7..

JJ4k/mFINALREPORT

on

CAUSIXOFCLEAVA(YFFRACTUREINSHIPPLATdFLATPLATET&STSANi)ADDITIONALTdSTSONlJRGdTUEMS

by

HARl!ERE.DAVIS,G.E>TROXW,QAjH,R.PARKER,A.BOODH3GANI)M.P.O113RIENUNJ31ERS1TYOFCALIFORNIA

UnderIlavyContractNObs-31222

,. COIWCTTEEONSHIPCONSTJUCTIGNDIVISIONOFENGIINEWHJW& INDUSTRIALR3SEARCH

,%, NATIONALMSEARCHCOUNCIL.

,>

>. Advisoryt/OsH~ps, NAVY D~~&T~T]@JrBUREAUOF

ikderContract~lObs-3&231

SerialNo.WC+MCopyNo. , .

Jamar.y17, 19+7

,. ,..

,.

.

ADDRESSPJAVYDEPARTMENT,BUREAIJOFSHIPS,REFERTOFILENo.

NObs-31222(334) NAVYDEPARTMENTBUREAUOFSHIPS

.

WASHINGTON,D.C.

JAN31 KM7

Mr.h.M.MacCutcheonMerchantMarineTechnicalOivisionU.S.CoastGuard1300EStreet,N.ii.Washington252D.C.

DearSir:SUBJECT:FinalReportonfi~ausesofCleavageFracture.in

Shipplate:FlatplateTestsandAdditionalT$XtSonmge mbesu,,(ssc-8),Contractliobs-31222?

Thereisenclosedforyourin.formation.andfileonecopyofthesubjectreportasfollovm~

ReportserialNo.SW-%

Qe& Q!2Q?QJanuary17, 1947 18

L.H,TravisBYdirectionofChiefof13ureau

NATIONALRESEARCHCOUNCIL2101ConstitutionAvenueWashington,D.C*

January17,1947

Chief,BureauofShipsNavyDepartmentWshington25, DeC.

DearSir:AttachedisReportberialNo.SSC-8,entitled

tfcausesofCleavageFractureinShipPlate:FlatPlateTestsandAdditionalTestsonLargeTubes!!.ThisreporthasbeensubmittedbythecontractorasthefinalreportononephaseoftheworkdoneonResearchProjectSR-92underContractldObs-31222betweentheBureauof~hips,NavyDepartmentandtheUniversityofCalifornia.

Thereporthasbeenreviewedandacceptancerecommendedbyre~resentativesoftheCommitteeonShipConstruction,Divj.sionoftingineeringandIndustrialhesearch,NRC,inaccordancewithtinetermsofthecon-tractbetweentheBureauofbhipsjNavyDepartmentandtheNationalAcademyofSciences.

Verytrulyyours,

FrederickM.Feiker,dhairmanUivisionofEngineeringand

IndustrialResearchtinclosure

. . .-.-. - ...

_....

thiswithworlc

PREFACE,..,,,

.....

~he.,NavyDepartllentthroughtheJureauofShipsisdistributing,,,reporttothoseagenciesandindividualsthat.wereactivelyassociatedthisresearchprogram.TnisreportrepresentsapartoftheresearchcontractedforunderthesectionoftheNavylsdirectiveWo investigate

thedesignandconstructionofweldedsteelmerchantvesselsl!.The

copyNo.1.-CopyNo.2-

.,

,-+OpyNo.3 -copyso.4-copyxo.5-cOpy :?0. 6-CopyNo.7-copyNo.8-copyAJo.9-GopyNo.10-CopyNo.13.-CopyNo.12-CopyNo.13-GopyNo.14-copyNo.15-copy .io. 16 w

COPYNO.16 -:OpyANO.7 -COpyiiO.8-copyNo.10-copyNo.U -copyNo.?13 -CopylJo.14 -copylJo.15 -Jopyi~o.17 -CopyNo.18-CopyNo.19-copyNo,20-CopyNo.21-copyNo.22-copyNo. 23 -copj7 No. 24 -

.,

distributionofthisreportisasfollows:.

ChiefjBure+uofShips,NavyDepartmentDr.D.~~.Bronk,Chairmqn,.NationalResea~ch.Council

-,

CommitteeonShipConstructionV.H.Schnee,ChairmanJ.L.,Bates ..H.C.BoardmanPaulFfieldM.A.GrossmanC,H.Herty,Jr.A.B.i

copYivo.25 -CopyNo.26-CO+jROO 27 -CopyNo.28-

copy1;0.29-copyNo.30-CopjjNo.20-CcpyNO*31-Copy:iO. 18-COpYNO. 32 -Copyiio,22-copyNo.33-COPYIio.24-copy ,~00 16 -copyiJoe34 -

CopyNo.35-~Opyi!O. 36 -copyl~o.37 -~Opy~iO, 38-JopyNo.39-copylie.40-CopyNo.41-COpYNo.23-COPYNo. 42 -

ShipStructureCommitteeRearAdmiralEllisReed-Hill,USCG,ChairmanRearAdmiralCharlesD.llheelock.USN.BureauoftihipsCaptainl,L.DavidArnott,

ShipCaptain~.V.CaptainR.A.

Schumacher,USN,k&iti&eCommission-AmericanBweauofShippingStructureSub-Ccxnmittee.Honsinger,USN,BureauofShipsjChairmanHinners.USN.DavidTaylorLodelBasin

Comdr.R.1).$chmidtmin,U~CG -D.P.Brown,American~ureauofQhippingJ.Ii.LacCutcheon,Jr.,USCGd.M.Robertson,OfficeofResearchandInventions,USNJohnVasta,U.S.karitimeCommissionX.J.~ianless,U.S.MaritimeCommission .J.L.dilson,AmericanBureauofShipping ,FinnJonassen,LiaisonRepresentative,NRC;ln.Spraragen,LiaisonRepresentative,WRC

NavyDepartment

Comdr.Ii.H.Lambert,USN,BweauofShipsJomdr.R.S...andelkorn,USN2tiureauofbhipsA.G.Bissell,BureauofShipsJ./J,Jenkins,BureauofbhipsNoahKahn,NewYorkJavalShipyard ..,,,.4.R.Osgood,DavidTaylorLodelBasinI . N.ESPromisel,Bureauofj~eronauticsR.A.:~iley,BureauofShipsL,D.l[illi~s,3ureau.ofbhipsQopyNo.43-~]~v~lAcademy,postGraduate~chool

GopyNo.44 -ZopyNo.45 -COPYJO. 46 -Copies47 andCopies49and

copyNoe51 -Copy;?0. 52-

CopyIJo.53-

copyNo.54-

:JavalResear&~~boratoryPhiladelphia.~avalShipyardU.S.UavalengineeringExperimentStation48-PublicationsBoard,NavyDepartmentviaBureauof .,

Ships,Code330c . . .50- TechnicalLibrary,dureauofShips,Code337-L

,..

U.S.CoastGuard .,..

CaptainR.B.Lank,Jr.,USCG ...-. .JaptainG.A.Tyler,USCG,.

U.S.MaritimeCommission.d.M.Martinsky

,.

iiepresentativesof

CopyNo.55 - L.C.Bibber,Carnegie-IllinoisSteelCorporationcopyNo

FinalReportNavyBuShipsContractNObs-31222

ProjectbR-92

CAUSESOF CIJ3AVAGEFRACTUREIN SHIPPLATE .

...

FLATPLATETLSTSAIUlADDITIONALT&STSON LAi?.GETUBES

August1946

From:UniversityofCaliforniajBerkeley,CaliforniaIi.P.QIBrien,TechnicalRepresentative

Reportpreparedby:HarmerE,Davis )G.d.Troxell ) ~ngineeringLaterialsLaboratorydarlR.Parker ) UniversityofCaliforniaA.Boodberg )

Page

.

Abstract....................................~ListofTables...............................ListofFigures..............................~ntroduction.*.~............,.....0.........4ixperimentalliork.......0......0...,.......~~TestResults*6l*l l,l.l.l l*l l.l,...0.0 l **O* 900DiscussionofResults*O**l l l l.........l l*l aoaConcluslonse............*...2......00..,OOOOO.

Organization00**.e.0.l.....0.l l.l .*.l..r,eoBibliography.................................

AppendixA-ResidualStrainsinFractured...Plates

Appe,tilxB- SummationofResultsofTests...ofLargeTubularSpecimens

AppendixC-StandardTensionTestsatLow.,.Temperatures

AppendixD-StudiesonGeometricallySimilar.bpecimens

iiivv

1

356

u

1718

19

20

27

29

ii.,.,: ABSTRACT

....

.. .. .,.~.

Tiisreportsumarizesthe ;.. .

ofterminationofU,S.HavyBtihipkThematerialsusedinthis

.,

killedhull.qualitysteels,one10bof&ckelalloy,onelotoffully-killed,

testresultsonwideflatplatestodatecontractNObs-31222,August31,1946.

..

investigationwerethreelotsofsemi-

,, .,,, .,.,.

andonelotoffully-killedquenchedfiddrawnsteel.ThespecimensusedintheprincipalprogramWere3/4~nchthick

,,,,

platescontaininga narrowtransverseslotkavingalengthequaltoonefourthofthespecimenwidth.Theseweretestedintensioninwidthsrangingfrom

,,,.

,..,

i2inchesto108inches.Testswere&deateachofafiumberoft~peratures,,,, .:

inordertodetermine-theternperatureatwhichthemodeoffailurechanged..!,

fromsheartocleavagetype..... ,,.

Inthetests,observationsweremadeofthefollowing:themaximumload,loadatdevelopmentofcracks,fractureload,energyabsorbedtomaximumIoadjmodeoffracture, !.straindistributionoverthefacesofplatesand

,.,. ,.thicknessreductionsnearthelinesoffracture.Resultsfromtestsofwideflatnotci,ed

. .itiontemperaturesofsemi-killedsteelsmayvary

,,.

platesindicatedfromfreezingto

thattrans-wellabove

..

. . :.:.roomtemperature.Testsoftwolotsofsteelofessentiallythesamechemicalcomposition,exceptfornitrogencontent,revealedthatthesteelwithtb~

,,

highernitrogencontenthada considerablyhighertransitiontemperature.The..

microstructureofthesteelwiththehighertransitiontemperaturewasalsoconsiderablycoarser.NoappreciabledifferenceintransitiontemperatureswasfoundwhenonelotofsteelwastestedintheIas-rolledrtandinthenormalizedconditions.

...,.

. .

.

.

iiiImprovedmetallurgicalstructureofanotherlotofsteel,

accomplishedbyrequenchingandredrawingatalowertemperature,resulted;,>,,. ;,

inloweringofthetransition;temperatureandanincreaseintheabilityto!, .,.,

. .

absorbenergy.The3+percentnickelsteelwasfoundtobefarsuperiortothe

,,,..,

mildsteel,havingamuchlowertransitiontemperatureanda higherenergy,.

absorption.,, ,..,

ItwasfoundthattheCharpy~:e.i~ie-notchimpacttests,tension.,

testsof3 inchwida:edge-notchedspecimensandtensiontestsofcentr~&-,...

notched12--inchand72-inchwideflatplatesareall.usefulforratingthestee~sinorderoftheirrelativebrittleness.Howeverjthetransitiontemperatureforanyparticularsteel,asdeterminedbythevarioustests,differconsiderably,withthelargertestspecimensgivingnigheranibetter

,.,,,,definedtransitiontemperatures.

,.,.,,.

Thenominalstrengthofplateswasfoundtodecreaseslightlyas,.,

,,-,;thewidthofthetestspecimenwasincreased,thistendencybeingmorepro-

,...,,

nouncedforspecir,ensfailinginshear.Transitiontemperatureswerefoundtodecreaseasthespecinen

thicknesswasdecreased,~~effectintroducedbygeometryandtheadditional!,-..rolling.

,,

Antiberofsupplementalstudiesweremadetoprovideadditional.+ ,,...,, ;:informationoncertainquestionsraisedbytheprincipaltests.Resultsof

1~2whilea studysomeofthesestudieswerereportedinpreviousreports,,..,.,

ofgeometricallysimilarspecimenstocheckthevalidityofmodellaws,,,

.. .

andresultsoftestsoftensionbarsatlowtemperaturearegiveninappencjicesofthisreport.

1,2 SeeBibliography

IV

ListofTables

TableNo. PageNo,1

2

3456

78

9

10B-1

D-1

DescriptionoftheSteelsUsedandtheProgramofTestsPropertiesofSteelsUsedintheInvestigationChemical.AnalysesofIndividualPlatesResultsofStandardTenfiionandHardnessTestsSumnaryofResultsforHidePiateTestsSummaryofThicknessReductionsAlongFractureLinesSumnaryofResultsfor3-in.HidePlateTestsComparisonofTransitionTemperatureRangesasDeterminedbyVariousTypesofSpecimensReductioninThicknessof?l.ate- %mplesof

31

323334-3637-3839-V!J

42-4445

46FracturedPlatesfromShipst},atFailedinServiceLoadatDevelopmentofCracks 47SummaryofTestResultsfor20--In.Diameter 48TubesSummaryofResultsofTestsonGeometrically49SimilarSpecifnens

LISTOFFIGURES,,

Fig.No..

Title- 12.

