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Research ArticleA BIM-Based Study on the Comprehensive Benefit Analysis forPrefabricated Building Projects in China

Yingbo Ji1 Siwei Chang 1 Yuan Qi1 Yan Li2 Hong Xian Li 2 and Kai Qi1

1School of Civil Engineering North China University of Technology Beijing 100043 China2School of Architecture and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong 3220 Australia

Correspondence should be addressed to Siwei Chang siwei_chang126com

Received 27 January 2019 Revised 22 March 2019 Accepted 2 April 2019 Published 2 May 2019

Guest Editor Eugenio Pellicer

Copyright copy 2019 Yingbo Ji et al +is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Prefabricated construction has been widely accepted as an alternative to conventional cast-in-situ construction given its improvedperformance Great efforts have also beenmade to develop prefabricated construction technologies in China However there is a lackof an appropriate pattern for evaluating its comprehensive economic merits and reasonable mathematical models for providing acomparative analysis of conventional cast-in-situ and prefabricated building projects have yet to be developed +erefore theresearch in this paper aims to comprehensively evaluate the economic benefits of implementing prefabricated constructiontechniques in order to surpass the economic barrier and promote the development of prefabricated buildings in China +ecomprehensive economic evaluation is formulated in terms of resource-use efficiencies project progress and incentive policies Anapartment building in Shanghai is selected as a case study Construction progress is simulated on the BIM platform when the samecase study is rationally transformed from the prefabricated to the conventional cast-in-situ construction technique+e results revealthat the comprehensive economic merit can reach yen7396m2 when selecting the prefabricated construction process +e economicbenefit brought by shortening the construction period can be regarded as the most significant contributor Yet the current incentivepolicies only contribute 71 of the comprehensive economic evaluation Overall this research contributes an assessment frameworkfor decision-making in the technique management of building construction +e BIM-based simulation approach can greatly helpinvestors to identify the relevant economic factors and adopt the latest incentive policies

1 Introduction

+e adoption of new technological advancement in theconstruction industry plays an important role in achievingproject success For example prefabrication technology hasbeen widely practiced in many countries and has fosteredsubstantial change in the development of the constructionindustry worldwide in recent decades [1 2] Prefabricatedconstruction refers to the practice of designing and fabricatingbuilding elements in manufacturing factories transportingthe elements to construction sites and assembling the ele-ments to a greater degree of finish for rapid site assemblycompared to traditional piecemeal on-site construction [3 4]Since building elements can be selected to achieve automatedproduction in factories and assembled on site through thesemimanufacturing construction method interchangeableterminologies associated with prefabricated construction in

the existing literature include off-site prefabrication [5]off-site construction [6] and off-site manufacturing con-struction [7]

Prefabricated concrete construction can be regarded as awidely accepted alternative to conventional cast-in-situconcrete construction owing to numerous benefits for in-vestors and contractors such as safer construction envi-ronments faster construction progresses enhanced qualityoutputs and less labour rework on-site [8ndash10] Constructionschedule can be significantly shortened as a large number ofconstruction activities that can be automated and finishedin manufacturing factories +e indoor built environmentalso contributes to improved construction safety andconstruction activities with high health and safety risks canbe effectively reduced or even avoided on construction sites[11] In a factory-controlled environment there is less riskfor problems associated with moisture environmental

HindawiAdvances in Civil EngineeringVolume 2019 Article ID 3720191 13 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520193720191

hazards and dirt and there are strict factory processes andprocedures that protect workers from on-the-job injury[12ndash14] As for environmental sustainability prefabricatedconcrete construction offers benefits in waste reduction [15]facilitates the reuse of some components [16] and reduceswater consumption [17] Prefabricated buildingmodules canalso be designed and fabricated with requests of clients tomeet living comfort requirements [18]

Based on the aforementioned merits prefabricatedbuildings (PRBs) have also been greatly developed to meetthe requirements of sustainability and housing demand inChina [1] China has also embarked on several initiatives topromote prefabrication [19] For instance the Ministry ofHousing and Urban-Rural Development recently stated thatChina will strive to increase the proportion of PRBs to 30of new building areas and increase the number of highlyskilled industrial workers to 3 million within 10 years [20]However in comparison to traditional building (TRB)construction there are also notable disadvantages thatshould be considered such as transportation restrictions andspan limits [21] PRB projects also require increased andmore detailed coordination at all stages which increases thedifficulty in progress monitoring and planning From theeconomic perspective prefabricated components incurmore initial investment higher taxes and more incrementalcosts [22 23]

2 Literature Review

Considering availability and selection of the constructiontechniques the economic analysis of PRB projects should beconducted for projecting the potential expenditure andindicating their economic benefits Recently Jeong et al [24]selected a case study in South Korea and evaluated severalperformance indices through the Web-CYCLONE simula-tion when replacing conventional steel-reinforced concretecolumns with form-latticed prefabricated steel-reinforcedconcrete columns +e results found cost savings of132 In 2017 Afzal et al [25] proposed research involvingthe economic estimation and performance for both pre-fabricated and conventional construction techniques +eirstudy reported a sound cost performance of about 574million PKR (Pakistani Rupee) when prefabrication wasused for the construction of the given case study buildingproject However some studies have expressed concernsregarding the practicability of prefabricated construction interms of its economical effectiveness [26 27] For example aperceived higher cost has been seen as one of the four mainbarriers in Australiarsquos prefabricated construction [28] Inparticular material increment costs and labour costs arecapable of producing significant impacts on the productioncost [29] In 2018 Hong et al [1] investigated basic costcomposition of prefabrication and examined the effects ofadopting prefabrication on the total cost of building projectsResults suggested that transportation could account for 10of the total cost and the average incremental cost was linearlycorrelated with the prefabrication rate which ranged fromyen237m2 to yen437m2 for the selected projects +e work ofMao et al [23] also conducted an analysis on expenditure

items of prefabricated and conventional constructionmethods through a case study approach in China +e re-search compared the civil project budget costs of a resi-dential building designed in accordance with the PRB designand traditional design schemes based on bid documents andconstruction drawings indicating that the PRB incrementalcost could reach yen32m2

Overall economic benefits of implementing pre-fabricated construction techniques should be clarified It istherefore necessary to comprehensively evaluate economicbenefits from PRB projects in order to break the economicbarrier and promote the development of PRBs in China Inparticular the potential economic effects produced byresource-use efficiencies project progress and incentivepolicies need to be further investigated in Chinarsquos con-struction industry Moreover developing an appropriatepattern for obtaining accurate cost data and reasonablemathematical models for providing a comparative analysisof TRB and PRB projects are also challenges In addressingthese challenges building information modelling (BIM) as adigital model-based process emerges as a solution to rapidlysimulate and identify the economic impacts of differentconstruction techniques

