able to slow down to examine a problematic word or

phrase or syntactic structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical

awareness of the problem and its possible solutions.

translators need to be able

to slow down to

examine

a problematic

word…


5. Without the kinds of problems that slow the translation process down to a snail's pace, the

translator would quickly fall into a rut.

…the

translator

would quickly

fall into

a rut.


6. Translators need to be able to process linguistic materials quickly and efficiently;

Translators need to be able

to process

linguistic

materials…


7. …but they also need to be able to recognize problem areas and to slow down to solve them

in complex analytical ways.

they need to be able

to recognize

problem areas…


8. Translators need to be able to shuttle back and forth between rapid subliminal translating

and slow, painstaking critical analysis—


to shuttle

back and forth between rapid

subliminal…

<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <CirLocation>

9. …which means not only that they should be trained to do both, but that their training

should embody the shuttle movement between the two, subliminal-becoming-analytical,

analytical-becoming-subliminal.

they should be (by) Ø both,

120

trained to do

<ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParGoal>

10. Translators need to be able not only to perform both subliminal speed-translating and

conscious analytical problem-solving, but also to shift from one to the other when the

situation requires it (and also to recognize when the situation does require it).


not only to

perform

both subliminal…


11. Such introductory courses are designed to give undergraduate (and, in some cases,

graduate) students an overall view of what translators do and how translation is studied.

…of what translators do


…translation is studied (by) Ø


12. In addition, however, the exercises are designed not only to teach about translation but to

help students translate better as well;

the exercises are designed (by) Ø not only to teach about

translation…

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

13. Since most translators traditionally (myself included) were not trained for the job, and

many still undergo no formal training even today, I have also set up the book for self-study.

…translators were not trained (by) Ø for the job,

<ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParGoal>

… many

(translators)

undergo no formal

training…


Appendix 41: Construindo o tradutor – Back cover’s analysis

1. Estas são algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson discute e responde neste livro, que

integra a tradução aos conhecimentos práticos necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais

recentes descobertas da Pedagogia, dos estudos da memória e das neurociências.

…Ø(livro) que integra a tradução aos conhecimentos

práticos ...


121

2. Criado inicialmente para cursos de graduação em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é

útil também para tradutores profissionais e estudiosos de tradução e línguas.

este livro é útil... ...para tradutores...

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <ParBeneficiary>

Appendix 42: Construindo o tradutor – Introduction’s analysis

1. A velocidade é melhor, em geral, no mundo profissional, onde os tradutores mais velozes

contanto que continuem a traduzir com precisão ganham mais dinheiro;

os

tradutores

ganham mais dinheiro;


2. Os tradutores profissionais precisam ser capazes de reduzir a marcha para examinar

minuciosamente uma palavra, frase, ou estrutura sintática problemática ou um pressuposto

cultural, com plena consciência analítica do problema e de suas possíveis soluções.

Os

tradutores

precisam ser capazes de

reduzir...


3. Sem os problemas que levam a passo de lesma o processo tradutório, o tradutor

rapidamente cairia na rotina.

tradutor cairia na rotina.


4. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a processar materiais lingüísticos com rapidez e

eficiência; mas também precisam estar aptos a reconhecer áreas problemáticas e a reduzir a

velocidade para resolvê-los de maneira complexa e analítica.

tradutores precisam estar

aptos a

processar

materiais

lingüísticos...


5. Os tradutores precisam da capacidade de transitar entre a tradução subliminar rápida e a

análise crítica lenta e minuciosa o que significa que, além de se prepararem para fazer as

duas coisas, sua formação deve incluir o movimento de ligação entre as duas, de subliminar

para analítica, de analítica para subliminar.

tradutores precisam da

capacidade de

transitar

entre a tradução

subliminar...


6. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a realizar a tradução veloz subliminar e a resolução de

problemas consciente e analítica, mas também precisam da capacidade de passar de um

122

método para outro quando a situação o exigir (e também reconhecer quando a situação o

exige).

tradutores precisam estar

aptos a realizar

a tradução veloz

subliminar...


7. Tais cursos introdutórios destinam-se a oferecer ao aluno de graduação (e, em alguns

casos, pós-graduação) um panorama geral daquilo que os tradutores fazem e de como se

estuda tradução.

