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A Biblical Studies Style Guide for CTC
A Biblical Studies Style Guide for CTC ........................................................................ 1 1 Why a Biblical Studies style guide? ........................................................................ 1 2 Common issues ........................................................................................................ 2
2.1 Place of publication........................................................................................... 2 2.2 Internet sources ................................................................................................. 2
3 Examples .................................................................................................................. 2 3.1 Biblical texts ..................................................................................................... 2
3.1.1 Scripture references ................................................................................... 2 3.1.2 English translations of the Bible ................................................................ 3 3.1.3 Hebrew and Greek versions of the Old Testament .................................... 3 3.1.4 Commentary/notes in study Bibles ............................................................ 3
3.2 Commentaries ................................................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Commentaries in a series ........................................................................... 4 3.2.2 A commentary not forming part of a series ............................................... 5 3.2.3 A single commentary in multiple volumes ................................................ 6 3.2.4 Some frequently cited commentaries with their own peculiarities ............ 7
3.3 Dictionaries, encyclopaedias and lexicons ....................................................... 9 3.3.1 “Encyclopaedia article” format .................................................................. 9 3.3.2 “Essay/article in a collection” format ...................................................... 10
3.4 Patristic sources .............................................................................................. 11
1 Why a Biblical Studies style guide?
In academic writing, a “style” is a kind of template or format that governs the
consistent and accurate acknowledgment of direct quotations from other authors and
of the source of key ideas. Different academic institutions use different “styles” for
the citation of the sources used in compiling written work.
The citation style for written work submitted at CTC is the “Chicago Style” (16th
edition, 2010) as set out in the 8th
edition of Turabian:
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 8th
ed.
Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and the University
of Chicago Press Editorial Staff. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2013.
Chapters 6 and 7 of that book contain detailed examples and explanations and should
be consulted when in doubt.
Each year, the CTC Handbook provides examples of applications of Chicago Style to
the kinds of sources commonly used in theological writing, but they are not
exhaustive. The purpose of this Biblical Studies Style Guide is to provide further
examples that are more specific to the field of Biblical Studies.
2 Common issues
2.1 Place of publication
The place of publication is always the city where the publisher’s main editorial offices
are found. Normally, the city is found on the title page – in the case of two cities (e.g.
“London and New York”), simply cite the first city. For greater accuracy in the case
of cities in the United States, the city name may be followed by a comma and the
abbreviation of the name of the state in which the city is located. This is not
obligatory. If you choose to include the state, you must use the two-letter
abbreviations employed by the US Postal Service (e.g. MA, CA, TX).
2.2 Internet sources
The great advantage of the internet is the accessibility of material. The great
disadvantage is the lack of quality control over the material published online by
comparison with material published in print. Articles in scholarly journals are
refereed: that is, submitted to experts in the field prior to publication. Books in
academic libraries have generally been published by professional publishers of
scholarly books and have been selected and purchased by librarians with expertise in
the area of theological publications, often in consultation with lecturers. It should not
be assumed that material published on the internet is either accurate or of sufficient
quality to merit inclusion in a scholarly essay. Much of the material relating to the
Bible on the internet is of a highly subjective or fundamentalist nature and has no
place in serious academic discussion.
Generally speaking, internet sources should be avoided unless they make a significant
contribution to your argument and come from a reliable source. Sources are more
likely to be scholarly in nature if they come from sites associated with mainstream
academic institutions such as universities.
3 Examples
3.1 Biblical texts
3.1.1 Scripture references
Refer to the style guide in the current edition of the CTC Handbook for how to make
reference to biblical texts. Note that versions of the Bible are not included in a
bibliography (however, see 3.1.4 below regarding study Bibles).
A scripture reference may properly form part of a sentence, e.g.:
“With its indication of a turn towards Jerusalem, Lk 9:51 marks a key turning point in the
narrative.”
Or, a scriptural reference may take the form of a parenthetical note within the body of
the text (note that scriptural references are not generally placed in footnotes), e.g.:
“The key turning point in the narrative occurs where the reader is told that Jesus sets his face
towards Jerusalem (Lk 9:51).”
