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HomeopathyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Homeopathy: coined in German from Greek hómoios-ὅ μοιος- "like-" + páthos πάθος "suffering"
Oxford nglish !ictionary
Alternative medical systems
Acupuncture ·Anthroposophic
medicine ·Herbalism · Homeopathy · Naturopathy · Orthopathy ·Osteopathy/Chiropractic
Traditional medicine
Chinese · Mongolian ·Tibetan · Unani · Siddha ·Ayurveda
NCCAM classifications
Whole medical systems ·Mindbody interventions ·!iologically based
therapies ·Manipulative therapy ·"nergy therapies
See also
Alternative medicine ·#lossary · $eople
v
d
e
Homeopathy i /ˌh o ʊ m iˈɒ p ə θ i/ also spelled homoeopathy#$% or homœopathy& is a form
of alternati'e medicine in (hich practitioners claim to treat patients using highly diluted#)%#*% preparations
that are elie'ed to cause healthy people to exhiit symptoms that are similar to those exhiited y the
patient he collecti'e (eight of scientifice'idence has found homeopathy to e no more effecti'e than
a placeo#)%#*%#.%#/%#0%
1n the context of homeopathy, the term remedy is used to refer to a sustance (hich has een
prepared (ith a particular procedure and intended for patient use2 it is not to e confused (ith the
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generally accepted use of the (ord, (hich means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relie'es
pain"#3%
he asic principle of homeopathy, kno(n as the "la( of similars", is "let like e cured y like" his
(as first stated y German physician 4amuel Hahnemann in $350, and is not a true la( of nature
#6% Homeopathic remedies are prepared y serial dilution (ith shaking y forceful striking on an elastic
ody, (hich homeopaths term succussion ach dilution follo(ed y succussion is assumed to
increase the effecti'eness Homeopaths call this process potentization !ilution often continues until
none of the original sustance remains #5% 7part from the symptoms, homeopaths examine aspects of
the patient8s physical and psychological state,#$9% then homeopathic reference ooks kno(n
as repertories are consulted, and a remedy is selected ased on the totality of symptoms
While some indi'idual studies ha'e positi'e results, systematic re'ie(s of pulished trials fail to
demonstrate efficacy#$$%#$)%#$*%#$.%#$/% Furthermore, higher uality trials tend to report results that are less
positi'e,#$*%#$0% and most positi'e studies ha'e not een replicated or sho( methodological prolems that
pre'ent them from eing considered unamiguous e'idence of homeopathy8s efficacy#)%#/%#$3%#$6%
!epending on the dilution, homeopathic remedies may not contain any pharmacologically
acti'e molecules,#$5%and for such remedies to ha'e pharmacological effect (ould 'iolate fundamental
principles of science#0%#)9%;odern homeopaths ha'e proposed that (ater has a memory that allo(s
homeopathic preparations to (ork (ithout any of the original sustance2 ho(e'er, there are no 'erified
oser'ations nor scientifically plausile physical mechanisms for such a phenomenon #)9%#)$% he lack of
con'incing scientific e'idence to support homeopathy8s efficacy#))% and its use of remedies lacking
acti'e ingredients ha'e caused homeopathy to e descried as pseudoscience, uackery,#)*%#).%#)/%#)0%
#)3% and a "cruel deception"#)6%
Oral homeopathic remedies are safe at the high dilutions recommended y Hahnemann, since they
likely contain no molecules of the original sustance, ut they may not e safe at lo(er dilutions
#)5% Homeopathy has een critici<ed for putting patients at risk due to ad'ice againstcon'entional
medicine such as 'accinations,#*9% anti-malarial drugs,#*$% and antiiotics
he regulation and pre'alence of homeopathy is highly 'ariale from country to country here are no
specific legal regulations concerning its use in some countries, (hile in others, licenses or degrees in
con'entional medicine from accredited uni'ersities are reuired 1n se'eral countries, homeopathy is
co'ered y the national insurance to different extents, (hile in some it is fully integrated into the
national healthcare system 1n many countries, the la(s that go'ern the regulation and testing of
con'entional drugs do not apply to homeopathic remedies#*)%
Contents
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• % $hilosophy
o %&% 'a( o) similars
o %&* Miasms and disease
• * +emedies
o *&% $reparation
o *&* ,ilutions
o *&- $rovings
o *&. $hysical mental and emotional state e0amination1 +epertories
o *&2 Homeopathic pills
o *&3 4Active4 ingredients
• - +elated practices
o -&% 5sopathy
o -&* 6lo(er remedies
o -&- 7eterinary use
o -&. "lectrohomeopathy
• . "vidence
o .&% High dilutions
o .&* "))ectiveness
o .&- Metaanalyses
o .&. "))ects in other biological systems
o .&2 Methodological and publication issues
o .&3 "thics and sa)ety
• 2 +egulation and prevalence
• 3 History
o 3&% Historical conte0t
o 3&* Hahnemann8s concept
o 3&- %9th century: rise to popularity and early criticism
o 3&. +evival in the late *;th century
• < 6ootnotes
• = +e)erences
• 9 "0ternal lin>s
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o 9&% 7ideos
o 9&* Associations
Philosophy
7 homeopathic remedy prepared from marsh tea he "$/=" dilution sho(n here exceeds the 7'ogadro
constant so contains no trace of the original her
Homeopathy is a 'italist philosophy that interprets diseases and sickness as caused y disturances
in a hypothetical 'ital force or life force 1t sees these disturances as manifesting themsel'es as
uniue symptoms Homeopathy maintains that the 'ital force has the aility to react and adapt to
internal and external causes, (hich homeopaths refer to as the law of susceptibility he la( of
susceptiility implies that a negati'e state of mind can attract hypothetical disease entities
called miasms to in'ade the ody and produce symptoms of diseases#**% Ho(e'er, Hahnemann
re>ected the notion of a disease as a separate thing or in'ading entity and insisted that it (as al(ays
part of the "li'ing (hole"#*.%Hahnemann proposed homeopathy in reaction to the state of traditional
(estern medicine at that time, (hich often (as rutal and more harmful than helpful Hahnemann
coined the expression "allopathic medicine," (hich (as used to pe>orati'ely refer to traditional (estern
medicine#*/%
Law of similars
Hahnemann oser'ed from his experiments (ith cinchona ark, used as a treatment for malaria, that
the effects he experienced from ingesting the ark (ere similar to the symptoms of malaria He
therefore decided that cure proceeds through similarity, and that treatments must e ale to produce
symptoms in healthy indi'iduals similar to those of the disease eing treated#*0% hrough further
experiments (ith other sustances, Hahnemann concei'ed of the law of similars, other(ise kno(n as
"let like e cured y like" ?atin: similia similibus curentur &#*3%#*6% as a fundamental healing principle He
elie'ed that y using drugs to induce symptoms, the artificial symptoms (ould stimulate the 'italforce, causing it to neutralise and expel the original disease and that this artificial disturance (ould
naturally suside (hen the dosing ceased #*0% 1t is ased on the elief that a sustance that in large
doses (ill produce symptoms of a specific disease (ill, in extremely small doses, cure it
Hahnemann8s la( of similars is an ipse diit axiom,#*5% in other (ords an unpro'en assertion made y
Hahnemann, and not a true la( of nature#6%
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Miasms and disease
1n $6)6, Hahnemann introduced the concept of miasms2 underlying causes for many kno(n diseases
#.9% 7 miasm is often defined y homeopaths as an imputed "peculiar morid derangement of #the% 'ital
force"#.$% Hahnemann associated each miasm (ith specific diseases, (ith each miasm seen as the
root cause of se'eral diseases 7ccording to Hahnemann, initial exposure to miasms causes local
symptoms, such as skin or 'enereal diseases, ut if these symptoms are suppressed y medication,
the cause goes deeper and egins to manifest itself as diseases of the internal organs#.)% Homeopathy
maintains that treating diseases y directly opposing their symptoms, as is sometimes done in
con'entional medicine, is ineffecti'e ecause all "disease can generally e traced to some latent,
deep-seated, underlying chronic, or inherited tendency"#.*% he underlying imputed miasm still
remains, and deep-seated ailments can e corrected only y remo'ing the deeper disturance of the
'ital force#..%
Hahnemann originally presented only three miasms, of (hich the most important (as "psora" Greek
for itch&, descried as eing related to any itching diseases of the skin, supposed to e deri'ed from
suppressed scaies, and claimed to e the foundation of many further disease conditions Hahnemann
elie'ed psora to e the cause of such diseases as epilepsy, cancer , >aundice, deafness,
and cataracts#.9% 4ince Hahnemann8s time, other miasms ha'e een proposed, some replacing one or
more of psora8s proposed functions, including tuercular miasms and cancer miasms#.)%
Hahnemann8s miasm theory remains disputed and contro'ersial (ithin homeopathy e'en in modern
times 1n $536, 7nthony =ampell, then a consultant physician at he @oyal ?ondon Homeopathic
Hospital, criticised statements y George Aithoulkas claiming that syphilis, (hen treated (ith
antiiotics, (ould de'elop into secondary and tertiary syphilis (ith in'ol'ement of the central ner'ous
system his conflicts (ith scientific studies, (hich indicate that penicillin treatment produces a
complete cure of syphilis in more than 59B of cases#./% =ampell descried this as "a thoroughly
irresponsile statement that could mislead an unfortunate layman into refusing orthodox treatment"
he theory of miasms has een critici<ed as an explanation de'eloped y Hahnemann to preser'e the
system of homeopathy in the face of treatment failures, and for eing inadeuate to co'er the many
hundreds of sorts of diseases, as (ell as for failing to explain disease predispositions as (ell
as genetics, en'ironmental factors and the uniue disease history of each patient#.0%
Remedies
!ee also" #ist of homeopathic preparations
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Homeopathic remedy $hus toicodendron, deri'ed from poison i'y
C@emedyD is a technical term in homeopathy that refers to a sustance (hich has een prepared (ith
a particular procedure and intended for patient use2 it is not to e confused (ith the generally accepted