…daquilo que os tradutores fazem...


…se estuda tradução (por) Ø

<ProMental> <ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser>

8. Além disso, porém, os exercícios não foram elaborados somente para ensinar a respeito da

tradução, mas também para ajudar os alunos a traduzir melhore também se pode utilizar o

livro como material complementar em seminários de prática de tradução.

os exercícios foram

elaborados

(por) Ø para ensinar a respeito da

tradução,

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>

Appendix 43: Contemporary Translation Theories – Introduction’s analysis

1. …yet translation inheres in every language by its relationships to other signifying systems

both past and present.

translation inheres in every language by its

relationships…

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <CirLocation> <ParValue>

2. …intralingual translation, a rewording of signs in one language with signs from the same

language;

…intralingual translation, Ø (is) a rewording of signs …


3. …interlingual translation, or the interpretation of signs in one language with signs from

another language;

…interlingual translation, Ø (is) the interpretation of signs …


4. …intersemiotic translation, or the transfer of the signs in one language to non-verbal sign

systems.

…intersemiotic translation, Ø (is) the transfer of the signs …

123


5. I will be concerned mostly with the secound aspect of Jakobson’s definition – interlingual

translation - …

I will be concerned with… interlingual

translation…


6. …but I hope to demosntrate as well that such isolation is impossible, and that even

translation „proper― entails multiple linguistic, literary, and cultural aspects.

…translation „proper― entails multiple…aspects.


7. The following chapters focus on just five different approaches to translation that…

The following chapters focus on just five different approaches

to translation that…


8. Literary translators, for example, distance themselves from the „jargon‖ of linguistic

approaches;

Literary translators, distance themselves from the

„jargon‖ of linguistic

approaches;


9. Euro-American translators, for example, generally resist the suggestion that…

Euro-American translators resist the suggestion…


10. …institutional manipulation influences translation.

…institutional manipulation influences translation.


11. While such terms may help the translation scholar articulate the way translations function

in a society…

…translations function in a society…


12. …most of which comes from „outside― a translation-oriented or even a comparative

discipline...

…most of which (secondary comes from „outside― a translation-

124

literature) oriented...discipline...


13. Some of the ―precursors‖ work may or may not have been intended for translation.

…―precursors‖

work

...have been intended Ø(by someone) for translation.

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ParPhenomenon>

14. Richards, for example, was clearly teaching students techniques for learning the English

canon, yet translation workshops in the USA use New Critical methods to interpret and

evaluate translations.

…translation

workshops

use New Critical methods to

interpret

and

evaluate

translations.


15. Chomsky did not intend his model to be used for translation…

Chomsky did not intend ...his model to be used for translation…


<ParActor> <ParRange> <ProMaterial> <CirMeans>

16. Late Russian Formalists such as Jurij Tynjanov and Roman Jakobson allowed for

translation as well as other cultural phenomena in their theory...

Late Russian

Formalists such

as Jurij Tynjanov

and Roman

Jakobson

allowed for translation as well

as other cultural...

in their theory...


17. Such standards imply notions of substantialism that limit other possibilities of translation

practice, marginalize unorthodox translation, and impinge…

Such standards

imply notions of

substantialism

that limit other

possibilities of

translation

practice,

marginalize unorthodox

translation,…


Appendix 44: Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução – Introduction’s analysis

1. ...outros, talvez tradutores também, alegam saber tudo o que precisam saber.

125

…outros, talvez tradutores

também,

alegam saber tudo o que precisam

saber


2. ...a tradução, porém, é inerente a todas as línguas por meio de suas relações com outros

sistemas significativos , tanto do passado como do presente.

a tradução é inerente a todas as línguas... por meio de suas

relações

<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirMeans>

3. ...tradução intralingual, uma reescrita de sinais em uma língua com sinais da mesma

língua;

…tradução intralingual, Ø é uma reescrita de sinais…


4. ...tradução interlingual, ou a interpretação de sinais em uma língua com sinais de outra.

…tradução interlingual, Ø é a interpretação de sinais…


5. ...e tradução intersemiótica, ou a transferência dos sinais em uma língua para sistemas de

sinais de língua em arte ou música.

…tradução intersemiótica Ø é a transferência dos sinais …


6. Meu enfoque principal é o segundo aspecto da definição de Jakobson – tradução

interlingual...