The parenthetical note form is obviously preferable when a number of references are
made together, e.g.:
“Matthew’s numerous references to Peter suggest that the evangelist has a special interest in
this disciple (Mt 4:18; 10:2; 14:28–29; 15:15; 16:16, 18, 22–23; 17:1, 4, 24, 26; 18:21; 19:27;
26:33, 35, 37, 40, 58, 69, 73, 75).”
3.1.2 English translations of the Bible
In general, it is assumed for CTC purposes that the English translation being referred
to is the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV). If you wish to refer specifically to
another translation, it is advisable to include the name or the standard abbreviation of
that other translation as part of the reference, e.g.:
“The Greek verb ἐγείρω is susceptible of translation either actively “he has risen” (Mt 28:6
NJB) or passively “he has been raised” (Mt 28:6 NAB).”
3.1.3 Hebrew and Greek versions of the Old Testament
With regard to the Old Testament, significant differences sometimes exist between
the received Hebrew text from which most English translations are made, known as
the Masoretic text (abbreviated “MT”), and the ancient Greek version known as the
Septuagint (usually symbolised by “LXX”). As with translations, reference may be
made to a specific version where this is significant, e.g.:
“Matthew’s insistence on the virginal conception of Jesus is underlined by his reference to
prophecy (Isa 7:14 LXX).”
3.1.4 Commentary/notes in study Bibles
“Study” or “Annotated” Bibles include notes or commentary on the text, usually in
the form of extended notes at the foot or side of the page. The author of the
notes/commentary will be normally be indicated, for example at the beginning of the
particular biblical book or in a table of contents. If possible, you should identify the
author of the note to which you are referring.
Since the notes/commentary is normally organised using the chapter and verse
references of the biblical text, it is appropriate to use this rather than page numbers.
1st footnote: Samuel Terrien and Roland E. Murphy, Note on Job 35:1-16 in
The New Oxford Annotated Bible, rev. ed., ed. Bruce M.
Metzger and Roland E. Murphy (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1991).
Subsequent: Terrien and Murphy, Note on Job 35:1-16.
Bibliography: Terrien, Samuel and Roland E. Murphy, Notes on Job. In The
New Oxford Annotated Bible. Rev. ed., edited by Bruce
M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1991.
Study bibles often include topical articles, which should be cited in the usual way for
an article/essay in a collection. Since pagination in Bibles normally restarts with the
NT, it will usually be necessary to specify whether the pages refer to the OT or NT
section.
1st footnote: Walter Brueggemann, “The Prophetical Books,” in The New
Oxford Annotated Bible, rev. ed., ed. Bruce M. Metzger and
Roland E. Murphy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991),
864 (OT).
Subsequent: Brueggemann, “The Prophetical Books,” 864 (OT).
Bibliography: Brueggemann, Walter. “The Prophetical Books.” In The New
Oxford Annotated Bible. Rev. ed., edited by Bruce M.
Metzger and Roland E. Murphy, 862-65 (OT). New
York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
3.2 Commentaries
Commentaries are simply a type of book. Their peculiarity lies not in the way they are
cited, but in their own internal form: a commentary is a systematic analysis of a
biblical book or books or part thereof and normally includes as a major component
some kind of sequential exposition of the text (for example, a verse by verse or
chapter by chapter commentary).
Citing a commentary is frequently more complicated than other books since they may
belong to a series or exist in more than one volume.
3.2.1 Commentaries in a series
Most commentaries form part of a series. While the citation of the series name and
volume number (if any) is not strictly obligatory, it is conventional and appropriate to
do so in the case of biblical commentaries, since it increases the accuracy of your
citation and avoids potential confusion given that biblical commentaries normally
bear the title of the biblical book on which they comment – leading to many different
commentaries with the same or similar titles. Be careful not to confuse the title of the
volume itself with the title of the series – both of which may well appear on the cover.
Also be careful to distinguish the author of the commentary itself (i.e. of the volume
you are citing) from the editor of the overall series. Generally, it is unnecessary to cite
the name of a series editor (for example, Daniel Harrington in the case of the Sacra
Pagina series).
Ultimately, if in doubt about the correct way to cite a commentary, consult your
lecturer.