Building information modelling (BIM) is regarded as anengineering data platform that integrates various data fromengineering projects based on three-dimensional (3D)digital technologies [30] Refined 3D models can be used tocorrelate the schedule and cost information of the wholeconstruction process through simulation [31 32] +e au-tomatic calculation tools of BIM platforms are also capableof effectively reducing error rates for the cost calculationresults In addition BIM has been applied to prefabricatedconstruction [33] For example in 2017 a new BIM-based4D construction simulation framework was proposed by Leeand Kim [34] to explore the improved management methodfor modular construction projects On the basis of the newframework a visually optimal manufacturing process wasidentified from the perspectives of resources material andquality and it was also verified that time and cost for modulemanufacturing could be reduced by the proposed frame-work Furthermore the work of Baltasi and Akbas [35]demonstrated a preconstruction cost analysis method usingBIM and prototype resource integrated planning and sim-ulation software namely GSimX proving that the BIM-based cost estimation method was capable of rapidly andaccurately producing economic results +e synergy of in-tegrating BIM and prefabrication could also minimise un-necessary and costly rework and conserve resources [36]

Yet relatively little research exists regarding the com-prehensive economic evaluation by adopting BIMwithin theprefabrication industry and few mathematical modelsconsidering possible economic values are caused by time andpolitical factors +us the research in this paper aims topropose a comparative analysis of TRB and PRB projectsbased on BIM simulation PRB projects are rationallytransformed into TRB projects through case study methodon a BIM platform +e proposed mathematical modelsconsider potential economic effects produced by resource-use efficiencies project progress and incentive policies to

2 Advances in Civil Engineering

conduct a comprehensive economic evaluation +e as-sessment measure can be beneficial for decision makers toconsider appropriate construction techniques in buildingconstruction projects

3 Methodology

In order to comprehensively investigate economic benefitsof implementing prefabricated construction techniques thisresearch establishes a framework for evaluating multidi-mensional economic benefits in terms of three aspectsnamely resource-use efficiencies project progress and in-centive policies

First the corresponding models are proposed afterdetermining the economic composition in terms ofresource-savings shortening of construction periods andlatest policy subsidies Specifically construction activitiesand construction machinery that consume different re-sources such as water electricity and fuel are identifiedin order to explore the potential economic benefits fromsaved resources On the basis of this idea prefabricatedconstruction activities from component production to on-site assembling stages and conventional construction ac-tivities are fully demonstrated Various activities withshorter duration are also sorted to identify the economicbenefit indicators related to shortening construction pe-riods Furthermore since policy subsidies mainly affectcapital performance all cash inflows and outflows duringthe whole period including fund raising land purchaseconstruction and building sales are identified by the studyPolicy subsidies such as financial subsidies tax incentivesand sales incentives are analysed to investigate the com-position terms of the economic benefits when the latestpolicy subsidies are adopted

Second the results are produced through the BIM-basedsimulation in which the same case study is transformedfrom PRB into TRB+is is because the comparative analysisusing two similar but different cases may result in inaccurateevaluation In addition BIM platforms based on commonlyused commercial software tools are capable of producingrelatively reliable data and calculation results

31 Modelling of Resource-Use Efficiencies As mentionedpreviously the economic benefits of PRB projects from theperspective of the resource-use efficiency are mainly derivedfrom cost savings since prefabricated construction can re-duce the use of natural resources and energy such as waterelectricity coal petrol and diesel Compared with theconventional cast-in-situ construction techniques the pre-fabricated construction pattern can achieve automatedproduction in factories and adopt on-site assembly pro-cedures+us labour cost can also be significantly decreasedby the mechanisation Figure 1 demonstrates the compo-sition of economic benefits from saved resources through theidentification of differences between the conventional andprefabricated construction techniques

Economic benefits of resource-savings in prefabricatedconstruction can be formulated as

ICr ICrA1 + ICrA2 + ICrA3

ICrA11 + ICrA12 + ICrA131113872 1113873

+ ICrA21 + ICrA22 + ICrA231113872 1113873 + ICrA31 + ICrA321113872 1113873

Pw α1 middot Q1 + α2 middot Q2 + α3 middot S1113858 1113859 + Pe1113858 β1 middot QTs + β2 middot ΔQ3( 1113857

+ β3 middot QTt + β4 middot ΔQ4( 1113857 + β5 middot S1113859

+ Po c1 middot QTm + c2 middot ΔQ5( 1113857 + c3 middot S1113858 1113859

(1)

where ICr represents the economic benefits of resource-savings Q1 and Q2 (m3) denote the engineering quantitiesof beam-column junctions and prefabricated componentsrespectively S (m2) represents the gross floor area QTs (tmachinery one-shift) denotes the power consumed by electricalmachines for steel engineering in the simulated TRB projectsΔQ3 (tmachinery one-shift) indicates the incremental con-sumption of machines for steel engineering QTt (m

2ma-chinery one-shift) represents the consumption of machines forthe formwork engineering of wall-column junctions in thesimulated TRB projects ΔQ4 (m

2machinery one-shift) de-notes the incremental consumption of machines for theformwork engineering of wall-column junctions QTm (m3machinery one-shift) denotes the consumption ofmachines forthe scaffolding engineering in the simulated TRB projects ΔQ5(m3machinery one-shift) represents the incremental con-sumption of machines for the scaffolding engineering Pw Peand Po represent the unit prices of water electricity and dieseland α β and c are coefficients

32 Modelling of Reduced Construction Time Reducingconstruction time without sacrificing quality is beneficial forsaving construction project costs decreasing loan interestpayments and avoiding some finance charges +us short-ening construction periods resulting from prefabricated con-struction can offer several economic benefits Figure 2 displaysthe potential economic benefits from the perspectives of capitalcharges and construction costs which are used to comparewith the conventional cast-in-situ construction technique

Economic benefits of shorter construction periodscaused by adopting prefabricated construction techniquesICt can be defined asICt ICtB1 + ICtB2 + ICtB3

ICtB1 + ICtB21 + ICtB221113872 1113873 + ICtB31 + ICtB32 + ICtB331113872 1113873

1113944ΔN

k1

Pk middot ΔN middot ik

1 + ik( 1113857ΔN + 1113944

2

n1ΔT1 middot Pmln

+ 11139443

t1ΔT2 times Pmyt

+ ΔT3 times Pmyc

(2)

where ΔN represents the reduced number of days for the loanpayment ik and Pk indicate the interest rate and total amountof the loan payment respectively ΔT1 ΔT2 and ΔT3 de-note the reduced number of days for the constructionprogress decoration engineering and concrete engineering

Advances in Civil Engineering 3

respectively and Pmln Pmyt

and Pmycrepresent the unit rental

price of the nth item such as formwork and scaffolding theunit rental price of the tth type of equipment such as mortarpump systems and suspended platforms and the unit rentalprice of concrete pump systems respectively in yenmonth

33 Modelling of Policy Subsidies At the early stage of de-velopment local governments often issue several incentivepolicies such as financial subsidies and tax incentives for theadoption and spread of prefabricated construction tech-niques +ese incentive policies not only decrease the PRBproject costs and reduce loan payments but also bring moreeconomic returns on invested projects Various economicfactors should be considered such as the subsidies for theunit price per m2 the proportion for value-added tax ex-emption the proportion for enterprise income tax exemp-tion and the subsidies in terms of floor area ratios (Figure 3)

