8. Learning Theoris_Bambang Suryadi

8/13/2019 8. Learning Theoris_Bambang Suryadi

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1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGIvan Pavlov)

2. OPERANT CONDITIONINGEDW ARD THORNDIKE 1913) AND B.F. SKINNER 1953) )

3. Observational Learning/Social learningALBERT BANDURA)


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Behavior = perilaku Behaviorist


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Ivan Pavlov : CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Associating a previously neutral stimulus with anunconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditional

response.

Terms to know:Unconditioned stimulus (US) = meatUnconditioned response (UR) = salivationNeutral stimulus (NS) = BellConditioned stimulus (US) = Bell


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Before conditioning

US (meat)UR (Salivation) and NS (Bell)

No responseDuring conditioning

CS (Bell) followed by US (meat) UR(salivation)

After conditioning

CS (bell) CR (salivation)


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Learning process that involves deliberate actions

Learning in which voluntary behavior isstrengthened or weakened by consequences or

antecedents.

EDWARD THORNDIKE 1913) AND B.F.SKINNER 1953)


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1. The law of trial and error2. The law of effect

3. The law of readiness

4. The law of exercise


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A BC

A = Antecedent (events that precede anaction)

B = BehaviorC = Consequence (events that follow an action)Rationale : Many behaviors are not simple

responses to stimuli but deliberate actions.


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LEARNING BLOCK


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1. Positive Reinforcement

2. Negative Reinforcement

3. Reward4. Punishment


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1. Islamic perspective2. Educational implication


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WHAT IS MEMORY ?The ability to remember past events or previously

learned information or skills

The storage system that allows retention andretrieval.

Memory stands for 3Rs: RecordingRetainingRecalling


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How fast you can recall your memory willdetermine your success


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How fast you recall your memory willdetermine your success.

To prove that you clearly understand whatyou learn you must be able to express it inyour own words.

Dont be a text book oriented student


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It involves remembering the details of asituation or idea and placing them

together in a meaningful framework.


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The information-processing approachassumes that each stage of learning andmemory is separate, although related,

and analyzed by scientific methods. ncodinginvolves organizing informationso that the nervous system can processit.

Storageis the process of maintaininginformation in memory for a few secondsor for many years.

Retrievalis the process by which storedinformation is recovered from memory.


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Shalat

Dasar-dasar psikologi : persepsi, motivasi,

emosi, memory,


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Encoding

(code and put into

Memory)

Storage

(Maintain in

Memory)

Retrieval (Recover

From memory)


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Sensory Register Short term memory Long term memory

Decay DecayDecay

Rehearsal

Interference Interference Interference


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Remember:

IF WITHIN 24 HOURSYOU DO NOT

REVISE YOUR LESSON

80% WILL BE FORGOTTEN


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Telephone number: 081555665733

0815-5566-5733ABCD..Z = ABCDEFG /

HIJKLMN/OPQRSTU / VWXYZ


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ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,Blue, Indigo, VioletRITA : Recalling Information Through

Association

BAN MATI :


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3. Mind mapping

4. Key words

5. Question and answer


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HOW GOOD IS YOUR MEMORY?


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WHAT IS THINKING ???brainstorming dari mahasiswa)


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Proses kerja otak tetapi wilayah pembahasannyapada hal-hal yang sifatnya logis dan tidaklogis,rasional dan tidak rasional. = Penalaran

Proses kerja otak dalam merespon apa yangditerima oleh otak melalui panca inderaMencari jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan di luar

sistem pikiran itu sendiriPengerahan potensi berpikir untuk mencapai

pengetahuan dan kebenaranProses kerja akal untuk memahami, merespon,

dan menjawab persoalan yang logis dan tidaklogis untuk menghasilkan pengetahuan dankebenaran


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Proses penganalisa sesuatu (Syamsul) Suatu proses mengingat sesuatu (Rita) Proses dimana kita bertukar pikiran

mengenai masalah yang sedang dibahas(Pipit)

Proses kerja otak untuk menjawab suatuhal yang diinginkan.

