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Coloring the Periodic Table
Families
8th Grade ScienceMrs. Kielbasa
Some images are from www.chem4kids.com
www.middleschoolscience.com 2008
Why is the Periodic Table important to me?
The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist.
You get to use it on every test.
It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.
Pre-Periodic Table Chemistry ……was a mess!!!No organization of
elements.Imagine going to a grocery
store with no organization!!
Difficult to find information.
Chemistry didn’t make sense.
Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED…Put elements in rows by
increasing atomic weight.
Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.
SOME PROBLEMS…He left blank spaces for
what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)
He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.
The Current Periodic TableMendeleev wasn’t too far off.Now the elements are put in rows by
increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!
The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.
Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!
(Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
Why??• They have the same
number of valence electrons.
• They will form the same kinds of ions.
Families on the Periodic TableElements on the periodic table can be grouped
into families bases on their chemical properties.Each family has a specific name to differentiate
it from the other families in the periodic table.Elements in each family react differently with other elements.Families may be one column, or several put together.Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like yourfamily has a common last name.)
HydrogenHydrogen belongs to a
family of its own.Hydrogen is a
diatomic, reactive gas.Hydrogen was
involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles
Hydrogen is a non-metal
1 Electron
Alkali Metals1st column on the
periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.
Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).
Soft enough to cut with a butter knife
ALKALI METALSGroup 1Hydrogen is not a
member, it is a non-metal1 electron in the outer
shellSoft and silvery metalsVery reactive, esp. with
waterConduct electricity
Image: http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html
Alkaline Earth MetalsSecond column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)Reactive metals that are
always combined with nonmetals in nature.
Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)
ALKALINE EARTH METALSGroup 22 electrons in
the outer shellWhite and
malleableReactive, but
less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity
Transition MetalsElements in groups 3-12Less reactive harder
metalsIncludes metals used in
jewelry and construction.
Metals used “as metal.”
TRANSITION METALSGroups in the
middle (3-12)
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are used for jewelry.
The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.
Boron FamilyElements in group 13Aluminum metal was
once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”
BORON FAMILY Group 133 electrons in
the outer shellMost are metalsBoron is a
metalloid
Carbon Family Elements in group 14Contains elements
important to life and computers.
Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.
CARBON FAMILY Group 144 electrons in
the outer shellContains
metals, metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)
Nitrogen Family Elements in group 15Nitrogen makes up
over ¾ of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things.
Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things.
The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.
NITROGEN FAMILY Group 155 electrons in
the outer shellCan share
electrons to form compounds
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Oxygen Family or ChalcogensElements in group 16Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.Many things that stink,
contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)
OXYGEN FAMILY Group 166 electrons in
the outer shellContains
metals, metalloids, and non-metals
Reactive
HalogensElements in group 17Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetalsAlways found combined
with other element in nature .
Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.
HalogensGroup 177 electrons in
the outer shellAll are non-
metalsVery reactive
are often bonded with elements from Group 1
The Noble Gases
The Noble GasesElements in group 18VERY unreactive,
monatomic gasesUsed in lighted “neon”
signsUsed in blimps to fix the
Hindenberg problem.Have a full valence shell.
Noble GasesGroup 18Exist as gasesNon-metals8 electrons in the
outer shell = FullHelium (He) has
only 2 electrons in the outer shell = Full
Not reactive with other elements
Lanthanide - Rare Earth MetalsSome are
radioactivesilver, silvery-
white, or gray metals.
Conduct electricity
Burn easily in airHigh melting
points and boiling points.
Actinides - All are radioactive. highly electropositive. metals tarnish readily
in air. very dense metals with
distinctive structures. react with boiling water
or dilute acid to release hydrogen gas.
combine directly with most nonmetals.
Periodic Table Songhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-I7l8TgtuLQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYW50F42ss8