3L

56

7

8

9

10

111213L!+

16

1718a18b18c

Viewof108inchspecimenread;fortestingat32FResultsofCharpyImpactT~sts-SteelAResultsofCharpyImpactTests-SteelB,as-rolledResultsofGharpy.lnBactTests.-SteelB,normalized.,

ResultsofCharpyImpactTests+SteelCResultsofCharpyImpactTests- SteelIiComparisonofresultsofCharpyImpact-TestsforSteelsA,B>C,H$NandQ ,.

,.

Variationwithtemperatureofenergytomaximtuploadfor72-inchspecimens ..

Variationwitkitemperatureofei~ergytomaximumloadfor12-inchspecimens,spmi-.,killeds%K!.s

,.

Variationwithtemperatureofenergytomaximumload12-inchspecimens,specialsteels ,

..

Transitiontemperatures,72-inchspecimmsTransitiontemperatures?12-inchspeciri%s

v

Page

50.

..,~

for

Transitiontemperatures~3-inchedgenotchedspecimensTransitiontemperatures,,3-inchedgenotchedspecimensofC steel,cutfromplatesofvarioustkiiCk~SSeSTransitiontemperatures,3-inchedgenotchedspecimensofCsteel~machiried.to-variousthicknessesfroi11/8

..inchthickplate ,..,

Transitiontemperatures,,proportionaledgenotched

5152535.45556

57

58

59

60616263

64

65specimensofC steel,cutfromplatesofvariousthicknessesTransitiontemperatures~yariclustypesof3..hdl S.pectiens66V&iationinnominalstresswithwidthof.plate;tests ;7atroomtemperature, ,Variationinnominalstresswithwidthofplate;,,tests67at50~Variationinnominalstresswithwidthofplate;tests 67at320F

vi-

. .. ... .

Fig.No,19

20

21

22

23

21i

25A25B25C25D25E25F26272829

A-68to

A-153B-1B-2B-3B-4B-5

B-6

LISTOFFIGURES- ConttdTitle

Variationinmaximumnominalstresswithwidthof 6$plate;testsresultingincleavageandsheartypefractluresVariationinnominal.stresswithtemperatureforflat 69platespecimens;testsof12-inchand72-inchspecimensElongationatmaximumload,illustratinginfluenceof 70platewidthonductilityatmaximumloadResidualelongationafterrupture,illustratinginfluence71ofplatewidthonductilityatfailure3-inchwidespecimensshowingthefourtypesoftension72barsusedintheinvestigation .,

,.

Locationsintheplatespecimensofportionsoffractures73.

showninFig.25- SpecimenH-$D,viewoffractureatnotch(5x)SpecimenH--1OD,viewoffractureatnotch(5x)SpecimenH-82XD,viewoffractureatnotch(5x]. .SpecimenH-8D,cutacrossthicknessofspecimen(50x)SpecimenH-1OD,cutacrosstkicknessofspecimen(50x)SpecimenH-82XD,cutacrossthicknessofspecimen(50x)

,.:,,PhotomicrographsofspecimensfromsteelQ

,.

Photomicrographsofthevarioussteels

Percentelongationsongridsoffracturedspecimens

ViewoftubeIO!!after.fractureViewoftubeIILIIafterfracture

1.Straindistributionhtube11011after

,,

Straindistributionintube~!L1lafterEffective-stressvs.at-40% ,Effective-stressvs.atTOT

effective-strain

effective-strain

,,

,,

rupture

rupture

fortubestested

fortubestested

.-

7475&767778?98081to

16616716E?169170171

172

viiLISTOFFIGURES-Cont?d

Fig.No.R-7B-8B-.9

B-loB-nc-lC-.2c-3C-L+

D-1D-2

D-3

D-4

D-5

Title.

PageNo.

&tensionoftubellOltatvariousloads 173IbctensionoftubeILI1atvariousloads 174Effective-stressvs.effective-strainforsmalltubes 175testedonNDRCProjectNRC-77Truestressvs.naturalstrainforcouponscutfromtubelIJI1176Photographofdefectinplatenearoriginofbreakintubel!LltdffectoftemperatureontensilepropertiesofsteelAEffectoftemperatureontensilepropertiesofsteelBEffectoftemperatureontensilepropertiesofsteelCEffectofcoldworkingatvarioustemperaturesoncleavagefracturestrengthat-3000F

Dimensionsofgeometricallysimilarsizeeffectspecimens~~o~alstress-straincurvesforlongitudinalelementsatbaseofnotchfor3,6,and12-inchspecimensVariationoflongitudinalstrainwithverseaxikof3-5nchspe+.menVariationoflongitudinalstrainwithfromnotchfora3-inchspecimenApparatusformeasuringphotogridson

distancefromtrans-

transversedistance

sizeeffectspecimen

177178179180181

182182

183

183

184

-

,

.., FINALREPORTNa~BuShipsContractNObs-31222

Project~SR-92CLEAVAGEFRACTUREOFSHIPPLATdASINFLUENCED

,,

i.NDMETALLURGICALFACTORSFlatPlateandTube:

.,...,.,

August,1946Tests

.BYDESIGN

.

R.%ril: UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyJM.P.0113rien,Technicalrepresentative

,...,.

,California

ReportPreparedby:..,....} ,.. ,

Haimer;:d.Davis ) , ,.G..d.Troxell ) EngineeringM&terialsLaboratoryEarlR-parker ) UniversityofCaliforniaAlexanderBoodberg) .,:

,.,..,

.,

.

Theoriginatedby

..,..,,!thecausesof

INTRODUCTIONworkcoveredbythisreportispartoftheresearchprQgramtheOfficeofScientificResearchandDevelopment,tadeterminecleavagetypefailureofshipplate.Theworkconductedby

theUniversityofCaliforniawas,dividedintotwoparts:Part1 consistedoftestsconductedprincipallyon.!

inPart2tgstswereconductedoncoiner-structure.ThisreportisnotchedflatplatestoAugust31,

.!

centrallynotchedlargeflatplates,and.

builtupsectionssimulatingahatchconcernedprimarilywiththeworkon1946,t,hedateoftheterminationofthe

..

contract.Alsoreportedhereinaretheresultsoftestsontwolargetubularspecimensfabricatedfromshipplate,whichtestsweremadetosupplementtheinformationobtainedinapreviousinvestigation,NRC-75.

TheworkonProjectNRC-.92startedinNovember,,19~,andwasconductedundertheauspicesoftheOfficeofScientificResearchand

2DevelopmentuntilAugust31,1945,dndwasstipervisedbytheVarNietallurgyComittee.Afterthatdatetheprogram-;~ascontinuedunderUnitedStatesXavyContractNobs-31222eThechiefphaseoftheinvestigationwasthe

,:

determinationofthetemperatureatwhichoccurredthetransitionfromductilejsheartypefailurestobrittle,cleavagetypefailuresforseveraltiypesofsteelandforvariouswidthsofplates.Theworkwasconfinedprimarilyto3/4-inchthickplatesthathadtransversenotchesatthemid-secticns.Sixdifferentlotsofsteelwereinvestigatedinthismanner,thespecimdnwidthsrangingfrom3 inchesto108inches.Aprogramofsupplementarytestswasalsoundertallenthatincludedthefollowing:standardtensiontestsonfullthicknesscoupons,Charpyimpacttests,hardnessanalyses,metallographi.cexaminations,andhardnesssurveysofplates.

tests,tensiontests,chemicalthefractured

Twopreviousreports1~2coveredtheprogressoftheinvestigationindetailtoApril30,1946.Thecontinuationoftheworkto~ugustj1946,andthefinalresultsaredescribedinthisreport.

TestresultsandtheworkdoneinconnectionwithtwolargetubesaregiveninAppendixB. ThesetestscompletetheworkstartedonNDRCProject

showingtested.

NW-753,.

AppendixA ofthisandtheproiiousreportlcontaindrawings,.

thepercentelongationsandpathsoffractureforalltheplatesAppendixCgivestheresultso.Pstandardtensionteststhatwere

., ...,,,.

conductedatlowtemperatures,andAppendixDgivestheresultsofstudiesongeometricallysimilar,specimens,

,,,,,

.

1,2,3 SeeBibliography

EXPERIMENTALdORK

.

.

.,

!,,

. . .

TestProgram,.-. .

The~,incipalphaseoftheprograminvolvedtensiontestsofwide,,.,..... ..+.. .,

3/4-inchthickflatplatespecimensofthevarioussteels,atseveraltemper-. ,}, .:..

.,

atwesinordertodetermimethetemperaturerangeatwhichthemodeof,..

failurechangedfromsheartocleavagetype.Theplateswerenotchedatthemid-secti~]withatransverseslothavingalengthequaitoonequarterofthewidthoftheplate.Formostofthesteels,plates12-,24-,48-,and72-inches.inM@dthweretested.Two108-inchwidespecimenswerealsotested,

,..,.

onemadeo,fsteelBintheas-rolledconditionandonemadeofsteelC. The,,

....,..,

m~imumloadttheloadatdevelopmentofcracks,theloadatfailure,the>

modeoffracture,theamountofenergyabsorbedtothemaximumload,there-,. ,,.:,,...,

ducti.oninthicknessnearthebreak>andthestratidistributiononthefaceoftheplateweredeterminedforeachofthespecimenstested.

Asanauxiliaryprogram,tensiontestsundercontrolledconditions:,w{ereconductedon~-inchwidespecimenstodeterminethetransitionranges

,,,, !,,,forthevarious,steels.Three3-inchspecimenswereeasilyandcheaplypre-pared;the,f,ourtypesusedintheinvestigationareshowninFig.23.

Thedescriptionofthesteelsusedandtheprogramoftestsare,..

givenin,Table1. Thesummaryofphysicalpropertiesandchemicalanalyses,,., ,.

ofthesteelsare,giveninTable2.,, ,, ,.

TestProcedure,...,Adetaileddescriptionofthetestingandgagingmethodsisgiven,. .,

.

inthepreviousreport.1Fig.1 sliowsatestset-upinthe3-millionpoundtestingmachinefora108-inchwidespecimen;theplywoodboxservedasa

.,, .

temperaturecontrolchamber.NumerousSR-4electricstraingagesand,,.

resistance-wireextensometerswereusedonthefacesofeachspecimen,..

1 SeeBibliography

measuretheelasticandplasticstrains.Residualstrainsweremeasured.,..

mcansofd specialmechanical;gageusedona systemofgridsthatweremarkedononefaceofeachspecimentested.TheresultsofthesegridmeasurementsaregiveninAppendixA. .,,

Q1

weretakencmreadingsweresistance-wir~

specimenswereloadeduntilfractureoccurredandreadingsstraingagesatinteAalssot}iatatotaiofatleast10strainbbt+aineduptoam&chumload.Fromthereadingsofallre-6xtensometershavingalengthequeltothree-fourthsofthe

specimenwidth,anaverageelongationforthespecimenwascomputedandplotted;andbyfitegratiohoftheresultingload-straindatatheenergy

.

absorbeduptoa...

max&umloadwasdetermined.,. ,.

: Specimensweremaintainedatthedesiredtemperaturethroughoutthetestbycirculatingheatedorcooledairthioughaplywoodboxthaten-closedthespecimen.Awindowwasprovidedintliisboxinorderthattheforhtionoftiracksandthepropagationofthefractur~couldbeobserved..,,,... Sincetheearlierresultsofwideplatetestsindicatedthattherewasatendency:forthenominalstrengtfioftheplatetodecreaseasthewidthoftheplateincreased,iti~as-decidedtotestafew10&inchwide

,..

platestoverifythis. , .:..Asno10&inchwidepiateswerebediatelyavailable,two7Zby120-inchplateswereweldedtogetheralongthelongedgeandthen.

..

trimmedtothe108-inchwidthsothattheweldedjointwasalongthelongi-tudinalaxhofthespectien. ,,-.Inordtirtotikesurethattheseamhadnoeffectonthestraindistribution,severaitestswereconductedon23-,48-,

,,

and72-inchwideplatesthat~~eremadeupoftwonarrowerplateswitha,.-.

longitudinalunionmeltsea&.Thesewereequippedwithnumerousstraingagestocheck-thestraindistri%utioniNoappreciabledifferencewasfound

.. . ,

-

.betweenmadeup

5thestraindistributionj.ns~~cimensmadeofwholeplateandthosewitha centerseam. .,.,. ,,,

.. ....

,.,,

,.,.,.. .

TestResults..: ,...

Theresultsof.,chemi,calanalysesofsamplesfromindividualplates.. .

..

ofthevarioussteelsaregivenin,Table3,andtheres~tsofthestandardtensionandhardnesstestsaretabulatedinTable40

Table.5givesthes~aryofresultsforthenotchedwide-plate.:

tests,andTable6summarizesthethicknessreductionsalongfracturelinesforthesameplates.

.,.,

Tinecompleteresultsofthe3-inchwideplatetests.,

aresummarizedinTable7. ResidualstrainsaregivenintheAppendixA ofthisandthepreviousreport.~

Resultsoft~leCharpykeyhole-notchimpacttestsfor.thevarious..

steelsaregiveninFigs.2to7inclusive.Hotchesweremachinedperpen-diculartotheplaneoftheplateforallCharpyspecimens.

Table8givesa comparisonofthetransitiontemperaturesforthevarioustypesofspecimenstested.

Table9 summarizesthereduct~ohsinthicknessofplateobtainedfromsamplesoffracturedplattisofshipsthatfaiiedinservice.

,.

