9 – 9 – Waste Collection 1/12 Content: Separation at source Separation at source Waste collection, transfer and transport Waste collection, transfer and

9 – 9 – Waste Collection

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Content:Content:

• Separation at sourceSeparation at source

• Waste collection, transfer and transportWaste collection, transfer and transport

• Organization of waste collectionOrganization of waste collection

9 – Waste Collection

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Most urban places in the developing world have yet to experience the Most urban places in the developing world have yet to experience the decline of traditional recovery of recyclables and the corresponding decline of traditional recovery of recyclables and the corresponding increase in post-consumer wastes, which, together with scarcity of dump increase in post-consumer wastes, which, together with scarcity of dump space, have led many affluent cities to sponsor materials recovery.space, have led many affluent cities to sponsor materials recovery.

9.1 Separation at source9.1 Separation at source


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Collection is by far the largest cost element in most MSWM systemsCollection is by far the largest cost element in most MSWM systems

• Accounting for 60-70% of costs in industrialized countries, Accounting for 60-70% of costs in industrialized countries,

• And 70-90% of costs in developing and transition countries. And 70-90% of costs in developing and transition countries.

• Collection (and street sweeping together) comprise the single largestCollection (and street sweeping together) comprise the single largest

category of expenditure in municipal budgets. category of expenditure in municipal budgets.

Failure or inadequacy of collection, especially in developing countries where Failure or inadequacy of collection, especially in developing countries where there is frequently considerable human fecal waste in the municipal solid there is frequently considerable human fecal waste in the municipal solid waste, can lead to threats to public health.waste, can lead to threats to public health.

9.2 Waste collection, transfer and transport9.2 Waste collection, transfer and transport


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Various collection and container systems are used Various collection and container systems are used

• door-to-door collection door-to-door collection

• indirect collection, with containers/communal bins placed near markets, inindirect collection, with containers/communal bins placed near markets, in apartment complexes, and in other appropriate locations and hauled toapartment complexes, and in other appropriate locations and hauled to transfer stations and disposal sites by vehicles.transfer stations and disposal sites by vehicles.



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Collection vehiclesCollection vehicles

Based on a collector or collection crew which moves through the collection Based on a collector or collection crew which moves through the collection service area with a vehicle for collecting the waste or materials. service area with a vehicle for collecting the waste or materials.

The vehicle may be small and simple as small as a two-wheeled cart pulled The vehicle may be small and simple as small as a two-wheeled cart pulled by an individual or large, complex, and energy intensive, such as the rear-by an individual or large, complex, and energy intensive, such as the rear-loading compactor trucks used in many industrialized cities.loading compactor trucks used in many industrialized cities.



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Muscle-powered or micro-mechanical vehicles work well:Muscle-powered or micro-mechanical vehicles work well:

• in densely populated areasin densely populated areas

• in squatter settlements;in squatter settlements;

• on hilly, wet or rough terrain; andon hilly, wet or rough terrain; and

• with small volumes of waste and densely settled housing units.with small volumes of waste and densely settled housing units.

The The disadvantagesdisadvantages of muscle-powered vehicles are: of muscle-powered vehicles are:

• perception of use animals / human power as old-fashioned / shameful;perception of use animals / human power as old-fashioned / shameful;

• vehicles have limited traveling range and are slow; vehicles have limited traveling range and are slow;

• animals pulling vehicles leave waste, which must be cleaned up;animals pulling vehicles leave waste, which must be cleaned up;

• effect of weather exposure on humans not in motorized vehicles; effect of weather exposure on humans not in motorized vehicles;

• problems of animal temperament, health, etc.problems of animal temperament, health, etc.



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Non-compactor trucks Non-compactor trucks

Sound technical practice for solid waste collection when:Sound technical practice for solid waste collection when:

•the waste is very wet or dense;the waste is very wet or dense;

•labor is relatively inexpensive, compared to capital;labor is relatively inexpensive, compared to capital;

•limited need of highly skilled maintenance;limited need of highly skilled maintenance;

•collection routes are long and relatively sparsely populated;collection routes are long and relatively sparsely populated;

•controlling capital and operating costs is very important; andcontrolling capital and operating costs is very important; and

•downtime for maintenance must be minimized.downtime for maintenance must be minimized.