use of the (ord, (hich means "a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relie'es pain"
#.3% Homeopathic practitioners rely on t(o types of reference (hen prescriing remedies:;ateria
medica and repertories 7 homeopathic %ateria medica is a collection of "drug pictures", organised
alphaetically y Cremedy,D that descries the symptom patterns associated (ith indi'idual remedies
7 homeopathic repertory is an index of disease symptoms that lists remedies associated (ith specificsymptoms#.6%
Homeopathy uses many animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic sustances in its remedies xamples
include &rsenicum album arsenic oxide&, 'atrum muriaticum sodium chloride or tale salt&, #achesis
muta the 'enom of the ushmaster snake&, (pium, and )hyroidinum thyroid hormone& Homeopaths
also use treatments called nosodes from the Greek nosos, disease& made from diseased or
pathological products such as fecal, urinary, and respiratory discharges, lood, and tissue
#.5% Homeopathic remedies prepared from healthy specimens are calledsarcodes
4ome modern homeopaths ha'e considered more esoteric ases for remedies, kno(n
asimponderables ecause they do not originate from a material ut from electromagnetic
energypresumed to ha'e een "captured" y alcohol or lactose xamples include E-
rays#/9% andsunlight#/$% oday there are aout *,999 different remedies commonly used in homeopathy
#citation needed % 4ome homeopaths also use techniues that are regarded y other practitioners as
contro'ersial hese include paper remedies, (here the sustance and dilution are (ritten on a piece
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of paper and either pinned to the patient8s clothing, put in their pocket, or placed under a glass of (ater
that is then gi'en to the patient, as (ell as the use of radionics to prepare remedies 4uch practices
ha'e een strongly criticised y classical homeopaths as unfounded, speculati'e, and 'erging upon
magic and superstition#/)%#/*%
Preparation
;ortar and pestle used for grinding insolule solids, including uart< and oyster shells, into homeopathic remedies
1n producing remedies for diseases, homeopaths use a process
called dynamisation or potentisation (herey a sustance is diluted (ith alcohol or distilled (ater and
then 'igorously shaken y ten hard strikes against an elastic ody in a process called succussion
#/.%Hahnemann ad'ocated using sustances that produce symptoms like those of the disease eing
treated, ut found that material doses intensified the symptoms and exacerated the condition,
sometimes causing dangerous toxic reactions He therefore specified that the sustances e diluted
Hahnemann elie'ed that the succussion acti'ated the *ital ener+y of the diluted sustance#//% and
made it stronger o facilitate succussion, Hahnemann had a saddle-maker construct a special
(ooden striking oard co'ered in leather on one side and stuffed (ith horsehair #/0%#/3% 1nsolule solids,
such as uart< and oyster shell, are diluted y grinding them (ith lactose trituration&
Dilutions
%ain article" ,omeopathic dilutions
hree logarithmic potency scales are in regular use in homeopathy Hahnemann created
thecentesimal or scale, diluting a sustance y a factor of $99 at each stage he centesimal scale
(as fa'ored y Hahnemann for most of his life 7 )= dilution reuires a sustance to e diluted to one
part in one hundred, and then some of that diluted solution diluted y a further factor of one hundred
his (orks out to one part of the original sustance in $9,999 parts of the solution#/6% 7 0= dilution
repeats this process six times, ending up (ith the original material diluted y a factor of
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$990$9$) one part in one trillion or $$,999,999,999,999& Higher dilutions follo( the same pattern
1n homeopathy, a solution that is more dilute is descried as ha'ing a higher potency, and more dilute
sustances are considered y homeopaths to e stronger and deeper-acting remedies#/5% he end
product is often so diluted that it is indistinguishale from the dilutant pure (ater, sugar or alcohol%#09%
#0$%
Hahnemann ad'ocated *9= dilutions for most purposes that is, dilution y a factor of $909�)% 1n
Hahnemann8s time it (as reasonale to assume that remedies could e diluted indefinitely, as the
concept of the atom or molecule as the smallest possile unit of a chemical sustance (as >ust
eginning to e recogni<ed he greatest dilution that is reasonaly likely to contain e'en one
molecule of the original sustance is $)=
his ottle contains arnica montana(olf8s ane& !0, ie the nominal dilution is one part in a million $9-6
&
4ome homeopaths de'eloped a decimal scale ! or E&, diluting the sustance to ten times its original
'olume each stage he ! or E scale dilution is therefore half that of the same 'alue of the = scale2 for
example, "$)E" is the same le'el of dilution as "0=" Hahnemann ne'er used this scale ut it (as 'ery
popular throughout the $5th century and still is in urope his potency scale appears to ha'e een
introduced in the $6*9s y the 7merican homeopath, =onstantine Hering#0*% 1n the last ten years of his
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life, Hahnemann also de'eloped a uintamillesimal I& or ?; scale diluting the drug $ part in /9,999
parts of diluent#0.% 7 gi'en dilution on the I scale is roughly )*/ times its designation on the = scale
For example a remedy descried as ")9I" has aout the same concentration as a ".3=" remedy#0/%
XScale,
D Scale
C
Scale Ratio Note
? ? %:% mother tincture@33 Bundiluted
%D ,% E %:%; described as lo( potency
*D ,* %C %:%;; called higher potency than %D by homeopaths
3D ,3 -C %;F3
=D ,= .C %;F= allo(able concentration o) arsenic in U&S& drin>ing (ater @3<
%*D,%*
3C %;F%*
*.D,*.
%*C %;F*. Has a 3;G probability o) containing one molecule o) original material i) one mole o)the original substance (as used&
3;D
,3;-;C %;F3;
,ilution advocated by Hahnemann )or most purposes1@3* patient (ould need to
consume %;.% pills Ba billion times the mass o) the "arth or %;-. gallons o) liuid
remedy B%; billion times the volume o) the "arth to consume a single molecule o)
the original substance@3= Moreover since even in a %2C solution there (ould very
li>ely be no molecules o) the original substance le)t the -;C solution (ould
probably contain no molecules o) (ater that had come into contact (ith the original
substance&
.;;D
,.;;*;;C %;F.;; ,ilution o) popular homeopathic )lu remedy Oscillococcinum
Note: the 4D scale4 is also called 4, scale4& %D I ,% *D I ,* etc&
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=ritics and ad'ocates of homeopathy alike commonly attempt to illustrate the dilutions in'ol'ed in
homeopathy (ith analogies#05%Hahnemann is reported to ha'e >oked that a suitale procedure to deal
(ith an epidemic (ould e to empty a ottle of poison into ?ake Gene'a, if it could e succussed 09
times#39%#3$% 7nother example gi'en y a critic of homeopathy states that a $)= solution is eui'alent to
a "pinch of salt in oth the Jorth and 4outh 7tlantic Oceans",#39%#3$% (hich is approximately correct#3)% One third of a drop of some original sustance diluted into all the (ater on earth (ould produce a
remedy (ith a concentration of aout $*=#3*%#05%#3.% 7 popular homeopathic treatment for the flu is a
)99= dilution of duck li'er, marketed under the name (scillococcinum 7s there are only aout
$969 atoms in the entire oser'ale uni'erse, a dilution of one molecule in the oser'ale uni'erse
(ould e aout .9= Oscillococcinum (ould thus reuire $9*)9 more uni'erses to simply ha'e one
molecule in the final sustance#3/% he high dilutions characteristically used are often considered to e
the most contro'ersial and implausile aspect of homeopathy#30%
Dilution debate
Jot all homeopaths ad'ocate extremely high dilutions ;any of the early homeopaths (ere originally
doctors and generally used lo(er dilutions such as "*E" or "0E", rarely going eyond "$)E" he split
et(een lo(er and higher dilutions follo(ed ideological lines hose fa'oring lo( dilutions
stressed pathology and a strong link to con'entional medicine, (hile those fa'oring high dilutions
emphasised 'ital force, miasms and a spiritual interpretation of disease#33%#36% 4ome products (ith such
relati'ely lo(er dilutions continue to e sold, ut like their counterparts, they ha'e not een
conclusi'ely demonstrated to ha'e any effect eyond that of a placeo#35%#69%
Provings
Hahnemann experimented on himself and others for se'eral years efore using remedies on patients
His experiments did not initially consist of gi'ing remedies to the sick, ecause he thought that the
most similar remedy, y 'irtue of its aility to induce symptoms similar to the disease itself, (ould
make it impossile to determine (hich symptoms came from the remedy and (hich from the disease
itself herefore, sick people (ere excluded from these experiments he method used for determining
(hich remedies (ere suitale for specific diseases (as called pro*in+ , after the original German
(ord .r/fun+ , meaning "test" 7 homeopathic pro'ing is the method y (hich the profile of a
homeopathic remedy is determined#6$%
7t first Hahnemann used material doses for pro'ings, ut he later ad'ocated pro'ing (ith remedies at
a *9= dilution,#0)% and most modern pro'ings are carried out using ultradilute remedies in (hich it is
highly unlikely that any of the original molecules remain#6)% !uring the pro'ing process, Hahnemann
administered remedies to healthy 'olunteers, and the resulting symptoms (ere compiled y oser'ers
into a dru+ picture he 'olunteers (ere oser'ed for months at a time and made to keep extensi'e
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>ournals detailing all of their symptoms at specific times throughout the day hey (ere foridden from
consuming coffee, tea, spices, or (ine for the duration of the experiment2 playing chess (as also
prohiited ecause Hahnemann considered it to e "too exciting", though they (ere allo(ed to drink
eer and encouraged to exercise in moderation 7fter the experiments (ere o'er, Hahnemann made
the 'olunteers take an oath s(earing that (hat they reported in their >ournals (as the truth, at (hich
time he (ould interrogate them extensi'ely concerning their symptoms
Kro'ings ha'e een descried as important in the de'elopment of the clinical trial, due to their early
use of simple control groups, systematic and uantitati'e procedures, and some of the first application