Dataonthenominalstress,,

crackstar{edaregiveninTab~e10.Transitiontemperattiesas

..-.

inth$largeflatspecimensatwhich.,,

definedbyttx.energyabsorbedto,,

maximumloadarerepresentedinFigs.8;~,and10forthe72-and12:-inch,,

widespecimensofthevarioussteels. ..,,

Figs.11~i2and13presentthetransitionranges,asdefinedbythepercentoffractureintheshearmode,for72-,12+;and3-inchwidespecimensforthest;elsusedintheinvestigation> ,.

~e Bibliography

6Figs.14, 15, 16and..l7showtemperatwe.transitionrangesfor

thevarioustypesof3-inchwidespecimens.Figs.18and19showthevariationofnominalstressofa specimen

withwidth,whileFig.20showsthevariationofthenominalskresswith,. ,:

t~}]eratureforthe12-and72-inchwidespecimens.1,

Figs;21and22shhtheinfluenceofspecimenwidthonductilityatmaximumloadandatfailure.

,,

Fig.23showsthefourtypesof3-inchwidespecimensused.fintheinvestigation.

.,

Figs.varioussteels.

,.,

27to29inclusiveshowtypicalphotom.ocl~gre,~>ljsforMe

DiscussionofResults. .....-

:.,

Theflatpla-betests.provodco~clusivelythati?,waspossiiletoproduceinthelaboratorybrittlec].cava.gofrac-kUuresidentic.a.;.wit$~ttilosefoundonsectionsoffracturedsteel~liips.Theth~cknas.s:cedu~tici?~fortheflatplatesarelistediJITable6; thesemay-becomparedwithsimilarmeasurementslistedinTao].e:9,,@-jich~~ei+emadeonportionsoffracturedplateScutfrom.ships.Twotypesoffracturesoccurredintl-le.laboratorytests,(l),thenormalductileshea??-typefractureand(2)thecleavage-typefracture,whichmayoccurwithoutappreciabledvc~ility.butwhichmayalso.beprecededbyagreatdealofplasticflow~:,Athightemperatures,shear,fracturesin-variablyocc.~red.andatsufficientlylowtemperaturesthesteelsfailedbycleavage.Atanintermediatetemperature,whichiscalledthetransitiontemperature,thefractureoccurred-eitherbyshearorcleavageorbyamixtqreofboth.Steelsmayberated.inarelativeorderbycomparingthetransitiontemperaturesofthematenials

. ....

ofbrittlenessandbycomparing

7theenergiesabsorbedbythematerialsatbothhighandlowtemperatures.!,Intheflatplateinvestigation,transitiontemperaturesweredeterminedby,,

meansofCharpykeyhole-notchimpacttestsandbytensiontestson3-,12-,24-,48-,and72-inchwidecentrally-notchedspecimens.

Oneofthemostsignificantresults,oftheinvestigationisthatallofthetestsusedfordeterminingtherelativebrittlenessof.steels

,,

ratethesteelsinapproximatelythesameorder.Formoststeels,thelargespecimensgavedefinitetransitiontemperatures,This,however,wasnot

.,.

foundtobe,truefortheCharpy,,

,,.

rangeoftemperatureoverwhich,,:,

Figs.2 to7clearlyillustratefortheCharpytests,listedin

spectiensjwhichinmanycasesshowedawidethetransitionfromshearto,,cleavageoccurred.thiseffect.The

8. .

. spreadbetweentransition.

widespecimenseemstobetie steel

thewider

temperaturesofthedifferentsteels,the12-inch,;i,;.,

moreSuits-blcthanthewiderspecimensforratinginorderoftheirrelativebrittleness;Fromtheoreticalconsiderations,itisreasonabletoexpectthatnotchedplateswouldhavehighertransitiontemperaturesthantli.~

narrowerones.Itissomewhatsurprising,howeicr,thatinseveralcasestherewaslittleeffectofplatewidthonthbtransitiontemperaturewhilewithothersteelslarge differencesintransitiontemperaturewerefound,Thereseemstobenosimpleexplanationforth{~scresults,Thetransition. .temperatureverylikelyisafunctionoftheamountofplasticflowwhich

.,.

has.occurredpriortotheonsetoffracture.It:ispossitilethatamore,.

detailedstudyoftheconditionsoflocalplasticflowaroundthvnotchesoftheindividualplateswoulddisclosethereasonsforthedifferencesinbehaviorofthevarioussteels.

FromthetheoreticalconsiderationsdevelopedinthesectionfStudiesofFormationandGrowthofCracksinNotchedPlatesr~ofNDRCReport,

....,

OSRD6452);2itfollows,thatforanotchofagiv&shaipness,t~letrans-itiontemperatureshouldincreasewithincreasingplatethic.~essuptoacertainthicknessafterwhichincreasingtheplatethicknessstillfurthershouldcausenochangeintransitiontemperature.Apparentlythisistrue

.,becausethetransversestressdevelopedbyrestraintissmallinthinplatesbut,wi,thincreasingthickness,itgraduallyincreasestoamaximumvalue

,

whichwouldprobatdlyre.nainconstantwithfurtherincreaseinplatethick-ness.Toobtainanestimateoftheeffectofplatethickness,somespecialtestswereconducted.TheresultsofthesetestsareshowninFigs.14and15. Platethicknessesrangingfrom$-to1l/8-inchweretestedintheform

..

of3-inchwideedge-notchesb~.~~todeterminethetransitiontemp&atures.2,

~eeBibliography.-

9,. ,,

ofeachthici:nessofplate.TWOseries were tested:(1)platesfromthe,.

sameheatrolledtoeachofthevariousthicknessesand(2)platesfromthethickestrolledplatemachinedtoeachofthevarious:thicknesses.Thefirstseries(resultsshowninFig.14)involveddifferen~esin~etallurgical.structurebroughtaboutb~thedifferencesinro3&&proce$hresaswellasdifferencesinspecimenthickness.Thesecondseries:(resultsshownin

,.

Fig.15)involvedonlydifferencesinspecimen,thicknessbecauseallspecimensweremachinedfromthesameplate.Theeffectofplatethicknessuponthetransitiontemperatureisver~~evidentinFig,L4;Theresultsindicatethatwhentheplatethicknessexceedsoneinch,thetransitiontemperatureisapparentlyindependentofplatethickness.Thisconclug,ionisnotdefinitejhowever,andadditionaltestsonthickerplatesandon.othersteelsshould

,,

bemade.Itispossiblethatthethicknesseffectdiffersforvarioussteels.Theeffectofadditionalrolling;assl!ownbycomparingFig.15

andId+,istoraisethetransitiontemperatureofthesteel.,Tiliseffectisinagreementwiththeknowneffectsofrolling-upontheothermechanicalpropertiesofsteei. ..

,,.,

ComparisonofFig.14and16indicatethatthewidth.anddepthofnotchandminorvariationsinwidttiofthespecimenhavelittleeffecton

,,.-

thetransitiontemperaturerangesofedgenotchednarrowspecimen::,FromexaminationofresultsforsteelCin,Fig.17,whichgivesa

comparisonofthetransitionrangesforvarious.typ@of3-inchwide ,.

specimens,itappearsthatshe~rededgesofthe.platasasreceivedfromthemillhadundergonestrainagingandcontainedsmall,cr.ackswhichactedasmoresevere

,.,

edgesorinstressraisersthannotchesthecenterofthespecimen.

madewithhaoksawseith~;ratthe,,,,

,,....

..:,.. .,.

-

-LO

Thetestresultsforthe3-inchwideplatesindicatesthatthe...$1

steelscanbearrangedinapproximately,thesaneorderbymeansofthese,. .,

testsasbytensiontestofwidenotchedplates,althoughtheactualtransitiontemperaturesmay

Testsof108-inchdifferforthetwotypes-oftests.widespecimensfailedtoindicatethatthere

isadefinitedropinnominalstre,ngthast:h,etestspeci,menwidthisin-creasedbeyond72inches.fixaminationofFigs.18and19showthatthere

,,,-

isaconsiderabledropinnominals,trength,ofnotchedtestspecimens,asthewidthisincreasedto24inches.Furtherincreasesinspecimenwidth

,. ,.,

havelittleeffectonthestrength. ,..,

Thereductioninnominalstrengthissomewhatmorepronouncedforspeciinen$failinginshearthanforthosethatbreakbycleavage.

Variationofnominalstresswithtemperattieisnotveryevidentfortspeciaillsteelsusedinthisinvestigationalcanbeseenfromex-aminati.onofFig.20.ThestrengthofsteelsN,Q,ahdQSisnotaffectedbytemperature,whilethatofthesemi-killedsteelgkoup(steelsA,B,and

,,,.!C)tendstobelowerattemperaturesbelowthetransitiontemperaturefortheparticularsteel.Theiully--kili.ed,fiteelH doesnotexhibitanyappreciabledecreaseinstrengthwithlowertemperaturesforth~12-inchspecimens~butbehavesinthetestsof72-inchspecimens.

,,

samemannerasthesemi-killedsteelgroupin.,,

,),,.

:..

Comparisonsoftheelon~ationatmaximumloadandatfractureofplatesthatbehavedinaductileandarelativelybrittlemanneraregiveninFigs.21and22.Theelongationsaresl-,owninpercentyandtocompareplatesofdifferentsizes,thelocationsofthegagepointsonwhichthe

,.. ,!measurementsweretakenareplottedasfractionsofthespecimenwidth.Amarkeddifferc--eW be-..Jbetweenspecimensthatfailedinshear

uandt~ose-thatfailedplatesexhibitedmuchspecimensthatfailed

bycleavage,Fbr s~ecimensfailingby,~heti,narrower,,greaterducti~itiy;this,however,wasnottruefor

bycleavage.,~~Dtiingthecourseofthetests,certainspecimensexhibited~~

anomalousbehaviors.Inparticular,spdcimehsIW,H1O,andH82Xwhichwerecutfromthes~elargeplate&diestedatthesametemperaturebehavedentirelydifferently.SpecimenHIOabsorbedmorethantwicethetiountofenergyth~nwasabsorbedbyitssupposedduplicate,spectienH62X;specimenH8absorbedmorethanttiee~imesasmuchenergyasspeci.menH82X,Thesespecimenswerestudiedindetailtodeterminethecauseforthedis-crepancy.A studyofthesurfaceofthefracturenear.thebaseofthenotchrevealedthatthespecbefiswhichhadabsorbedtheabnormallyhighainountofenergyhadmanyopefi~sinthemetalrunningperpendiculartothesurfacedfthefractureandperpendiculartotheapexofthenotch.ThiseffectisshowninFigq25awhichshowsthesurfaceofthefractureadjacenttothebaseofoftheportiontheportionof

thenotch.Fig.2&skio~istheofthefractureshowninFig.thefracturenearthebaseof

locationintheplatespecimen25:SihUarphotographsofthenotchforspecimenH1O

andH82XareshowninFigs.25band25crespectiiv~lyeTheopeningsinthemetalperpendiculartothefracturesurfacewereprogressivelyfewerinnumberandsmallerinsizefortheSpeeim&swhichfracturedwithlowenergy.TF~issuperficialexami.nationirididatedthatthemetalwasopeningalongseamsofnonmetallicinclusions.ThecausefortheopeningwasthePoi&son~sratiocontractioninthethicknessdirectionbroughtaboutbythelongi-tudinalextensionofthemetslbytheload.Sectionswerethentakerithroughthethicknessandperpendiculartothefracturesurfaceformicroscopic

iiexamiiiation.The;re&ltsaresho~vninFig&~2jd,25e,and2$f.These:photomicrographtiAh,iithesmalltransversefratituresprogressingalonglines

,.

ofnonmetallicinclusions.SpecimenH1O~acP.manymore~inerofnonriiqtdlicinclusions,alongwhichthetransversefracturesc~uldoccureasilcy,t:1=.r~didspecimenH82X.SpecimenH8hadstillmoreI:inesO:nohmetallicsth:~~didspecimenHIO,Theextensiveseparationofthemetalinsped-menH8

.,,,.

alonglinesofinclusionspreventedthetran&versestressfrombuilding,,

uptoitsnormal(probablyhigh)value,andthus:b~fectivelyincreasedtheshearstressandproniot$dplasticflow;thusa~argetiountofenergywasabsorbedalthoughthespecimeneventuallyfailed$bycleavage.Thespecimenactedessentiallyas:thoughitwerecanposeclofanumberofthiririerplatesplacedfacetofacetoforma ccvnpositethickplkte.SpecimenH82Xwascutfromadifferentpartoftheorigitiallargeplatewklichhappenedto

.,

containfewernonmetallicandconsequentlybehavedinamorenormalmannerthandidspecimensH8andHIO(seeFig.10whichgivestheenergyvs.temperaturecurveforthissteel).Theconclusionrsachedasaresultofthisstudyisratherunusual.Nonmetallicinclusions;ordinarilyconsidered

,.

undesirable,actedinthiscasetomakethesteellessnotct~-sensitive,andhencetiproveditsperformance. .