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

•political: government see compactors as means to modernize waste political: government see compactors as means to modernize waste collection system (non-compactor trucks having low status);collection system (non-compactor trucks having low status);

•salesmen recommend compactor trucks; salesmen recommend compactor trucks;

•donor agencies from industrialized countries recommend equipment donor agencies from industrialized countries recommend equipment associated with efficient collection in their own countries (compactor trucks)associated with efficient collection in their own countries (compactor trucks)



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Compactor trucks Compactor trucks (standard of sound practice for (standard of sound practice for

waste collection in Industrialized countries and cities):waste collection in Industrialized countries and cities):

•waste containers are emptied in the vehiclewaste containers are emptied in the vehicle

•compacts the waste to high density compacts the waste to high density

•removes the waste from view quickly; removes the waste from view quickly;

•inhibits vectors + insects from reaching wasteinhibits vectors + insects from reaching waste

•Characteristics:Characteristics:

•high capital cost;high capital cost;

•sensitive hydraulic mechanisms (must be well maintained and can sensitive hydraulic mechanisms (must be well maintained and can break when compacting waste that is already dense).break when compacting waste that is already dense).

•high fuel usage and operating cost;high fuel usage and operating cost;

•moderate skill level to operate;moderate skill level to operate;

•at least two persons needed to operate under most conditions.)at least two persons needed to operate under most conditions.)

..



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ContainersContainers

Most collection systems depend set-out containers.Most collection systems depend set-out containers.

Aspects for consideration:Aspects for consideration:

- materials, size, and volumematerials, size, and volume

- Baskets / paper bags to promote decomposition andBaskets / paper bags to promote decomposition and

prevent odorsprevent odors

- Theft of containers?Theft of containers?

- Color?Color?

- Separate container for recycable materials?Separate container for recycable materials?

..



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Administrative structures for MSW collection and transfer servicesAdministrative structures for MSW collection and transfer services

•The frequency of collection ranges from once or twice a week to daily The frequency of collection ranges from once or twice a week to daily collection. collection.

•Collection crews are directly employed with fixed working hours, holidays, Collection crews are directly employed with fixed working hours, holidays, and other benefitsand other benefits

•Decentralized Pre-collection - Indonesia now has a good system of MSW Decentralized Pre-collection - Indonesia now has a good system of MSW collectioncollection

•useful for raising collection rates. useful for raising collection rates.

•the kampungs ("villages") of Indonesian cities have responsibility for the kampungs ("villages") of Indonesian cities have responsibility for primary collection, primary collection,

•the wastes of the area being deposited at a transfer or temporary the wastes of the area being deposited at a transfer or temporary storage point for collection by the city service. storage point for collection by the city service.

9.3 Organization of waste collection9.3 Organization of waste collection


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Collection PointsCollection Points

may be a:may be a:

• container, container,

•a concrete vat, a concrete vat,

•a road side, a road side,

•or an open area. or an open area.

The type of vehicles used varies from city to city, and within one urban area, The type of vehicles used varies from city to city, and within one urban area, according to the type of container system and the funds available for according to the type of container system and the funds available for purchasing or hiring vehicles. purchasing or hiring vehicles.

For example, in large cities, open flatbed trucks, covered trucks, and some For example, in large cities, open flatbed trucks, covered trucks, and some compactors are in use, whereas in smaller cities tractor-trailers and animal compactors are in use, whereas in smaller cities tractor-trailers and animal carts are common.carts are common.



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Route design and operationRoute design and operation

•Collection of waste or recyclables organized in service areas. Collection of waste or recyclables organized in service areas.

•A A service area service area is the region or area which falls under the is the region or area which falls under the responsibility of a government, public authority, or private company. responsibility of a government, public authority, or private company.

•Within the service area, collection is organized into routes. A route is the Within the service area, collection is organized into routes. A route is the path followed by a single collection vehicle for waste collection on a single path followed by a single collection vehicle for waste collection on a single day.day.

•Collection efficiencyCollection efficiency

•Critical as it is the main determinant of collection costCritical as it is the main determinant of collection cost

•An efficient collection system aims to collect as much waste as possible An efficient collection system aims to collect as much waste as possible with a given amount of labor, capital, and time. with a given amount of labor, capital, and time.


Documents

9 – 9 – Waste Collection 1/12 Content: Separation at source Separation at source Waste collection, transfer and transport Waste collection, transfer and