Economic benefits of policy subsidies caused by adoptingprefabricated construction techniques ICp can be expressedas equation (3) where a compound interest algorithm is usedto calculate the savings in repayments and taxes

ICp ICpC1 + ICpC2 + ICpC3

ICpC11 + ICpC21 + ICpC221113872 1113873 + ICpC31

1113944N

k1

S middot a middot 1 + ik( 1113857

1 + ik( 1113857N

+ Pz middot J + b middot Pq1113872 1113873

+ c middotS middot Pd

Sl+ S middot Pb1113874 1113875

(3)

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

reso

urce

-sav

ings

A1 water usage

A2 electivity usage

A3 diesel usage

A11 concrete pouring for beam-column junctions

A12 production of prefabricated components

A13 kicking line decoration

A21 steel engineering

A22 composite concrete formwork

A32 vertical delivery of material and labour

A31 transportation and assembly of scaffolding


Figure 1 Economic benefits of resource-savings in prefabricated construction

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rs o

fsh

orte

ning

cons

truc

tion

time

B1 capital charges

B31 rental expense of mortar pump systems

B32 rental expense of suspended platforms

B22 scaffoldingrental expense

B21 formworkrental expense

B33 rental expense of concrete pump systems

Project costs

B11 loan interest payments

B2 material rental expense

B3 equipmentrental expense

Figure 2 Economic benefits of shortening construction time in prefabricated construction

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

ince

ntiv

e pol

icie

s

C1 financial subsidies

C11 loan principal and interest

C2 tax exemption

C3 rewards

C21 enterprise income tax

C22 value-added tax

C31 sales incentives

Figure 3 Economic benefits of incentive policies in prefabricatedconstruction


where S and Sl represent the floor area and the land area ikindicates the interest rate for the kth year a indicates thesubsidies for the unit price per m2 N denotes the Nthrepayment period J denotes the proportion for value-addedtax exemption Pz and Pq represent the expenditures onvalue-added tax and enterprise income tax respectively Pdand Pb represent the unit prices per m2 for land andbuilding b indicates a proportion of enterprise income taxexemption and c represents a proportion of a sold floor areabased on which local governments reward the sales ofprefabricated buildings

4 Background and Data on the Case Study

41e Selected Case For the preliminary application of thealgorithm proposed in the previous section an existingapartment building is chosen as a case study to demonstratethe comprehensive economic evaluation including resource-use efficiencies project progress and incentive policies +eselected project is located in Qingpu District ShanghaiChina +e project can be seen as a representative case as it isapplicable to incentive policies issued by the local govern-ment +e left image of Figure 4 displays the target buildingbased on which the BIM model is developed using AutodeskRevit by the researcher as illustrated in the right image +eRevit BIM platform provides rich data and information onbuilding materials and construction techniques [38 39]

+e selected building adopts an assembled integral shearwall structure +e total ground area is 4015m2 +e mainload-bearing prefabricated components include pre-fabricated laminated panels prefabricated stairs pre-fabricated balconies and prefabricated exterior walls Non-load-bearing prefabricated components are prefabricatedinterior walls and precast concrete facade panels Figure 5displays the transformation between the prefabricatedconstruction technique and the cast-in-situ constructiontechnique on the Revit platform Prefabricated componentsprovide embedded anchors which are used for crane liftingAdditionally prefabricated exterior walls often have thickerprotective layers than cast-in-situ exterior walls to avoidsubsequent decoration engineering Steel trusses of pre-fabricated laminated boards aim to reduce steel fixing tasks

+e total duration of this case project was 207days from10March 2017 to 3October 2017 and the duration of themainconstruction phase and decorating phase was 85 and 59daysrespectively Figure 6 demonstrates the differences betweenprefabricated and cast-in-situ construction techniques whichare implemented on the Revit platform to simulate theirconstruction processes +e construction project durationchanges with the change in the construction process +eresulting simulation is illustrated in the next section

42 Data Preprocessing Values of variables and coefficientsshould be determined after the case is selected +e coefficientsof equation (1) namely α β and c are identified based onconstruction codes such as Consumption Quota of Pre-fabricated Construction (TY01-01(01)-2016) [41] Consump-tion Quota of Building Construction and Decoration

Engineering (TY01-31-2015) [42] and Unified NationalConsumption Quota of Machinery and Equipment [43] Ta-ble 1 lists the coefficients by analysing primary constructionprocedures such as production of prefabricated componentshoisting concrete pouring and decoration and investigatingvarious fees such as labour materials machines andmeasures

Each coefficient of resources-savings for water electricityand diesel equals unit resource consumption of the TRBproject minus unit resource consumption of the corre-sponding PRB project +us only the positive coefficientswhich refer to the saving parts of PRBs compared with TRBsare considered Water savings come from the different con-struction activities and the values of α1 α2 and α3 refer toCell24 of Row 2 and Column 4 Cell14 and Cell174 in Table 1respectively Electricity-related and diesel-related savings arederived from the energy consumption of different types ofconstruction machinery and equipment in construction ac-tivities+e values of β1 and β2 can be determined by summingRows 6ndash11 of Column 5 and summing Rows 6ndash11 of Column6 respectively +e values of β3 β4 and β5 refer to the sum ofRows 12ndash14 in Column 5 the sum of Rows 13ndash14 in Column6 and Cell176 c1 is the sum of Cell157 and Cell158 and thevalues of c2 and c3 come from Cell158 and Cell168 re-spectively Furthermore in this case study Q1 Q2 ΔQ3 ΔQ4ΔQ5 and S are defined as 42564m3 750m3 3828 tmachinery one-shift 643500m2machinery one-shift292163m3machinery one-shift and 4015m2 respectivelyaccording to construction drawings cost plans procurementfiles and other documents QTs QTt and QTm are 67487 tmachinery one-shift 5654502m2machinery one-shift and454992m3machinery one-shift respectively based on theBIM simulation and Codes for Design of Concrete Structures[44] +e unit prices of water electricity and diesel (Pw PeandPo) are set as 457 yent 186 yenkwh and 61 yenL respectively

It is assumed that the financial resources are mainlyderived from the available capital and bank loans Table 2lists the detailed information on the project investment andplans +e loan for the first phase yen1012700 is used for theinitial investment+e total investment capital is yen6000000+e investment from the available capital must be more than20 of the total investment capital according to the rules+us the available capital is yen2988000 +e loan capital isyen3012000 in terms of the interest rate of 185

In addition according to incentive policies issued bylocal governments in China [45 46] the subsidies for theunit price per m2 a are set as yen100m2 in equation (3) +eproportion for value-added tax exemption J is defined as100 In addition there is a proportion of 15 in theenterprise income tax exemption namely b 015 Localgovernments reward the sales of prefabricated buildings interms of 3 of a sold floor area namely c 003

5 Results and Analysis of SimulatedEconomic Benefits

51 Specific Performances of Economic Indicators

511 Resource-Saving Perspective +eBIM platform is usedto simulate these two construction processes Collected data


on relevant designs and project consumption quantities arethen substituted into equation (1) of the economic evalua-tion For prefabricated construction the increments ofeconomic benefits per m2 are summarised in Table 3 bycomparison