Proses yang menanggapi suatu hal yangterjadi pada diri kita. Prose mengingat dan menganalisa untuk

bertukar pikiran dan menjawab masalah.


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Memandang sesuatu dari multi dimensi(Agung)

Usaha untuk memecahkan suatu masalah

yang sedang dihadapi (Wita) Usaha untuk mengetahuitentang sesuatu

(Hapsari) Mensinergiskanantara info yang didapat

dan solusi yang dicari. (Azhara) Proses memahami perkataan atau informasi

yang disampaikan orang lain sehingga dapatmengambil kesimpulan(Fitri)


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Sebuah proses abstrak yang melibatkanpengalaman, pengetahuan, dan informasi yang adadan diolahnya menjadi sebuah pemikiran (Egi)

Proses memahami sesuatu untuk bisa dimegerti(Ana)

Proses penerimaan informasi yang dicerna oleh otakyang kemudian direalisasikan dalam bentuk kata-kata (Anggun)

Proses menerima informasi yang melibatkan prosesabstrak dengan menggunakan pengalaman dan ,pengetahuan, agar dapat memahami sesuatusehingga mudah dipahami. (Dawam)


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SUATU PROSES UNTUK MENAFSIRKANDAN MENYELESAIKAN SESUATU

PROSES SESEORANG DALAM MENCARI

SUATU IDE UNTUK MENYELESAIKANPERMASALAHAN PROSES PEMAHAMAN YANG DIDASARI

ATAS MELIHAT, MENDENGAR DANMERASAKAN DARI LUAR DAN TADI APAYA LUPA PAK (MEGANG KEPALA)

Proses mencari, memahami, danmenafsirkan suatu obyek dengan caramelihat, mendengar, merasakan untuk

menyelesaikan masalah.


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Salah satu proses usaha untuk mengambilsebuah kesimpulan dari hasilperbuatan/perilaku atau perkataanseseorang baik yang bersifat positifmaupun negatif. (Amiruddin)

Suatu usaha yang dilakukan untuk mencari

solusi/pemecahan suatu masalah (Adi)


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Proses memecahkan masalah Proses untuk menemukan sesuatu hal Proses untuk mengolah suatu informasi Proses menggunakan ide Cara untuk mengetahui sesuatu yang ingin

diketahui NEVER SAY BEFORE YOUR THINK, THINK

BEFORE YOU SAY (TIDAK ASBUN)


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The process of reasoning, decision-making, and problem solving.

Thinking is when ones speech volume hasbeen switched off.

Thinking is a bounty from Allah throughwhich He distinguished and elevated

human from the rest of His creations. (SeeAr-Rum: 8)


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Berpikir adalah suatu proses untukmengambil keputusan dan memecahkanmasalah secara bijaksana.


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REASONING

LOGIC

DECISION MAKING

PROBLEM SOLVING


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REASONING

The process by which we generate and

evaluate arguments, and reachconclusions.

LOGIC

The procedure that we use to reach a valid

conclusion.


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DECISION MAKING The assessment of and choice among

alternatives sometimes involves the

probability of occurrence of some eventand expected value.

PROBLEM SOLVING The behavior of individuals when

confronted with a situation or task thatrequires some insight to solve.


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Convergent thinking: Process by whichpossible options are selectively narroweduntil converging onto one answer

Divergent thinking: The production ofnew information from knowninformation, or the generation of logicalpossibilities, which serves as the basis of

creativity Creative thinking: to bring into being or

form out of nothing. Critical thinking


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HASTYSPRAWLING

UNFOCUSSEDNARROW


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HASTY

The tendency to make quick or snap decisions.

SPRAWLING

we tend to be scattered in our thinking, jumpingfrom one idea to another without fully exploringany one of them

UNFOCUSSED

To be fuzzy or blur in our thinking, and beingunclear in our thoughts.

