947516 Business Ethics and Professional Responsibility

8/6/2019 947516 Business Ethics and Professional Responsibility

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Business Ethics &Business Ethics &

Professional ResponsibilityProfessional Responsibility

Instructor: Dean R. PoirierInstructor: Dean R. Poirier

([email protected])([email protected])Mount Olive CollegeMount Olive College


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Unethical BehaviorUnethical Behavior

Unethical behavior inUnethical behavior in

business is not just a recentbusiness is not just a recent

phenomenonphenomenon

In the sixth century, B.C., theIn the sixth century, B.C., the

philosopher Anacharsis once said,philosopher Anacharsis once said,

The market is a place set apartThe market is a place set apart

where men may deceive onewhere men may deceive oneanother.another.


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Unethical BehaviorUnethical Behavior

The Old Testament also talksThe Old Testament also talks

about false balancesabout false balances(Amos 8:5; Hosea 12:7;(Amos 8:5; Hosea 12:7;

Micah 6:11) despite GodsMicah 6:11) despite Gods

command against such (Lev.command against such (Lev.19:36; Ezek. 45:10)19:36; Ezek. 45:10)


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Business EthicsBusiness Ethics

Business Ethics is about:Business Ethics is about:

Decision-MakingDecision-Making

By People in BusinessBy People in Business

According to Moral Principles orAccording to Moral Principles orStandardsStandards


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Conflicting duties, loyalties orConflicting duties, loyalties orinterests create moral dilemmasinterests create moral dilemmas

requiring decisions to be maderequiring decisions to be made


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Ethical decision-making involves theEthical decision-making involves the

ability to discern right from wrong alongability to discern right from wrong along

with the commitment to do what is right.with the commitment to do what is right.


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Some factors affecting decision-making (fromSome factors affecting decision-making (from IntegrityIntegrityManagementManagement, by D. T. LeClair et al, Univ. of Tampa, by D. T. LeClair et al, Univ. of Tampa

Press, 1998):Press, 1998):

Issue IntensityIssue Intensity

(i.e. how important does the decision-maker(i.e. how important does the decision-makerperceive the issue to be?perceive the issue to be?

Can be influenced by company/managementCan be influenced by company/management

emphasis)emphasis)

Decision-Makers Personal Moral PhilosophyDecision-Makers Personal Moral Philosophy Decision-Makers Stage of Moral DevelopmentDecision-Makers Stage of Moral Development

Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture


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8 Steps to Sound, Ethical Decision-Making8 Steps to Sound, Ethical Decision-Making 1. Gather as many relevant & material facts as1. Gather as many relevant & material facts as

circumstances permit.circumstances permit.

2. Identify the relevant ethical issues (consider alt.2. Identify the relevant ethical issues (consider alt.

viewpoints)viewpoints) 3. Identify, weigh & prioritize all the affected parties (i.e.3. Identify, weigh & prioritize all the affected parties (i.e.

stakeholders) (see Johnson & Johnson Credo, Takingstakeholders) (see Johnson & Johnson Credo, TakingSides, p.25)Sides, p.25)

4. Identify your existing commitments/obligations.4. Identify your existing commitments/obligations.

5. Identify various courses of action (dare to think creatively)5. Identify various courses of action (dare to think creatively) 6. Identify the possible/probable consequences of same6. Identify the possible/probable consequences of same

(both short & long-term)(both short & long-term)

7. Consider the practicality of same.7. Consider the practicality of same.

8. Consider the dictates and impacts upon your character &8. Consider the dictates and impacts upon your character &

integrity.integrity.


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Disclosure TestDisclosure Test: How comfortable: How comfortable

would I feel if others, whose opinion ofwould I feel if others, whose opinion of

me I value, knew I was making thisme I value, knew I was making this

decision?decision?


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The higher the level of a decision-The higher the level of a decision-

makermaker

the greater the impact of the decisionthe greater the impact of the decision

and the wider the range of constituenciesand the wider the range of constituencies

that will be affected by the decision.that will be affected by the decision.


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By People In BusinessBy People In Business

The moralThe moralfoundation of thefoundation of thedecision-makerdecision-makermattersmatters

He doesnt have a moralHe doesnt have a moralcompass. Whistleblowercompass. WhistleblowerSherron Watkins describingSherron Watkins describingAndrew Fastow, former CFOAndrew Fastow, former CFO

of Enron. (of Enron. (Watkins gets frankWatkins gets frankabout days at Enronabout days at Enron, Edward, EdwardIwata, USA Today, MarchIwata, USA Today, March25, 2003, p. 3B.)25, 2003, p. 3B.)


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By People in BusinessBy People in Business

Ultimately, one's own motivation for ethical behaviorUltimately, one's own motivation for ethical behavior

must be internal to be effectivemust be internal to be effective. External motivation. External motivation

has a limited value -- punishment and fear is onlyhas a limited value -- punishment and fear is only

effective in the short-run. If people believe that theyeffective in the short-run. If people believe that they

are above the law, they will continue to actare above the law, they will continue to act

unethically. Organizations that have a clear vision,unethically. Organizations that have a clear vision,

andand support individual integritysupport individual integrity are attractive placesare attractive places

of employment. - Teri D. Egan, Ph.d, Associateof employment. - Teri D. Egan, Ph.d, Associate

Professor, The Graziadio School of Business atProfessor, The Graziadio School of Business atPepperdine University,Pepperdine University, Corporate Ethics, WashingtonCorporate Ethics, Washington

Post Live OnlinePost Live Online, Friday, Aug. 2, 2002;, Friday, Aug. 2, 2002;


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EthicsEthics ValuesValues: guiding constructs or ideas, representing deeply held: guiding constructs or ideas, representing deeply held

generalized behaviors, which are considered by the holder, to begeneralized behaviors, which are considered by the holder, to be

of great significance.of great significance.

MoralsMorals:: a system or set of beliefs or principles, based on values,a system or set of beliefs or principles, based on values,

which constitute an individual or groups perception of humanwhich constitute an individual or groups perception of human

duty, and therefore which act as an influence or control over theirduty, and therefore which act as an influence or control over their

behavior. Morals are typically concerned with behaviors thatbehavior. Morals are typically concerned with behaviors that

have potentially serious consequences or profound impacts. Thehave potentially serious consequences or profound impacts. The

word morals is derived from the Latinword morals is derived from the Latin moresmores (character, custom(character, custom

or habit)or habit)

Ethics:Ethics: the study and assessment of morals. The word "ethics"the study and assessment of morals. The word "ethics"

is derived from the Greek word,is derived from the Greek word, ethosethos (character or custom).(character or custom).


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MoralityMorality

The most important human endeavor isThe most important human endeavor is

the striving for morality in our actions.the striving for morality in our actions.

Our inner balance and even our veryOur inner balance and even our veryexistence depend on it. Only morality inexistence depend on it. Only morality in

our actions can give beauty and dignityour actions can give beauty and dignity

to life. -to life. - Albert Einstein (in a letter 11/20/50)Albert Einstein (in a letter 11/20/50)


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MoralityMorality

The historian Arnold ToynbeeThe historian Arnold Toynbee

observed: "Out of 21 notableobserved: "Out of 21 notable

civilizations, 19 perished not bycivilizations, 19 perished not by

conquest from without but by moralconquest from without but by moral

decay from within."decay from within."


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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism Ethical Absolutism:Ethical Absolutism: What is right or wrong isWhat is right or wrong is

consistent in all places or circumstances. There areconsistent in all places or circumstances. There are

universally valid moral principles. ( only byuniversally valid moral principles. ( only by

obedience to universal moral norms does man findobedience to universal moral norms does man find

full confirmation of his personal uniqueness and thefull confirmation of his personal uniqueness and the

possibility of authentic moral growth. - Pope Johnpossibility of authentic moral growth. - Pope JohnPaul II, see also Rom. 12:2; Heb. 13:8)Paul II, see also Rom. 12:2; Heb. 13:8)

Ethical Relativism (also called SituationalEthical Relativism (also called Situational

Ethics)Ethics): What is right or wrong varies according to: What is right or wrong varies according to

the individual/society/culture or set of circumstances.the individual/society/culture or set of circumstances.There are no universally valid moral principles.There are no universally valid moral principles.