By summing all values it can be concluded that the totaleconomic benefit from resource-savings is yen5252m2 +ecost savings in water consumption reaches yen171m2 andaccounts for 326 of the total reduced cost as illustrated inFigure 7 Unlike concrete which is manually cured andvibrated steam curing of concrete is capable of accuratelycontrolling the usage of water and power in manufacturingfactories Furthermore water-saving mainly occurs in thethree construction activities namely concrete pouring ofcolumn-beam junctions (A11) production of prefabricated

components (A12) and kicking line decoration (A13)+eseindicators can offer corresponding economic benefits ofyen1005m2 yen092m2 and yen152m2 respectively IndicatorA11 accounts for the proportion of 59 A12 for 54 andA13 for 896 from the water-saving perspective Fur-thermore prefabricated construction produces a saved costof yen43m2 owing to the electricity-use efficiency whichaccounts for 82 of the total reduced cost Economic meritsof yen21m2 yen20m2 and yen023m2 occur in constructionactivities of steel engineering (A21) composite concreteformwork (A22) and kicking line decoration (A23) Inaddition prefabricated construction can save a cost of yen311m2 due to the higher utilisation rate of diesel oil PRBprojects often require less fuel-consumption machinery andequipment such as concrete pump trucks +e economic

Figure 4 Target building provided by the construction company [37] and architectural rendering developed by the researchers

Prefabricated interior wall

Cast-in-situ interior wall

Prefabricated stairsCast-in-situ stairs

Prefabricated laminated board

Cast-in-situ laminated board

Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam

Prefabricated exterior wall

Cast-in-situ exterior wall

Prefabricated balcony board

Cast-in-situ balcony board

Figure 5 Transformation between prefabricated components and cast-in-situ components developed by the researchers


value accounts for 592 of the total reduced cost consistingof saved costs of yen251m2 in the scaffolding engineering (A31)and yen505m2 in the vertical delivery (A32) Overall the savedconsumption of diesel oil can be considered the most sig-nificant contributor from the resource-saving perspective

512 Time-Saving Perspective +e number of days for loanrepayments the total repayment and the construction timeare derived from construction management plans and fi-nancial reports Based on the Construction Period Quota ofBuilding Installation Engineering (TY01-89-2016) the re-payment days and the construction duration are calculated+ese two periods are reduced by 20 and 35 days re-spectively Reducing repayment time is beneficial to saveexpenses on loan interest payments Reducing constructiontime results in the decrease in material rental expenses suchas formwork and scaffolding and equipment rental ex-penses such as pumps and platforms Table 4 lists the resultsof economic merits by shortening the construction period

+e total economic benefit by shortening the con-struction period reaches yen5529m2 in which the reducedexpense on the loan interest payment (B1) is yen1733m2 andaccounts for 313 of the total reduced expenses +e benefitfrom the saved expenses reaches yen37964m2 consisting ofthe material rental (B2) and equipment rental (B3) In-dicators B2 and B3 produce the economic merits of yen1702m2 (308) and yen2095m2 (379) respectively as shownin Figure 8 but there is little difference between their

proportions +e B2-related economic value is mainly de-rived from the saved expenses on the formwork rental (B21)and the scaffolding rental (B22) B21 and B22 account for462 and 539 of B2 respectively In addition adoptingprefabricated construction can save expenses of yen431m2 inthe rental of mortar pump systems (B31) yen289m2 in therental of suspended platforms (B32) and yen1375m2 in therental of concrete pump systems (B33) B31 B32 and B33account for 206 138 and 656 of B3 respectively

513 Policy Perspective Table 5 provides the results ofeconomic merits due to the transformation from the pre-fabricated construction technique to the conventional cast-in-situ

Specifically the total economic benefit by adopting thelatest incentive policies reaches yen15563m2 +e reducedexpense on the principal and interest (C11) is yen89m2 be-cause of financial subsidies (C1) It accounts for 57 of thetotal economic benefit as shown in Figure 9 In addition itshould be noted that the tax exemption (C2) is only availableto prefabricated building projects which are checked andidentified by local governments in terms of building areaassembly rate structural characteristic and constructiontechnology in China Other sustainable construction pro-jects such as green buildings are only stimulated by meansof financial subsidies As for the selected case the benefitfrom the tax exemption (C2) reaches yen664m2 consisting ofthe enterprise income tax exemption (C21) and value-added

Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal

Exterior wall screeding

Roofscreeding

Interior wall screeding

Exterior wall insulation

Roofinsulation

Interior wall plastering

Exterior wall finishes

Roof waterproofing

Interior wall finishes

StartStart

Prefabricated component hoisting and placing

Steel fixing for connections of prefabricated components

Formwork setup for connections of prefabricated components

Steel fixing for cast-in-situ components

Formwork setup for cast-in-situ components

Concrete pouring Concrete curing

Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation

Prefabricated construction Cast-in-situ construction

Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t

Figure 6 Simulated prefabricated and cast-in-situ construction processes developed by the researchers referring to the constructioncode [40]


Tabl

e1

Resource-use-related

coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb

arstraighteningmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126


tax exemption (C22) +ese two factors C21 and C22 offerthe economic merits of yen239m2 and yen424m2 respectivelyaccounting for 36 and 64 in C2 +e local governmentrewards investors in terms of sold floor areas of PRB pro-jects +us the sales incentives (C31) increase by yen804m2

Table 2 Project financing and investment plans

Item Capital(yen1000)

Project progress (yen1000)Phase1

Phase2

Phase3

Phase4

Constructioninvestments 58914 17774 16929 15144 9064

Loan interest 1089 329 313 280Total investment 6000 18102 17243 15424 9064Available capital 2988 1896 660 432Loan 3012 10127 1056 9433Projectfinancing 6000 29087 1716 13753

Table 3 Results of economic merits brought by resource-savings(yenm2)

Water Power Diesel Sum TotalConcrete pouring ofcolumn-beam junctions(A11)

1005

171

525

Production of prefabricatedcomponents (A12) 092

Kicking line decoration(A13) 152

Steel engineering (A21) 21

43

Formwork engineering ofcolumn-beam junctions(A22)

20


Scaffolding engineering(A31) 251

311Vertical deliveryengineering (A32) 505

326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost

Electricity Diesel oil

A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2

Figure 7 Economic proportions of indicators from resource-saving perspective

Table 4 Results of economic merits by shortening constructionperiod (yenm2)

Item Cost-saving Sum Total

Capital charges(B1)

Loan interest payments(B11) 1733 1733

5529

Material rentalexpense (B2)

Formwork (B21) 785 1702Scaffolding (B22) 917

Equipment rentalexpense (B3)

Mortar pump systems(B31) 431

2095Suspended platforms(B32) 289

Concrete pumpsystems (B33) 1375

250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206

yenm2 Repayment interest Material rental Machinery rental

B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33

Figure 8 Economic proportions of indicators from time-savingperspective

Table 5 Results of economic merits by adopting incentive policies(yenm2)

Item Obtainedbenefits Sum Total

Financialsubsidies (C1)

Loan principal andinterest (C11) 89 89

15563Tax exemption(C2)