of statistics in medicine#6*% he lengthy records of self-experimentation y homeopaths ha'e
occasionally pro'en useful in the de'elopment of modern drugs: For example, e'idence
that nitroglycerin might e useful as a treatment for angina (as disco'ered y looking through
homeopathic pro'ings, though homeopaths themsel'es ne'er used it for that purpose at that time
#6.% he first recorded pro'ings (ere pulished y Hahnemann in his $350 0ssay on a 'ew .rinciple#6/% His 1ra+menta de 2iribus $69/<% contained the results of )3 pro'ings, and his $6$9 %ateria
%edica .ura contained 0/#63% For Lames yler Ment8s $59/#ectures on ,omoeopathic %ateria %edica,
)$3 remedies under(ent pro'ings and ne(er sustances are continually added to contemporary
'ersions
Physical mental and emotional state e!amination" Repertories
Homeopathic repertory y Lames yler Ment
Homeopaths generally egin (ith detailed examinations of their patients8 histories, including uestions
regarding their physical, mental and emotional states, their life circumstances and any physical or
emotional illnesses he homeopath then attempts to translate this information into a complex formula
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of mental and physical symptoms, including likes, dislikes, innate predispositions and e'en ody type
#66%
From these symptoms, the homeopath chooses ho( to treat the patient 7 compilation of reports of
many homeopathic pro'ings, supplemented (ith clinical data, is kno(n as a homeopathic materia
medica Nut ecause a practitioner first needs to explore the remedies for a particular symptom rather
than looking up the symptoms for a particular remedy, the homeopathic repertory , (hich is an index of
symptoms, lists after each symptom those remedies that are associated (ith it @epertories are often
'ery extensi'e and may include data extracted from multiple sources of materia medica here is often
li'ely deate among compilers of repertories and practitioners o'er the 'eracity of a particular
inclusion
he first symptomatic index of the homeopathic materia medica (as arranged y Hahnemann 4oon
after, one of his students =lemens 'on Nnninghausen, created the )herapeutic .oc3et 4oo3 , another
homeopathic repertory#65% he first such homeopathic repertory (as Georg Lahr8s!ymptomen3ode ,
pulished in German $6*/&, (hich (as then first translated to nglish $6*6& y =onstantine Hering
as the $epertory to the more haracteristic !ymptoms of %ateria %edica his 'ersion (as less
focused on disease categories and (ould e the forerunner to Ment8s later (orks#.5%#59% 1t consisted of
three large 'olumes 4uch repertories increased in si<e and detail as time progressed
4ome di'ersity in approaches to treatments exists among homeopaths lassical
homeopathy generally in'ol'es detailed examinations of a patient8s history and infreuent doses of a
single remedy as the patient is monitored for impro'ements in symptoms, (hile clinical
homeopathy in'ol'es cominations of remedies to address the 'arious symptoms of an illness#5$%
Homeopathic pills
Homeopathic pills, homeopathic remedy(scillococcinum
Homeopathic pills are made from an inert sustance often sugars, typically lactose&, upon (hich a
drop of liuid homeopathic preparation is placed #$5%#5)%
#$ctive# ingredients
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he list of ingredients seen on remedies may confuse consumers into elie'ing that the product
actually contains those ingredients 7ccording to normal homeopathic practice, remedies are prepared
starting (ithacti'e ingredients that are often serially diluted to the point (here the finished product no
longer contains any iologically "acti*e ingredients" as that term is normally defined he list of
ingredients normally refers to the ingredients ori+inally used in their preparation Follo(ing is a
demonstrati'e example:
5icam old $emedy is marketed as an "unappro'ed homeopathic" product#5*% 1t contains a numer of
highly diluted ingredients that are listed as "inacti'e ingredients" on the lael 4ome of the
homeopathic ingredients used in the preparation of 5icam are galphimia glauca,#5.% histamine
dihydrochloride homeopathic name, histaminum hydrochloricum&,#5/%luffa operculata,#50% and sulfur
7lthough the product is marked "homeopathic" it does contain t(o ingredients that are only "slightly"
diluted:<inc acetate )E $$99 dilution& and <inc gluconate $E $$9 dilution&,#5*% (hich means that
oth are present in a concentration that contains iologically acti'e ingredients 1n fact, they are strong
enough to ha'e caused some people to lose their sense of smell,#53% a condition termed anosmia his
illustrates (hy taking a product marked "homeopathic", especially an o'erdose,#56% can still e
dangerous ecause it may contain iologically acti'e ingredients
4cientific skeptics highlight the lack of acti'e ingredients in homeopathic products y taking large
o'erdoses - examples include Lames @andiand the $9:)* campaign groups#56% Jone of the hundreds
of demonstrators in the PM, 7ustralia, Je( Qealand, =anada and the P4 (ere in>ured and "no one
(as cured of anything, either"#55% 4ome marketers of remedies state that one "cannot o'erdose on
homeopathic medicines"#$99%
Related practices
%sopathy
1sopathy is a therapy deri'ed from homeopathy and (as in'ented y Lohann Loseph Wilhelm ?ux in
the $6*9s 1sopathy differs from homeopathy in general in that the remedies, kno(n as "nosodes", are
made up either from things that cause the disease or from products of the disease, such as pus#.5%
#$9$% ;any so-called "homeopathic 'accines" are a form of isopathy#$9)%
&lower remediesFlo(er remedies can e produced y placing flo(ers in (ater and exposing them to sunlight he most
famous of these are the Nach flo(er remedies, (hich (ere de'eloped y the physician and
homeopath d(ard Nach 7lthough the proponents of these remedies share homeopathy8s 'italist
(orld-'ie( and the remedies are claimed to act through the same hypothetical "'ital force" as
homeopathy, the method of preparation is different Nach flo(er remedies are prepared in "gentler"
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(ays such as placing flo(ers in o(ls of sunlit (ater, and the remedies are not succussed#$9*% here is
no con'incing scientific or clinical e'idence for flo(er remedies eing effecti'e #$9.%
'eterinary use
he idea of using homeopathy as a treatment for other animals, termed *eterinary homeopathy , datesack to the inception of homeopathy2 Hahnemann himself (rote and spoke of the use of homeopathy
in animals other than humans#$9/% he F!7 has not appro'ed homeopathic products as 'eterinary
medicine in the P4 1n the PM, 'eterinary surgeons (ho use homeopathy elong to the Faculty of
Homeopathy andor to the Nritish 7ssociation of Homeopathic Aeterinary 4urgeons 7nimals may e
treated only y ualified 'eterinary surgeons in the PM and some other countries 1nternationally, the
ody that supports and represents homeopathic 'eterinarians is the 1nternational 7ssociation for
Aeterinary Homeopathy he use of homeopathy in 'eterinary medicine is contro'ersial, as there has
een little scientific in'estigation and current research in the field is not of a high enough standard to
pro'ide reliale data#$90% Other studies ha'e also found that gi'ing animals placeos can play acti'e
roles in influencing pet o(ners to elie'e in the effecti'eness of the treatment (hen none exists#$90%
(lectrohomeopathy
lectrohomeopathy (as a $5th century practice comining homeopathy (ith electric treatment
(vidence
Homeopathy
Claims $roponents claim that illnesses can be treated (ith
specially prepared e0treme dilutions o) a substance that
produces symptoms similar to the illness& Homeopathic
remedies rarely contain any atom or molecule o) the
substance in the remedy&
Related
scientific
disciplines
Chemistry Medicine
Year proposed %=;<
ri!inal
proponents
Samuel Hahnemann
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Homeopathy is a contro'ersial area of =7; ecause a numer of its key concepts are not consistent
(ith estalished la(s of science particularly chemistry and physics& =ritics think it is implausile that
a remedy containing a miniscule amount of an acti'e ingredient sometimes not a single molecule of
the original compound& can ha'e any iological effectTeneficial or other(ise For these reasons,
critics argue that continuing the scientific study of homeopathy is not (orth(hile Others point to
oser'ational and anecdotal e'idence that homeopathy does (ork and argue that it should not e
re>ected >ust ecause science has not een ale to explain it#$$.%
High dilutions
he extremely high dilutions in homeopathy ha'e een a main point of criticism Homeopathic
remedies are usually diluted to the point (here there are no molecules from the original solution left in
a dose of the final remedy#$96% Homeopaths contend that the methodical dilution of a sustance,
eginning (ith a $9B or lo(er solution and (orking do(n(ards, (ith shaking after each dilution,
produces a therapeutically acti'e remedy, in contrast to therapeutically inert (ater 4ince e'en thelongest-li'ed nonco'alent structures in liuid (ater at room temperature are stale for only a
fe( picoseconds,#$$/% critics ha'e concluded that any effect that might ha'e een present from the
original sustance can no longer exist#$$0% Jo e'idence of stale clusters of (ater molecules (as found
(hen homeopathic remedies (ere studied using J;@#$$3%
Furthermore, since (ater (ill ha'e een in contact (ith millions of different sustances throughout its
history, critics point out that (ater is therefore an extreme dilution of almost any concei'ale
sustance Ny drinking (ater one (ould, according to this interpretation, recei'e treatment for e'ery
imaginale condition#$$6%
Kractitioners of homeopathy contend that higher dilutions produce stronger medicinal effects his idea
is inconsistent (ith the oser'eddose-response relationships of con'entional drugs, (here the effects
are dependent on the concentration of the acti'e ingredient in the ody#$95% his dose-response
relationship has een confirmed in myriad experiments on organisms as di'erse as nematodes,
#$$5% rats,#$)9%and humans#$)$%
Khysicist @oert ? Kark, former executi'e director of the 7merican Khysical 4ociety, has noted that:
since the least amount of a sustance in a solution is one molecule, a *9= solution (ould ha'e to