(Related Biblical reference "everyone did what was(Related Biblical reference "everyone did what was

right in his own eyes" (Deut. 12:8, Judges 17:6;right in his own eyes" (Deut. 12:8, Judges 17:6;

21:25) (see also Isa. 5:20 & 24, Jer. 2:13, Rom.21:25) (see also Isa. 5:20 & 24, Jer. 2:13, Rom.

1:18-32, 1 Cor. 5:6-7, 2 Cor. 6:14-15, 1 John 1:8)1:18-32, 1 Cor. 5:6-7, 2 Cor. 6:14-15, 1 John 1:8)


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RelativismRelativism As R.H. Popkin describes relativism in his article on theAs R.H. Popkin describes relativism in his article on the

subject insubject in The Encyclopedia of ReligionThe Encyclopedia of Religion, views are to be, views are to be

evaluated relative to the societies or cultures in whichevaluated relative to the societies or cultures in which

they appear and are not to be judged true or false, orthey appear and are not to be judged true or false, or

good or bad, based on some overall criterion but are togood or bad, based on some overall criterion but are to

be assessed within the context in which they occur.be assessed within the context in which they occur.

Thus, what is right or good or true to one person orThus, what is right or good or true to one person orgroup, may not be considered so by others there aregroup, may not be considered so by others there are

no absolute standards Man is the measure of allno absolute standards Man is the measure of all

things (quoting the Greek philosopher Protagoras (481-things (quoting the Greek philosopher Protagoras (481-

420, B.C.), and each man could be his own measure420, B.C.), and each man could be his own measure

[Relativism] urges suspension of judgment about right [Relativism] urges suspension of judgment about right

and wrong. (Ellis Washington,and wrong. (Ellis Washington, Reply to Judge RichardReply to Judge Richard

A. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and MoralityA. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and Morality,,

Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 3)Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 3)


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RelativismRelativism

As Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said, Relativism isAs Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger said, Relativism ispresented as a position defined positively by thepresented as a position defined positively by the

concepts of tolerance and knowledge throughconcepts of tolerance and knowledge through

dialogue and freedom, concepts which would bedialogue and freedom, concepts which would be

limited if the existence of one valid truth for all werelimited if the existence of one valid truth for all were

affirmed affirming that there is a binding and validaffirmed affirming that there is a binding and valid

truth in history in the figure of Jesus Christ and thetruth in history in the figure of Jesus Christ and the

faith of the church is described as fundamentalism.faith of the church is described as fundamentalism.

Such fundamentalism, is presented in differentSuch fundamentalism, is presented in different

ways as the fundamental threat emerging againstways as the fundamental threat emerging againstthe supreme good of modernity: i.e., tolerance andthe supreme good of modernity: i.e., tolerance and

freedom. - Address to Congregation for the Doctrinefreedom. - Address to Congregation for the Doctrine

of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996


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Absolutism v. RelativismAbsolutism v. Relativism

The demise of Americas legal foundationsThe demise of Americas legal foundationsoccur when society rejects laws that areoccur when society rejects laws that arebased on solid, irrevocable, moral, universal,based on solid, irrevocable, moral, universal,absolute values, to a society that bases itsabsolute values, to a society that bases its

laws on an arbitrary system of relativism,laws on an arbitrary system of relativism,situational ethics, materialism, individualism,situational ethics, materialism, individualism,hedonism, paganism, or in any secularisthedonism, paganism, or in any secularistideology. This secularization of law hasideology. This secularization of law hasinfluenced all branches of knowledge law,influenced all branches of knowledge law,philosophy, business, religion, medicine,philosophy, business, religion, medicine,education, science, the arts, and masseducation, science, the arts, and massmedia. Harold Berman,media. Harold Berman, The Interaction ofThe Interaction ofLaw and ReligionLaw and Religion 21 (1974).21 (1974).


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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism

According to a recent poll of collegeAccording to a recent poll of collegeseniors, 73% agreed with the statementseniors, 73% agreed with the statementthat What is right or wrong depends onthat What is right or wrong depends on

differences in individual values anddifferences in individual values andcultural diversity. Only 25% agreedcultural diversity. Only 25% agreedwith the statement that There are clearwith the statement that There are clear

and uniform standards of right andand uniform standards of right andwrong by which everyone should bewrong by which everyone should bejudged."judged."


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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism Relativism undermines moral criticismRelativism undermines moral criticism of practices ofof practices of

particular individuals or in particular societies whereparticular individuals or in particular societies where

those practices conform to their own standards. Forthose practices conform to their own standards. For

instance, it could be used to permit slavery in a slaveinstance, it could be used to permit slavery in a slave

society or it could be used to justify trade andsociety or it could be used to justify trade and

investment with basically evil regimes, e.g. Apartheidinvestment with basically evil regimes, e.g. Apartheidgovernments.governments.

But, as Cardinal Ratzinger said, There are injusticesBut, as Cardinal Ratzinger said, There are injustices

that will never turn into just things (for example, killingthat will never turn into just things (for example, killing

an innocent person, denying an individual or groups thean innocent person, denying an individual or groups theright to their dignity or to life corresponding to thatright to their dignity or to life corresponding to that

dignity) while, on the other hand, there are just thingsdignity) while, on the other hand, there are just things

that can never be unjust. - Address to Congregation forthat can never be unjust. - Address to Congregation for

the Doctrine of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996the Doctrine of Faith, Guadalajara, Mexico, May 1996


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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism Relativism allows for oppression of those withRelativism allows foroppression of those with

minority views by allowing the majority in anyminority views by allowing the majority in anyparticular circumstance to define what is morallyparticular circumstance to define what is morally

right or wrongright or wrong.. In Germany they first came for the Communists,In Germany they first came for the Communists,

and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.

Then they came for the Jews,Then they came for the Jews,

and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.

Then they came for the trade unionists,Then they came for the trade unionists,

and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Catholics,Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant.and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant.

Then they came for me Then they came for me

and by that time no one was left to speak up.and by that time no one was left to speak up.

- German anti-Nazi activist, Pastor Martin Niemller- German anti-Nazi activist, Pastor Martin Niemller


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Problems with RelativismProblems with Relativism

Relativists speak in terms that soften harsh realities.Relativists speak in terms that soften harsh realities.

"Intelligent, educated, religious people embrace illogical"Intelligent, educated, religious people embrace illogical

absurdities that set aside not only God's truth, but alsoabsurdities that set aside not only God's truth, but also

our responsibility for the well-being of others. Whenour responsibility for the well-being of others. Whenwords are warped and twisted perversely, they'rewords are warped and twisted perversely, they're

eventually emptied of their true meaning. When youeventually emptied of their true meaning. When you

shine the light of common sense on deceptive languageshine the light of common sense on deceptive language

couched in medical, philosophical or intellectual terms,couched in medical, philosophical or intellectual terms,

the logic evaporates. Moral choices require that we usethe logic evaporates. Moral choices require that we use

language to describe reality. - Jean Staker Garton,language to describe reality. - Jean Staker Garton,

Author/Lecturer, Co-Founder of Lutherans for LifeAuthor/Lecturer, Co-Founder of Lutherans for Life


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Relativists never need bother to examineRelativists never need bother to examinewhy something is moral or immoral, theywhy something is moral or immoral, they

merely accept/tolerate alternativemerely accept/tolerate alternative

determinations, so that none are held todeterminations, so that none are held to

accountaccountOver the years I have found that those who callOver the years I have found that those who call

themselves atheists actually have a strong sense ofthemselves atheists actually have a strong sense of

the absolute truth they know exists. They just dontthe absolute truth they know exists. They just dont

want to acknowledge that its true - because if theywant to acknowledge that its true - because if theydid, they would have to change the way they live.did, they would have to change the way they live.

They flee on moral grounds; refusing to submitThey flee on moral grounds; refusing to submit

themselves, they exchange the truth for a lie. -themselves, they exchange the truth for a lie. -

Chuck Colson -Chuck Colson -Being the BodyBeing the Body, 2003., 2003.


