A Baby Boomer’s Career in Optical

RadiometryDARYL R. MYERS SENIOR SCIENTIST V (RET.) NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY

2015 Annual ConferenceFranc Grum Memorial Lecture

Dr. Franc Grum (1922-1982)

Renowned contributor to optical radiation measurement science community &Founding Member of The Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM)

• Native of Slovenia Yugoslavia• Doctorate in Classical Languages, Univ. of Ljubjana, Yugoslavia• Fluent in 11 Languages• Col. Grum fought Tito’s communist Forces 1943-1950; emigrated to US in 1950• Joined Research Institute of Eastman Kodak as technician • Earned B. S. in Physics and M.S. in Optics, University of Rochester• Rose to Director of Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory Photometrology Section• President U.S. National Committee of International Commission on Illumination • Member Optical Society America and New York Academy of Sciences• Appointed Richard S. Hunter Professor, Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT)• Founder and first Director of RIT Munsell Color Science Laboratory • Published over 50 technical papers• Editor of Academic Press five volume series on Optical Radiation Measurements

https://www.rit.edu/cos/colorscience/ab_history.php

Berlin Airlift

Baby Boomers : 1946-1964

1948My Generation ---

Roots Family Tree….. Revolutionary War Soldier George Perkins (1752-1840)

Generations moved west from North Carolina, to Iowa, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas

Grandparents: Farmers/handyman/mechanic jobs during Depression and WW II

years, moving through Texas, Oklahoma, California, eventually Fort Scott, Kansas.

Relocation 1946 Grandmother moved to Denver with her daughter Betty (my

mother; 1930-2011) and son. Joined Greyhound (bookkeeper) met my step-grandfather (ticket agent)

Parents Mother graduated from East High School in 1947; Hired by Greyhound Lines

same year,worked as bookkeeper, ticket agent; retired in 1985. Biggest impact on my lifeFather was a Driver for Greyhound lines. 1

So what Influenced Daryl?

1950-1958

1955-56

Insatiable curiosity, available books, thoughtful (mostly) television!

1960-1966

Excellent Jr. High and High School Education (advanced placement…unknown to me !! )

Top 10/500 Aurora Central H.S. Graduates

Courted by many Colleges (high SAT scores!) Chose “hometown” University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,

Awarded Regents Scholarship 4 Years

1966-1970: 4 Academic years (10 ‘Semesters’) at University of Colorado

“CollegeTeaches

One HOW

TO LEARN”

Vietnam War Era 1970-1974 Army Service U.S. Army Security Agency Ft. Leonard Wood MO

Presidio Monterey CA DLIWCGoodfellow AFB San Angelo TXWobeck Det. F.S. Augsburg FRG

Russian Linguist/Signals Intelligence

300 ftRadio intercept tower

1974 Civil Service Exam Engineer & Science Fields

Leads to interview and hiring as…..

1974-1978 Staff Physicist - Smithsonian Institution Radiation Biology Laboratory (RBL)

Filter measurements

Light measurements in Plant Growth Chambers

Calibrate, install, maintain solar radiometers

Data processing with Programmable calculator

Historical Reference Instruments

Spectroradiometer calibration and measurements

Mentors: Bernard Goldberg Smithsonian RBL solar radiation section- Solar UV and Broadband stations Alaska, Panama, Maryland- Custodian Charles Greely Abbot instruments/data

John Hickey Principal Scientist Eppley Laboratory-Solar Instrument designer (Terrestrial and space applications)- NASA Earth Radiation Budget (ERB), Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF);, NOAA Nimbus 6-7 ERB satellite radiometers

Light all around us – “Visible” and “Invisible”Photometry -- human eye as a detectorRadiometry – wider parts of spectrum

Color perception space

Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Optical Radiometry:Radiometry: Measuring the quantity and quality of “electro (E) magnetic (B) radiation”, or “photons”

Maxwell’s Eqns.

𝛻∙𝑬=𝜌

𝜖𝑜

𝛻×𝑬=−𝜕𝑩

𝜕𝑡𝛻∙𝑩=0

𝛻×𝑩=𝜇0𝜖0𝜕𝑬

𝜕𝑡

Optical: “Visible” electromagnetic radiation, e.g. “Light” , but often extended short of blue wavelengths (ultraviolet) and beyond red (infrared) wavelengths

𝛻∙ divergence𝛻× curlE electric fieldB magnetic field charge densiity𝜖𝑜 elec. permittivity 𝜇0 mag. permeabilityt time

Blackbody Radiator -- Planck (1900) Transfer standard for Temperature measurementAnd Total and Spectral Radiant Flux

Physical Implementation of Black Body RadiatorElectrically Heated Cavity instrumented with

Temperature sensors

Scientific Principles & Definitions

Spectral Analysis – Nature’s Encoded Description of the Universe

• 1865 Maxwell’s Equations Developed and Published

Solar POWER … (only properly sited nuclear power plant) ….