ha'e at least one molecule of the original sustance dissol'ed in a minimum of
$,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999 #or $909%
molecules of (ater his (ould reuire a container more than *9,999,999,999 times the si<e of the
arth#$$9%
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Kark has also noted that, "to expect to get e'en one molecule of the 8medicinal8 sustance allegedly
present in *9E pills, it (ould e necessary to take some t(o illion of them, (hich (ould total aout a
thousand tons of lactose plus (hate'er impurities the lactose contained"#cite this 6uote%
he la(s of chemistry state that there is a limit to the dilution that can e made (ithout losing the
original sustance altogether#$5% his limit, (hich is related to 7'ogadro8s numer , is roughly eual to
homeopathic potencies of $)= or ).E $ part in $9).%#$$9%#$))%
4cientific tests run y oth the NN=8s ,orizon and 7N=8s 78978 programs (ere unale to differentiate
homeopathic dilutions from (ater , e'en (hen using tests suggested y homeopaths themsel'es#/3%#$)*%
(ffectiveness
Old ottle of ,epar sulph made fromcalcium sulfide
he effecti'eness of homeopathy has een in dispute since its inception One of the earliest doule
lind studies concerning homeopathy (as sponsored y the Nritish go'ernment during World War 11 in
(hich 'olunteers tested the effecti'eness of homeopathic remedies against diluted mustard gas urns
#$).% he methodological uality of the research ase is generally lo(, (ith such prolems as
(eaknesses in design or reporting, small sample si<e, and selection ias Jo indi'idual preparation
has een unamiguously demonstrated to e different from a placeo#)%#$)/%Further, as the uality of the
trials ecome etter, the e'idence for homeopathy preparations eing effecti'e diminishes, and the
highest-uality trials sho( that the remedies themsel'es ha'e no effect#$*%#$0%#$)0% 7stract concepts
(ithin theoretical physics ha'e een in'oked to suggest explanations of ho( or (hy remedies might
(ork, including uantum entanglement,#$)3% the theory of relati'ity and chaos theory Ho(e'er, the
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explanations are offered y nonspecialists (ithin the field, and often include speculations that are
incorrect in their application of the concepts and not supported y actual experiments#$)6% 7 )9$9
inuiry into the e'idence ase for homeopathy conducted y the Pnited Mingdom8s House of
=ommons 4cience and echnology =ommitteeconcluded that homeopathy is no more effecti'e than
placeo#*%
Meta-analyses
;eta-analyses, in (hich large groups of studies are analysed and conclusions dra(n ased on the
results as a (hole, ha'e een used to e'aluate the effecti'eness of homeopathy arly meta-analyses
in'estigating homeopathic remedies sho(ed slightly positi'e results among the studies examined, ut
such studies ha'e (arned that it (as impossile to dra( firm conclusions due to lo( methodological
uality and difficulty in controlling for pulication ias in the studies re'ie(ed#$$%#$)%#$6% One of the
positi'e meta-analyses, y ?inde, et al,#$)% (as later ualified y the authors, (ho (rote:
he e'idence of ias #in homeopathic trials% (eakens the findings of our original meta-analysis 4ince
(e completed our literature search in $55/, a considerale numer of ne( homeopathy trials ha'e
een pulished he fact that a numer of the ne( high-uality trialsha'e negati'e results, and a
recent update of our re'ie( for the most "original" sutype of homeopathy classical or indi'iduali<ed
homeopathy&, seem to confirm the finding that more rigorous trials ha'e less-promising results 1t
seems, therefore, likely that our meta-analysis at least o'erestimated the effects of homeopathic
treatments#$*%
1n )99$, a meta-analysis of clinical trials on the effecti'eness of homeopathy concluded that earlier
clinical trials sho(ed signs of ma>or (eakness in methodology and reporting, and that homeopathy
trials (ere less randomi<ed and reported less on dropouts than other types of trials#$6%
1n )99), a re'ie( of systematic re'ie(s found that higher-uality trials tended to ha'e less positi'e
results, to the point that those results (ere clinically irrele'ant 7lso, (hen taking collecti'ely all the
systematic re'ie(s, there (as no con'incing e'idence that any homeopathic remedy had etter effects
than placeo, and current e'idence did not allo( to recommend its usage in clinical treatment#)%
1n )99/, a systematic re'ie( of the representation of homeopathy in the medical literature suggested
that mainstream >ournals had apulication ias against clinical trials of homeopathy that sho(ed
positi'e results, and the opposite (as the case for complementary and alternati'e medicine >ournals
he authors suggested that this could e due to an in'oluntary ias, or other(ise a sumission ias, in
(hich positi'e trials tend to e sent to =7; >ournals and negati'es ones to mainstream >ournals
#$0% @e'ie(s in all >ournals approached the su>ect in an apparently impartial manner, though most of
the re'ie(s pulished in =7; >ournals made no mention of the plausiility of homeopathy, (hereas 5
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out of $9 re'ie(s in mainstream >ournals mentioned a lack of plausiility of homeopathy in the
introduction#$0%
1n )99/, )he #ancet medical >ournal pulished a meta-analysis of $$9 placeo-controlled homeopathy
trials and $$9 matched medical trials ased upon the 4(iss go'ernment8s Krogram for 'aluating
=omplementary ;edicine, or KM he study concluded that its findings (ere compatile (ith the
notion that the clinical effects of homeopathy are nothing more than placeo effects#0%
7 )990 meta-analysis of six trials e'aluating homeopathic treatments to reduce cancer therapy side-
effects follo(ing radiotherapy andchemotherapy found "encouraging ut not con'incing" e'idence in
support of homeopathic treatment heir analysis concluded that there (as "insufficient e'idence to
support clinical efficacy of homeopathic therapy in cancer care" #$)5%
7 )993 systematic re'ie( of homeopathy for children and adolescents found that the e'idence for
attention-deficit hyperacti'ity disorder and childhood diarrhea (as mixed Jo difference from placeo(as found for adenoid 'egetation, asthma, or upper respiratory tract infection 'idence (as not
sufficient to recommend any therapeutic or pre'entati'e inter'ention#/%
he =ochrane ?irary found insufficient clinical e'idence to e'aluate the efficacy of homeopathic
treatments for asthma#$*9% dementia,#$*$% or for the use of homeopathy in induction of laor #$*)% Other
researchers found no e'idence that homeopathy is eneficial for osteoarthritis,#$**%migraines #$*.%#$*/%
#$*0% or delayed-onset muscle soreness#5$%
Health organisations such as the PM8s Jational Health 4er'ice,#$*3% the 7merican ;edical 7ssociation,
#$*6%
and the F74N#$$0%
ha'e issued statements of their conclusion that there is no con'incing scientifice'idence to support the use of homeopathic treatments in medicine
=linical studies of the medical efficacy of homeopathy ha'e een criticised y some homeopaths as
eing irrele'ant ecause they do not test "classical homeopathy"#$*5% here ha'e, ho(e'er, een a
numer of clinical trials that ha'e tested indi'iduali<ed homeopathy 7 $556 re'ie( #$.9% found *) trials
that met their inclusion criteria, $5 of (hich (ere placeo-controlled and pro'ided enough data for
meta-analysis hese $5 studies sho(ed a pooled odds ratio of $$3 to ))* in fa'or of indi'iduali<ed
homeopathy o'er the placeo, ut no difference (as seen (hen the analysis (as restricted to the
methodologically est trials he authors concluded "that the results of the a'ailale randomi<ed trialssuggest that indi'iduali<ed homeopathy has an effect o'er placeo he e'idence, ho(e'er, is not
con'incing ecause of methodological shortcomings and inconsistencies" Lay 4helton, author of a
ook on homeopathy, has stated that the claim assumes (ithout e'idence that classical, indi'iduali<ed
homeopathy (orks etter than nonclassical 'ariations#$.$%
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Lack Millen, acting deputy director of the Jational =enter for =omplementary and 7lternati'e ;edicine,
says homeopathy "goes eyond current understanding of chemistry and physics" He adds: "here is,
to my kno(ledge, no condition for (hich homeopathy has een pro'en to e an effecti'e treatment"#))%
(!planations of effects
1urther information" !tatistical hypothesis testin+ : .-*alue: and .ublication bias
;ainstream science offers a 'ariety of explanations for ho( homeopathy, if the preparations
themsel'es are ineffecti'e, may appear to cure diseases or alle'iate symptoms:#$.)%
Pnassisted natural healing T time and the ody8s aility to heal (ithout assistance can
eliminate many diseases of their o(n accord
Pnrecogni<ed treatments T an unrelated food, exercise, en'ironmental agent or treatment for
a different ailment, may ha'e occurred
@egression to(ard the mean T since many diseases or conditions are cyclical, symptoms
'ary o'er time and patients tend to seek care (hen discomfort is greatest, they may feel etter
any(ay ut ecause the timing of the 'isit to the homeopath they attriute impro'ement to the
remedy taken
Jon-homeopathic treatment T patients may also recei'e non-homeopathic care simultaneous
(ith homeopathic treatment, and this is responsile for impro'ement though a portion or all of the
impro'ement may e attriuted to the remedy
=essation of unpleasant treatment T often homeopaths recommend patients stop getting
con'entional treatment such as surgery or drugs, (hich can cause unpleasant side-effects2
impro'ements are attriuted to homeopathy (hen the actual cause is the cessation of the
treatment causing side-effects in the first place
?ifestyle changes T homeopaths often recommend diet and exercise, as (ell as limitations in
alcohol or coffee consumption and stressreduction, all of (hich can increase health and decrease
symptoms
he placeo effect T the intensi'e consultation process and expectations for the
homeopathic preparations can result in the release of endorphins or other ody-effecting
chemicals that alle'iate pain or other symptoms, or other(ise affect an indi'idual8s iology herapeutic effect of the consultation T the care, concern and reassurance a patient
experiences (hen opening up to a compassionate caregi'er can ha'e a positi'e effect on the
patient8s (ell-eing