3.2.1.1 A commentary in a series with a volume number:
1st footnote: Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John, Sacra Pagina 4
(Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1998), 250.
Subsequent: Moloney, Gospel of John, 250.
Bibliography: Moloney, Francis J. The Gospel of John. Sacra Pagina 4.
Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1998.
1st footnote: Andrew E. Hill, Malachi: A New Translation and Commentary,
Anchor Bible 25D (New York: Doubleday, 1998), 24.
Subsequent: Hill, Malachi, 24.
Bibliography: Hill, Andrew E. Malachi: A New Translation and Commentary.
Anchor Bible 25D. New York: Doubleday, 1998.
3.2.1.2 A commentary in a series without volume numbers:
1st footnote: Jerome T. Walsh, 1 Kings, Berit Olam (Collegeville, MN:
Liturgical Press, 1996), 134.
Subsequent: Walsh, 1 Kings, 134.
Bibliography: Walsh, Jerome T. 1 Kings. Berit Olam. Collegeville, MN:
Liturgical Press, 1996.
3.2.2 A commentary not forming part of a series
Some commentaries are not part of any series and are simply cited like any other
book.
1st footnote: Brendan Byrne, A Costly Freedom: A Theological Reading of
Mark’s Gospel (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2008), 56.
Subsequent: Byrne, Costly Freedom, 56.
Bibliography: Byrne, Brendan. A Costly Freedom: A Theological Reading of
Mark’s Gospel. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press,
2008.
3.2.3 A single commentary in multiple volumes
Some commentaries on a single book of the Bible are themselves in multiple volumes
(and may or may not be part of a series). For example, the commentary on Matthew
by Ulrich Luz in the Hermeneia series appears in three separate volumes published
over a number of years. The individual volume to which you are referring should be
cited in footnotes. In the bibliography, you should cite the individual volume unless in
the course of your paper you have referred to more than one of the volumes; in the
latter case, cite the commentary as a whole.
1st footnote: Ulrich Luz, Matthew 1-7: A Commentary, trans. James E.
Crouch, Hermeneia (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2007),
200.
Subsequent: Luz, Matthew 1-7, 200.
Bibliography: Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 1-7: A Commentary. Translated by James
E. Crouch. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press,
2007.
Or, where you have referred to more than one of the volumes in Luz’s
commentary, cite the commentary as a whole in the bibliography:
Luz, Ulrich. Matthew: A Commentary. Translated by James E.
Crouch. 3 vols. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress
Press, 2007.
The following example is a two volume commentary that relates only to a portion of
the book of Isaiah (chapters 40-55 or Deutero-Isaiah). It is slightly different from the
Luz example above in that both volumes bear the same title, whereas the title of each
volume of Luz’s commentary identifies the chapters of Matthew’s Gospel being
treated in that volume. Therefore, in the following example the two different volumes
are identified not by a differing title, but by volume number.
1st footnote: John Goldingay and David Payne, A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on Isaiah 40-55, International Critical
Commentary (London: T&T Clark, 2006), 1:156.
Subsequent: Goldingay and Payne, Isaiah 40-55, 1:156.
Bibliography: Goldingay, John, and David Payne. A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on Isaiah 40-55. Vol. 1. International
Critical Commentary. London: T&T Clark, 2006.
As with the Luz example, if you cite material from both volumes of this
commentary in your notes, a single citation in the bibliography to the two
volume work as a whole is used:
Goldingay, John, and David Payne. A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on Isaiah 40-55. 2 vols. International
Critical Commentary. London: T&T Clark, 2006.
3.2.4 Some frequently cited commentaries with their own peculiarities
3.2.4.1 New Jerome Biblical Commentary
The New Jerome Biblical Commentary (NJBC) is a collection of short commentaries
on individual books of the Bible together with topical essays. Each chapter is in fact a
separate essay or article with its own author(s). As such, references to the NJBC
should follow the style for an essay/article in a collection with up to three editors. The
NJBC is a little unusual in that it contains its own internal referencing system by
chapter and paragraph number. This system may be used instead of page numbers as
it provides an even more precise indication of the source of a quotation or idea.