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Commenting on the idea that legal reformsCommenting on the idea that legal reformscan compel corporate morality, Michaelcan compel corporate morality, Michael

Prowse, in theProwse, in the Financial TimesFinancial Times, stated that, stated that

"The underlying problem is that"The underlying problem is that we are livingwe are living

in times that might aptly be called 'post-in times that might aptly be called 'post-ethical.'" People are now "emotivists," whoethical.'" People are now "emotivists," who

relativize moral judgments and "obey the law,relativize moral judgments and "obey the law,

help others and respect customs and moreshelp others and respect customs and mores

only if they calculate that this will benefit themonly if they calculate that this will benefit them

personally in some way. ... The root problempersonally in some way. ... The root problem

is a loss of belief in objective ethicalis a loss of beliefin objective ethical

standards.standards.


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Jesus said in John 8:31-32, If youJesus said in John 8:31-32, If you

continue in my word, then are you mycontinue in my word, then are you my

disciples indeed; And you shall knowdisciples indeed; And you shall knowthethe truth, andtruth, and thethe truth shall make youtruth shall make you

free. It would seem follow then that,free. It would seem follow then that,

people cannot experience ultimate andpeople cannot experience ultimate andtrue freedom unless and until theytrue freedom unless and until they

come to terms with the absolute truthcome to terms with the absolute truth

revealed by God.revealed by God.


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Absolutism vs. RelativismAbsolutism vs. Relativism

Most ethicists reject the theory ofMost ethicists reject the theory ofethical relativism. Some claim thatethical relativism. Some claim that

while the moral practices ofwhile the moral practices ofsocieties may differ, thesocieties may differ, thefundamental moral principlesfundamental moral principles

underlying these practices do not.underlying these practices do not.--Markkula Center for Applied EthicsMarkkula Center for Applied Ethics


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ValuesValues

To ensure that employees can and willTo ensure that employees can and willact with integrity act with integrity organizations needorganizations need

a strong and consistent set of valuesa strong and consistent set of values

that dictate appropriate individualthat dictate appropriate individualactions. -actions. - Conclusion of study conducted byConclusion of study conducted byProfessor Pratima Bansal, cited inProfessor Pratima Bansal, cited in

Rebuilding trust, The integral role ofRebuilding trust, The integral role of

leadership in fostering values, honesty andleadership in fostering values, honesty and

vision,by Carol Stephenson in the Iveyvision,by Carol Stephenson in the Ivey

Business Journal, Jan/Feb. 2004, Vol. 68,Business Journal, Jan/Feb. 2004, Vol. 68,

Issue 3.Issue 3.


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ValuesValues

Navigating the complexities of a situation ...Navigating the complexities of a situation ... requiresrequires

aa reliable compassreliable compass. We can plot that "north" by. We can plot that "north" by

determining clearly our owndetermining clearly our own core valuescore values. We have to. We have to

identify - and articulate - what we believe is importantidentify - and articulate - what we believe is important

to us and to our companies. Our core values driveto us and to our companies. Our core values drive

our behaviors, and our behaviors tell the world whoour behaviors, and our behaviors tell the world whowe are and what we stand for. ...Identifying andwe are and what we stand for. ...Identifying and

adhering to a core-values compass point provides aadhering to a core-values compass point provides a

standard that will make decisions easier, consistentstandard that will make decisions easier, consistent

and justified. -and justified. - Parkinson, J. Robert, Thinking clearly,Parkinson, J. Robert, Thinking clearly,remembering values key to making the call, Milwaukee Journalremembering values key to making the call, Milwaukee Journal

Sentinel, March 22, 2004.Sentinel, March 22, 2004.


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ValuesValues

Without commonlyWithout commonlyshared and widelyshared and widelyentrenched moralentrenched moralvalues and obligations,values and obligations,neither the law, norneither the law, nor

democratic government,democratic government,nor even the marketnor even the marketeconomy will functioneconomy will functionproperly.- (Vaclavproperly.- (VaclavHavelHavel Politics, morality,Politics, morality,

and Civilityand Civility, Summer, SummerMeditations)Meditations)


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ValuesValues

What are the core values that

are fundamental to thesuccess of any individual ororganization?


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ValuesValues

HonestyHonesty RespectRespect

ResponsibilityResponsibility FairnessFairness

CompassionCompassion

PerseverancePerseverance

CourageCourage


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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty

HonestyHonesty - Being straightforward, sincere, truthful,- Being straightforward, sincere, truthful,

free of fraud, deception or misrepresentation.free of fraud, deception or misrepresentation.

TransparencyTransparency - To be open, honest and available,- To be open, honest and available,to provide clear, accurate, and understandableto provide clear, accurate, and understandable

information (e.g. in the context of financialinformation (e.g. in the context of financial

disclosures). Some ethicists have argued thatdisclosures). Some ethicists have argued that

ethical business practices are best measured by aethical business practices are best measured by acompany's character and commitment tocompany's character and commitment to

transparency than by their social vision ortransparency than by their social vision or

rhetoric (e.g. Jon Entine)rhetoric (e.g. Jon Entine)


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HonestyHonesty

Builds/Maintains TrustBuilds/Maintains Trust

Fosters CommunityFosters Community Makes Communication more Efficient &Makes Communication more Efficient &

EffectiveEffective

Demonstrates Respect for the Dignity ofDemonstrates Respect for the Dignity of

OthersOthers


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Moral Leaders welcome transparencyMoral Leaders welcome transparency

and truth as opposed to secrecy andand truth as opposed to secrecy and

deception.deception. Respondents to a recent VictorRespondents to a recent Victor

James ethical leadership survey, by aJames ethical leadership survey, by a

wide margin, cited honesty as thewide margin, cited honesty as thequality most admired in a leader.quality most admired in a leader.


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Values - HonestyValues - Honesty Richard Searsfounder of SearsRichard Searsfounder of Sears

Roebuck and CompanystartedRoebuck and Companystarted

the modern mail order industry,the modern mail order industry,

supplying a burgeoning nationsupplying a burgeoning nation

with innovative products andwith innovative products and

building a business that gavebuilding a business that gave

employment to hundreds ofemployment to hundreds of

thousands of people. In his zeal tothousands of people. In his zeal tosell merchandise, Searssell merchandise, Sears

occasionally would get carriedoccasionally would get carried

away with catalogue descriptions,away with catalogue descriptions,

praising products far beyond thepraising products far beyond the

literal truth. This in turn led toliteral truth. This in turn led to

returned merchandise andreturned merchandise andreduced profits. But Sears learnedreduced profits. But Sears learned

his lesson. In later years, he washis lesson. In later years, he was

fond of saying,fond of saying, "Honesty is the"Honesty is the

best policy. I know because I'vebest policy. I know because I've

tried it both ways.tried it both ways. -- fromfrom Integrity atIntegrity at

WorkWork, ed. By Ken Shelton., ed. By Ken Shelton.


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Honesty and transparency make youHonesty and transparency make you

vulnerable. Be honest and transparentvulnerable. Be honest and transparentanyway. - Mother Teresaanyway. - Mother Teresa

Contra: "Speech was given to man toContra: "Speech was given to man todisguise his thoughts." - Charles-Maurice dedisguise his thoughts." - Charles-Maurice de

TalleyrandTalleyrand


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Some scriptural references regardingSome scriptural references regarding

honesty in business:honesty in business: (Exodus 22:10; 23:13; Leviticus 19:11(Exodus 22:10; 23:13; Leviticus 19:11

12, 35-36, Deuteronomy 25:1316,12, 35-36, Deuteronomy 25:1316,

Proverbs 6:16-19, 11:1, 12:17-19 & 22,Proverbs 6:16-19, 11:1, 12:17-19 & 22,Ephesians 4:25)Ephesians 4:25)


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Values - RespectValues - Respect

Respect:Respect: To give particularTo give particularattention to, show considerationattention to, show consideration

for, or hold in high or specialfor, or hold in high or specialregardregard (Merriam-Webster's Online(Merriam-Webster's OnlineDictionary, 10th Edition)Dictionary, 10th Edition)

Should respect be given or mustShould respect be given or mustrespect be earned?respect be earned?