AnotherunusualresultwasobtainedwiththeQ steelwhichhad.,ibeenquenchedtiddrawn.Intheoriginalheattreatedcondition;thissteel

wasnotparticularlyoutstanding.Howeverjwhenrequenchedfrom1600Fandredrawnat1245%for2hours,itsperformancewasmarkedlyimproved.ItS

,.:.transitiontemperaturewasloweredslightlyjbutmoreimportantwastheb-.provementobtainedintheamountofenergyrequiredtorupturethematerial.Themicrdstructures6fthissteelareshotiinFig@26,Themicrostructure

oftheQSspecimens

steelwasverymuchlikethatofsteelQ,.,

ofsteelQthereappearedtobesomefree

13butinsomeof-theferrite.Theworst

exampleofthiswasfoundinspectienQ-lwhichfracturedwith~ofienergy,,,

atatemperatureconsiderablyaboiethenormaltransitiontemperattieforthissteel.Whenthisspecimenwasexaminedmicroscopically,itwasfoundtohavean&usualmi.crostructtie.(iceFig.26c)Muchwas@eSentinthiss:pecimenth&intheottidrsoftheQpresenceoffreeferriteinquenchedanddrawnsteelsofbeenfoundinotherteststobeassociatedwith&bnormal

morefreeferriteseries,Thethistypeilasalsobrittleness.The

brittlebehaviorofspecimenQ-1thusseemstobeinlinewiththeknown,,,.,behaviorsofthesteelshavingsmilarmicrostructure.Thefreeferrite

couldbetheresultof(1)inadequatequenchor(2)reheatingslightly,.

abovethelo~iertransformationduringthetemperingtreatment.Thereis-sti~iadeplorablelackof-fundtilentaliiiformationabout,.

thebehaviorofsteelinthevicinityofanotch.Thewideflatplate.:,

testshaveclearlydemonstratedthateachsteelbehavesdifferentlyandtfiat&erit~&ielativebehavibisaredifferentfordifferentplatesizes,,

Theneedforafundamentalstudyofthebehaviorofsteelsinthenotchedconditioniscleaplyindicatedbytheresultsofthetestsperformedonwideflatnotchedplates. .,

,,.,,.

~,,,t,, ., , .,. :

,..

./

l.

u.!

Conclusions,;The

..,.,.,

,>

followingconclusionsseemjustifiedonthebasisofthe>..

.,.

resultsoftheentireinvestigationincluding.,

1and2 (seeBibliography)aswelJ~asthenew;!

timeinthisreport...

theworkdoneunderReferences,,

workpresentedforthefirst

1. Fractureswereobtainedinthelaboratorywhich.:.

appearanceandreductioninthicknesswiththosefoundin,, ,

fracturedships.

wereidenticalsectionsof

in

2. Allsteelstestedwerearrangedapproximatelyinthesameorder,,

ofrelativebrittlenessbyCharpykeyhole-notchtestsad bytestsof,notchedplatesofdifferentCharpytestsarelowerthan

3. Platesfailingby

widths.Transitiontemperatui-esdeterminedbythosedeterminedbynotchedflatplatetests.cleavagefailwithslightlylowernominal

,

stressvaluesthandosimilarplateswhichfailentirelybyshear,.,, ..

4. Thechemicalcompositionhasa,parkedinfluenceuponthetrans-itiontemperatureofsteel.Thisiswelldemonstratedbytheresultsoftestsonthe3&percentnickelsteelwhichwasfarsuperiortothemild

.,

steelsbothofchemicalonsteelsAsitionwith

.,,..

intransitiontemperatureandinenergyabsorption.TheeffectcompositionwasfurtherdemonstratedbytheresultsoftestsandC. Thesesteelshadessentiallythesamechemicalcompo-theexceptionofthenitrogencontent.SteelA contained0.004

percentnitrogenwhilesteelCcontained0.009percent.Thedifferenceinthebehaviorsofthesetwosteelsmaybemainlyduetothedifferencethenitrogencontent.However,themicrostructureofthesesteelsalsodifferedslightlyandpartofthedifferenceinpropertieswasprobablyduetothedifferenceinmetallurgicalstructure.Apparentlya higherrollingtemperaturehadbeenusedforsteelCthanforsteelA. The

in

transitionte;aperatureahdenergyabsorption:areapparentlyaffected15..as

muchbythemetallurgicalStfuct&eofthesteelastheyareby.thechemicalcomposition.SteelQ,whichwatiquenchedandwasgreatlyimprovedbyheat-treating,@hiSt&atmentferritefromthemicrostructure,

drawnoriginally,eliminatedfree

.,,.

5* Forhull-qualitysteelsofthesemi-killedtype,producedunderordinaryconditionsofpresefitcommercialpractice,.thetemperaturesatwhichshearabove60

themodeoffai~ureofsharplynotchedplateschangesfroma,ductiletoabrittlecleavagetypemayvaryfrombelowfreezingtowellroomtemperature.

Intheset+st~itwasfoundthatonthebasisofthetransitiontemperatures,thesteelscouldbemoredefinitely.ratedbytests.of12-inchspecimensthantiytestsofwiderspecfiens.;7. k~it~thes~eshd~p~essofnotchandafixedratiooflengthofnotchtofiidthofplate,thenominalstrengthofplatesofthe.same

.. thicknessdecreasedwithincreasingwidth.Thedecreaseinstrength.is,..

considerableastheplatewidthisincreasedfromafewinchestooneortwofeet,butthedecreaseinstrengthisrelativelysmallastheplate

,,

wid~h5areincreasedbeyondtwofeet:The~ndninaLstrengthofsteelBis:onIjabout1000psilessfi168-inchwideplaie~thanitisin72-inchwide

:,,,. ,,,.

plates. ,, ,:., .. .8. :?ithagivennotchgeometryanda-fixedplatewidth,thetrans-itiontemperaturewasfoundtoincreaseasthespecimenthickness.wasin-creased.Inspecimenscutfromplatesrolledtodifferentthicknessesfromthesameheatofsteel,twofactorsinfluencedthetransitiontemper-atures;thesewere(1)specimenthickness,and(2)metallurgicalconditionsintroducedbytheadditional.rollinggiventothethinnerplates.Thin

.

16specimensmac,hinedthahdidapec.tiens

fromthickerplateshadhighertransitiontemperaturesofthesamethicknessinadefrom~s-rol.ledplates.

,; :9* SteelsC- be~rr~llged:i,n.~ed~eOrderofnotchsensitivitybytestsofedge-notched3-inchwidespecim@ks~S.bytestsofcentrally-notchedwiderplates,althoughtheactualtranshti.ontemperatureinaydifferforthetwotypesoftests. .,,,,::

~10. Fora seriesoftestsconductedongeometricallysimilarcentrally-notchedspecimens3,6,andlawsapparentlydonotholdu. Fortensiontests

12-inchQswideittiasdemonstratedthatthemodelforfracture.madeoncylindricalun-notchedspecimensat

varioustemperaturesdowntoliquid-airtemperature,bothyieldandfracturestrengthwerefoundtoincreaseasthetemperaturewaslowered.Asthetemperatureapproachedliquid-airtemperature,themodeof;fracturechangedfromthesheartothecleavagetype,anddecreased.Thecleavagestrengthatlowuponthestrainhistoryofthemateriel.

thefracturefstressandductilitytem~ratureswasfoundtodependBarsstrainedatroomtemperature

werefoundtohavehighercleavagestrengthwhensubse~uentlybrokenatliquid-airtemperature.3.2researchwithlowandthat

.,we,l,d.

,,, ~,

.,.

..,,: ,.

Testsoftwoadditionaltubularspecimens,madetocompletetheprogramd.ginatedasNDRCProjectNRC-75,showedthatweldinghydrogencontentelectrodesapparentlydoesnotinprovetheductilitypostheatingto1100%affterweldingimprovestheductilit~ofthe

.. ,,.-,

,,..,,

17

Organization~~. .:

,,..,;

The.investigationsw&eCondu&edbytheUnivers,ityof:Califorrlia,inthehgineeringl(iaterialsLaboratory,liyP.O~Brien,DeanofWe College

..;.,. , ,, ~,.~.ofEngineering;wasth~Tech~ic&.Representat~veforlth~~oject.Thework

.,,.

wasunderthegel.eraldirectionofP.aymondi.Davis.,Directorofthe,.

EngineeringMaterialsLaboratory.G.d.Tioxell.,ProfessorofQivilingi-,,

neering,HarmerJ.Davis,AssociateProfessorofCivilEngineering,dariIi.,.

Parker,AssociateProfessorofPhysicalMetallurgy,andA,Bo~dberg,kesearch,...flngmeerjwereinchargeofthetechnicalpliaiesoftheinvestigation.

,.

SpecialstudieswereconductedbyCharlesH.Avery,JosephJ.l)eVito,R.Payne,andT.Robinson.Theskio~ work,weldingandriggingwasunderthesuper-visionoftilvinL.Whittier.OthermembersoftheprojectstaffwhohaveservedeitherD.~3ehM,~LarJ/i?. Brezee,E.

fullorpart-tfieincluded:d.Bennett,N.Berliner,,D.~~.cleave,llinifredDunlop,

J, Hancock~EloiseHornstein,R.Johnsen,

P. R. Angell,G.Barringer,Berner,E,Betts,R.Bousquet,

C.Glassgow,Davidd.Giobs,InezLeklak,Ruth,,imball,R,

blorge,S.Lever,J.Logan,N.k,cLaaghlinjJ.Lednick,,/.liillins,JeanNeilson,F.OrmsbyjD.Peterson,li.T.Rains,VeraRideout,A.D.Ringjfi~F.Schord,Le.Seaborn,D.Unger,HarryE.Kennedy,ResearchAssociateasconsultantonspecialproblems.

T.

inYsmamoto,andPhebeZimmerman.theGollegeoftingineering,served

18E31BLWWAEHY

10 ProgressReport,BureauofShips,U.S.Navy,NObs-31222,SerialNo.SSC-2,CausesofCleavageFractureinShipPla:te)FlatPlateTestst,August1946.

.,..,,.. ..... ,.

2. FinalReport,OSRDNo.6452,SerialNo.M-608,Jan.1946,tCleavageFractureofShipPlateasInfluencedbyDesignandMetallurgicalFactors(NS-336):Part11-FlatPlateTests.!

.. ...

3. FinalReport,OSRDNo.6365,SerialNo,M-542}Dee,19i+5- tBenaviorofSteelUnderConditionofMultiaxiaJStresses afidEffectcfNeldlngandTemperatureoi]ThisBehavior(NS-306):TestsofLargeTub@LarSpebimens(hhipPlateberies)tifl~~ ~ ..

4. FhalReportjOSRUNo.6593,SerialNo.M-6Q.,FebruaryJ-946jTBe~la~iorofSteelUnderConditionsofMultiaxialStressandtheEffectonThisBehaviorofMetdlographi.cStructureandChemical.Composition[HG-307);TestsofSmallTubular~pecimens.t

5* AdvisoryReportjOSRI)NO.4060.,Ser:al1$0.li-345~Aug~.~.st~-94~+Js~ggestedSpecificaticnforFcrritj.cArnlor-,le]-dj.ng.JlectrodeTypellHC-2A~

60 Office of Productio~.ResearchandDevelapme%,jhr%@.iictimBoardjReportNo.W=200. StudyoftineFmnningFYcpertiesofA1.umifiumA120ySheet-PlasticFlowin.biebals,lMay19i;5. .;.

.7..Progress.ReportonuWhaviorofSteel.umderConi~tLo~,s01h~.l.t.i@.a.lStresses-PilotTestsofS-mallilubu~i:trSpecimmsji;OSFOReport45535SerialIJo.E-405,Ja.nu3~y1945.

?. ., .

. . . .,.-.

:... . .

,.

. .4...,,!.: . ...+,. ... -.,.,.,.. ,,, ;,,

... ,.,- .,

.APPENDIXA:,.,

,

ResidualStrainDistributioninI~otchedxFlatflate&terFracture

A systemofrectangulargridsdescribedinaprevious.reportl,.

wasappliedtoonefaceofal..thefiidenotchedflatplatesthatwere,.

tested.Readingsreproducibleto~0.002werebkenbymeansofa specialmechanicalstraingagepriortothetest-andafterfracture.PercentelongationswereCalculatedforthedifferentgagelengthsandtheresultsarepresentedinFigs.A-68toA-153ofthisreport.Residualstraindis-tributionsforplatesbrokenintheearlierpartofthepresentedinFigs.A-1toA-67inclusiveoftheearliertobenotedthatthevaluesgiven& thefiguresdonot

programwere

report;lItisincludeelastic

elongat~onsnorthethefractureline.onlyononefaceofduringfracturemay

amountofseparationofthepartsoftheplatealongAlsojsincetheresidualelongationsweremeasuredtheplate,theeffectofpermanentbendingofaplatebeincludedinthevaluesshowninthefigures.In

mostcases,however,verylittlebendinganddistortionoccurredduringfracture.

Linesoffractureareshownonthedrawingsgridsystemisplotted.Thetemperatureoftest,thethemodeoffailureareindicatedcmthefigures;

. . .

. .

1 beeBibliography,! ..

.....

forwhichtheoverallnominalstressand

.

20

To

APPENDIXB

AdditionalTestsofLargeTubularSpecimensofUildSteelsupplyadditionalinformation,asaresultofquestionsraised

bya studyofthedataobtainedfromthetestsonlargetubularspecimefisincludedintheprogramofworkofNDRCProjectNRC-75,3testsweremadeontwo additionaltubularspecimensat-/+OOFwitha stressratioof1:1.