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Kulishing standards, p-'alue - y definition, a positi'e outcome is seen as significant, if the
proaility of eing due to chance rather than a real effect is less than /B#$.*% 7s a result, aout $
in )9 tests can e expected to sho( an effect e'en though there is none#$..%
Kulication ias - researchers are more likely to sumit positi'e trials for pulication, and
pulishers are more likely to accept articles that report a positi'e finding#$./%#$.0%#$.3%#$.6%
(ffects in other biological systems
Old homeopathic elladonnar emedy
While some articles ha'e suggested that homeopathic solutions of high dilution can ha'e statistically
significant effects on organic processes including the gro(th of grain,#$.5% histamine release
yleukocytes,#$/9% and en<yme reactions, such e'idence is disputed since attempts to replicate them
ha'e failed#$/$%#$/)%#$/*%#$/.%#$//%
1n $563, French immunologist Lacues Nen'eniste sumitted a paper to the >ournal 'ature (hile
(orking at 1J4@; he paper purported to ha'e disco'ered that asophils, a type of (hite lood cell,
released histamine (hen exposed to a homeopathic dilution of anti-immunogloulin antiody he
>ournal editors, sceptical of the results, reuested that the study e replicated in a separate laoratory
Ppon replication in four separate laoratories the study (as pulished 4till sceptical of the
findings,'ature assemled an independent in'estigati'e team to determine the accuracy of the
research, consisting of 'ature editor and physicist 4ir Lohn ;addox, 7merican scientific fraud
in'estigator and chemist Walter 4te(art, and sceptic and magician Lames @andi 7fter in'estigating
the findings and methodology of the experiment, the team found that the experiments (ere
"statistically ill-controlled", "interpretation has een clouded y the exclusion of measurements in
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conflict (ith the claim", and concluded, "We elie'e that experimental data ha'e een uncritically
assessed and their imperfections inadeuately reported"#)$%#$/0%#$/3% Lames @andi stated that he douted
that there had een any conscious fraud, ut that the researchers had allo(ed "(ishful thinking" to
influence their interpretation of the data#$/0%
Methodological and publication issues
Nen Goldacre pulished an article on homeopathy in )he #ancet , stating the research on homeopathy
is prolematic for a 'ariety of reasons hese included the high pulication iases of alternati'e
therapy >ournals, (ith 'ery fe( articles reporting null results2 ignoring meta-analyticstudies in fa'our
of cherry picked positi'e results2 and the promotion of an oser'ational study that Goldacre descried
as "little more than a customer-satisfaction sur'ey"& as if it (ere more informati'e than a series
of randomi<ed trials Goldacre also states that homeopaths (ho misrepresent scientific e'idence to
a scientifically illiterate pulic, ha'e "(alled themsel'es off from academic medicine, and critiue has
een all too often met (ith a'oidance rather than argument"#$/6%
(thics and safety
7s homeopathic remedies usually contain only (ater andor alcohol, they are thought to e generally
safe Only in rare cases are the original ingredients present at detectale le'els his may e due to
improper preparation or intentional lo( dilution 1nstances of arsenic poisoningha'e occurred after use
of arsenic-containing homeopathic preparations#)5% Qicam =old remedy Jasal Gel, (hich contains )E
$:$99& <inc gluconate, reportedly caused a small percentage of users to lose their sense of smell2
#$/5% *.9 cases (ere settled out of court in )990 for$) million P4 dollars#$09% 1n )995, the F!7 ad'ised
consumers to stop using three discontinued cold remedy products manufactured y Qicam ecause it
could cause permanent damage to users8 sense of smell#$0$% Qicam (as launched (ithout a Je( !rug
7pplication J!7& under a pro'ision in the F!7Ss =ompliance Kolicy Guide called "=onditions Pnder
Which Homeopathic !rugs ;ay e ;arketed" =KG 3$*)$/&, ut the F!7 (arned Qicam 'ia
a Warning ?etter that this policy does not apply (hen there is a health risk to consumers #$0)%
=ritics of homeopathy ha'e cited other concerns o'er homeopathic medicine, most seriously cases of
patients of homeopathy failing to recei'e proper treatment for diseases that could ha'e een easily
diagnosed and managed (ith con'entional medicine and (ho ha'e died as a result #$0*% and the
"marketing practice" of critici<ing and do(nplaying the effecti'eness of mainstream medicine
#$/6% Homeopaths claim that use of con'entional medicines (ill "push the disease deeper" and cause
more serious conditions, a process referred to as "suppression"#$0.% 4ome homeopaths particularly
those (ho are non-physicians& ad'ise their patients against immunisation#*9%#$0/%#$00%4ome homeopaths
suggest that 'accines e replaced (ith homeopathic "nosodes", created from iological material such
as pus, diseased tissue, acilli from sputum or in the case of "o(el nosodes"& feces#$03% While
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Hahnemann (as opposed to such preparations, modern homeopaths often use them although there is
no e'idence to indicate they ha'e any eneficial effects#$06%#$05% =ases of homeopaths ad'ising against
the use of anti-malarial drugs ha'e een identified#*$%#$39%#$3$% his puts 'isitors to the tropics (ho take
this ad'ice in se'ere danger, since homeopathic remedies are completely ineffecti'e against the
malaria parasite#*$%#$39%#$3$% 7lso, in one case in )99., a homeopath instructed one of her patients to stop
taking con'entional medication for a heart condition, ad'ising her on )) Lune )99. to "4top 7??
medications including homeopathic", ad'ising her on or around )9 7ugust that she no longer needed
to take her heart medication, and adding on )* 7ugust, "4he >ust cannot take 7JU drugs R 1 ha'e
suggested some homeopathic remedies 1 feel confident that if she follo(s the ad'ice she (ill regain
her health" he patient (as admitted to hospital the next day, and died eight days later, the final
diagnosis eing "acute heart failure due to treatment discontinuation"#$3)%#$3*%
1n $536, 7nthony =ampell, then a consultant physician at he @oyal ?ondon Homeopathic Hospital,
criticised statements made y George Aithoulkas to promote his homeopathic treatments Aithoulkas
stated that syphilis, (hen treated (ith antiiotics, (ould de'elop into secondary and tertiary syphilis
(ith in'ol'ement of the central ner'ous system =ampell descried this as a thoroughly irresponsile
statement that could mislead an unfortunate layperson into refusing con'entional medical treatment
his claim echoes the idea that treating a disease (ith external medication used to treat the symptoms
(ould only dri'e it deeper into the ody and conflicts (ith scientific studies, (hich indicate that
penicillin treatment produces a complete cure of syphilis in more than 59B of cases#./%
7 )990 re'ie( y W 4te'en Kray of the =ollege of Kharmacy at 4outh(estern Oklahoma 4tate
Pni'ersity recommends that pharmacy colleges include a reuired course in unpro'en medicationsand therapies, that ethical dilemmas inherent in recommending products lacking pro'en safety and
efficacy data e discussed, and that students should e taught (here unpro'en systems such as
homeopathy depart from e'idence-ased medicine#$3.%
d<ard rnst, the first .rofessor of omplementary %edicine in the Pnited Mingdom and a former
homeopathic practitioner,#$3/%#$30%#$33% has expressed his concerns aout pharmacists (ho 'iolate their
ethical code y failing to pro'ide customers (ith "necessary and rele'ant information" aout the true
nature of the homeopathic products they ad'ertise and sell:
";y plea is simply for honesty ?et people uy (hat they (ant, ut tell them the truth aout
(hat they are uying hese treatments are iologically implausile and the clinical tests ha'e
sho(n they don8t do anything at all in human eings he argument that this information is not
rele'ant or important for customers is uite simply ridiculous"#$36%
;ichael Naum, Krofessor meritus of 4urgery and 'isiting Krofessor of ;edical Humanities
at Pni'ersity =ollege ?ondon P=?&, has descried homoeopathy as a Ccruel deceptionD#)6%
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1n an article entitled "4hould We ;aintain an Open ;ind aout HomeopathyV"#$35% pulished in
the &merican ;ournal of %edicine, ;ichael Naum and d<ard rnstT(riting to other physiciansT
(rote that "Homeopathy is among the (orst examples of faith-ased medicine hese axioms #of
homeopathy% are not only out of line (ith scientific facts ut also directly opposed to them 1f
homeopathy is correct, much of physics, chemistry, and pharmacology must e incorrect"
Regulation and prevalence
%ain article" $e+ulation and pre*alence of homeopathy
Hampton House, the former site of NristolHomeopathic Hospital, one of t(o homeopathic hospitals run y
the JH4#*%
Homeopathy is fairly common in some countries (hile eing uncommon in others2 is highly
regulated in some countries and mostly unregulated in others 1t is practised (orld(ide andprofessional ualifications and licences are needed in most countries#*)% @egulations 'ary in
urope depending on the country 1n some countries, there are no specific legal regulations
concerning the use of homeopathy, (hile in others, licences or degrees in con'entional medicine
from accredited uni'ersities are reuired 1n Germany, no specific regulations exist, (hile France,
7ustria and !enmark mandate licences to diagnose any illness or dispense of any product (hose
purpose is to treat any illness#*)% 4ome homeopathic treatment is co'ered y the pulic health
ser'ice of se'eral uropean countries, including France, the Pnited Mingdom, !enmark,
and?uxemourg 1n other countries, such as Nelgium, homeopathy is not co'ered 1n 7ustria, the
pulic health ser'ice reuires scientific proof of effecti'eness in order to reimurse medical
treatments and homeopathy is listed as not reimursale#$69% ut exceptions can e made2
#$6$%pri'ate health insurance policies sometimes include homeopathic treatment
#*)% he 4(issgo'ernment, after a /-year trial, (ithdre( homeopathy and four other complementary
treatments in )99/, stating that they did not meet efficacy and cost-effecti'eness criteria,#$6)% ut
follo(ing a referendum in )995 the fi'e therapies are to e reinstated for a further 0-year trial
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period from )9$)#$6*% he 1ndian go'ernment recognises homeopathy as one of its national