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Every man is to be respected as anEvery man is to be respected as an

absolute end in himself; and it is aabsolute end in himself; and it is a

crime against the dignity thatcrime against the dignity thatbelongs to him as a human being, tobelongs to him as a human being, to

use him as a mere means for someuse him as a mere means for some

external purpose. -external purpose. - Immanuel Kant,Immanuel Kant,

Prussian geographer and philosopher (1724-Prussian geographer and philosopher (1724-

1804)1804)


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Human DignityHuman Dignity is the intrinsic worth that inheres in everyis the intrinsic worth that inheres in everyhuman being. From the Catholic perspective (among otherhuman being. From the Catholic perspective (among otherChristian perspectives), the source of human dignity isChristian perspectives), the source of human dignity isrooted in the concept ofrooted in the concept ofImago DeiImago Dei, in Christs redemption, in Christs redemptionand in our ultimate destiny of union with God. Humanand in our ultimate destiny of union with God. Humandignity therefore transcends any social order as the basisdignity therefore transcends any social order as the basisfor rights and is neither granted by society nor can it befor rights and is neither granted by society nor can it be

legitimately violated by society. In this way, human dignitylegitimately violated by society. In this way, human dignityis the conceptual basis for human rights. While providingis the conceptual basis for human rights. While providingthe foundation for many normative claims, one directthe foundation for many normative claims, one directnormative implication of human dignity is that every humannormative implication of human dignity is that every humanbeing should be acknowledged as an inherently valuablebeing should be acknowledged as an inherently valuablemember of the human community and as a uniquemember of the human community and as a unique

expression of life, with an integrated bodily and spiritualexpression of life, with an integrated bodily and spiritualnature. In Catholic moral thought, because there is a socialnature. In Catholic moral thought, because there is a socialor communal dimension to human dignity itself, personsor communal dimension to human dignity itself, personsmust be conceived of, not in overly-individualistic terms, butmust be conceived of, not in overly-individualistic terms, butas being inherently connected to the rest of society. -as being inherently connected to the rest of society. - fromfromthe Ascension Health Code of Ethicsthe Ascension Health Code of Ethics


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Civilizations should be measured by "theCivilizations should be measured by "the

degree of diversity attained and thedegree of diversity attained and the

degree of unity retained. - W.H. Auden,degree of unity retained. - W.H. Auden,

English poet (1907-1973)English poet (1907-1973)

Never look down on anybody unlessNever look down on anybody unless

you're helping him up. - Jesse Jackson,you're helping him up. - Jesse Jackson,American political activist and preacherAmerican political activist and preacher


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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?

What about tolerance?What about tolerance?


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"Our culture has fallen into a kind of"Our culture has fallen into a kind ofmoral vertigo we value tolerancemoral vertigo we value tolerance

so much that we don't know how toso much that we don't know how to

talk to each other about what is righttalk to each other about what is right

and good, -and good, - Rev. Kevin Phillips, directorRev. Kevin Phillips, directorof the Business Leadership andof the Business Leadership and

Spirituality Network (BLSN) quoted inSpirituality Network (BLSN) quoted in

Competing Values, by Jane Lampman,Competing Values, by Jane Lampman,Christian Science MonitorChristian Science Monitor, August 1, 2002., August 1, 2002.


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Did you know that the term tolerance (or inDid you know that the term tolerance (or in

some translations sufferance Gk.some translations sufferance Gk. eaoeao) is rarely) is rarelyused in the New Testament, and that where it isused in the New Testament, and that where it isused it is generally used in a negative sense?used it is generally used in a negative sense?For example:For example: Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee,Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee,

because youbecause you toleratetolerate that woman Jezebel, who callsthat woman Jezebel, who callsherself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce myherself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce myservants to commit fornication, and to eat thingsservants to commit fornication, and to eat thingssacrificed unto idols. Rev. 2:20sacrificed unto idols. Rev. 2:20

By contrast, the New Testament uses the term By contrast, the New Testament uses the term

love Gk.love Gk. agapeoagapeo nearly 150 times in a positivenearly 150 times in a positivesense.sense. So whats the difference between love and tolerance?So whats the difference between love and tolerance?


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Values - Respect - Tolerance?Values - Respect - Tolerance?Tolerance:Tolerance: Demonstrating sympathy for, indulging,Demonstrating sympathy for, indulging,

or making allowances for, beliefs or practicesor making allowances for, beliefs or practicesdiffering from, or conflicting with, one's own.differing from, or conflicting with, one's own.

Love:Love: In the Christian context, from the Gk.,In the Christian context, from the Gk., agapeoagapeo,,

an active and beneficent interest in, and concernan active and beneficent interest in, and concernfor, the well-being of another. It is givenfor, the well-being of another. It is givenunconditionallyunconditionally and unselfishly. It involves a clearand unselfishly. It involves a cleardetermination of will and judgment (i.e.determination of will and judgment (i.e. aaresponsible choiceresponsible choice). A loving person,). A loving person, honestlyhonestly

(Rom. 12:9) gives(Rom. 12:9) gives respectrespect and demonstratesand demonstratescompassioncompassion. Demonstrating such love often. Demonstrating such love oftenrequiresrequires couragecourage. The source of such love comes. The source of such love comesfrom above (James 1:17).from above (James 1:17).

Would you rather be loved or tolerated?Would you rather be loved or tolerated?


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Values - CompassionValues - Compassion

Compassion:Compassion: "sympathetic"sympathetic

consciousness of another's distressconsciousness of another's distress

together with a desire to alleviate it"together with a desire to alleviate it"

[Webster's 7th New Collegiate Dictionary],[Webster's 7th New Collegiate Dictionary], fellowfellowfeeling, the emotion of caring concern; thefeeling, the emotion of caring concern; the

opposite of cruelty, in Hebrewopposite of cruelty, in Hebrew rahamanutrahamanut,,

from the wordfrom the word rehemrehem, 'womb', based on, 'womb', based on

the idea of sibling love (coming from fromthe idea of sibling love (coming from fromthe same womb).the same womb).


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"The word 'care' finds its roots in the"The word 'care' finds its roots in theGothic 'Kara' which means lament.Gothic 'Kara' which means lament.The basic meaning of care is: toThe basic meaning of care is: to

grieve, to experience sorrow, to crygrieve, to experience sorrow, to cryout with.. . . A friend who caresout with.. . . A friend who caresmakes it clear that whatever happensmakes it clear that whatever happensin the external world, being presentin the external world, being present

to each other [now] is what reallyto each other [now] is what reallymatters."matters." [Henri Nouwen,[Henri Nouwen, Here and NowHere and Now,,p. 105]p. 105]

V l C i


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Values - CompassionValues - CompassionSouthwest Airlines CEO Herb Kelleher has openlySouthwest Airlines CEO Herb Kelleher has openly

demonstrated a willingness to go the extra mile for Southwestdemonstrated a willingness to go the extra mile for Southwestemployees. He has made it a priority to learn their names andemployees. He has made it a priority to learn their names and

to chip in and work alongside them when the situation hasto chip in and work alongside them when the situation has

demanded his help. He has been observed lugging baggagedemanded his help. He has been observed lugging baggage

and greeting customers in an Easter Bunny costume. He hasand greeting customers in an Easter Bunny costume. He has

repeatedly demonstrated a truly exceptional level of caringrepeatedly demonstrated a truly exceptional level of caringand compassion for his employees, and his employees haveand compassion for his employees, and his employees have

responded in kind. Perhaps the most dramatic example ofresponded in kind. Perhaps the most dramatic example of

their commitment to their beloved leader occurred when theytheir commitment to their beloved leader occurred when they

pooled their own money and ran a $60,000 ad in USA Todaypooled their own money and ran a $60,000 ad in USA Today

recognizing him on Bosses Day. In the ad they thankedrecognizing him on Bosses Day. In the ad they thanked

Kelleher for being a friend, not just a boss. -Kelleher for being a friend, not just a boss. - from Thefrom TheLeadership Wisdom of JesusLeadership Wisdom of Jesus, Charles C. Manz, 1998., Charles C. Manz, 1998.