Enterprise incometax (C21) 239

664Value-added tax(C22) 424

Rewards (C3) Sales incentives (C31) 804 804

8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517

Financial subsidies Tax ememption Rewards

Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2

Figure 9 Economic proportions of indicators from policyperspective


which accounts for 517 of the total economic benefitby adopting the latest incentive policies of prefabricatedconstruction

52 Overall Performances of Economic Benefits Previousresearch suggested that the increased cost can reach betweenyen46441m2 and yen78394m2 when adopting prefabricatedconstruction in China [47 48] However the present re-search considers that the comprehensive economic meritcan reach yen7396m2 through higher resource-use efficien-cies faster project progress and current incentive policiesfor the adoption of prefabricated construction+e proposedeconomic benefit is capable of offsetting the incremental costand even producing revenues In addition the compre-hensive incremental benefit and its economic componentsare not directly affected by the size of the site As discussed inSection 3 the benefit evaluation of saving resources mainlyrelies on materials and other resources consumed by ma-chines +e benefit evaluation of shortening constructiontime is determined by the project progress and the benefitevaluation of receiving policy subsides is related to buildingsize and application situation of prefabricated constructiontechnologies However comprehensive economic benefit ofa PRB project is often positively correlated with its scaleIncreasing the project scale is capable of promoting theeconomic benefit For example from the resource-savingperspective a larger floor area means that more buildingcomponents are fabricated and more construction materialssuch as formwork are reused in manufacturing factories Alarger floor area also means that more building componentssuch as exterior walls are prefabricated and thus the on-siteconstruction progress can be more significantly acceleratedEquation (3) also indicates that the subsidies and rewordsare related to the project scale In this case the economicbenefit from shortening the construction period can beregarded as themost significant contributor namely yen5529m2 accounting for 748 of the comprehensive economicevaluation +e current incentive policies contribute thesmallest value of the comprehensive economic evaluationnamely yen523m2 which accounts for 71

In order to further identify the temporal change of thecomprehensive economic benefit in the project the eco-nomic benefits of saving resources shortening constructiontime and receiving policy subsides with the constructionperiod are calculated for main construction days in terms ofequations (1)ndash(3)+e results are listed in Table 6 and plottedin Figure 10 to display the temporal changes in economicbenefits over a project period

+e building project progress can be divided into threephases namely construction phase decoration phase andsales phase After the construction and decoration phasesthere are no economic benefits caused by resource- or time-savings Yet the comprehensive economic merit will beincreased to yen7396m2 owing to sales incentives For thisbuilding project the duration of the construction phase isfrom Day 1 to Day 85 and the decoration phase is from Day85 to Day 207 Figure 10 demonstrates that the compre-hensive incremental benefit has significant growth betweenDay 1 and Day 110

+e trend line in the incremental benefit of shortingconstruction time aims to plot the cumulative economicmerits on main days brought by the prefabricated con-struction technique from the time-saving perspective It canbe observed that there is a rapid increase in the economicmerit due to the faster on-site construction progress whenselecting the prefabricated construction technique Its trend

Table 6 Economic benefit values on main days in the project

Constructionperiod (day)

Economic benefits (yenm2)Resource-saving

Time-saving

Policysubsidies

Comprehensiveeconomic benefits

1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848

Incremental benefit of resources-savedIncremental benefit of shorted-construction periodIncremental benefit of recieving policy subsidesComprehensive incremental benefit

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )

Construction period (day)

Figure 10 Changes in economic benefits over a project period


change is similar with the line of the comprehensive in-cremental benefit and its economic values are greater thanother economic components after around Day 20 +ismeans that the time-saving factor can be considered thelargest contributor to the economic benefit of the pre-fabricated construction technique expect for the early stageof the building project +e fastest growth occurs betweenDay 90 and Day 207 which means that decoration engi-neering is more important to incremental values producedby the faster construction progress of the prefabricatedconstruction technique +is is because production of pre-fabricated components simplifies the on-site work of exte-rior walls slabs and other building parts High-qualityprefabricated components with insulation layers can avoid anumber of decoration tasks involving plastering and insu-lation and reduce the rental expenses on material andequipment

Furthermore saving resources has been the lowestcontributor to the comprehensive economic benefit over theproject period It experiences a relatively fast growth be-tween Day 25 and Day 85 and a slow increase fromDay 85 toDay 207 Compared to the decoration phase the con-struction phase can offer more economic benefits due toresource-use efficiencies of prefabricated construction Asfor the incremental benefit brought by policy subsidies ofprefabricated construction its relatively fast growth occursduring the early stage of building construction yet salesincentives will contribute to the growth of economic benefitcaused by policy subsidies after the decoration phase

6 Conclusions

Overall prefabricated construction has been considered awidely accepted alternative to conventional cast-in-situconcrete construction since it is capable of offering numer-ous benefits for investors and contractors However re-searchers hold various viewpoints on economic merits of PRBprojects +us considering availability and selection of theconstruction techniques the economic analysis of PRBprojects should be conducted for projecting the potentialexpenditure and indicating their economic benefits +isresearch aims to comprehensively evaluate the economicbenefits of implementing prefabricated construction tech-niques in order to surpass the economic barrier and promotethe development of PRBs in China +e comprehensiveeconomic evaluation is formulated in terms of resource-useefficiencies project progress and incentive policies Anapartment building in Shanghai is selected as a case studyConstruction progress is simulated on the BIM platformwhen the same case study is rationally transformed from theprefabricated to the conventional cast-in-situ constructiontechnique For the adoption of prefabricated construction thesignificant economic benefit results from saved resourcesshortened construction periods and policy subsidies

+e results reveal that the comprehensive economicmerit can reach yen7396m2 when selecting the prefabricatedconstruction process +e economic benefit offered byshortening the construction period can be regarded as themost significant contributor because of a large proportion

Among the project-progress-related factors the reducedexpenses on machinery rental and material rental are seen asthe largest and smallest parts respectively but there is not asignificant difference +e reward policy plays the mostimportant role from the policy perspective It can offer aneconomic benefit of 804m2 and account for more than halfof the total policy-related economic benefit

Additionally the assessment measure can be beneficialfor decision makers to consider prefabricated constructiontechniques in building construction projects in terms of thepotential economic benefits +e results can contribute tojudicious construction patterns and the efficient utilisationof incentive policies +is research is expected to contributeto further improvement by incorporating more detailed dataon construction processes and addressing more economicindicators in future research

Data Availability

+e data used to support the findings of this study areavailable from the corresponding author upon request

Conflicts of Interest

+e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

+e authors are thankful for the support from the NationalKey RampD Program of China (2016YFC0701810 in2016YFC0701800) North China University of TechnologyScience and Technology Innovation Project (18XN149) andNorth China University of Technology Yu Jie Talent De-velopment Program (18XN154)

References

[1] J Hong G Q Shen Z Li B Zhang and W Zhang ldquoBarriersto promoting prefabricated construction in China a cost-benefit analysisrdquo Journal of Cleaner Production vol 172pp 649ndash660 2018