NARROW

One does not go in depth to explorefurther.(Ibarat katak di bawag tempurung)


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1. Able to put new information in ones ownwords=1

2. Can tolerate ambiguity =111113. Looks for alternatives=114. Perseveres =115. Can solve problems=16. Can make independent decisions= 1117. Exercise initiative and self directs=111


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8. Takes risks and learns from errors =119. Shows flexibility = 110. Considers different points of views11. Uses past knowledge and experience=112. Transfers knowledge and skills to new

situations = 1111

13. Can explain what has been learnt, whyand how =11114. Understands own best ways of learning

and working =1111


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Very good = 12-14

Good = 9-11

Fair =6 8 Bad = 1-5


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Sikap adalah sesuatu yang dipelajari melaluipengamatan, pendengaran danpengalaman. Dengan kata lain, sikap adalahtindakan dan tingkahlaku diri berlandaskan

cara fikir seseorang individu


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1. Orang sekeliling - Ibu bapak, guru-guru,rekan-rekan, idola

2. Pengaruh media - TV, radio, internet3. Bahan bacaan - novel, majalah, surat kabar,

buku-buku.4. Lingkungan - Agama, bangsa, kebudayaan5. Peristiwa silam - besar atau kecil6. Pengalaman


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Sikap yang negatif boleh diubah kepada positifhampir secara langsung. Misalnya andamembonceng sepeda motor bersamakawan. Rekan anda menaiki motor dengan laju dantidak hati-hati. Akibatnya berlaku kemalangan

dan rekan anda mati ditempat kejadian. Ketika itujuga anda berkemungkinan besar mula mengubahsikap anda apabila naik motor. Walau pun iaberlaku hanya sekali dalam kehidupan, tetapipengalam tersebut cukup menyakitkan dan

menyedihkan. Ia mengubah cara fikir anda sertamerta. Sikap anda juga berubah serta merta.


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Allah s.w.t telah berfirman yang mafhumnya,"tidak akan aku ubah nasib sesuatu kaum itusehinggalah mereka ubah apa yang adadalam diri mereka sendiri".


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Positive attitude helps to cope more easily with thedaily affairs of life. It brings optimism into yourlife, and makes it easier to avoid worry andnegative thinking. If you adopt it as a way of life, itwill bring constructive changes into your life, and

makes them happier, brighter and more successful.With a positive attitude you see the bright side oflife, become optimstic and expect the best tohappen. It is certainly a state of mind that is wellworth developing and strengthening.


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Positive thinking.Constructive thinking.Creative thinking.

Expecting success.Optimism.Motivation to accomplish yourgoals.Being inspired.


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Choosing happiness.Not giving up.Looking at failure and problems as blessingsin disguise.Believing in yourself and in your abilities.

Displaying self-esteem and confidence.Looking for solutions.Seeing opportunities.


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A positive attitude leads to happiness andsuccess and can change your whole life. Ifyou look at the bright side of life, your wholelife becomes filled with light. This light

affects not only you and the way you look atthe world, but also your whole environmentand the people around you. If it is strongenough, it becomes contagious.


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Achieving your goals and attaining success.Success achieved faster and more easily.More happiness.More energy.

Greater inner power and strength.The ability to inspire and motivate yourself andothers.Fewer difficulties encountered along the way.The ability to surmount any difficulty.

Life smiles at you.People respect you.


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Negative attitude says: you cannot achievesuccess.Positive attitude says: You can achievesuccess.


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1. Choose to be happy.

2.

Look at the bright side of life.3. Find reasons to smile more often.

4. Have faith in yourself and in the Powerof the Universe.

5. Contemplate upon the futility ofnegative thinking and worries.

6. Associate yourself with happy people.


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Pertahankan Sikap Mental Positif Berani Mengambil Resiko GagalJadilah Tangguh Ciptakan Perubahan

Berusahalah Untuk Lulus Ujian Terimalah Perbedaan Pancarkan Antusiasme Anda Hadiahi Diri Anda Dengan Kemandirian

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8. Learning Theoris_Bambang Suryadi