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I expect to pass through the world but once. AnyI expect to pass through the world but once. Anygood therefore that I can do, or any kindness Igood therefore that I can do, or any kindness Ican show to any creature, let me do it now. Letcan show to any creature, let me do it now. Letme not defer it, for I shall not pass this wayme not defer it, for I shall not pass this way

again. - Stephen Grellet, French/Americanagain. - Stephen Grellet, French/Americanreligious leader (1773-1855)religious leader (1773-1855)

"Men are only great as they are kind. - Elbert"Men are only great as they are kind. - ElbertHubbard, American entrepreneur and philosopherHubbard, American entrepreneur and philosopher(founder of Roycroft) (1856-1915)(founder of Roycroft) (1856-1915)


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"No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever"No act of kindness, no matter how small, is everwasted." - Aesop, 6th Century B.C. Writer ofwasted." - Aesop, 6th Century B.C. Writer ofGreek fablesGreek fables

"If the world seems cold to you, kindle fires to"If the world seems cold to you, kindle fires towarm it. - Lucy Larcom, American poet (1826-warm it. - Lucy Larcom, American poet (1826-1893)1893)

"The individual is capable of both great"The individual is capable of both great

compassion and great indifference. He has itcompassion and great indifference. He has itwithin his means to nourish the former andwithin his means to nourish the former andoutgrow the latter.- Norman Cousins, Americanoutgrow the latter.- Norman Cousins, Americanessayist & editor (1912-1990)essayist & editor (1912-1990)


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"There are two ways of spreading light: to be the"There are two ways of spreading light: to be thecandle or the mirror that reflects it. - Edithcandle or the mirror that reflects it. - EdithWharton, American novelist (1862-1937) -Wharton, American novelist (1862-1937) -

Compassion is the basis of morality.'' - ArthurCompassion is the basis of morality.'' - ArthurSchopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860)Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860)

All we need in order to be moral human beings isAll we need in order to be moral human beings iscompassion. - Nina Rosenstand summarizing thecompassion. - Nina Rosenstand summarizing the

view of David Taylor inview of David Taylor in Good and EvilGood and Evil, from, from TheTheMoral of the Story: An Introduction to EthicsMoral of the Story: An Introduction to Ethics,,McGraw-Hill, 2004.McGraw-Hill, 2004.


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Some scriptural referencesSome scriptural references

regarding compassion:regarding compassion:

(Matthew 18:27, Luke 10:30-37,(Matthew 18:27, Luke 10:30-37,

(Parable of the Good Samaritan),(Parable of the Good Samaritan),

1 John 3:17, Jude 1:22)1 John 3:17, Jude 1:22)


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Values - ResponsibilityValues - Responsibility

Responsibility/Accountability/Reliability:Responsibility/Accountability/Reliability:MoralMoralLeaders take responsibility for their ownLeaders take responsibility for their ownactions/failures and those of their companies and theyactions/failures and those of their companies and theydemand accountability from their subordinates. (e.g. at Delldemand accountability from their subordinates. (e.g. at Delltheres no The dog ate my homework. Dell ruthlesslytheres no The dog ate my homework. Dell ruthlessly

exposes weak spots during grueling quarterly reviews andexposes weak spots during grueling quarterly reviews andexecs know they had better fix the problem before the nextexecs know they had better fix the problem before the nextmeeting. What You Dont Know About Dell,meeting. What You Dont Know About Dell, BusinessBusinessWeekWeek, Nov. 30, 2003, p.79) Involves a commitment to, Nov. 30, 2003, p.79) Involves a commitment tocompetent quality performance. Implies fidelity to promisescompetent quality performance. Implies fidelity to promisesand other commitments and not making promises thatand other commitments and not making promises that

cannot be kept, such as committing to unrealistic deliverycannot be kept, such as committing to unrealistic deliverydates. Also calls for acknowledgment of implicitdates. Also calls for acknowledgment of implicitcommitments, such as the protection of confidences.commitments, such as the protection of confidences.


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I am only one, but still, I am one. I cannotI am only one, but still, I am one. I cannotdo everything but I can do something.do everything but I can do something.And, because I cannot do everything, I willAnd, because I cannot do everything, I willnot refuse to do what I can. -not refuse to do what I can. - EdwardEdwardEverett Hale, American clergyman and writerEverett Hale, American clergyman and writer(1822-1909)(1822-1909)

The question for each man to settle is notThe question for each man to settle is notwhat he would do if he had the means,what he would do if he had the means,

time, influence and educationaltime, influence and educationaladvantages, but what he will do with theadvantages, but what he will do with thethings he has. -things he has. - Hamilton Wright MabeeHamilton Wright Mabee

V l R ibilitVal es Responsibilit


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Any mans life will be filled with constantAny mans life will be filled with constantand unexpected encouragement if heand unexpected encouragement if hemakes up his mind to do his level bestmakes up his mind to do his level besteach day. -each day. - Booker T. Washington, AmericanBooker T. Washington, Americaneducator (1856-1915)educator (1856-1915)

I long to accomplish some great andI long to accomplish some great andnoble task, but it is my chief duty tonoble task, but it is my chief duty toaccomplish small tasks as if they wereaccomplish small tasks as if they were

great and noble. -great and noble. - Helen Keller, AmericanHelen Keller, Americansocial activist, public speaker and author (1880-social activist, public speaker and author (1880-1968)1968)


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Values - FairnessValues - Fairness

Fair:Fair: just, equitable, impartial, unbiased,just, equitable, impartial, unbiased,

objective. Involves a elimination (or at least aobjective. Involves a elimination (or at least a

minimalization) of one's own feelings, prejudicesminimalization) of one's own feelings, prejudices

and desires, so as to achieve a proper balance ofand desires, so as to achieve a proper balance of

conflicting interests. Implies an equitableconflicting interests. Implies an equitabledistribution of burdens and benefits. John Rawlsdistribution of burdens and benefits. John Rawls

argues inargues inA Theory of JusticeA Theory of Justice that rules are fair ifthat rules are fair if

they are rules that the people operating underthey are rules that the people operating under

them would have agreed to, had they been giventhem would have agreed to, had they been givenan opportunity to accept or reject theman opportunity to accept or reject them

beforehand.beforehand.

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Values - FairnessValues - Fairness

JusticeJustice: demonstrating fairness, equity,: demonstrating fairness, equity,impartiality, righteous action,impartiality, righteous action,

To some, justice is about conformity to truth. ToTo some, justice is about conformity to truth. Toothers, its about conformity to lawothers, its about conformity to law

But law and justice are 2 different concepts.But law and justice are 2 different concepts.

The law is something we must live with. Justice isThe law is something we must live with. Justice issomewhat harder to come by. - Sherlock Holmes, in Thesomewhat harder to come by. - Sherlock Holmes, in TheCase of the Red Circle.Case of the Red Circle.

This is a court of law, young man, not a court ofThis is a court of law, young man, not a court ofjustice. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.justice. ~Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

justice occurs on earth when power and authorityjustice occurs on earth when power and authoritybetween people are exercised in conformity with Godsbetween people are exercised in conformity with Gods

standards of moral excellence. -standards of moral excellence. - Gary Haugen, in The Good NewsGary Haugen, in The Good NewsAbout Injustice, InterVarsity Press, 1999.About Injustice, InterVarsity Press, 1999.


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Values - PerseveranceValues - Perseverance

Perseverance/FortitudePerseverance/Fortitude --

steadfast determination tosteadfast determination to

continue on despite adversitycontinue on despite adversity

usually over a long period ofusually over a long period oftime.time.