1st footnote: Bruce Vawter, “Introduction to Prophetic Literature,” in The
New Jerome Biblical Commentary, ed. Raymond E. Brown,
Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy (London: Geoffrey
Chapman, 1989), 11:5.
Subsequent: Vawter, “Introduction,” 11:5.
Bibliography: Vawter, Bruce. “Introduction to Prophetic Literature.” In The
New Jerome Biblical Commentary, edited by Raymond
E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy,
11:1-25. London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1989.
3.2.4.2 The New Interpreter’s Bible
The New Interpreter’s Bible is a twelve volume work containing commentaries and
thematic articles by various authors. The “chapters” in this work should therefore be
cited like essays in an edited collection. Take care to cite both volume and page
number.
1st footnote: Gene M. Tucker, “The Book of Isaiah 1-39: Introduction,
Commentary, and Reflections,” in The New Interpreter’s Bible,
ed. Leander Keck et al. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2001),
6:246.
Subsequent: Tucker, “Isaiah 1-39,” 6:246.
Bibliography: Tucker, Gene M. “The Book of Isaiah 1-39: Introduction,
Commentary, and Reflections.” In The New Interpreter’s Bible,
edited by Leander Keck et al., 6:27-305. Nashville: Abingdon
Press, 2001.
3.2.4.3 The International Critical Commentary
The International Critical Commentary is an example of a commentary series that is
not just being revised but entirely republished with new authors. As such, there may
be confusion where the old and the new commentaries bear the same title, e.g.:
Original commentary on Matthew’s Gospel:
1st footnote: Willoughby C. Allen, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary
on the Gospel According to St Matthew, International Critical
Commentary (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1907), 146.
Subsequent: Allen, Matthew, 146.
Bibliography: Allen, Willoughby C. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary
on the Gospel According to St Matthew. International
Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1907.
New commentary on Matthew’s Gospel (which happens to be in three
volumes):
1st footnote: W.D. Davies and Dale C. Allison, A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Gospel According to St Matthew,
International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh: T&T Clark,
1991), 2:245.
Subsequent: Davies and Allison, Matthew, 2:245.
Bibliography: Davies, W.D. and Dale C. Allison. A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Gospel According to St Matthew.
Vol. 2. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh:
T&T Clark, 1991.
Or if citing the entire commentary in three volumes:
Davies, W.D. and Dale C. Allison. A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Gospel According to St Matthew. 3
vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh:
T&T Clark, 1988-1997.
3.3 Dictionaries, encyclopaedias and lexicons
The distinguishing feature of these kinds of reference works is their organisation of
their contents in alphabetical order. However, when it comes to the citation of entries
in reference works such as dictionaries and encyclopaedias, the examples given in the
CTC Handbook draw a distinction between an “Essay/article in a collection” and an
“Encyclopaedia article”. In the latter case, only the title of the work is cited and the
usual publication details (author/editor of the book, place of publication, publisher)
are omitted. This is only justifiable in the case of very well known, standard reference
works. It is to be remembered that the point of a citation is to enable the reader readily
to track down the source. Therefore, if in doubt, the best option is to cite in the form
given for an “Essay/article in a collection.”
In the field of Biblical studies, examples of very well known reference works that
could be cited using the shorter “Encyclopaedia article” style are:
Anchor Bible Dictionary
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian
Literature
The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
Remember that in a longer essay in which you may be citing such reference works
numerous times, it is permissible to assign abbreviations of their titles in your list of
abbreviations at the beginning of the essay e.g. TDNT for Theological Dictionary of
the New Testament.
3.3.1 “Encyclopaedia article” format
3.3.1.1 Signed entries
A signed entry is one where the author of the particular entry or article is known.
Sometimes the author’s name occurs at the end of the entry either in full or in the
form of initials. Sometimes the authors of the various entries are listed elsewhere in
the volume.
1st footnote: Robert Houston Smith, “Lebanon,” in Anchor Bible Dictionary
(1992), 4:269.
Subsequent: Smith, “Lebanon,” 269.
Bibliography: Smith, Robert Houston. “Lebanon.” In Anchor Bible
Dictionary (1992), 4:269-70.