[2] D Yeoh and M Fragiacomo ldquo+e design of a semi-prefabricated LVL-concrete composite floorrdquo Advances inCivil Engineering vol 2012 Article ID 626592 19 pages 2012

[3] R E Smit Off-Site Construction Implementation ResourceOff-Site and Modular Construction Explained Off-SiteConstruction Council National Institute of Building Sci-ences 2014 httpwwwwbdgorgresourcessite-and-modular-construction-explained

[4] R Y Zhong Y Peng F Xue et al ldquoPrefabricated constructionenabled by the Internet-of-+ingsrdquo Automation in Con-struction vol 76 pp 59ndash70 2017

[5] S Mostafa N Chileshe and T Abdelhamid ldquoLean and agileintegration within offsite construction using discrete eventsimulationrdquo Construction Innovation vol 16 no 4pp 483ndash525 2016

[6] M Arashpour Y Bai G Aranda-mena A Bab-HadiasharR Hosseini and P Kalutara ldquoOptimizing decisions in ad-vanced manufacturing of prefabricated products theorizingsupply chain configurations in off-site constructionrdquo Auto-mation in Construction vol 84 pp 146ndash153 2017


[7] S J Kolo F P Rahimian and J S Goulding ldquoOffsitemanufacturing construction a big opportunity for housingdelivery in Nigeriardquo Procedia Engineering vol 85 pp 319ndash327 2014

[8] V W Y Tam I W H Fung M C P Sing andS O Ogunlana ldquoBest practice of prefabrication imple-mentation in the Hong Kong public and private sectorsrdquoJournal of Cleaner Production vol 109 pp 216ndash231 2015

[9] Z Li G Q Shen and X Xue ldquoCritical review of the researchon the management of prefabricated constructionrdquo HabitatInternational vol 43 pp 240ndash249 2014

[10] N Blismas C Pasquire and A Gibb ldquoBenefit evaluation foroff-site production in constructionrdquo Construction Manage-ment and Economics vol 24 no 2 pp 121ndash130 2006

[11] MM Fard S A Terouhid C J Kibert andH Hakim ldquoSafetyconcerns related to modularprefabricated building con-structionrdquo International Journal of Injury Control and SafetyPromotion vol 24 no 1 pp 10ndash23 2017

[12] E M Generalova V P Generalov and A A KuznetsovaldquoModular buildings in modern constructionrdquo ProcediaEngineering vol 153 pp 167ndash172 2016

[13] E D L Franks Safety and Health in Prefabricated Con-struction A New Framework for Analysis University ofWashington Seattle WA USA 2018

[14] B-G Hwang M Shan and K-Y Looi ldquoKnowledge-baseddecision support system for prefabricated prefinished volu-metric constructionrdquo Automation in Construction vol 94pp 168ndash178 2018

[15] D Matic J R Calzada M S Todorovic M Eric andM BabinldquoChapter 16-cost-effective energy refurbishment of pre-fabricated buildings in Serbiardquo in Cost-Effective Energy EfficientBuilding Retrofitting F Pacheco-Torgal C-G GranqvistB P Jelle G P Vanoli N Bianco and J Kurnitski Edspp 455ndash487 Woodhead Publishing Cambridge UK 2017

[16] R Minunno T OrsquoGrady G Morrison R Gruner andM Colling ldquoStrategies for applying the circular economy toprefabricated buildingsrdquo Buildings vol 8 no 9 p 125 2018

[17] O Pons ldquo18-assessing the sustainability of prefabricatedbuildingsrdquo in Eco-Efficient Construction and Building Mate-rials F Pacheco-Torgal L F Cabeza J Labrincha andA de Magalhatildees Eds pp 434ndash456 Woodhead PublishingCambridge UK 2014

[18] N Vieira M Amado and F Pinho ldquoPrefabricated solution tomodular construction in Cape Verderdquo AIP Conference Pro-ceedings vol 184 no 1 article 020071 2017

[19] Y Chang X Li E Masanet L Zhang Z Huang and R RiesldquoUnlocking the green opportunity for prefabricated buildingsand construction in Chinardquo Resources Conservation andRecycling vol 139 pp 259ndash261 2018

[20] +e state council ldquoGuiding opinions of the general office ofthe State Council on vigorously developing prefabricatedbuildingsrdquo 2016 httpwwwgovcnzhengcecontent2016-0930content_5114118htm

[21] A E Fenner M Razkenari H Hakim and C J Kibert ldquoAreview of prefabrication benefits for sustainable and resilientcoastal areasrdquo in Proceedings of the 6th International Networkof Tropical Architecture Conference Tropical Storms as aSetting for Adaptive Development and Architecture Universityof Florida Gainesville FL USA December 2017

[22] L Jaillon and C S Poon ldquoLife cycle design and prefabricationin buildings a review and case studies in Hong Kongrdquo Au-tomation in Construction vol 39 pp 195ndash202 2014

[23] C Mao F Xie L Hou P Wu J Wang and X Wang ldquoCostanalysis for sustainable off-site construction based on a

multiple-case study in Chinardquo Habitat International vol 57pp 215ndash222 2016

[24] J Jeong T Hong C Ji et al ldquoAn integrated evaluation ofproductivity cost and CO 2 emission between prefabricatedand conventional columnsrdquo Journal of Cleaner Productionvol 142 pp 2393ndash2406 2017

[25] M Afzal S Maqsood and S Yousaf ldquoPerformance evaluationof cost saving towards sustainability in traditional con-struction using prefabrication techniquerdquo InternationalJournal of Research in Engineering and Science vol 5 no 5pp 73ndash79 2017

[26] S Jang and G Lee ldquoProcess productivity and economicanalyses of BIM-based multi-trade prefabrication-A casestudyrdquo Automation in Construction vol 89 pp 86ndash98 2018

[27] E I Antillon M R Morris and W Gregor ldquoA value-basedcost-benefit analysis of prefabrication processes in thehealthcare sector a case studyrdquo in Proceedings of the 22ndInternational Group for Lean Construction Conference OsloNorway June 2014

[28] N Blismas and R Wakefield ldquoDrivers constraints andthe future of offsite manufacture in Australiardquo ConstructionInnovation vol 9 no 1 pp 72ndash83 2009

[29] H Xue S Zhang Y Su and Z Wu ldquoCapital cost optimi-zation for prefabrication a factor analysis evaluation modelrdquoSustainability vol 10 no 1 p 159 2018

[30] C Z Li F Xue X Li J Hong and G Q Shen ldquoAn Internet of+ings-enabled BIM platform for on-site assembly servicesin prefabricated constructionrdquo Automation in Constructionvol 89 pp 146ndash161 2018

[31] M O Fadeyi ldquo+e role of building information modeling(BIM) in delivering the sustainable building valuerdquo Inter-national Journal of Sustainable Built Environment vol 6no 2 pp 711ndash722 2017

[32] S Song J Yang and N Kim ldquoDevelopment of a BIM-basedstructural framework optimization and simulation system forbuilding constructionrdquo Computers in Industry vol 63 no 9pp 895ndash912 2012

[33] J Zhang Y Long S Lv and Y Xiang ldquoBIM-enabled modularand industrialized construction in Chinardquo Procedia Engi-neering vol 145 pp 1456ndash1461 2016