Meu enfoque principal é o segundo aspecto da

definição de Jakobson –

tradução interlingual...


7. ...mas espero demonstrar também que esse isolamento é impossível e que mesmo a

tradução ―propriamente dita‖ acarreta múltiplos aspectos linguísticos, literarios e culturais.

…a tradução „própriamente

dita―

acarreta múltiplos aspectos

linguísticos, literarios e

culturais.


8. Tradutores literários, por exemplo, distanciam-se do ―jargão‖ das abordagens

linguísticas;

Tradutores literários, distanciam-se do ―jargão‖ das abordagens

linguísticas;


126

9. Tradutores euro-amricanos, por exemplo, costumam resistir à sugestão...

Tradutores euro-amricanos, costumam resistir à sugestão…


10. ...a manipulação institucional influencia a tradução.

…a manipulação

institucional

influencia a tradução.


11. Embora tais termos possam ajudar o estudioso de tradução a articular o modo como as

traduções funcionam em uma sociedade, também contribuem para inibir a natureza da

investigação.

…as traduções funcionam em uma sociedade,


12. Diante dessa metodologia, as fontes originais se mostram mais valiosas que a literatura

secundária, a maior parte da qual tem origem ―externa‖a uma disciplina orientada para a

tradução ou sequer comparativa,...

...uma disciplina orientada para a tradução...


13. Parte do trabalho dos ―precursores‖ podia ou não ter sido pretendida para tradução.

...trabalho dos

―precursores

podia ou não ter sido

pretendida

Ø(by someone) para tradução.

<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ParBeneficiary>

14. ...entretanto, as oficinas de tradução nos EUA usam os novos métodos críticos para

interpretar e avaliar as traduções.

…oficinas de

tradução

usam os novos métodos

críticos para

interpretar e

avaliar

as traduções.



15. Chomsky não pretendia que seu modelo fosse usado para tradução, mas Nida e Wolfram

Wills...

Chomsky não pretendia que seu

modelo

fosse usado Ø(by

someone)

para

tradução,...


<ParRange> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirMeans>

16. Outros abordam de forma direta questões ligadas à tradução.

Outros abordam de forma questões ligadas à tradução.

127

direta


17. Formalistas russos mais recentes como Jurij Tynjanov e Roman Jakobson inseriram a

tradução, bem como outros fenômenos culturais, em sua teoria...

Formalistas

russos mais

recentes como

Jurij Tynjanov e

Roman Jakobson

inseriram a tradução...

...em sua teoria...


18. Esses padrões implicam noções de substancialismo que limitam outras possibilidades da

prática de tradução, marginalizam a tradução não ortodoxa e comprometem...

Esses padrões

implicam noções

de

substancialismo

que limitam

outras

possibilidades da

prática de

tradução

marginalizam a tradução não

ortodoxa...


Appendix 45: After Babel – Introduction’s analysis

1. Translation is fully implicit in the most rudimentary communication.

Translation is fully implicit…


2. It is explicit in the coexistence and mutual contact of the thousands of languages spoken on

the earth.

It (translation) is explicit in the…


3. The Kabbalah, in which the problem of Babel and the nature of language is so insistently

examined, knows of a day of redemption on which translation will no longer be necessary.

…translation will (no longer) be necessary


4. It records the conjecture, no doubt heretical, that there shall come a day when translation

is not only unnecessary but inconceivable.

...translation is not only unnecessary ...


128

Appendix 46: Depois de Babel – Introduction’s analysis

1. A tradução está totalmente implícita na comunicação mais rudimentar.

tradução está totalmente implícita ...


2. Está explícita na coexistência e no contato mútuo das milhares de línguas faladas no

mundo.

Ø está explícita na ...


3. A cabala, na qual o problema de Babel e da natureza da linguagem é tão insistentemente

examinado, sabe de um dia de redenção no qual a tradução não será mais necessária.

...tradução (não) será mais necessária


4. Ela registra a conjectura, sem dúvida herética, de que vai existir um dia em que a tradução

não será apenas desnecessária, mas também inconcebível.

...tradução (não) será apenas desnecessária,...


Appendix 47: Table with examples of meanings of Token and Value roles

Documents

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS …de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras – Língua Inglesa e Literaturas, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Bacharel