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Nothing in the world can take the placeNothing in the world can take the place

of perseverance. Talent will not; nothingof perseverance. Talent will not; nothing

is more common than unsuccessful menis more common than unsuccessful men

with talent. Education will not; the worldwith talent. Education will not; the worldis full of educated derelicts. Genius willis full of educated derelicts. Genius will

not; unrewarded genius is almost anot; unrewarded genius is almost a

proverb. Persistence and determinationproverb. Persistence and determinationalone are omnipotent. - Calvin Coolidgealone are omnipotent. - Calvin Coolidge


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Some Biblical References: Job 17:9a, the righteous oneSome Biblical References: Job 17:9a, the righteous oneholds fast to his way; Hos. 12:6b, endure to the end, Johnholds fast to his way; Hos. 12:6b, endure to the end, John8:31-32, 2 Cor. 13:5, keep proving yourself; Gal. 5:14,8:31-32, 2 Cor. 13:5, keep proving yourself; Gal. 5:14,stand fast; Gal. 6:9, do not give up in doing what is fine;stand fast; Gal. 6:9, do not give up in doing what is fine;Phil. 1:27, stand firm, striving side by side; Phil. 4:1, standPhil. 1:27, stand firm, striving side by side; Phil. 4:1, standfirm; 1 Thes. 5:21, hold fast to what is fine; 2 Thes. 2:1517,firm; 1 Thes. 5:21, hold fast to what is fine; 2 Thes. 2:1517,stand firm, maintain your hold; 1 Tim. 6:1112, pursuestand firm, maintain your hold; 1 Tim. 6:1112, pursue

endurance; 2 Tim. 2:12, go on enduring; 2 Tim. 3:14,endurance; 2 Tim. 2:12, go on enduring; 2 Tim. 3:14,continue in the things you have learned; 2 Tim. 4:78, fightcontinue in the things you have learned; 2 Tim. 4:78, fightthe fine fight, finish the course; Heb. 2:1, pay attention tothe fine fight, finish the course; Heb. 2:1, pay attention towhat you have heard that you not drift away; Heb. 3:14,what you have heard that you not drift away; Heb. 3:14,make fast your hold to the end; Heb. 10:23, 3536, hold fastmake fast your hold to the end; Heb. 10:23, 3536, hold fastto the declaration of our hope, you have need of endurance;to the declaration of our hope, you have need of endurance;James 1:2-4, perseverance must finish its work, 2 Pet. 3:17,James 1:2-4, perseverance must finish its work, 2 Pet. 3:17,do not fall from steadfastness.do not fall from steadfastness.

God helps those who persevere. - The KoranGod helps those who persevere. - The Koran


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ValuesValues

Which of the core values isWhich of the core values is

the most important?the most important?

V l CV l C


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Values - CourageValues - Courage

The first place to start is for everyThe first place to start is for everyindividual to become aware of theirindividual to become aware of theircore values and to have thecore values and to have the couragecourage

and discipline to live out of them inand discipline to live out of them inall aspects of their lives.all aspects of their lives.(The rising tide(The rising tidewon't lift this economy: Unless we're willing towon't lift this economy: Unless we're willing toconfront the trust problem we've helped toconfront the trust problem we've helped to

create, Bill Grace, Founder & Executive Director,create, Bill Grace, Founder & Executive Director,Seattle's Center for Ethical Leadership, GuestSeattle's Center for Ethical Leadership, GuestColumnist, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 16,Columnist, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, June 16,2003.)2003.)


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Courage is the greatest of all virtues; because, unless aCourage is the greatest of all virtues; because, unless a

man has that virtue, he has no security for preserving anyman has that virtue, he has no security for preserving any

other. - Samuel Johnsonother. - Samuel Johnson

Courage is the ladder on which all the other virtuesCourage is the ladder on which all the other virtues

mount. - Clare Booth Luce (1903 - 1987), in Reader'smount. - Clare Booth Luce (1903 - 1987), in Reader's

Digest, 1979Digest, 1979

Courage is the footstool of the virtues, upon which theyCourage is the footstool of the virtues, upon which they

stand. - Robert Louis Stevensonstand. - Robert Louis Stevenson

Courage is not simply one of the virtues, but the form ofCourage is not simply one of the virtues, but the form of

every virtue at the testing point. - C.S. Lewisevery virtue at the testing point. - C.S. Lewis

Courage is strength of mind, capable of conqueringCourage is strength of mind, capable of conquering

whatever threatens the attainment of the highest good. -whatever threatens the attainment of the highest good. -

St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas


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Courage is a perfect sensibilityCourage is a perfect sensibilityof the measure of danger and aof the measure of danger and a

mental willingness to endure it.mental willingness to endure it.

- General William T. Sherman (for- General William T. Sherman (forwhom the Sherman tank waswhom the Sherman tank was

named).named).

Courage is being scared toCourage is being scared todeath . . . and saddling updeath . . . and saddling up

anyway. - John Wayneanyway. - John Wayne

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Values - CourageValues - Courage Whenever you see a successfulWhenever you see a successful

business, someone once made abusiness, someone once made acourageous decision. - Peter Druckercourageous decision. - Peter Drucker

We must constantly build dykes ofWe must constantly build dykes ofcourage to hold back the flood of fear. -courage to hold back the flood of fear. -Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

One isn't necessarily born with courage,One isn't necessarily born with courage,but one is born with potential. Withoutbut one is born with potential. Withoutcourage, we cannot practice any othercourage, we cannot practice any othervirtue with consistency. We can't be kind,virtue with consistency. We can't be kind,true, merciful, generous, or honest. -true, merciful, generous, or honest. -Maya Angelou (1928 - )Maya Angelou (1928 - )


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The credit belongs to the man who isThe credit belongs to the man who is

actually in the arena... who strivesactually in the arena... who strives

valiantly... who spends himself for avaliantly... who spends himself for a

worthy cause; who, at the best, knows, inworthy cause; who, at the best, knows, inthe end, the triumph of high achievement,the end, the triumph of high achievement,

and who, at the worst, if he fails, at leastand who, at the worst, if he fails, at least

he fails while daring greatly, so that hishe fails while daring greatly, so that his

place shall never be with those cold andplace shall never be with those cold andtimid souls who knew neither victory nortimid souls who knew neither victory nor

defeat.defeat. - Theodore Roosevelt- Theodore Roosevelt

Val es Co rageValues Courage


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Courage: the ability to disregard fear;Courage: the ability to disregard fear;bravery. The Latin root of this word isbravery. The Latin root of this word is curcur,,which means heart. Courage literallywhich means heart. Courage literallymeans to take heart. Fear exists along ameans to take heart. Fear exists along acontinuum. Courage involves recognizingcontinuum. Courage involves recognizinga reasonable amount of fear ora reasonable amount of fear ornervousness, facing it and then taking annervousness, facing it and then taking anintelligent risk.intelligent risk.

Moral courage involves standing up forMoral courage involves standing up forones principles, in spite of possibleones principles, in spite of possibleadverse consequences to such things asadverse consequences to such things asreputation or emotional well-being.reputation or emotional well-being.

Values Universal Rule?Values Universal Rule?


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Values - Universal Rule?Values - Universal Rule?

TheThe Golden RuleGolden Rule , i.e. to do unto others, i.e. to do unto othersas you would have them do unto you is anas you would have them do unto you is anexample of a value common to manyexample of a value common to manycultures/religionscultures/religions (Mahabharata 5:1517,(Mahabharata 5:1517,Hinduism, Talmud, Shabbat 31a & Levitcus 19:18,Hinduism, Talmud, Shabbat 31a & Levitcus 19:18,

Judaism, Matthew 7:12, Christianity, Udana-VargaJudaism, Matthew 7:12, Christianity, Udana-Varga5:18, Buddhism, Analects 15:23, Confucianism,5:18, Buddhism, Analects 15:23, Confucianism,Number 13 of Imam "Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths.",Number 13 of Imam "Al-Nawawi's Forty Hadiths.",Islam)Islam)

Note: Several Corporations have directlyNote: Several Corporations have directlyincorporated some form of this rule in theirincorporated some form of this rule in theircodes of ethics including Coachman, Marycodes of ethics including Coachman, MaryKay, Progressive, Merrill Lynch and USAAKay, Progressive, Merrill Lynch and USAA

Corporate CultureCorporate Culture


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Both individuals and organizations hold valuesBoth individuals and organizations hold values A corporation is said to manifest its values in its corporateA corporation is said to manifest its values in its corporate

cultureculture

Corporate cultureCorporate culture is loosely defined as the attitudes,is loosely defined as the attitudes,

behaviors and personalities that make up a company andbehaviors and personalities that make up a company and

that shape its behavior and reputation, or as Elizabeth Kissthat shape its behavior and reputation, or as Elizabeth Kiss

of the Kenan Institute for Ethics puts it, corporate cultureof the Kenan Institute for Ethics puts it, corporate cultureis how we perceive, think, feel and do things aroundis how we perceive, think, feel and do things around

here.here.