[34] J Lee and J Kim ldquoBIM-based 4D simulation to improvemodule manufacturing productivity for sustainable buildingprojectsrdquo Sustainability vol 9 no 3 p 426 2017

[35] G S Baltasi and R Akbas ldquoStructured evaluation of pre-construction cost alternatives with bim and resource in-tegrated simulationrdquo in Proceedings of the Lean andComputing in Construction Congress-Joint Conference onComputing in Construction pp 499ndash506 HeraklionGreece July 2017

[36] S Mostafa K P Kim V W Y Tam andP Rahnamayiezekavat ldquoExploring the status benefits bar-riers and opportunities of using BIM for advancing pre-fabrication practicerdquo International Journal of ConstructionManagement pp 1ndash11 2018

[37] Longxin Group 2019 httpwwwlxgroupcn[38] Autodesk ldquoRevit built for building information modelingrdquo

2019 httpswwwautodeskcomproductsrevitoverview[39] M Hu ldquoBIM-enabled pedagogy approach using BIM as

an instructional tool in technology coursesrdquo Journal of Pro-fessional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice vol 145no 1 article 05018017 2019

[40] +e Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural DevelopmentCode for Construction of Concrete Structures (GB 50666-2011)China Architecture amp Building Press Beijing China 2012


[41] +e Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural DevelopmentConsumption Quota of Prefabricated Construction (TY01-01(01)-2016) China Planning Press Beijing China 2017

[42] +e Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural DevelopmentConsumption Quota of Building Construction and DecorationEngineering (TY01-31-2015) China Planning Press BeijingChina 2015

[43] Housing and Urban-Rural Development Institute of Stan-dards and Norms Unified National Consumption Quota ofMachinery and Equipment China Planning Press BeijingChina 2012

[44] +e Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural DevelopmentCode for Design of Concrete Structures (GB 50010-2010) ChinaArchitecture amp Building Press Beijing China 2015

[45] Shanghai Municipal Development and Reform CommissionDemonstration Projects of Special Support Measures onBuilding Energy Efficiency and Green Buildings ShanghaiMunicipal Development and Reform Commission ShanghaiChina 2016

[46] +e General Office of the Municipal Peoplersquos Government ofBeijing Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Devel-opment of Prefabricated Buildings +e General Office of theMunicipal Peoplersquos Government of Beijing Beijing China2017

[47] M Ningning and C Bingqing ldquoAnalysis on the cost control ofprefabricated concrete buildingsrdquo Journal of Fujian Universityof Technology vol 15 no 4 pp 399ndash403 2017

[48] L Lihong G Bohui Q Baoku L Yunxia and L LanldquoEmpirical analysis on the cost of prefabricated constructioncontrast with cast-in-place buildingrdquo Construction Economyvol 9 pp 102ndash105 2013


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hazards and dirt and there are strict factory processes andprocedures that protect workers from on-the-job injury[12ndash14] As for environmental sustainability prefabricatedconcrete construction offers benefits in waste reduction [15]facilitates the reuse of some components [16] and reduceswater consumption [17] Prefabricated buildingmodules canalso be designed and fabricated with requests of clients tomeet living comfort requirements [18]

Based on the aforementioned merits prefabricatedbuildings (PRBs) have also been greatly developed to meetthe requirements of sustainability and housing demand inChina [1] China has also embarked on several initiatives topromote prefabrication [19] For instance the Ministry ofHousing and Urban-Rural Development recently stated thatChina will strive to increase the proportion of PRBs to 30of new building areas and increase the number of highlyskilled industrial workers to 3 million within 10 years [20]However in comparison to traditional building (TRB)construction there are also notable disadvantages thatshould be considered such as transportation restrictions andspan limits [21] PRB projects also require increased andmore detailed coordination at all stages which increases thedifficulty in progress monitoring and planning From theeconomic perspective prefabricated components incurmore initial investment higher taxes and more incrementalcosts [22 23]

2 Literature Review

Considering availability and selection of the constructiontechniques the economic analysis of PRB projects should beconducted for projecting the potential expenditure andindicating their economic benefits Recently Jeong et al [24]selected a case study in South Korea and evaluated severalperformance indices through the Web-CYCLONE simula-tion when replacing conventional steel-reinforced concretecolumns with form-latticed prefabricated steel-reinforcedconcrete columns +e results found cost savings of132 In 2017 Afzal et al [25] proposed research involvingthe economic estimation and performance for both pre-fabricated and conventional construction techniques +eirstudy reported a sound cost performance of about 574million PKR (Pakistani Rupee) when prefabrication wasused for the construction of the given case study buildingproject However some studies have expressed concernsregarding the practicability of prefabricated construction interms of its economical effectiveness [26 27] For example aperceived higher cost has been seen as one of the four mainbarriers in Australiarsquos prefabricated construction [28] Inparticular material increment costs and labour costs arecapable of producing significant impacts on the productioncost [29] In 2018 Hong et al [1] investigated basic costcomposition of prefabrication and examined the effects ofadopting prefabrication on the total cost of building projectsResults suggested that transportation could account for 10of the total cost and the average incremental cost was linearlycorrelated with the prefabrication rate which ranged fromyen237m2 to yen437m2 for the selected projects +e work ofMao et al [23] also conducted an analysis on expenditure

items of prefabricated and conventional constructionmethods through a case study approach in China +e re-search compared the civil project budget costs of a resi-dential building designed in accordance with the PRB designand traditional design schemes based on bid documents andconstruction drawings indicating that the PRB incrementalcost could reach yen32m2

Overall economic benefits of implementing pre-fabricated construction techniques should be clarified It istherefore necessary to comprehensively evaluate economicbenefits from PRB projects in order to break the economicbarrier and promote the development of PRBs in China Inparticular the potential economic effects produced byresource-use efficiencies project progress and incentivepolicies need to be further investigated in Chinarsquos con-struction industry Moreover developing an appropriatepattern for obtaining accurate cost data and reasonablemathematical models for providing a comparative analysisof TRB and PRB projects are also challenges In addressingthese challenges building information modelling (BIM) as adigital model-based process emerges as a solution to rapidlysimulate and identify the economic impacts of differentconstruction techniques

Building information modelling (BIM) is regarded as anengineering data platform that integrates various data fromengineering projects based on three-dimensional (3D)digital technologies [30] Refined 3D models can be used tocorrelate the schedule and cost information of the wholeconstruction process through simulation [31 32] +e au-tomatic calculation tools of BIM platforms are also capableof effectively reducing error rates for the cost calculationresults In addition BIM has been applied to prefabricatedconstruction [33] For example in 2017 a new BIM-based4D construction simulation framework was proposed by Leeand Kim [34] to explore the improved management methodfor modular construction projects On the basis of the newframework a visually optimal manufacturing process wasidentified from the perspectives of resources material andquality and it was also verified that time and cost for modulemanufacturing could be reduced by the proposed frame-work Furthermore the work of Baltasi and Akbas [35]demonstrated a preconstruction cost analysis method usingBIM and prototype resource integrated planning and sim-ulation software namely GSimX proving that the BIM-based cost estimation method was capable of rapidly andaccurately producing economic results +e synergy of in-tegrating BIM and prefabrication could also minimise un-necessary and costly rework and conserve resources [36]