Thespecimenswerehollowcylinders20-inchesinoutsidediameter,18~-inchesininsidediameterand10-feetlong.Thetubesweremadebyformingtwo3/4-inchthickplatesintohalfcylindersandweldingthemtogetheralongtwo longitudinalseams180?apart.Thesamesteelwasusedasforthetubespreviouslytested(steelA).TheplatesusedinbothspecimensTL1landOwereheattreatedat11OOOFforalyut 8 hours afterfortingoperationswerecompleted.Fordetaileddescriptionoftheapparatususedandthetestpro-

,.

cedurereferenceismadetotheoriginalreport.3 Specimen!1011waswelded

withNRC-2Aelectrodesandwasnotstressrelievedafterwelding.Insofaras thefabricationprocedurewasconcerned$specimenLwasaduplicateofspecimenll!!andwasweldedwithE-6020electrodesandwasgivena so-calledofthe

stress-reliefheattr(?atflLent at1100%for6 hoursafterthecompletionwelding. ,,

Figs.B-1andB-2showthenatureofthefracturesinthetwotubes.Figs, B-3andB-4 showthe strain distribution fideterminedfromgridmeasurements.Figs,B-5andstress:effecti_ve-strain6curvesplottedforall

3,5SeeBibliography6 SeeBibliography.

asfollows:Effective-strain=

thefracturedtubesasB-6showtheeffective-ofthetubularspecimens

Effective-strainandeffective-stressaredefined

=:

(G -E )2+(%&-- E~)2+ (e~-e)z

21

forwhi~hload-strainreadingswereavailable.Figs.B-7andB-8showplots.,

oftheStraindistributionsinthetubesforvariousstresslevels.Someoftheresultsobtainedonsmalltubesofthesamesteel,testedatIllinoisInstituteofTechnologyonNDRCProjectNRC-77,4areplottedinFig.B-9forcomparisonwithFigs.B-5.andB-6.Curvesforresultsobtainedfromstandard.505-inchdiametertensionspecimenscutfromtheweldandtheplatematerialneartheendsofthelargetubeandtestedattheUniversityofCaliforniaareshowninFig.B-10.

Specimen1101,weldedwithNRC-2Aelectrodes,didnotshowanyappreciablein.provementovertubelfF}t,weldedwithE-6020electrodes;bothtubesweretestedundersimilarconditions.Thetwotubeswerealsosimilarinmethodoffabricationwiththeexceptionoftheelectrodesthatwereusedinwelding.Thesameheattreatmentpriortoweldingwasusedoneachtube-plates beingfirstformed,thenstressrelieved.Neitherofthecylinderswaspreheatedpriortoweldingandneitherwasstressrelievedafterwelding.Theweldingofcylinder!O~wasdonewithl/4-inchdiameterNRC-2Atypeelectrodespreheatedto600Fpriortciuseandusedwhiletheywerestillhot.Thelongitudinalweldrequiredquiteanunberofrepairsnearoneof

.

~ ;3:t~dbliography ,,

el=measuredaxialstrainand

where~= average

a>=averageaxialtruestress,psicircumferentialtruestress,psiradialtruestress~psicr~=average

Inthesetests,effective-strainswerecomputedfromtheaveragestrainreadingsofthe2-in.clipgageslocatednearthemid-sectionofthespecimenawayfromthewelds,

22

whichareas

pairs

thefractureorigihted.Nopreheatwasusedinreweldingthethatwererepaired.weremadeshowedno

break.Cleavagefracture110!1about22-inchesbel~~

X-raypicturesoftheweldtakenafterthere-vindicationofanydefectneartheoriginoftheoriginatedatthelongitudinalweldofspecimenmid-sectionandproceededinbothdirections

paralleltotheweldalongtheheataffectedzoneforabout12-irlchesandthenpropagatedaroundthespecfieninseveraldirections.

SpecimenI!L1lfailedtoshowasgoodresultsfrompostheatingtollOOFasdiditscounterpartspectien111,itwasmoreductilethanspecimen!F1l,whichwasnotstressrelievedaft&welding,butciidnotex-hibitasmuchofareductioninthickness,asgreatanelon~=tion,oraslargeatruestressatfractureasdidspecimentIfr.

ThefractureinspecimenllLoriginatedinthepl~atematerialwellawayfromtheweld,neartheupperapparentlystartednearadefectinthewerenotforthisdefectitispossible

endofthetube.ThefractureplateshowninFig.B-11,Ifitthatsomewhathigherstrengthmay

havebeenattainedaswellasgreaterelongationandreductioninthick-nessandthustheresultsfromtubet!Lllwouldcomparemorefavorablywiththosefromtubell!!.LaminationofFig:B-5showsthatthestress-straincurves

strainonthe

forbothtubes!IL!landtit!donotdiffergreatlyuptoaneffective-of0.09atwhichpointtubeIIL!:fractured.Thefractureoccurredsectionperpendiculartotheaxisatatruestressof62,ooopsi,

whichisbelowthetruestressatfractureina simpletensiontest.Itm.aybenotedinpassingthatintheeffective-stress:effect

straincurvestherearediscrepancieslargeenoughtoindicatethatexistingtheoriesofplasticflowareeitherincompleteorinexact.

23Conclusions

tubularandthescribed

The ,,I%il.owingconclusionsmaybedrawnfromtheresultsoflargespecimentestsdescribedinthefinaltieport01NDRCProjectJEW-753,,

resultsootained:fromthetestsofthetwoadditicna~specimensde-inthisreport.Someoftlieconclusionsarebas~dcnresultsfrom

testsofpilotBeriesonsmalltubularspecimens.71. Widdd20-inchdiametertubesofhull-qualitiysteeltestedundervariouscombin~tion~ofinternalpressureandaxialloadexhibi~$dstrengthsandductilitiesconsiderablylessthantheutensil.estrengthsandduc-tiiitiesofktandardcouponstideoftheplatematerial.Thistendencywasalsoexhibitedina nuinberofthesmaller,morehotiogeneous,tubesofthepilotseriesoftests.2. :~Thestrengthsofthetubesascalculatedonthe~!conventionalu

basisdidnotvaryaswidelywithdifferenttesting condikionsastheso-calledtrue!!stressesatfailure,,Also;forthipurposesofinterpretationofthephenomenaobsefvedintheSktests,thetruestressesatfailureappeartobe-amoresignificantindexofstrength,eventhoughtheyarecomputedas~averag&stressesacrossanentitiese~tioniathe.rthanstressesatapoiht. ,, >,. . .,,

3. Unde&certairico~lbiriationsoft~m~~raturejratioofappliedstresses,andconditionsoftubeasregardsheat-treatment;itwaspossiole

--tbattainfailureswithveiylowducti~ties,approachingthoseobservedin.fractwedships,&enthoughtherewasnomechanicalnotchinthetubularSpecimens.Thestrengthsattainedundersuchconditionswerecorrespond-inglylowascomparedwiththestrdngthjofth&mostductilespecimens.,,,- : .,.,.: .. .,

3,7 SeeBibliography. , ; ~ ,

24

40whichthecausedby

:...

25

9. Intubesinwhichfracture@itiated,intheregionofaweld,,.,..,,:.Ii. ,.,,;...:..,.

acrackappearedtohavestartedintheweldorweldzorie~andthenfrac!turepropagatedinto,theplate. ,

,,,,,

10. Smalldiscontinuities,.suchasdefects,gougesornicksmaybecrack-starters,@particularlyatlowtemperatures(TubeGahdTubeL).U. Inallthetestsmadeinthisirlvesti,gationj

.; .},.~~startedintheweldzone,failureoccurredby,cleavage

,.,

wasbrittle.

whereverfraciureandthespecimen

12* Thebeneficia~,re:ultsofheat-treatmentoftubesafterweld-...:ingisattributedprimarilytoalterationofthemetallurgicalstructureoftheweldzoneratherthantoreliefofresidualstress.(Seees-peciallyTube1).Theso-calledstressrelieving!heat-treatmentmarkedlyimprovedthestrengthandductilityatlowtemperatures.Thisheat-treat-mentreducestheresidualstressesanditaltersthemetallurgicalstructureoftheweldzone$maki~~thematerialinthisregionmoreductile.Theresidualstressisalsoreducedbycausinga smallamountofplasticflowtooccurparalleltotheweld.Thiseffectoccursatatmospherictem-peratures;consequently,themetallurgicalstructureremainsthesame.Theplasticflo~wissufficientinallofthetubestestedintheIIas-welded!lconditiontoproducestress-reliefbystretching,ThetubeIIstress-relievedbyheat-treatmenthadmuchgreaterductilityth~nanyoftheas-welded

vtubes.Sincestress-reliefoccurredinalltubes,eitherbyheat-treatmentorbystretching,itappearsthatthemainbenefitderivedfromtheheat-treatmentisthebeneficialalterationofthemetallurgicalstructure.Itisindicatedthatappropriateheat-treatmentsorpertinentchangesin

26weIdingtechniqueprematurebrittle3-3e Bending

aremeansofreducingoreliminatingtendenciestowardcleavagefractures.stresses(suchasthosewhichcanoccurattheend

ofa closedtubeduetoradialrestraintoftheheads)orabruptchangesinwallthicknessareli.kelycausesofprematurefailureatbothroomandlowtemperatures.Itwasfoundnecessarytotakespecialcaretoprovideaverygradualtransitionattheendsofthetubesin;ordertoobtainfailuresnearthemid-section.14, A specimenweldedwithlowhydrogenccntent,NRC-2Aelectr~des,

,, .,

wasapparentlynomoreductilethansimilarspecimensweldedwithE-6020electrodes.

,

,.

.,

,. c

.,

,.,

., .

,.

27.APPE~DIXC f,. ,i ;.> .,~. ...

,, .,.:.,. ResultsofTestsonS-impleTensio~bpe~imens

TestedatVariousTemperatures

Tensiontestsweremadeonunnotchedcylindrical

4

.,. ,,..

specimensofsteelsA,Bn, andCatvarioustemperaturesrangingfrom450Ftoliquid-airtemperature.Yieldstrength,fracturestressandreductionofareaweredeterminedateachtemperature.Inaddition,theeffectofpre-.

straining.atvarioustemperaturesonthecleavagefracturestressatliquid-.,

airtemperaturewasdeterminedforsteelA. Thesetestswereconductedwiththeobjectofobtainingbasicdataonyieldstren@handfracturestre.~th,andtodeterminetheter.peratureoftransitionfromsheartocieavagefractureforthecaseofsimpletensionloading.

,.

TheandC-3.Theis lowered

resultsofthetestshavebeenplottedinFigs.C-1,C-2yieldstrength.increasesrapidlyasthetesting,temprature.,

untilitisessentiallyequaltothefracturestressatliquid-airtemperature.Thefracturestress(breakingloaddividedbyfinalarea)risesmoreslowlybutcontinuestoincreaseasthetestingtemperatureislowereduntilthecleavage-typefracturebeginstooccur.Atthistemperature,thetransitiontemperatureinsimpletension,thefracturestressreachesamaximumandatlowertemperaturesdropstocon-siderablylowervalues.Thetransitiontemperatureswerefoundtobeabout-Z50Fforallth!reesteels.Thusitwasindicatedthatthesimpletensiontestapparentlyisnotassuitableforratingsteelsintheirrelativeorderofbrittlenessasarenotched-bartests.

28

Thereareseveralresultsworthyoffurtherdiscussion.SteelsBnandCtestedat-3C)0Ffracturedat,,stresseslowerthantheyieldstress.

...... ,:,,,.......,......$. ........

Jhenthespecimensyielded,theloaddrop~doffasitnormallydoesat:..-

roomtemperatureformildsteel,andfractureoccurredbeforetheloadin-ThisunuSualeffectwascheckedbytestsonanumberofcreasedagain.

additioaalspecimens,A seriesofspecimensmachinedfromsteelAY;erestrainedtoa

20,20,30,:40,50and60percentreductionofareaat212,70,and-105%?,andthenthetemperaturewasloweredimmediatelyto-300%andtheApeci.me.ns,

,,

brokenwitilnoadditionalplasticflowoccurring.Thecleavagefract~e.. .

stressat-,300%7wasfotidtoincreaseastheamountofpriorstrainwasincreased;Theseresult+,showninFig,C-4,indic~teforthesesteelshowthefracturestressatalowtemperaturedepe~ldsuponthestrainhistoryofthemateriAl,seemstohave

.,

Thetemperaturelittlehfiuence

,,,

.,... .

. . .

atwhichuponthe

,,

.

. .. . .theprestrainingfracturestress.

. . .

wasdone,however,.,

.,,.

29APPE@IXD

desultsofTestsonGeometricallySimilar .

., &entral.lyNotchedFlatPlateSpectiensTestsweremadeat

similarspecimens.Thetypethreesizesofspecimensaredataforeachtest,andFigs.

severaltemperaturesona seri&sofgeometricallyofthespecimenandthedimensionsofthegiveninFig.D-1,TableJ-1givestheprincipalD-3andD-4showthevariationoflongitudinal

strainwithdistancefromthenotchofa3-inchwidesize-effectspecimen.Fig.D-2givesnominalstress-straincurvesforlongitudinal

elementsatthebaseofthenotchobtainedongagelengthsofO.O1}0.02,and0.04inchesforthethreesizesofspecimens.Thespecimensdonotbehavesimilarlyuptostrainsatwhichthefirstcrackformsintherootofthenotch,Consequently,itisquestionableastotheextenttowhichmodellawsarevalidintheplasticrange.titercracksform,similarityinbehaviornolongeroccursbecausethespecimensaretherafternolongerGeometricallySimdla.rvTheresultsoftilesetestscontradictapreviouslyreported2conclusionthatsti,larlynotchedsamplesseemto@ergosimilarstrainswithintheplasticrange.