systems of medicine,#$6.% and a minimum of a recognised diploma in homeopathy and registration
on a state register or the =entral @egister of Homoeopathy is reuired to practice homeopathy in
1ndia#$6/%
1n the Pnited Mingdom, ;Ks inuired into homeopathy to assess the Go'ernment8s policy on the
issue, including funding of homeopathy under the Jational Health 4er'ice and go'ernment policy
for licensing homeopathic products he decision y the House of =ommons4cience and
echnology =ommittee follo(s a (ritten explanation from the Go'ernment in (hich it told the
select committee that the licensing regime (as not formulated on the asis of scientific e'idence
"he three elements of the licensing regime for homeopathic products& proaly lie outside the
scope of the select committee inuiry, ecause go'ernment consideration of scientific e'idence
(as not the asis for their estalishment," the =ommittee said he inuiry sought (ritten
e'idence and sumissions from concerned parties#$60%#$63%
1n Feruary )9$9 the House of =ommons 4cience and echnology =ommittee concluded that:
the JH4 should cease funding homeopathy 1t also concludes that the ;edicines and
Healthcare products @egulatory 7gency ;H@7& should not allo( homeopathic product laels to
make medical claims (ithout e'idence of efficacy 7s they are not medicines, homeopathic
products should no longer e licensed y the ;H@7
he =ommittee concurred (ith the Go'ernment that the e'idence ase sho(s that homeopathy is
not efficacious that is, it does not (ork eyond the placeo effect& and that explanations for (hy
homeopathy (ould (ork are scientifically implausile
he =ommittee concluded - gi'en that the existing scientific literature sho(ed no good e'idence
of efficacy - that further clinical trials of homeopathy could not e >ustified
1n the =ommitteeSs 'ie(, homeopathy is a placeo treatment and the Go'ernment should ha'e a
policy on prescriing placeos he Go'ernment is reluctant to address the appropriateness and
ethics of prescriing placeos to patients, (hich usually relies on some degree of patient
deception Krescriing of placeos is not consistent (ith informed patient choice - (hich the
Go'ernment claims is 'ery important - as it means patients do not ha'e all the information neededto make choice meaningful
Neyond ethical issues and the integrity of the doctor-patient relationship, prescriing pure
placeos is ad medicine heir effect is unreliale and unpredictale and cannot form the sole
asis of any treatment on the JH4 #*%
he =ommittee also stated:
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immaterial, 'italistic 'ie( of ho( li'ing organisms function, elie'ing that diseases ha'e spiritual,
as (ell as physical causes#*.%#$55% 7t the time, 'italism (as part of mainstream science2 it (asn8t
completely discarded until the )9th century, (ith the de'elopment of microiology, the germ
theory of disease,#)99% and ad'ances in chemistry#)9$%#)9)%& Hahnemann also ad'ocated 'arious
lifestyle impro'ements to his patients, including exercise, diet, and cleanliness#$56%#)9*% #)9.%
Hahnemann)s concept
!ee also" !amuel ,ahnemann
4amuel Hahnemann, considered to e the father of homeopathy
Hahnemann concei'ed of homeopathy (hile translating a medical treatise y 4cottish physician
and chemist William =ullen into German#*0% Neing skeptical of =ullen8s theory
concerningcinchona8s action in intermittent fe'er, Hahnemann ingested some of the ark
specifically to see if it cured fe'er "y 'irtue of its effect of strengthening the stomach"#)9/% Ppon
ingesting the ark, he noticed fe( stomach symptoms, ut did
experience fe'er , shi'ering and >oint pain, symptoms similar to some of the early symptoms of
intermittent fe'er, the disease that the ark (as ordinarily used to treat From this, Hahnemann
came to elie'e that all effecti'e drugs produce symptoms in healthy indi'iduals similar to those of
the diseases that they treat his later ecame kno(n as the "la( of similars", the most important
concept of homeopathy#*0% he term "homeopathy" (as coined y Hahnemann and first appeared
in print in $693, although he egan outlining his theories of "medical similars" or the "doctrine of
specifics" in a series of articles and monographs in $350#)90%#)93%
Hahnemann egan to test (hat effects sustances produced in humans, a procedure that (ould
later ecome kno(n as "homeopathic pro'ing"#)96% hese time-consuming tests reuired su>ects
to clearly record all of their symptoms as (ell as the ancillary conditions under (hich they
appeared Hahnemann sa( these data as a (ay of identifying sustances suitale for the
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treatment of particular diseases#)96% he first collection of pro'ings (as pulished in $69/ and a
second collection of 0/ remedies appeared in his ook, %ateria %edica .ura, in $6$9
#)95%Hahnemann elie'ed that large doses of drugs that caused similar symptoms (ould only
aggra'ate illness, so he ad'ocated extreme dilutions of the sustances2 he de'ised a techniue
for making dilutions that he elie'ed (ould preser'e a sustance8s therapeutic properties (hile
remo'ing its harmful effects,#5% proposing that this process aroused and enhanced "the spirit-like
medicinal po(ers of the crude sustances" #)$9% He gathered and pulished a complete o'er'ie( of
his ne( medical system in his $6$9 ook, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt , (hose 0th edition,
pulished in $5)$, is still used y homeopaths today#*0%
*+th century, rise to popularity and early criticism
Homeopathy achie'ed its greatest popularity in the $5th century !r Lohn Franklin Gray $69.R
$66)& (as the first practitioner of Homeopathy in the Pnited 4tates, eginning in $6)6 in Je(
Uork =ity he first homeopathic schools opened in $6*9, and throughout the $5th century do<ens
of homeopathic institutions appeared in urope and the Pnited 4tates#)$$% Ny $599, there (ere ))
homeopathic colleges and $/,999 practitioners in the Pnited 4tates#$3% Necause medical practice
of the time relied on ineffecti'e and often dangerous treatments, patients of homeopaths often had
etter outcomes than those of the doctors of the time#)$)% Homeopathic remedies, e'en if
ineffecti'e, (ould almost surely cause no harm, making the users of homeopathic remedies less
likely to e killed y the treatment that (as supposed to e helping them#*0% he relati'e success
of homeopathy in the $5th century may ha'e led to the aandonment of the ineffecti'e and
harmful treatments of loodletting and purging and to ha'e egun the mo'e to(ards moreeffecti'e, science-ased medicine#$50% One reason for the gro(ing popularity of homeopathy (as
its apparent success in treating people suffering from infectious disease epidemics#)$*% !uring
$5th century epidemics of diseases such as cholera, death rates in homeopathic hospitals (ere
often lo(er than in con'entional hospitals, (here the treatments used at the time (ere often
harmful and did little or nothing to comat the diseases #)$.%
From its inception, ho(e'er, homeopathy (as critici<ed y mainstream science 4ir Lohn Fores,
physician to Iueen Aictoria, said in $6.* that the extremely small doses of homeopathy (ere
regularly derided as useless, "an outrage to human reason"#)$/% Lames Uoung 4impsonsaid in
$6/* of the highly diluted drugs: "Jo poison, ho(e'er strong or po(erful, the illionth or decillionth
of (hich (ould in the least degree affect a man or harm a fly" #)$0% $5th century 7merican physician
and author Oli'er Wendell Holmes, 4r (as also a 'ocal critic of homeopathy and pulished an
essay in $6.) entitled ,om<opathy: and its 3indred delusions#)$3% he memers of the French
Homeopathic 4ociety oser'ed in $603 that some of the leading homeopathists of urope not
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only (ere aandoning the practice of administering infinitesimal doses ut (ere also no longer
defending it#)$6% he last school in the P4 exclusi'ely teaching homeopathy closed in $5)9#*0%
Revival in the late .th century
%ain article" $e+ulation and pre*alence of homeopathy
he 1ood: =ru+: and osmetic &ct of $5*6 sponsored y Je( Uork 4enator and Homeopathic
Khysician @oyal =opeland& recogni<ed homeopathic remedies as drugs Ny the $5/9s, there (ere
only 3/ pure homeopaths practicing in the P4#)$5% Ho(e'er, in the mid to late $539s, homeopathy
made a significant comeack and sales of some homeopathic companies increased tenfold
#))9% Greek homeopathGeorge Aithoulkas performed a "great deal of research to update the
scenarios and refine the theories and practice of homeopathy" eginning in the $539s, and it (as
re'i'ed (orld(ide2#5$%#))$% in Nra<il during the $539s and in Germany during the $569s #)))% he
medical profession started to integrate such ideas in the $559s#))*% and mainstream pharmacy
chains recogni<ed the usiness potential of selling homeopathic remedies#)).%
&ootnotes
%& / )he ,utchinson 0ncyclopedia le'enth ed&, Helicon Kulishing, $556, p /90, 14NJ $-
6/560-)9)-9
*& Y a b c d e rnst, )99)&, "7 systematic re'ie( of systematic re'ie(s of
homeopathy", 4ritish ;ournal of linical .harmacolo+y 01 0&: /33R6), doi:$9$9.0>$*0/-
)$)/)99)9$055x,K;= $63./9*, K;1! $).5)09*
-& Y a b c d e f PM Karliamentary =ommittee 4cience and echnology =ommittee - "'idence
=heck ): Homeopathy"
.& Y a b "1ssues surrounding homeopathy", Jational Health 4er'ice, retrie'ed )9$$-95-$$
2& Y a b c d 7ltunc, P2 Kittler, ; H2 rnst, )993&, "Homeopathy for =hildhood and
7dolescence 7ilments: 4ystematic @e'ie( of @andomi<ed =linical rials", %ayo linic
.roceedin+s 2 $&: 05R3/, doi:$9.90/6)$05, K;1! $3)6/366, "Ho(e'er, homeopathy is
not totally de'oid of risks it may delay effecti'e treatment or diagnosis"
3& Y a b c 4hang, 7i>ing2 Hu(iler-;Zntener, Marin2 Jartey, ?inda2 LZni, Keter2 !rig, 4tephan2
4terne, Lonathan 7=2 Ke(sner, !aniel2 gger, ;atthias )99/&, "7re the clinical effects of
homoeopathy placeo effectsV =omparati'e study of placeo-controlled trials of
homoeopathy and allopathy", )he #ancet 366 5.63&: 3)0R3*),doi:$9$9$049$.9-
03*09/&03$33-), K;1! $0$)//65
<& / !efinition of "remedy" at Krinceton Pni'ersity8s Wordnet(e
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=& Y a b he !ental =osmos: 7 ;onthly @ecord of !ental 4cience, ditor d(ard = Mirk,
!!4, Aol EEEA1, p $9*$-$9*)
9& Y a b c "!ynami<ation and !ilution", omplementary and <ernati*e %edicine, =reighton
Pni'ersity !epartment of Kharmacology, retrie'ed )995-9*-).