Most employees take their cues from the company cultureMost employees take their cues from the company culture

and behave accordingly.and behave accordingly.

A business derives its character from theA business derives its character from thecharacter of the people who conduct thecharacter of the people who conduct the

business. -business. - Ricky W. Griffin,Ricky W. Griffin, Management,Management, Boston: Houghton MifflinBoston: Houghton MifflinCompany (2002)Company (2002)



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"Moral behavior is concerned primarily"Moral behavior is concerned primarilywith the interpersonal dimension of ourwith the interpersonal dimension of ourbehavior: how we treat one anotherbehavior: how we treat one anotherindividually and in groups and,individually and in groups and,

increasingly, other species and theincreasingly, other species and theenvironment." The key here is thatenvironment." The key here is thatmorality brings us into contact with othersmorality brings us into contact with othersand asks us to consider the quality of thatand asks us to consider the quality of that

contactcontact. -. - Quote fromQuote from The Leadership CompassThe Leadership Compass, John Wilcox and Susan, John Wilcox and SusanEbbs, as quoted in Everyday Ethics, by Thomas Shanks, S.J.,Ebbs, as quoted in Everyday Ethics, by Thomas Shanks, S.J.,Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.


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"The first step in the"The first step in the

evolution of ethics isevolution of ethics is

a sense of solidaritya sense of solidarity

with other humanwith other human

beings." beings." AlbertAlbertSchweitzer, early 20th-Schweitzer, early 20th-

century German Nobelcentury German Nobel

Peace Prize-winning missionPeace Prize-winning missiondoctor and theologiandoctor and theologian



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The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform

We are all a kind of Chameleon, takingWe are all a kind of Chameleon, taking

our hue - the hue of our moralour hue - the hue of our moralcharacter, from those who are about us.character, from those who are about us.

- John Locke (1632 - 1704)- John Locke (1632 - 1704)

C t C ltCorporate Culture


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Corporate CultureCorporate Culture The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform

Some years ago, a social scientist named Solomon AschSome years ago, a social scientist named Solomon Aschwanted to see how people dealt with social pressure sowanted to see how people dealt with social pressure sohe designed an experiment to measure the results. Hehe designed an experiment to measure the results. Hecame up with a simple test that showed a series of linescame up with a simple test that showed a series of lineson a board in front of the room, with one of the lineson a board in front of the room, with one of the linesmatching another in being the same length. The othersmatching another in being the same length. The others

were either much shorter or much longer. A person waswere either much shorter or much longer. A person wasbrought into the room, along with others in a group,brought into the room, along with others in a group,which unbeknown to the subject, were helpers to thewhich unbeknown to the subject, were helpers to theprofessor. The whole group was asked to match the twoprofessor. The whole group was asked to match the twolines that were the same length together. The helperslines that were the same length together. The helpersintentionally gave the wrong answer and it was foundintentionally gave the wrong answer and it was found

that inthat in almost 75% of the time, the subjects would goalmost 75% of the time, the subjects would goalong with the wrong answer, knowing full well it wasalong with the wrong answer, knowing full well it waswrongwrong,, but not wanting to stand out. -but not wanting to stand out. - Opinion and SocialOpinion and SocialPressure,Pressure, Scientific AmericanScientific American, Nov. 1955, 31-35., Nov. 1955, 31-35.



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The Pressure to ConformThe Pressure to Conform Culture shapes behavior. There are plenty of perfectlyCulture shapes behavior. There are plenty of perfectly

decent people who go astray because they're in adecent people who go astray because they're in a

culture that creates an environment in which they can'tculture that creates an environment in which they can't

get their jobs done unless they engage in unethicalget their jobs done unless they engage in unethical

activities. - Harvard Business School professor andactivities. - Harvard Business School professor and

business ethicist Barbara Toffler, former partner atbusiness ethicist Barbara Toffler, former partner atArthur Andersen. Toffler left Andersen in 1999, wellArthur Andersen. Toffler left Andersen in 1999, well

before the Enron and Global Crossing scandalsbefore the Enron and Global Crossing scandals

destroyed the company. Her book, Final Accounting:destroyed the company. Her book, Final Accounting:

Ambition, Greed, and the Fall of Arthur AndersenAmbition, Greed, and the Fall of Arthur Andersen

(Random House/Broadway Books, 2003), describes the(Random House/Broadway Books, 2003), describes theprocess of ethical erosion in grim detail. Postcardsprocess of ethical erosion in grim detail. Postcards

from an Ethical Wasteland,from an Ethical Wasteland, CIOCIO, June 1, 2003, June 1, 2003



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In Moral Man and Immoral Society,In Moral Man and Immoral Society,

Reinhold Niebuhr proposed thatReinhold Niebuhr proposed thatindividual persons are always more moralindividual persons are always more moral

functioning alone than when they functionfunctioning alone than when they function

in a social group. - Institutional Ethics:in a social group. - Institutional Ethics:

An Oxymoron, By Joe E. Trull, Editor,An Oxymoron, By Joe E. Trull, Editor,

Christian Ethics Today, Journal ofChristian Ethics Today, Journal of

Christian EthicsChristian Ethics, Issue 035 Volume 7 No 4, Issue 035 Volume 7 No 4

August 2001 .August 2001 .

Do you agree with this?Do you agree with this?



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Rarely do the character flaws of aRarely do the character flaws of alone actor fully explain corporatelone actor fully explain corporatemisconduct. More typically,misconduct. More typically, unethicalunethicalbusiness practice involves the tacit,business practice involves the tacit,if not explicit, cooperation of othersif not explicit, cooperation of othersand reflects the values, attitudes,and reflects the values, attitudes,beliefs, language, and behavioralbeliefs, language, and behavioral

patterns that define an organizationspatterns that define an organizationsoperating cultureoperating culture. - Lynn Sharp. - Lynn SharpPaine, Harvard Business SchoolPaine, Harvard Business School



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A strong corporate culture founded onA strong corporate culture founded onethical principles and sound values is aethical principles and sound values is avital driving force behind strategicvital driving force behind strategicsuccess. - Thompson & Stricklandsuccess. - Thompson & Strickland

One company stressed its commitment toOne company stressed its commitment to

RICE : respect, integrity, communication,RICE : respect, integrity, communication,and excellence. The words have been onand excellence. The words have been onT-shirts, paperweights, and on signs. TheT-shirts, paperweights, and on signs. Thefirm printed a 61-page booklet with itsfirm printed a 61-page booklet with itscode of ethics and every employee had tocode of ethics and every employee had to

sign a certificate of compliance.sign a certificate of compliance. ThatThatcompany was Enron!company was Enron!


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According to Ethical orAccording to Ethical or

Moral, Values, PrinciplesMoral, Values, Principlesor Standardsor Standards

Whose Values?Whose Values?



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Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles or

StandardsStandards PersonalPersonal

FamilyFamily PeersPeers

ReligiousReligious

CompanyCompany Community, Regional, National,Community, Regional, National,

InternationalInternational


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Moral, Values, Principles orMoral, Values, Principles orStandardsStandards

Learned Where?Learned Where?



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StandardsStandards HomeHome

SchoolSchool Church (or other place of worship)Church (or other place of worship)

Life ExperienceLife Experience

Work ExperienceWork Experience

BooksBooks News MediaNews Media

Entertainment MediaEntertainment Media

According to Ethical or MoralAccording to Ethical or Moral


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According to Ethical or Moral,According to Ethical or Moral,

Values, Principles orValues, Principles or

StandardsStandards The average American, by the age of 65, will have spent theThe average American, by the age of 65, will have spent the

equivalent ofequivalent of15 years15 years of their lifeof their life watching televisionwatching television..

By contrast, over the same time period, the average weeklyBy contrast, over the same time period, the average weeklychurch-going American will have spent onlychurch-going American will have spent only 8 months8 months ofoftheir lifetheir life receivingreceiving spiritual instructionspiritual instruction..

American children will take inAmerican children will take in 63,000 hours of media63,000 hours of media(television, radio, internet, i-pods, etc.) input between the(television, radio, internet, i-pods, etc.) input between theages of 5 and 17.ages of 5 and 17.