Thefactthatthemodellawsdonotholdwithintheplasticrangeissurprising,becausetheoreticalconsiderationsleadonetoexpectsimi-larityinbehavior.Apossiblecontributiontotheobserveddifferencesinbehavioristhesurfaceconditionofthespecimens.Afterannealing,allspecimenswereffistcarefullymachinedina shaper,withthefinalcutsbeingverylight.Allspecir.enswerefinishedinasurfacegrinder,withthefinalcutsagainbeinglight.Evenwithlightcutsthesurfacelayersoftheplate.worked2 SeeBibliography

specimensarecoldworkedandareconsequentlystrongerthanthebaseThepercentageofthetotalcross-sectiontakenupbythecold-surfacelayersislargerforthesmallerspecimensandconsequently

30mightconceivablyexplainthere.suXts.A.roughestimateoftheamountofstrengtheningwhichcouldresultfromsuchsuyfacehardeningindicates.,

.

. .. i .,.,. ..thatthedifferencescannotbeexplainedbythisfactoralone...-. Additional

,,.,, ..

testsshouldbemadeonspecimensfromwhichthecold-workedsurfacelayershavebeenremovedcompletely.

,,

.,

.,,,

.. .. .

,

,...

,.

,.,,

,,

-,.,

,, ,.

,:

.,.

;.,

.

.

.

. . .. .. .. . ,. ,....., ,-31

TABLE1.--DTSC21~TIOlJ07S$EEJ-SUSEDINFLATPLATETISTSAllsteelsweretostodattenper~turesselectedsoastodefineth~tell,-pefaturetransitionrangewithinreasonablelimits.

Steelsusedintestsof12-in.specimens(orwider)vrerefurnishedinplates3/4by72by120in.

-- .. . ,-.--..- . ..

~Approximate~ .:: ,...-CodeLetterfor Chenica1 Typeof

~

Steeland Anal~sis~Steeland I UseinTestProcramNailufacturer .-....

7ZC ?nir ; condition /:- ----------...-.. ___,./Largecylinders;! I 72:43,24,12

A !Semi-kil16d,1and~-,innotched~>la-tes.iO*250,47,asrol~efi./lc1,arp3ri;nD;ct~9s,5i;~a;t$to~Carnegie-Illinoisl .,. ,-! Iperatiureier.silebars~ l-----+ ~ }----------

~o~l~0.721Semi-?;illed,72,48,24,12acdS-;n..notchedBethl~;em, iasrolled,plates;,Ckarpy:Jxnacttests:5- .~ --+ .-.--..,..-,-----..,.----I72,48,24,12and~..in,notchedBnI 1.Bethlehem ~.180.72lseni-~zilled[ latec;Charpy~mpo.ct-tests;:~normalizedIpt

~lowtemperaturetons.i]ebars..-. .- y.-____ ~. ~.-..!

- .................._.,____.-______

~~2~4~jZq.cI.2~.nc~s-in,notchedc i

~0.250.49 Semi-killedIpiates;~;kzwp~iimpacttests;Carnegie-Illinois/ asrolledll~vJt~fi~erz:tu:-ctensilebars.;[ I{ -1

size=ffects-bwiias. ---.* .....,--i_-_-,...---.------_-__,-_-

D I0,190s52~lullj-!:illed[lOne72-inspl~teac.d~-in.I.ukens ,normalizedl;notchod~lates#I-.--. --.-:. -~

- ---i------+ ..-,.....-.-.,.-,--_____.-----_,E

Lukens

1 . --.+--

t

- --?------- -- ------- . . ... . . -... -.-----

i? i0.160.85Fully-killed72,1.2and3-in.notched5ekhlehem tis rolled~P]ates;Charpyirmmcttests,-.___-..

~----------+-------l----- ---.-.-,..-_],? !0.13, 3

-.

Steel CodeLetterand

Manufacturer,ChemicalCompositionI c

]+~

TypeandHeatTreatment

?hysicalProperties;YieldPoint,psiUlt.jtrencth,psi1210ng.,~;in2in.Hon~9,Zin8 in.

Deoxidation?ractiee

Notes:a --Analys~

SteelACarnegie-Illinoisa b

0.23 0.260.47 0.500.02 0.030.0110.0120.0420.0s9

. 0.2 .0.-)12 0.03

0.03 0.006

0.0030e004

SteelB I SteelCBethlehem Carnegie-

i IllinoisI

a bfa b0016 0.18 0.24 0.243*74 O*73 0,49 0.482.03 : 0.07 0.043 0.053.011 0.009 0.0150.0123.030 0.030 0,033 0.026

0

33

~. IPlatelJo~,C=d~~ionardType!--+ c

emlcalAnalysls ~(co c @ ~,..

; A-l t Asrolled,semi-killed ~0.27 0.47A-2 ,1 II !1 oo~5 0.47 I1A-3 11 ,, 11 , 0.22 0.47

! 0.25 1A-.4 II !?.i1-5 II !! ~ 0.24 ::::1 . J

I1B-1 , Asrolled,semi-killed I 0.17 0.711

B-3 t! It

[1

~ttj S.18 0,70

B-6 11 0.17 0.7!?~ . 11 ~B-7 1! : I 0.17 0.685-9 1! !1 .. i0.17 0671...,.4

; B*2 Normalized,semi-killed !0.18 $3.75! B-4 f : 1! ~0.18 ().73/ %: ,, II ~0.18 9.71.II, \0.16 ().71i B-1o [ II 11 ~ i3.17 0071~ ; ~5 ,olled,;mj~kill;;--

._-. _.-. -.- .- ........ . ,.- ..~ 0025

\ & II 11 I 0.26 ~ ;;;~ C-3 !1 !! 1 0223 0 ~(>1 ~,-4 !! . !1 I 0,25 ~,gg I~ C-5 I

,,: 1! ; 0,)26 ij,~~; C-6 lt 11 ~ 0.25 G,48

.y---.. .. ..- ..i D-1 ~ NTormali.zed,full~-killed j0..19 o,5cJI .- . .-...-.___ -.. .-.

1

k-i--::s~~-.~~ q#j N-1 As rolle443GZki~N: 0.18 0.48I ~1-z j 11 303470N: I

0.17 0.481?-3 I : t ; 3.37/:N: :8 }O*15 ., 0.50 tI:7-4 i 11 3.38;;N; 0.17 -- 0.50

i 1Q-1 ~Quenchedand~rawn,fully-killed022 1.11i !I~ Q-2 j !1 ,. .I1 021 1,13~ 3-3 i

111 - . 11

, 0.22 1.12f

-.

.

. . . . . . . .

34

. ..

1-------+- --

i

A

,

!Al

.. ..

A2

..----

A3

___

i A4If.......

: A5

+-. ..--

I ~~

~._...

! 133~

IAs ~---

L.._.

LolledFIG

B7

------ ...

,... , ..-.---

T]-peI,:fai %%,,-1.------,505 T,505 Ls~J.are LFlat L. . . . . - .+. _-...-_-.

.505 I T

.305 LSquare LFlat

!

L- ...-,-----..-..- -

.505 T

.505 , LSquare LFlat L ------------......-..

.505 1,505 L

.505 I i

..-.1----------square LFlat L.505

L

T.505 LSquaro Li~lat L..... .-.,,----

.505 T

..505 LSquare LFlat L...-..-..-.-.,-...-

. ,. . ,. .. . . .

.-...-

YieldPoint,psi.

.... --...

34,57535,55035,070~~.,510

-...,--

35,39036,200~JJ~ao32 950

._-A....36,50035,50036,62035,3~c

.. ..

3s,18036,G8035,2003!,800

...-,.---.

35,1005,00035,10032,800

-.. .

~fl.,6o032,2003~,460.32,210

-.......

:~,~~o

~~,oso

32,70031 ;fjrJ

.--.....>-..

35,500yJ;$$()32,41031,960

3s,50033,05033,00032,300

.- ~.. m...)nslle.-r,.._. .

Tensile;trength,

nsi.57,87558,30058,46058,320.---------

55,70057,6S056,19057,~$o

..-

58,50C,5::,40053,63053,620

132,47562,~7060,?0060,900

...-.-- ,...

57,10057,40057,80057 500-_2-..56,95057,05057,68056,460... -----

55,64.055,85056,35057,680

,,.56,95056,630S7,20056,860--.---..,.

56;50057,15057,00057,000

_..._

.- .=... ..-. . . .. -,.

ertles

Elong.r-ch....

42.042.850.534.0

4.3.34.,:.753.232.4

--.... .

C2.O~~o

51.036,6.........

38.042.247.5~~.~

4.3.24,3.050.052.4.

......

4,4.344.848.835.0

..-.-,...

44.342.8~~.a

32.8.,.------.

42.045.3~Q:.533.9

~~.g45.753.5:3.4

-----..

.- -. ,-. ,

Hardness,~p.~~;re11 :B ]?umbers~-. ...... .;

61

--.--.-.

60

-----------

60-62

.........

61 ~,

a - .5o5 E A.s.r.u. std. roim.cl 0.505-im. dia. bar; square = fu~l thie~messof square cross section; fl~.t= A.S.T.~.std. full thickness flat bar.

b - L=~XisOr bar parallel ~~ith-direc:ion :,frOl~ing.~=ttlln perpendicular tO

c- Elongations measured.on 2-iri.original ~age length except on std.flat bars for uhich gage length was 8 in.

TABLE 4.-- R.ES.ULTSOF STA171ARDTENSION

AIJEHARDNESS TESTS

(Sheet2 ofS)-..7-.-.=-.. .

I Plate I Ype ~ Orien- ~1~Type \~ of

Steel ~ 0

+

B~ra

~

tationb Point,.....7 ,...-

T

psi_..,. _ ___ ,_< . .

B:.505 T 34,600.505 L

:1:*1 ; ~~ ~,

B9.. 32,400!{s Square L 30,600FJak L 30 800

--..-+--- . $ ..505

: f~ ~

T 36,370.,

~.,?2 .506 L 57,100Square L 34,l~o

l- Flat

.505 -+4-:-

1 B4 .505 L

4

M:41O

, l._Square L 51/0s0Flat T, 30 900

.. -.-..-...- _.~__ ...

.505 T 37,150

, B5,505 L

,1

35,650i? Square .L 32,300Nom ~

.~la~+~--

33,970- ....

.1~,5G5 T I .33,600T.~::_ _~~e ,;:1

38, s0031,900~-~?g::

- . . ...T __ ,.__. .ro~ m.V 31,?,00

.] ~lo .>5d5 L :3,:9!)01 square L .J~,q~CJ

r+ ~~ ~~ ,

Flat L . ..._._ .-

J31~s~m_

.505 , T 35,500

, cl .5d5 L 35,330

I j

Sqtiam L 3s,330Flat L 35,300

I

~ .L

--------- ___ .__,:_____ ,...___

.505 ? 36,,000

i 1C2.505 L 37,130Square L 36,200

Ij ~~w~ L 35 ,G50.--- ----- ._.-J----.505 T 35,650

t

c I 3 $; : $:~+ -- --- ~6E

.505 T 35,500

C4.505 L 57,650Sqv.are L ---

-i

Flat

Im

L ---

.505 ,.1 36,000

C5 .505 I L 34,700Square

~ Flat -;_,. !gx

32.!>..)

Pensile PrWiliY6--.Strength.

psi...-.

67,~oo58,60057,00056,900

.-._______

5s,32057,93057,44056,88o

--....__,..

56,71057,26o55,470~~,l~o

.-.

58,,53052,?00[>6,67056,94C

57,.50056,![;ti36,7CX356,200

.-..-.,.._.

56,0J055,s00:.5,35055,300

_________

61,50061,G1O63,00064 600

--J. .,...6B,13068,50066,54.0

.-,66,170

6;,s.506.3,65065,50064,500

.

M, 20063,750--

--

.

64,00064,20066,00065,700

.

.=.

cmrtle-. .

Elongzc

-.

43.54,3-554;,0~2.5

-.

?;.8~~.s

Sq:o35 0

-..:.. .

4.1.845,5.54,Gf5.i

......_

452?:4.s:~~(),?4.P

36

~. . . . . . . . . ..

,-...--. -

i ~1

.

H L ..-,.

I

__p._.

I ~~

II I&3

. ....

AND W,RIMS S TESTS

(Sheet 3 of 3). ... .. .. .

Typeof

3ara

.505

.505Sc.uare.rlat- _..

.505.505SgiuareFlat

.505

.505SquareFlat,.-_.-,-

.505

.505SqmxFlat-.--

.505

.505Square~lak...-. -.

-------

Ori.en-t.ationb

. . . . ..-

TLLL

- -.

TLL~

-.. -

Tl.,LL

........ .

TLLL

.-

Ti,LL

---- ----

TLLL

TT.,

LL

...

TT_LL

-.-,-

TI : .505Q.3 LSquare~ L

Flat L--.-. ,- -----.-.--..---

-- ..

-. . ..

YieIdFoir.t,psi.

-----.

33,90037,000W, 500300043,50048;4004:3,600...45>20044,80053,00050,700-.. -... . .

------- . . .,-. . .. --- . . . ------

ensile Pr---------.-.

TensileStrength,

,psi.-----

63,20063,70052,60062 100

-._~.__

63,0006.5,90062,300

--!-:JQo_o-.-76,8507?,10075,600

_-7-4L70-9-,_77:60076,10077,5!)077 100

--.?.S3,300S2,000S2,70082 300

--..

..r,J(

I wal

39

THICKNESS RELWCTION ALONG FRACTURE LINES~

TABLE- 6 OF NOTCHED FLAT PLATES *5HLTT 2. Of. 3

. .. . . .,..? . .. . . . . . ,AWM,=.