Yet relatively little research exists regarding the com-prehensive economic evaluation by adopting BIMwithin theprefabrication industry and few mathematical modelsconsidering possible economic values are caused by time andpolitical factors +us the research in this paper aims topropose a comparative analysis of TRB and PRB projectsbased on BIM simulation PRB projects are rationallytransformed into TRB projects through case study methodon a BIM platform +e proposed mathematical modelsconsider potential economic effects produced by resource-use efficiencies project progress and incentive policies to



3 Methodology







ICrA11 + ICrA12 + ICrA131113872 1113873





(1)







1113944ΔN

k1


1 + ik( 1113857ΔN + 1113944

2

n1ΔT1 middot Pmln

+ 11139443

t1ΔT2 times Pmyt

+ ΔT3 times Pmyc

(2)










1113944N

k1


1 + ik( 1113857N



Sl+ S middot Pb1113874 1113875

(3)

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

reso

urce

-sav

ings

A1 water usage

A2 electivity usage

A3 diesel usage










Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rs o

fsh

orte

ning

cons

truc

tion

time

B1 capital charges






Project costs





Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

ince

ntiv

e pol

icie

s



C2 tax exemption

C3 rewards


C22 value-added tax



























Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam













Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia



3 Methodology







ICrA11 + ICrA12 + ICrA131113872 1113873





(1)







1113944ΔN

k1


1 + ik( 1113857ΔN + 1113944

2

n1ΔT1 middot Pmln

+ 11139443

t1ΔT2 times Pmyt

+ ΔT3 times Pmyc

(2)










1113944N

k1


1 + ik( 1113857N



Sl+ S middot Pb1113874 1113875

(3)

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

reso

urce

-sav

ings

A1 water usage

A2 electivity usage

A3 diesel usage










Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rs o

fsh

orte

ning

cons

truc

tion

time

B1 capital charges






Project costs





Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

ince

ntiv

e pol

icie

s



C2 tax exemption

C3 rewards


C22 value-added tax



























Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam













Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia









1113944N

k1


1 + ik( 1113857N



Sl+ S middot Pb1113874 1113875

(3)

Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

reso

urce

-sav

ings

A1 water usage

A2 electivity usage

A3 diesel usage










Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rs o

fsh

orte

ning

cons

truc

tion

time

B1 capital charges






Project costs





Econ

omic

ben

efit

indi

cato

rsof

ince

ntiv

e pol

icie

s



C2 tax exemption

C3 rewards


C22 value-added tax



























Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam













Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia

























Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam













Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia











Prefabricated beam

Cast-in-situ beam













Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia








Steel fixing

Formwork setup

Concrete pouring

Concrete curing

Formwork removal


Roofscreeding



Roofinsulation



Roof waterproofing


StartStart







Formwork removal



Roof waterproofing

Roofinsulation


Mai

n bu

ildin

g pr

ojec

tD

ecor

atin

g pr

ojec

t



Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


Tabl

e1


coeffi

cients

Sequ

ence

number

12

34

56

78

Con

structionactiv

ities

Use

ofmachinery

andequipm

ent

Resource-savings

Machines

Differentia

lWater

(m3 )

(TRB

-PRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

)Electricity

(kW)(TRB

-PRB

)Diesel

(kg)

(TRB

)Diesel(kg)

(TRB

-PRB

)

1Prod

uctio

nconcrete

pouring

and

concrete

curing

ofprefabricated

compo

nents

103

2Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofcolumn-beam

junctio

ns0015

0372

minus0444

3Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedbeam

-slabjunctio

nsminus0

16

0372

minus006

4Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofsuperimpo

sedshearwalljun

ctions

minus001

0372

minus02862

5Con

cretepo

uringvibration

andcuring

ofwall-c

olum

njunctio

nsminus1

13

0372

minus02808

6

Processin

gdelivery

fixing

and

installatio

nof

steelb

ars

Steelb


40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

00

0952

0

7Steelb

arcutting

machines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

2889

0321

8Steelb

arbend

ingmachines

40mmm

achinery

one-shiftt

003

07383

0963

9DC

welding

machines

32KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

03306

0936

10Bu

tt-welding

machines

75KVAm

achinery

one-shiftt

001

011061

1229

11Welding

electrod

edrying

ovens

45times35

times45

(cm

3 )m

achinery

one-shiftt

0001

002546

00067

12Fo

rmworksetupof

column-beam

junctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

‒0019

0000132

-0456

13Fo

rmworksetupof

wall-c

olum

njunctio

nsWoo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0015

0000132

00036

14Splices

ofcompo

sitewoo

dbo

ards

Woo

dworking

circular

sawingmachines

500mmm

achinery

one-shift100

m2

0011

0000132

000264

15Scaff

olddelivery

assembly

andremoval

Heavy

trucks

6tm

achinery

one-shiftm

200735

00

061

237

16Vertical

delivery

Tower

cranes

1000

kNmm

achinery

one-

shift100

m2

000172

00

575

053

17Kicking

linedecoratio

n100m

20

341

0126

0126






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia






Phase2

Phase3

Phase4





1005

171

525




43


20




326

82

592

896

Water

5459

53465

489

162

801

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Redu

ced

econ

omic

cost


A11A12A13

A31A32

A21A22A23

yenm2




Capital charges(B1)


5529







250

200326 308

462

379

150

100Sa

ved

expe

nse

50

0

539

656

138

206


B1 B31

B11B21 B32

B33










8070605040302010

0

57

640

360426

517


Obt

aine

d ec

onom

ic m

erits

C1C21

C22C3

yenm2











Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia










Time-saving

Policysubsidies


1 203 2137 5050 739010 406 4274 5260 994020 609 6411 5690 1271029 1212 8548 6230 1599039 1515 10685 6310 1851052 1718 12822 6420 2096061 2221 14959 6520 2370071 2524 17096 6640 2626074 2927 19233 6670 2883079 3430 21370 6780 3158085 3833 23507 6940 3428092 4136 25644 7090 36870103 4269 29781 7100 41150115 4342 33218 7240 44800124 4475 34355 7310 46140135 4548 36192 7460 48200143 4651 39229 7530 51410157 4754 42566 7610 54930164 4857 46303 7720 58880179 4960 49740 7810 62510189 5162 52177 7920 65260207 5265 55295 8010 68571237 5265 55295 8900 69461266 5265 55295 9500 70061267 5252 55295 13300 73848


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Incr

emen

tal b

enef

it (yen

m2 )






6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia




6 Conclusions





Data Availability




Acknowledgments


References























































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia

















































RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia













RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia




RoboticsJournal of




VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2018



Volume 2018


Journal of




SensorsJournal of



RotatingMachinery





Propagation






Hindawi


Advances in

Multimedia


Documents

A BIM-Based Study on the Comprehensive Benefit Analysis ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2019/3720191.pdf · BIM andprototype resourceintegrated planning andsim-ulation software,