%;& / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt /th ed&, aphorisms /
and )$3, 14NJ 96356*))6)
%%& Y a b Mlei>nen, L2 Mnipschild, K2 er @iet, G $55$&, "=linical trials of
homoeopathy", 4%; 3. 033)&: *$0R
)*,doi:$9$$*0m>*9)033)*$0, K;= $006569,K;1! $6)/699
%*& Y a b c ?inde, M2 =lausius, J2 @amire<, G2 ;elchart, !2 itel, F2 Hedges, ?2 Lonas,
W $553&, "7re the clinical effects of homoeopathy placeo effectsV 7 meta-analysis of
placeo-controlled trials", )he #ancet 30. 596$&: 6*.R.*,doi:$9$9$049$.9-
03*053&9))5*-5, K;1! 5*$909$
%-& Y a b c d ?inde, M2 4chol<, ;2 @amire<, G2 =lausius, J2 ;elchart, !2 Lonas, WN
$555&, "1mpact of 4tudy Iuality on Outcome in Klaceo-=ontrolled rials of
Homeopathy", ;ournal of linical 0pidemiolo+y 0 3&: 0*$R0, doi:$9$9$04965/-
.*/055&999.6-3, K;1! $9*5$0/0
%.& / =ucherat, ;2 Haugh, ;=2 Gooch, ;2 Noissel, LK )999&, "'idence of clinical
efficacy of homeopathy 7 meta-analysis of clinical trials H;@7G Homeopathic ;edicines
@esearch 7d'isory Group", 0uropean >ournal of clinical pharmacolo+y 06 $&: )3R
**,K;1! $96/*63.
%2& / ;athie, @ )99*&, "he research e'idence ase for homeopathy: a fresh
assessment of the literature", ,omeopathy + )&: 6.R5$,doi:$9$9$04$.3/-.5$09*&99990-
3, K;1! $)3)/)/9
%3& Y a b c d =aulfield, imothy2 !eo(, 4u<anne )99/&, "7 systematic re'ie( of ho(
homeopathy is represented in con'entional and =7; peer re'ie(ed >ournals", 4%
omplementary and <ernati*e %edicine 0: $), doi:$9$$60$.3)-066)-/-
$), K;= $$335).,K;1! $/5//)/.
%<& Y a b oufexis 7, =ole W, Hallanan !N )/ 4eptemer $55/&, "1s homeopathy
good medicineV", )ime
%=& Y a b c ?inde, M2 Lonas, WN2 ;elchart, !2 Willich, 4 )99$&, "he methodological
uality of randomi<ed controlled trials of homeopathy, heral medicines and
acupuncture", ?nternational ;ournal of 0pidemiolo+y 3. *&: /)0R
*$,doi:$9$95*i>e*9*/)0, K;1! $$.$0930
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--& / "=ause of disease", =reighton Pni'ersity 4chool of ;edicine, retrie'ed )995-
93-*$
-.& Y a b Hahnemann 4 $6**$5)$&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt /th0th
ed&, 14NJ 96356*))6)# pa+e needed %
-2& / Whorton L= )99.&, 'ature ures" )he ,istory of <ernati*e %edicine in
&merica, Je( Uork: Oxford Pni'ersity Kress, pp $6, /), 14NJ 9-$5-/$3$0)-.
-3& Y a b c d e f g "History of Homeopathy", =reighton Pni'ersity !epartment of
Kharmacology, retrie'ed )993-93-)*
-<& / With "curentur" the phrase is in the su>uncti'e, and is the form gi'en y
Hahnemann and officially used in homeopathy he similar phrase ?atin: similia similibus
curantur is in the indicati'e, translated as "like cures like", and (as used y Karacelsus in the
$0th century
-=& / $5$$ Nritannica
-9& / @enouard KA, =omegys =G, Le(ell W, Friederg 47 $6/0&,,istory of
%edicine: 1rom ?ts (ri+ins to the 'ineteenth entury , =incinnati: ;oore, Wilstach, Meys \
=o, p /69,O=?= $.6.0$*.
.;& Y a b Hahnemann 4 $6)6&, =ie chronischen Aran3heiten: ihre ei+enth/mliche
'atur und homEopathische ,eilun+ F)he chronic diseases: their specific nature and
homoeopathic treatment %,!resden and ?eip<ig: 7rnoldische
Nuchhandlung,http:ooksgooglecomVidEfk*7777;77L# pa+e needed %
.%& / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt /th ed&, aphorism)5, 14NJ 96356*))6)# pa+e needed %
.*& Y a b Ming 4, ";iasms in homeopathy", lassical homeopathy , retrie'ed )995-9*-
)/
.-& / Ward LW, "aking the History of the =ase", Kacific =oast Lnl of Homeopathy,
Luly $5*3, retrie'ed )993-$9-))
..& / "=ause of !isease in homeopathy", =reighton Pni'ersity !epartment of
Kharmacology, retrie'ed )993-93-)*
.2& Y a b Nirnaum J@, Goldschmidt @H, Nuffett WO $555&, "@esol'ing the common
clinical dilemmas of syphilis", &m 1am .hysician0+ 6&: ))**R.9, ))./R0, K;1! $9))$*96
.3& / 4helton, )99., p $.6-5
.<& / !efinition of "remedy at Krinceton Pni'ersity8s Wordnet(e
.=& / Lones M, ";ateria medica: remedy information", retrie'ed )993-93-).
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32& / 1f a dilution is designated as on the I scale, and c on the = scale,
clog$9/9,999&))*.5.6/
33& / 1an Watson )99.&, & Iuide to the %ethdolo+ies of ,omeopathy , =utting dge
Kulications, p xi, 14NJ 9 5/$30/3 0 9
3<& / "7rsenic in drinking (ater", Pnited 4tates n'ironmental Krotection 7gency
3=& / 4helton, )99., p )3)
39& Y a b c For further discussion of homeopathic dilutions and the mathematics
in'ol'ed, see Homeopathic dilutions
<;& Y a b Namridge 7! $565&, ,omeopathy in*esti+ated , Ment, ngland: !iaso<o
rust, 14NJ 9-5.6$3$)9-9
<%& Y a b 7ndre(s K $559&, "Homeopathy and Hinduism", )he Datchman
0positor Watchman Fello(ship& 4 *&
<*& / 7 $)= solution produced using sodium chloride also callednatrum
muriaticum in homeopathy& is the eui'alent of dissol'ing 9*0 m? of tale salt, (eighing
aout 933 g, into a 'olume of (ater the si<e of the 7tlantic Ocean, since the 'olume of the
7tlantic Ocean and its ad>acent seas is *//]$96 km* or *//]$9)9 ? :mery MO, Pchupi
$56.&, )he +eolo+y of the &tlantic (cean, 4pringer, 14NJ 9-*63509*)-/
<-& / he 'olume of all (ater on earth is aout $*0]$95 km*: "arth8s (ater
distriution", Dater !cience for !chools, Pnited 4tates Geological 4ur'ey, )6 7ugust
)990, 14NJ 9936)/.9)3
<.& / Gleick KH, Dater resources, 1n 4chneider 4H, ed $550&,0ncyclopedia of
climate and weather , , Je( Uork: Oxford Pni'ersity Kress, pp 6$3R6)*&
<2& / @oert ? Kark )996&, !uperstition" 4elief in the &+e of !cience, Krinceton
Pni'ersity Kress, pp $./R$.0, 14NJ 905$$**//3
<3& / Fisher, K )993&, "he ;emory of Water: a scientific
heresyV",,omeopathy +6 *&: $.$R), doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/996,K;1! $3036696
<<& / Wheeler = $5.$&, =rC ,u+hes" $ecollections of some masters of
homeopathy , Health through homeopathy
<=& / Nodman F $539&, )he $ichard ,u+hes memorial lecture, NHL, pp $35R$5*
<9& / "HeadOn: Headache drug lacks clinical
data",onsumer$eports,ealthCor+ , =onsumers Pnion, retrie'ed )995-9*-)/
=;& / "7nalysis of Head On", ;ames $andiJs !wift , retrie'ed )990-93-)3
=%& / !antas, F2 Fisher, K2 Walach, H2 Wieland, F2 @astogi, !2 eixeira, H2 Moster, !2
Lansen, L et al )993&, "7 systematic re'ie( of the uality of homeopathic pathogenetic trials
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pulished from $5./ to $55/", ,omeopathy +6 $&: .R
$0,doi:$9$9$0>homp)990$$99/, K;1! $3))33.)