RIGHT SIDE OF PLATE 1,- ,TU.-..m 7.rc,1 I.r I I ,,,. ,.-. L./.

THICKNESS REDUCTION ALONG FRACTURE LINESTABLE- 6 *EET 3 F 3OF NOTCHED FLAT PLATES *

TEL FiA?F S=ftz4E,v 7Es rING 01S7ANCE FROM NOTCH, !,4CUL7SWiom, .ulA@5R TEMP

IN -F LEFT YDE OF PLATE RIGHT S,0.S OF PLATE

26 16 8 4 2 i ~ % ~ / 0 0 ~6 ~ ~ $ [ .? 4 8 16 26

N-3A. @ 2(0 s !9.0 S 150 s !2. 5 s !0.5 S 95 s ao s 8.5 5 9.0 s 8.5 _S ! 3.0 5 3.0 5 12.0 s 13.5 s 17~5 Is:o_ s] Pm s 19.5 s 21.0 s 260 s]72+ &2A /.?574325 3.5 c 5.0 G 9.0 c /3.0 S ,3.5 s /50 s 16.5 S ,0.5 S ,4.0 s 55 s 20 s 6,5 S 6.0 S 10.0 s 9.5 S,.?o s ,40 * ,Z.5 c 6.5 c: 35 c 4.0 c

*IA 655%51.) E.5 c 5.5 c 6.0 c 6.5 C 8.5 C 15.0 C 2U5 s !85 s !6.0 s /6, 5 S 45 s 60 s ?05 8.0 S 85 s 11.0 s 135 c Z5 c 4.5 c 4.0 C25 c .?0 cN3D 7?- 73- 2?20 5 8.5 s 9,0 S 8.0 S 65 S 6.0 S 6.0 s 25 5 /.5 Si 55 s 6.5 S .?5 s 85 Sllo,o s 13.0 s ,4.5 .5

N-16XD w-w 6.0 s {.35 S:!!.5 s 35 s 9.0 S : 8.0 S 65 S 35 s ;0 s 555 8.5 S 80 S SW Sill.o s, 12.5 s /2.5 S,W21X0 -r

,

6.0 5 /4.5 s !Z5 s !1.5 SIQO s: 75 s 65 s 30 S @s 55 5 775 s 95 Slc?o s~12.5 s {3.5 s 165 s !

*2XD (&%9(-z29 ! PI.5 ST/3.5 Syz.,o s 105 S:90 s 85 s Z5 s 20 s 35 s 50 s a5 s s?0 S~ 9.0 Sj 9.5 S 10.0 s 13.0 s

w,.+!0 (-XZJL2W7 : 100 c 14.0 s 12.5 S [1.0 s: 95 s ,?0 s

.,.

I - - ~.2.5 s 2.0 s s 55 s 90 s 9.5 S!ll. o s 14.0 S ~

,V-4D #34?+5+.7 /2.5 s 100 s 9.5 s 65 s 80 s 70 s 55 s 20 s P.5 s , 6.5 s ?75 s 80 s a5 s 90. s4~_5 .s 5.5 s,.,. -. . . ... .. . ..

12. N14XD {m> 2.5 c 3.5 c 60 C 10.5 C 155 s !50 S!15.O s 30 s 1.5 s; Z5 s, 9.0 s !35S,95C 55 C61.) -1 - 1; . . ...! ~{__ ,..:-

+-1 - I ~~~~~~~ I

1 .. . . . . . -- - ;50 CJ 65 c 14.0 c 140 s 14D s 11.0 5 10.5 S, 90 S ?70 s //5 S 14.5 S /5.0 5,/7.5 S /45 C 60 C 3.5 c

O-5*D &[@K-In 30 c 30 c 35 c 6.0 C ,95C )2.5 C(120 c; 4.0 c 2.5 C {2.5 C 12.0 G,IO.O C, 6.5 C; 50 G 2.0. C 20 c

0-45D @@=7 2.0 G .70 c 3.5 c 65 C 8.5 G K20 C~10.0 Ci100 C Z5 c 11.0 C 1!.5 C 35 C 6.0 C 35 C 2.5 C 1.5 c

* VALUE5 1?/ TA8LE /NL21CATE PERCENT REDuC T{ON. LETTER FOL L OWING V. L UE INDICATES TYPE OF FRACTURE: S - SHEAR, C = CLEAVAGE.

9A A. ?OIlmormMgI*-llliri

A u rolledm.lmgl*llllnO

0 As ,01194:Ur.wb-lllti!

0 u mummms$..nlimi

o A9 relhdCwnc&io-Illlmo

0 u ,Oll!akneme-xlli?w

a u ?O1lM!--!I*111I-

O.a

0.8

0,1

0,1

O.z

0.2

U.z

0.8

O.a

TABLE 7 -Y OF z Iion Klm ?LLm Bzawln Pl%e 1 .? .9

*

,da*

3

s

.7

a

3

s

I-L[l

a

s

a

&

-

&

5/4

S/h

s/4

s/4

3/4

S/b

S/b

a

@

a/4

1/6

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

rimh

0.04,?

O.ou

0.C42

O.obl

0.OM

O.W,?

6727

.;-6s

:

287

958080717062

47so

-E

2seS6.?4,20

:

-19-86

608816

5

2-21-d?

106

:

ST

4:

asslssma

U9110100

99

:

?467

:

74

E26w

1

110108

9889

E39

&Us107101

E87

z

n

:

%

=-l=:Ld@

.

U.mo

lS,$OI

u,sm

L5.180

~.8.3u

16,790

a,?,r3@l

a0,s3016,580

11,85018,800

Ed %,803!4mO?da a5,8ml

S6,960S#&

60,190 41:780

lot 24,020MmNM S%no

%,630sa,490S3,670SB,S1Og=

+0

So,sw

IO* 46,100ko.r6d 4T;M0

46,sw48,mm47;30049.60.348,50060,100

121003 $3,S10,10,100 4.?,600

9,990 U;7S041,&2-3u., 100

lo,aaa 44,2s044, am

1lot +100R+etiti $l,lmaa,wo S0,80D

40,Wla,7.50 40,010

40,?Lw16,0S0 40,6.24

40,TW9,710 U,tta

41,660U,*O 41;SM10,060 U,sw

*,6Pa4s.900

43

l===

c ti ,Ollad-=.f@e-ullno

0 A, rolleiC-nwm-lllllw

O A, rollado&mgie-llllm

c A. ,OlledCu.negbdlllzn

o & ,Olhdc8megle-nib!

o A. mlla-si*Illho!

D A. mllad:*negle-Illimi

: A* roua:Unwiodlllnoi

! i. rolled:arnwle-llllnOi

T**0.85 0.4!0.)

0.1

0.2

M

1.2

).8

1,2

,.2!

.a

.24

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

I

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

l.t.shedu-l ,bahineikm 1.1Ito&

lot.tmdam. ,Wlli.d*- 1-1,ltoak

otuheiw%mohintil-m 1-1,tmk

otahetma

.tahmis-

,tahedkm

GLi@-IA

1

11

a,

1 1,

1,

5,

3/

>

1

5/

1

G

31/4

1/4

118

1/2

1/4

1/4

1/4

1/4

$/$2

1/s2

-iuA

9.C4J

O.au

O.Ma

0.W2

O. M?,

O.ow,

0.C42

D.C-4Z

).WI

).m

).06E

m

M6

UT1s5u

100

z

161

#

%110lUw

UI8$w

60

139100m

7460

llo9s7s

120110Ul105

E

Ul140U2l,m181la

918s

160au

m10s

6s

ESa2610

l!M9380

:

170

:2

w

120

Rx%=

lotRwrad

16,1c1718.400

3,810

1I,MO

a0,61?4

12,mnll,nmll,c.cm12.976

18,86019,320

21,6C421,810

9,0009,0c08,2ca

10,90011,50011,160lz.z,zo10,66011.770

1: z13,660

14,62o11,10017,S5011,64016,180

14,c$lo14, E4015,24014,acu

4.47010,W3O6,0156,430

4,7726,9c4

7,5208,6405,s007,3608,970

16.3901L?,9m

2?,2:J~~

13:SC.I

XmllllMr.,,[=. )

_

%n61,80o60,40062.,C4062,03067,80049,9606+500

62,6MLw,lw67,2005s,200E4,1OQm ,Sc-a69 ,46D66,800

b2,490m,oto70,490@6,0LM

61,5W63,00064,69064,50366,0z0

s7.8a069,36089,520

69,200S8.03066,10060, OCO68,71058,700

58,60059, mo59,S1058,63057,00059,SU359,90050 ,4M

58,.37057,6C4*.65379,903

17,900U,TooW,4W;8100018,00019,100

14.om,6,9g0%,7s0,7,420il, uo

,7.980,0,180B.no,1,080a.olo,L,acni7.060

a6,cea39,5C-33+ 60260,4C062,cao61,60057,80049,9M63,.5-M

4s,8.m

%ESa, 9CQs4,60369,W59,46056,800

lB,UO16,9s70,49085,090

24,2G-324,70061,4c463,80066,LU0

19,68015,20059 ,azo

K,s.m16,U5&o,?on60,00057,424Ea,sca

?8,.90317,010eo,uo

!0.=?9021,2C468, lso09 ,ss0E8,1C4

k ,460>6,ECdk9,aoo%,902

10,6c4

IO*OW!s;000K;oc.a19,1N

U+40!3,080!4.7s017,420;1.223

B.4m+190 .Pa,zdo,7,4C4,0,%0A,lloim,mo

100m

92w

9su110

%a

e

100100

14

:

lW1001

9s,?2ls2

J95#:1518t

44 TABLE 7 WWJkRY OF .5mOH WIDE PUTE &E-SJIIS Paw30f3

Stad. lettm, tn.d im!mf..tlu.r

A. r.nea,rnesl$-lllIr.01.

I M rolled,,thloham

3 4s ,01103Mtbleh=

m m rolledU-*U14W1 Allq

*

.25

.19

1.23

),=

,.le

0.11

0.1:

0.2

M

52

3s

3:

81

,8

.4

.!

w

a*L

.lJ2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

w

b...L

.1/6

s/4

a/4

3/4

d,

31

S/

v

.313.?

1/4

mm,

1/4

*

1A

1/4

th&!----

0.068

0.c42

O.obz

m

0.042

none

0,C4

O.w

---

,f !.,tOF.

151L393s1125119109

66

:

S6a15

-2:

160151141132128L2811090

2

B.?66

47m

56

23s32258015

- 1:- 19- 53-50552823

-:

- Zo20

.%2416

-:

- 19- 20- 39-39-63

5750&240S431L30.4918

- 2=- M-37

7-wAbmmhdto&i..

----

21,+5036,47026,35024,79024,54028,410

15,770

21,75017,16419,800

7,600

10.WO9,52012,160

18,96019.6-W15,63012,85018,C.3018,87020,91020,.?10.20,20018,64015,220

19,500

22,20016,41019,690

17.500

18,12018,620

22,4.7015,92519,785.20,680

13,090

15,560

mcturecimensSteel Code /Letter

i .-;:% F&;;:i;q=iLOW.. !. Trans. 1.No I&in! 24-in,; W-in J..72-in 108-inI

-+

: 45~ 25 j=++-- =--

i= i: .:15 Pfb- :::~ about !80 to I

.-c ;2/20above

/90! 120 90 ,+. 88 I 100 , 90 32.b +--+--

aboutH .-io,~-lo 20

-d~

1+6

. . .

TAFILE9. -- RZDtjCTICIYS1?1TKICi~lWS O.FFIATE OBTAIN.EZJFROI1SAYPLES

. . -...... - .. -- ----- .. -- -.. ...-...-.. ------ -

DistanceIn fron Mac- Percent R&ltictioniti.,~hiclaxxsl!easuredShip tured Sur- at Se.reralLocations Alon~ Fi-acture

face, inchm ..1 2 3 4 5 67- -----... . ,. ---------.-.-. ----- ---...--..