The total energy yield of one whole chain is 26.73 MeV.

1977—Solar Energy Research Institute Site Awarded to Golden Colorado

1978 (Nov) Daryl Applies for job as Staff Engineer; Metrology Laboratory of the Measurement and Instrumentation Branch

July 5th 1977 --- Solar Energy Research Institute Opens for Business

November 28 1978—Daryl Joins the SERI

Metrology Laboratory Team

SERI Metrology LaboratoryElectronic Instrumentation Volt / Ohm / AmpDigital Volt/Amp metersTemperature Decade Resistance BoxesTime/Frequency InstrumentationElectronic and Optical Spectrum AnalyzersBroadband & Spectral Solar RadiometersSometimes photographer’s model !!

Radiometric Instrument Calibration & Measurements World Radiometric Reference Davos Switzerland

Field MeasurementsSolar Radiation

Field Measurements Spectral Solar Radiation (Cannon/Andreas/Myers)

NIST Spectral Reference Standards (Lamp $50; Data $10,000 )

Solar One Daggett CA Spectral Flux Measurements

Solar Simulator Characterization & Classification (Industry, Testing Labs)

Spectroradiometer calibration and Source Characterization

Field and Laboratory Measurements

Field Work Validate NASA developed Procedures—Clearwater FLA

DOE (D.C.) HQ requested UV Spectral data

Saudi Arabia Solar Calibration Station

(Riyadh)

Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

Tools of the Trade-- Computer Evolution 1978 Mainframe/Timeshare terminals 1980 Minicomputer 1990 “personal” computers

Continuing Education

Management & Technical

Training

National and International Consensus Standards DevelopmentChairman of American Society for Testing and Materials Subcommittee G03.09 Radiometry 2005-2011

Member ASTM E44-09 Photovoltaic EnergyASTM G03 Weathering and Durability 1980-2011

NREL Metrology Laboratory Accredited to ISO Standard 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

https://www.a2la.org/dirsearchnew/newsearch.cfmAnd Enter NREL in ”Search For”….

Courtesy Tom Stoffel (NREL)

Modeling Solar Radiation Through the Atmosphere & Resources for Applications“The Continuously Variable Filter”

Air Force Geophysical Laboratory LOWTRAN –MODTRAN- HITRAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_radiative_transfer_codes#Molecular_absorption_databases

NREL Solar Radiation Models

SPCTRL2 Terrestrial Solar Spectral Irradiance as a function of Atmospheric Parameters

Bird & HulstromClear Sky Solar Radiation Models

NREL (Metstat DISC CSR )and Other Solar Radiation Resource Models-C. Gueymard REST2 clear sky-PEREZ Diffuse on Tilt-HelioClim – Satellite -> solar radiation-PEREZ satellite -> solar radiation

Continuous Evaluation of New Models and Applications

Developing Tools for Solar Renewable Resource Industry

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

The First 17 Years at SERI/NREL – A summary

PROJECT MANAGEMENT Task Leader Solar Radiometric Measurements and Modeling 1992 – 2011

Project Publications and Associated Workshops and Data Products

DOE/NREL Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships5 Summer Interns ; Awarded “Outstanding Mentor 2003”

How “Experts in the Field” Come Together…..NOAA/NREL Workshop on Instrument Characterization

(L-R) Chris Gonzales (NREL Intern) Joe Michalsky (NOAA) Steve Wilcox (NREL) Tom Stoffel (NREL) Don Nelson (NOAA) Daryl (NREL) Ells Dutton (NOAA) Ibrahim Reda (NREL) Charles “Chuck” Long (Pacific Northwest Labs; Now NOAA)

DRM Editor ORN 66 – 96 (30 issues 15 years)

ORN # 1 1974Published By NBS (later NIST)

ORN # 41 1984Published By CORM

CORM Optical Radiation News Semi-Annual Newsletter for CORM Members

NISTIR - 6828

NIST Response to the 6th CORM Report:

Pressing Problems and Projected National

Needs in Optical Radiometry

Albert C. Parr

Gerald T. Fraser

Keith R. Lykke

November 01, 2001

CORM contributions to National Optical Measurement Issues

A week during retirement…. Five Saturdays Bracketed by Two Sundays

Colorado Outdoors MagazineColorado Dept. of Wildlife