1st footnote: Walter Grundmann and Georg Bertram, “καλός,” in
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (1965), 3:538-39.
Subsequent: Grundmann and Bertram, “καλός,” 3:538-39.
Bibliography: Grundmann, Walter and Georg Bertram. “καλός.” In
Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (1965),
3:536-56.
3.3.1.2 Unsigned entries
1st footnote: “εὐλογία,” in A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd
ed. (2000), 408.
Subsequent: “εὐλογία,” in A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
and Other Early Christian Literature, 408.
Bibliography: “εὐλογία.” In A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd
ed. (2000),
408-09.
3.3.2 “Essay/article in a collection” format
If in doubt about whether a reference work is well known enough to justify using the
short “Encyclopedia article” format, use the “Essay/article in a collection” format as it
provides more information about the source.
3.3.2.1 Signed entries
1st footnote: Christopher T. Begg, “Ezekiel, the Book of,” in The Oxford
Companion to the Bible, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D.
Coogan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 218.
Subsequent: Begg, “Ezekiel,” 218
Bibliography: Begg, Christopher T. “Ezekiel, the Book of.” In The Oxford
Companion to the Bible, edited by Bruce M. Metzger
and Michael D. Coogan, 217-19. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1993.
1st footnote: Daniel G. Reid, “Principalities and Powers,” in Dictionary of
Paul and His Letters, ed. Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P.
Martin, and Daniel G. Reid (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity
Press, 1993) 748-50.
Subsequent: Reid, “Principalities and Powers,” 748-50.
Bibliography: Reid, Daniel, G. “Principalities and Powers.” In Dictionary of
Paul and His Letters, edited by Gerald F. Hawthorne,
Ralph P. Martin, and Daniel G. Reid, 746-52. Downers
Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993.
1st footnote: David Ussishkin, “Lachish,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of
Archaeology in the Near East, ed. Eric M. Meyers (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1997), 322.
Subsequent: Ussishkin, “Lachish,” 322.
Bibliography: Ussishkin, David. “Lachish.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of
Archaeology in the Near East, edited by Eric M.
Meyers, 317-23. New York: Oxford University Press,
1997.
3.3.2.2 Unsigned entries
1st footnote: “Disciple,” in Zondervan Expository Dictionary of Bible
Words, ed. Lawrence O. Richards (Grand Rapids: Zondervan
Publishing House, 1991), 226.
Subsequent: “Disciple,” in Zondervan Expository Dictionary of Bible
Words, 226.
Bibliography: “Disciple.” In Zondervan Expository Dictionary of Bible
Words, edited by Lawrence O. Richards, 226-27. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1991.
3.4 Patristic sources
The comments of the Fathers on the Bible have recently become much more
accessible through the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture series. Students
should be aware that this series is simply a collection of quotations taken directly
from the Fathers and translated into English. After each quotation the reference is
cited. In some cases the reference is to the original Latin or Greek in critical editions
such as the Corpus Christianorum, in which case the English text is the translation
done by the editors of the Ancient Christian Commentary. In other cases, the
reference is to a standard English translation of the Fathers such as the Ante-Nicene
Fathers. Editions of the Fathers generally break individual works down into books
and/or chapters and paragraphs for ease of reference (like the chapter and verse
numbers in the Scriptures, these references are usually not original to the text).
In any case, the primary reference is to the Father whose words or ideas are being
cited and not to the Ancient Christian Commentary. However, it can be helpful to
indicate the source of the English translation to which you are referring as a
secondary element in a citation.
Say, for example, you refer to a comment from Bede on Rev 12:17-18 that you have
found in Revelation, Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: New Testament,
12:195. The footnote there informs you that the source is CCL 121A:399 (i.e. the
critical Latin edition in Corpus Christianorum Series Latina). Any of the following
citations would be appropriate:
1st footnote: Bede Explanation of the Apocalypse 12.17-18
or
Bede Explanation of the Apocalypse 12.17-18 (CCL 121A:399)
or
Bede Explanation of the Apocalypse 12.17-18 quoted in William C.
Weinrich, Revelation, Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture:
New Testament 12 (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2005),
195.
Generally speaking, Patristic works do not need to be cited in the bibliography.