-3:16 2.93 3.09 2.61 ---- ---- -----1;16 2.45 2.37 2.29 1.82 ---- ---- ----

S.S.Sea Bass148 1.11 1.11 1.27 0.79 ---- ---- -----

0.32 0:55 0:40 0.47 ---- ---- ----:9: O.OB 0.08 0.24 0.00 ---- ---- ----3/4 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00.. ---,- ---- ----

. . .. - -..--_. -.-

0, 0.29 1.45 3.46 3.19 2.03 1.16 2;03

.1/16.,. 0.29 0.58 2.612.32 2.03 0.87 1,,,74

,.S.S.Russell H..1/6 0.00 0.29. 1;45. 1.45 2.03 0.87 1.16

~~~Chit%anden 1/4 0.00 0.00 1,16 1.16 1.74 0.5B 0.871/2 0.00 0.00 0.87 0.87 1.16 0,58 0958374 ---- ---- 0.29 ---- ---- ---- 0.29

,. --!---------.-, --. ------ .--.2.33 2.04 0.58

1)16 1.&3 0.58 0.00S.S. James Gunn 1/8 ~~~ 0.29 -0.290.00

1/4 0.230.000.00,,

1/2 0.00 0.00 0.00 ,,.. .3[4 0.00 0.00 0.00

.. .-.------ --.,--.m. -------.

,,,

All &bove w.l~ek ?krti,,obtainedat or nenr Ikacturec of cleavage type.

47

~BLE 10 - WORD OF LOAD$ AT WHICH CRACKS ST~~n

DURING TESTS ,OFMUM FLAT PLAT$S

SpecimenNumber

43AA4AA5AAIBA3BA3CA3DA5D

B-108B7AB8AB6BB5DB6DB7DB9DB1OD

C-108C4AC5Aw)C3DC5DC51XDC52~

HIAH2AH4A

NIAN2AN3AN-iDN2DN3DN41XD

Q2DC!12XD

_ Development of CrackTemp, Load, NominalF. Kiixi Stress

4910456848-650.-8

329

164550

-;:-712

3281

1523210114312190

6825-18

-53-322

-29-60

-E

U:

13201300S.+oo910950505250220

175012501150900240325270240265

190013201350257270275290270

164015001450

165022502000385435360430

390385

32.632.134.633.735.237.438.032.6

28.830s828.433.335.648.140.035.639.3

;;:

33:338.140.040.843.040.0

40.537.035.8

40.755.549.455.664.453.363.7

57.857,0

Max. NominalStressksi

40.335,840.040.741.138.148.139.9

36.734.6330342,645.949.340.041.848.7

38.435.743.040.0,51.154.748.746.6

44.745.639.0

64.260.9~;.;

75:966.469.9

61.060.7

Break%

Shear

100

9;1001000

1000

10000

1001001(2Oo

;

o

9;

5:9110010

82880

41373%:

10081

100100

w 10. vk-=r2-

Size

Inches..

3-in. wide9ti. long

0.18011thick

_

&in. wide18in. long

0.36011tti.ck

.

12-inwide36-in.10ng

O.720tfthick

TABLJZB-1

SUMWRY OF RESULTS OF TESTS ON G30HETRICALTUf-SIl.ItL4R SPECIMENS..

Note: KLl specimms made fmm a single annealed plate cm+?ifing 25% carbOn

Temp. cTestF.

.

757532 *o +$

20-30-40

90 *706850 *3.2.:

&pe of

Fracture _

10C@ ShearK@ Shear10@ Shear100% Shear

94%Shear1% Shear@ Shear

lOQ%-She ar lC@ Shear10@ Shem

Shear and Cleavage@ Shear

6$ ShearCJ%Shear@ Shear@ Shear@ Shear

.. .

._

Stress atfcmmationof firstcrack

_ Ksi

40.342.5x~

x

x

x

-

3?.537.5x

x

32.3x

xx

27.5~

NominalStress at]@X. LCRd

Ksi

45.7L5.7h5.247.945.2117.250.3

44.444.51+2.8/+/+.2L5.5

34.439.135.239.940.9

Redw tion in Thickness%

29.8 19.828& 20.026.7 15.630>0 18.925.1 17.321.0 026.2 1.2

25 & 17.725.7 15.120.5 6.923.1 7.822.3 9.0

19.5 2.919,7 1.714.8 0.917.9 1.416.2 1.4

* Test results reported in previous report (Bibliography 2)x Observations not possible in these tests because of type of temperature control housing used.z Not cbserved

50

FIG / VIEW OF /08-/IVCH SPECIMENREADY FOR TESTING AT 32 F

6LONW TiJL6fNdL J9Af?S I I

TEMPERATE, 7

TRANSVERSE BARS

-

. .

TEMP6XATURE, F

FIG. .? RESULTS OF CiiARPY lh4PAC T TESTS STEEL A

Dwc? 44 E44.=16. #

51

5:

LONGITUDINAL BA8S

mj: 40

L-$$

PLATE 872$ .?0 ,$ PL ATE B6 -,Y

/

0-80 -40 0 40 60

TEMPERATURE , F

60TRANSVERSE EARS

~

,

k 40

kPLATE 01

PLATE 87 $

t

s

$ 20 -~

PLA7E 86

.

PLATE 03

TEMPERATURE , F

FIG. 3- RESULTS OF CHARPY IMPACT TESTS - STEEL B IN THEAS-ROLLED CONDITION.

DWG. 44s39FM, 3

60

L ONGITUOINAL 8A RS

a! ..:

2/=&!TE B 10 +

kPLATE 85

~- 40~

~ RAT E 88

:

2 PL A 7E 82g PO

0-80 -40 0 40 80

rEMPERA ru8E, .F

TRANS VERSE BARS

El4I

~ 40

;

$

PL ATE B.?$ ~.~

$

0-80 -40 0 40 80

TEMPERA TURE, T

FIG. 4- UESUL TS OF CHARPY IMPACT TESTS - STEEL B IN THENORM\ALIZED CONDITION.

OwG. +#E33 FM+

mLONGI TuDINAL BARS I

t----- . .

0-w

rfHn4ruRE, 1?

TEMPERATURE,.?

F/G 5 RESULTS OF CHARPY IMPACT TESTS - STEEL C

I 1,+X f I I 11111

0

TEMPERATURE, lE

TI?A~vERsE BAVS

a~

k40

h-

1a

PLATE NI

1 -

m

KA7E W

Q-

-w -.?60 -180 -100 -m 60TEMPERAW#E, %?

FIG 6- RESULTS OF GfiARPY IA4PAGT TESTS - STEEL N

60

L ONGI TUDI NA L BAR s

50

40s

N-, ?TE.ZL _k AS RCILED

g 30

$/

. .

t~ 20

..-

$.

, .

/e/

TEMERA TURF, *F

60

T RAN S VERSE EARS

50

40t

/

~

k

~ 30~

i

$ ~.. . ~

% $; s7E~m_$.

/0A----- --

I

mm

TEMPERA TuRE, ,.?

FIG, 7- COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF CHARPY IMPACT TESTS FcW STEELS A, S@lN AND ODIAGRAMS SELECTED TO RE~SENT ~C4L RESULTS F@? EACH STEEL

IvALw NEAR rnlNTs IAWXTE PERSENT skfAR

--u----------o- .4- STEEL AS ROLLED

S@Q,ooo _---b8mS~ AS SVLLEDmBm. STEEL ,WRMALIZWv+ G - STEEL AS ROLLEDw-- -+ N - STEEL AS SDLLED---+ H - STEEL AS ROLLED

L-,500,06u

,6, ..\~100

I 100L7xWWo !00iq

II

~

t

Ls EL &s Tat

L-!

~ @W~ I

l

! II4%3 =L

i

AsIi- Z

k/ 100

tl@z7@D

.7 /, ) I

+

I7-: f ~ ~- + y -~

I ! 1 1 .i r r 1 1 I I 1 1

1/1

I

-%.+ -X+-+--+so I

.80 -60 -40 -.& 0 SD 40 &O 80 /00 /20 140 160

TEMWRA77J6E , -f

mEa VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE OF ENERGY TO MAXIMUM LOADFOR ~- INCH WIDE SPECIMENS

TEIIPERATU.W, .F

FIGURE 9 k%RAQ7701VWVW TEMP15RATU?E CF EWRGY TO MAXiMLW LOAD F~

I 12- INCH WIDE SPECIMENSSEA.?I-KILLED STEELs

M *G

~, - I IVALUE5 NEAR PLXN7S WOICATE FfEC5MT SHEAI?

&-------& A-STEEL AS ROLLED .~-~+--- l&STEEL 4S ROLLED

*W@ -...< N-STEEL .4s ~LLEO+ ... -+ O-STEEL MO. R O ,/.8&- --~- *+.-. ..+ Q#TE~E-~:;~::EA=o !9

.~

I#o,m

./ 66m3 . +-- --z

- 81A18(

12q m 35 T. ..d-------

---

8 +> .

. IGO -- ~ -.----- +... ..4 C..._...

84 - z-~

m,m,

171I 8

z~ p s- -*- ~: ~8;

~m

i/ I

~.,,-g.

$ Ld $ I ~

$6WC7L9 / F

iI

/

,,

(to I

,L~ L

40,mv /+

I

.Q-@ ~------ -... _.-A ;,

I* b a0 i

XpxlCJ--- - - ~-o:

0-m -60 -40 .20 0 .?0 40 m 60 !00 1.?0 no 160

TEMPERAT(A?E, F

FIGURE 10. VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE OF ENERGY TO MAXIMUM LOAD

FOR /2- INCH WIDE SPECIMEW,

SPECIAL STEELS

TEUPERR7URE, ?

F/G. II - TRANSL70N TEMPERATURE RANGE, 72 INCH WIDE SPECIMENS

%+s 44E6 6

I 1 1

0

ITEtdtTRATURE,F

FIG 12- TRANSITION TEMPERATURE RANGE 12- INCH WILE SPECIMENS$~

* .Mmms sm. stew w rcmhw &no. 0G2mw AT w msf w PLATSl4E.9

FIG. 14 - TRANSITION TEMPERA TURE RANGE, 3- INCH WIDE EDGE NOTCHED SPECIMENS , G STEEL , CUT

FROM PLATES OF VARIOUS THICKNESSES.

./=/6/5

65

66

m,g

I I I I -+------C-. , ,- ~ ~,.. 1

-I=F=%Pmm I 1 I I I I I

o ,osu Jc. ..m%,m%, /..

FIG.18-A- VA.@lATION IN NOMI,V4L S TRESS WITH W,OTH OFPL4TE TESTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

. ...(..,

----------- +- . -

- f._&-- __&_ ~-sm!l As ml.w

4-s7Ea . +..-. . . .

mxxe , +----t m . . ..+.. ---0-. c-m .* . ,

$ \.0.

m, v.mm...-mmm~a7aw ,. mlwE3 SEmmTm&.

~

.5WW?

.%c-

OMco.,j $o. ma?Furf A, ,..

FIG. 18-B - VA,WAnON IN NOMIN4L STRESS WITH WIDTH OFHATE - TESTS AT 50 vye .4.,,,

FIG 18-C - wRIATk,w IN ,W-MUIWU ST8ESS WITH WIDTH OF PLATE- TESTS AT .%?E

A/sd ,Ssaus wsiNO#

tSd SS3SLS lVMNO#

80,000I I

&~ N-STEEL

A .STEE.L~ 6& STEEL Bn STEEL--*-----*-C S77XL

70,000 ~ N STEEL-~-----m- H STEEL+---+-0s STEEL

---- ------

~0 STEELO-STEEL -

604w0 Th (

~. ~

r - H -STEEL

n 4 r. . . . . .

w ---,P

/ #Pm- --*---- .----. wSopoo ,- A P.. ..

d If,, . . .,

k?nS?K& -*

%-STEEL-. . 4

TEEL40,CO0 ------- -

4,- A-STEEL

-60 -40 0 40 60 1.?0 160TEMPERATURE, F

12-INCH WIDE SPECIMENS

oo~

_ A STEEL_~ & STEEL~ Bn STEEL

60,000 -O----- *-C STEEL~N STEEL --w---- +-H STEEL

So,mo

- H-S7EEL-- f - C-STEEL

.,

quuu [ I 1 I I I I

t--80 -40 0

I40 ,80 1.?0 160

TEMPERAWRE, *F

7.?- INGH WIOE SPECIMENS

69

FIG20- VARIATIO/V IN NOMINAL STRESS WITH TEMPERATURE FORFOR FLAT-PLATE 5PECIMENS,

I OICTILE SPECIMEN------ 8RITTLE SPESAMW I I

,P5W .2SW .JwMSTAME FRcW C, FRA5T~ OF PLATE Wk3TH.

FIG21-ELONGATICW AT MAXIMUM LOAD, ILLUSTRATING INFLuENCE OFPLATE WIDTH ON DUCTILITY AT MAXIMUM LOAD

ELONGAWW MEASWED BY RESISTANCE Wb?E EXTENSLXfETEm

SPECIMENS S1-108 ANO CI-IOS AM 109- MHES WIDESRV#W?NS 8- SA AND C- .?A AflE 7.?- INSM?S WE=CMENS B-6B M C-2 B ARE 4S- IMHES WIDESPEOIM?NS B-4S ANO C- ~C ~ t+ W(WES WIDEsF!muENs S-4D AND c- I?o AnE As- msmrs m

GA6E L.SN6THm # W RATE IWOTH

/8

/6

/4

/2

/0

:

$8

t

~-

~

3~

6G

4

2

0

FIG,22-RESIDUAL ELOIVGATION AFTER RUPTURE ILLUSTRATINGJNFLUENGE OF PLATE WIDTH ON DUCTILITY AT FAILURE.

ELONGA 71WS MEASURED ON ONE FACE ONLYGAGE LENGTH - % PLATE WIDTH

sPECl#ENS BI-108 AND G!-(O8 ARE @S- lNCtES WIOESPECIMENS B-5A AND C-2 A ARE 72- NWHE.. WIDESPECIMENS B-6B AND G-.? B ARE 46- INCHES WOESPSCIMENS 8- 4C ANO C-Z C ARE .?4- hYOHES WIOESPSCIA4ENS B-40 AAD G-2 O ARE 12- INCHES WIO=

ow 44E267 FIG 22

. . . . ,w c, w E ..<

MS TANCE FRoM e , FRACTION OF PLATE WIDTH.

71

IWTCHW EDGESSHEXRED EDGE

MA6WINE0 EDGES CENTER NOTCHED

FIG 23- FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF 3 INCH WIDE SPECIMENS USED IN THElNVEST/GAT/OIV

72

lL /)-- 111I EI D H (100x)

Steel N( 100X )

Steel Q( 250X )

Steel QS( 250X )

FIGURE 29 PHOTOMICROGRAPRS OF STEELS Ii, Q, AND QS

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