By contrast, if they go toBy contrast, if they go to churchchurch once a week for an hour,once a week for an hour,over the same number of years, that'sover the same number of years, that's 600 hours600 hours..



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StandardsStandards In the middle of an interview for acceptance to aIn the middle of an interview for acceptance to a

prestigious Ivy League school back east, the interviewerprestigious Ivy League school back east, the interviewer

asked his sure of himself candidate, If no one wouldasked his sure of himself candidate, If no one wouldever find out, and no one got hurt, would you lie for $1M?ever find out, and no one got hurt, would you lie for $1M?

The young man thought for a moment and said, If no oneThe young man thought for a moment and said, If no one

found out, and no one was hurt? Sure, I think I would! Thefound out, and no one was hurt? Sure, I think I would! The

interviewer then asked, Would you lie for a dime? Theinterviewer then asked, Would you lie for a dime? The

young man shot back, No way, what kind of man do youyoung man shot back, No way, what kind of man do youthink I am? The interviewer responded, I have alreadythink I am? The interviewer responded, I have already

determined that, I am just trying to determine your price.determined that, I am just trying to determine your price.



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StandardsStandards So fearful were the ancient Chinese of their enemies on the north

that they built the Great Wall of China, one of the 7 wonders of the

ancient world. It was so high they knew no one could climb overit, & so thick that nothing could break it down. Then they settledback to enjoy their security. But during the first 100 years of thewalls existence, China was invaded 3 times. Not once did theenemy break down the wall or climb over its top. Each time theybribed a gatekeeper & marched right through the gates. According

to the historians, the Chinese were so busy relying upon the wallsof stone that they forgot to teach integrity to their children.



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StandardsStandards In the 1950s a psychologist, Stanton Samenow, and a psychiatrist,In the 1950s a psychologist, Stanton Samenow, and a psychiatrist,

Samuel Yochelson, sharing the conventional wisdom that crime isSamuel Yochelson, sharing the conventional wisdom that crime is

caused by environment, set out to prove their point. They began acaused by environment, set out to prove their point. They began a

17-year study involving thousands of hours of clinical testing of17-year study involving thousands of hours of clinical testing of250 inmates here in the District of Columbia. To their250 inmates here in the District of Columbia. To their

astonishment, they discovered that the cause of crime cannot beastonishment, they discovered that the cause of crime cannot be

traced to environment, poverty, or oppression. Instead, crime istraced to environment, poverty, or oppression. Instead, crime is

the result of individuals making, as they put it, wrong moralthe result of individuals making, as they put it, wrong moral

choices. In their 1977 work The Criminal Personality, theychoices. In their 1977 work The Criminal Personality, they

concluded that the answer to crime is a "conversion of the wrong-concluded that the answer to crime is a "conversion of the wrong-doer to a more responsible lifestyle." In 1987, Harvard professorsdoer to a more responsible lifestyle." In 1987, Harvard professors

James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein came to similarJames Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein came to similar

conclusions in their book Crime and Human Nature. Theyconclusions in their book Crime and Human Nature. They

determined thatdetermined that the cause of crime is a lack of proper moralthe cause of crime is a lack ofproper moral

training among young people during the morally formative years,training among young people during the morally formative years,

particularly ages 1 to 6.particularly ages 1 to 6.



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Moral, Values, PrinciplesMoral, Values, Principles

or Standardsor Standards 33% of teens would act unethically to get ahead33% of teens would act unethically to get ahead

or to make more money if there was no chance ofor to make more money if there was no chance of

getting caught, according to a new Juniorgetting caught, according to a new JuniorAchievement/Harris Interactive Poll of 624 teensAchievement/Harris Interactive Poll of 624 teensbetween the ages of 13 and 18. 25% said theybetween the ages of 13 and 18. 25% said theywere not sure and only 42% said they wouldwere not sure and only 42% said they wouldnot. These results confirm our belief that ethicsnot. These results confirm our belief that ethics

education must begin in elementary school. saideducation must begin in elementary school. saidBarry Salzberg, U.S. Managing Partner of DeloitteBarry Salzberg, U.S. Managing Partner of Deloitte& Touche.& Touche.


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According to MoralAccording to Moral

Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards

Does society require a moralDoes society require a moral

code to survive and prosper?code to survive and prosper?

A di t M lA di t M l


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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards 17th Century Philosopher17th Century Philosopher

Thomas Hobbes postulated thatThomas Hobbes postulated that

life in an amoral society wouldlife in an amoral society would

be poor, nasty, brutish andbe poor, nasty, brutish andshort, lacking in industry andshort, lacking in industry and

commerce, as well ascommerce, as well as

knowledge and arts, and that itsknowledge and arts, and that its

people would live in a constantpeople would live in a constant

state of fear and insecurity.state of fear and insecurity.

A di M l P i i lA di M l P i i l


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According Moral PrinciplesAccording Moral Principles

or Standardsor Standards Men qualify for freedomMen qualify for freedom

in exact proportion to theirin exact proportion to theirdisposition to put moraldisposition to put moral

chains on their ownchains on their ownappetites. Society cannotappetites. Society cannotexist unless a controllingexist unless a controllingpower is put somewherepower is put somewhereon will and appetite, andon will and appetite, andthe less of it there isthe less of it there iswithin, the more of it therewithin, the more of it theremust be without. -must be without. -Edmund Burke (1774)Edmund Burke (1774)

A di t M lAccording to Moral


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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or StandardsThe institutions of ourThe institutions of oursociety are founded on thesociety are founded on thebelief that there is an authoritybelief that there is an authorityhigher than the authority ofhigher than the authority ofthe State; that there is a moralthe State; that there is a moral

law which the state islaw which the state ispowerless to alter; that thepowerless to alter; that theindividual possesses rights,individual possesses rights,conferred by the Creator,conferred by the Creator,which government mustwhich government mustrespect And the body of therespect And the body of theConstitution as well as the BillConstitution as well as the Bill

of Rights enshrined thoseof Rights enshrined thoseprinciples. Justice Williamprinciples. Justice WilliamO. Douglas, inO. Douglas, in McGowan v.McGowan v.MarylandMaryland, 366 U.S, 420 (1961), 366 U.S, 420 (1961)



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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards Without civicWithout civic

moralitymorality

communitiescommunitiesperish; withoutperish; withoutpersonal moralitypersonal moralitytheir survival hastheir survival hasno value. no value.

Bertrand Russell, 20th-Bertrand Russell, 20th-century Britishcentury Britishmathematician andmathematician andphilosopherphilosopher



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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

once noted, " Theonce noted, " Themost dangerousmost dangerous

criminal may be thecriminal may be the

man gifted with reasonman gifted with reason

but with no morals."but with no morals."



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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards We have grasped theWe have grasped the

mystery of the atom andmystery of the atom and

rejected the Sermon on therejected the Sermon on theMount. The world hasMount. The world has

achieved brilliance withoutachieved brilliance without

wisdom, power withoutwisdom, power without

conscience. Ours is aconscience. Ours is a

world of nuclear giantsworld of nuclear giants

and ethical infants. --and ethical infants. --

General of the Army, OmarGeneral of the Army, Omar

BradleyBradley



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Principles or StandardsPrinciples or Standards There are seven sins in theThere are seven sins in the

world: Wealth withoutworld: Wealth withoutwork, Pleasure withoutwork, Pleasure without

conscience, Knowledgeconscience, Knowledgewithout character,without character,Commerce withoutCommerce withoutmoralitymorality, Science without, Science withouthumanity, Worship withouthumanity, Worship withoutsacrifice and politicssacrifice and politicswithout principle. -without principle. -Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -Mahatma Gandhi (1869 -1948)1948)


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EthicsEthics

R. H. Tawney, the BritishR. H. Tawney, the British

historian, once wrote: ''Tohistorian, once wrote: ''To

argue, in the manner ofargue, in the manner ofMachiavelli, that there isMachiavelli, that there is

one rule for business andone rule for business and

another for private life, isanother for private life, is

to open the door to anto open the door to

Documents

947516 Business Ethics and Professional Responsibility