=*& / Mayne 4N )990&, ,omeopathic pharmacy" theory and practice) ed&, lse'ier
Health 4ciences, p /), 14NJ 5369..*$9$09$
=-& / =assedy LH $555&, &merican %edicine and !tatistical )hin3in+: KL88MKLN8 ,
iPni'erse, 14NJ 536-$-/6*.6.)6-5# pa+e needed %
=.& / Fye WN $560&, "Jitroglycerin: a homeopathic
remedy" K!F&,irculation 43 $&: )$R5, doi:$9$$0$9$=1@3*$)$,K;1! )6006/$
=2& / Hahnemann 4 $350&, "Aersuch Zer ein neues Krin<ip <ur 7uffindung der
Heilkr^fte der 7r<neisustan<en, nest einigen Nlicken auf die isherigen" in
German&, ,ufelands ;ournal %% *&
=3& / Hahnemann 4 $69/& in ?atin&, 1ra+menta de 2iribus medicamentorum
.ositi*is, ?eip<ig
=<& / Hahnemann 4, 4tapf , Gross G, de Nrunno( G $6)0R$6)6& in
?atin&, %ateria medica puraO si*e: =octrina de medicamentorum *iribus in corpore humano
sano obser*atisO e Iermanico sermone in #atinum con*ersa, !resden:
7rnold, O=?= $.6.90/5
==& / 4tehlin 1 $550&, "Homeopathy: @eal medicine or empty promisesV", P4 Food
and !rug 7dministration, retrie'ed )993-$9-9$
=9& / Noger =;, 'on Nnninghausen =;F, Nradford ? $555&,4oennin+hausenJs
characteristics: materia medica B repertory " with word inde reprint ed&, Je( !elhi: NLain, 14NJ 6$39)$)93*,O=?= .036/5$0
9;& / ;athur MJ )99*& in German&, .rinzipien der homEopathischen
2erschreibun+" !ynopsis weltweiter 3linischer 0rfahrun+en, Georg hieme Aerlag, pp $))R
$)*, 14NJ *6*9.59)$0,O=?= 30/$69*/
9%& Y a b c Harris, ? F2 Lackson, @2 Nreslin Lr, L72 7lford, @H $536&, "7naeroic
septicemia after transrectal prostatic iopsy", &rchi*es of ?nternal %edicine *32 *&: *5*R
5,doi:$9$99$archinte$*6**5*, K;1! )9.)0.
9*& / 4agar, 4; )993&, "Homeopathy: !oes a teaspoon of honey help the medicine
go do(nV", urrent oncolo+y G)oronto: (ntCH *1 .&: $)0R3, K;= $5.660/, K;1! $33$9)9*
9-& Y a b ?ael data
9.& / eut, ;ichael2 !ahler, L_rn2 4chnegg, =hristoph )996&, "7 Homoeopathic
Kro'ing of Galphimia glauca", 1orschende AomplementPrmedizin 9 $esearch in
omplementary %edicine *0.&: )$$R3, doi:$9$$/5999$.66)/
92& / !escription of Histaminum Hydrochloricum
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93& / ?uffa operculata ? =OGJ 4ponge =ucumer
9<& / Harris, Gardinier Lune $0, )995& "F!7 Warns 7gainst Pse of Qicam" Je(
Uork imes
9=& Y a b 4am Lones, "Homeopathy protesters to take 8mass o'erdose8 outside
Noots", )he Iuardian, )5 Lanuary )9$9`
99& / 7ndy =oghlan, ";ass drug o'erdose R none dead", 'ew !cientist , 9* Feruary
)9$9
%;;& / "Homeopathy: Freuent 7sked uestions"
%;%& / Hoff !, "1sopathy", lassical homeopathy information, homeoinfocom,
retrie'ed )995-9*-)0
%;*& / Mayne 4N )990&, ,omeopathic pharmacy" theory and practice) ed&, lse'ier
Health 4ciences, p $3$, 14NJ 5369..*$9$09$
%;-& / Aanhaselen, @ $555&, "he relationship et(een homeopathy and the !r Nach
system of flo(er remedies: 7 critical appraisal",4ritish ,omoeopathic >ournal 22 *&: $)$R
3,doi:$9$9/.homp$5559*96, K;1! $9..59/)
%;.& / rnst, )99)&, ""Flo(er remedies": a systematic re'ie( of the clinical
e'idence", Diener 3linische Dochenschrift **1 )*R).&: 50*R0, K;1! $)0*/.0)
%;2& / 4axton, L )993&, "he di'ersity of 'eterinary homeopathy",,omeopathy +6 $&:
*, doi:$9$9$0>homp)990$$9$9,K;1! $3))33.$
%;3& Y a b Hektoen, ? )99/&, "@e'ie( of the current in'ol'ement of homeopathy in
'eterinary practice and research", )he 2eterinary record *04 6&: )).R5, K;1! $0$$*$03%;<& Y a b eixeira, L )993&, "=an (ater possily ha'e a memoryV 7 sceptical
'ie(", ,omeopathy +6 *&: $/6R0),doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/99$, K;1! $30366$$
%;=& Y a b ;ilgrom, ? )993&, "=onspicuous y its asence: the ;emory of Water,
macro-entanglement, and the possiility of homeopathy",,omeopathy +6 *&: )95R
$5, doi:$9$9$0>homp)9939/99),K;1! $30366$5
%;9& Y a b ?e'y, G $560&, "Minetics of drug action: 7n o'er'ie(", ;ournal of &ller+y
and linical ?mmunolo+y 42 . Kt )&: 3/.R0$,doi:$9$9$0995$-03.560&599/3-
0, K;1! */*.9/0
%%;& Y a b c Narrett 4 )6 !ecemer )99.&, "Homeopathy: the ultimate
fake", Quac3watch, Iuack(atch, retrie'ed )993-93-)/
%%%& / rnst, )993&, "Klaceo: ne( insights into an old enigma", =ru+ =isco*ery
)oday * 5R$9&: .$*R6,doi:$9$9$0>drudis)9939*993, K;1! $3.03/36
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%-<& / "Health encyclopaedia -- Homeopathy -- @esults" Jational Health 4er'ice
@etrie'ed )993-93-)/
%-=& / 7;7 =ouncil on 4cientific 7ffairs $553& "7lternati'e ;edicine: @eport $) of
the =ouncil on 4cientific 7ffairs 7R53&" 7merican ;edical 7ssociation @etrie'ed )995-9*-
)/
%-9& / "Homoeopathy8s enefit uestioned" 44 'ews )99/-96-)0 @etrie'ed )995-
9$-95
%.;& / ?inde, Mlaus2 ;elchart, !ieter $556&, "@andomi<ed =ontrolled rials of
1ndi'iduali<ed Homeopathy: 7 4tate-of-the-7rt @e'ie(", )he ;ournal of <ernati*e and
omplementary %edicine 1 .&: *3$R66,doi:$9$965acm$556.*3$, K;1! 566.$3/
%.%& / 4helton, )99., p )95
%.*& / 4helton, )99., p $//-$03
%.-& / =ramer, !uncan2 !ennis Ho(itt )99.&, )he !a+e =ictionary of !tatistics,
p $/$, 14NJ 930$5.$*6E
%..& / 4terne, L 7 =2 !a'ey 4mith, G )99$&, "4ifting the e'idence---(hat8s (rong
(ith significance testsV 7nother comment on the role of statistical methods", 4%; 3 3)69&:
))0R*$,doi:$9$$*0m>*))3)69))0, K;= $$$5.36,K;1! $$$/50)0
%.2& / 4ackett, !a'id ? $535&, "Nias in analytic research", ;ournal of hronic
=iseases 3 $R)&: /$R0*, doi:$9$9$099)$-506$35&599$)-), K;1! ..3335
%.3& / @osenthal, @oert $535&, "he file dra(er prolem and tolerance for null
results", .sycholo+ical 4ulletin 26 *&: 0*6R.$,doi:$9$9*399**-)59560*0*6%.<& / Leffrey ! 4cargle )999&, "Kulication Nias: he "File-!ra(er Krolem" in
4cientific 1nference", ;ournal of !cientific 0ploration *1 )&: 5.R$90
%.=& / 1oannidis, Lohn K 7 )99/&, "Why ;ost Kulished @esearch Findings 7re
False", .#o! %edicine 6&:
e$).,doi:$9$*3$>ournalpmed99)9$)., K;= $$6)*)3,K;1! $09093))
%.9& / Molisko ? $5/5& in German&, .hysiolo+ischer und physi3alischer 'achweis
der Dir3sam3eit 3leinster 0ntitPten F.hysiolo+ical and physical e*idence of the effecti*eness
of the smallest entitiesR , 4tuttgart
%2;& / Walchli, =hantal2 Naumgartner, 4tephan2 Nastide, ;adeleine )990&, "ffect of
?o( !oses and High Homeopathic Kotencies in Jormal and =ancerous Human
?ymphocytes: 7n 1n Aitro 1sopathic 4tudy", ;ournal of <ernati*e and omplementary
%edicine * /&: .)$R3, doi:$9$965acm)990$).)$
%2%& / Walach, H2 Mster, H2 Hennig, 2 Haag, G )99$&, "he effects of homeopathic
elladonna *9=H in healthy 'olunteers T a randomi<ed, doule-lind experiment", ;ournal of
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.sychosomatic $esearch 0. *&: $//R09, doi:$9$9$0499))-*55599&99)).-
/,K;1! $$*$0/96
%2*& / Hirst, 4 L2 Hayes, J 72 Nurridge, L2 Kearce, F ?2 Foreman, L = $55*&,
"Human asophil degranulation is not triggered y 'ery dilute antiserum against human
1g", 'ature 366 0.//&: /)/R3,doi:$9$9*6*00/)/a9, K;1! 6)//)59
%2-& / O'elgnne, L H2 Nol, 7 W L ;2 Hop, W = L2 Wi>k, @ $55)&, ";echanical
agitation of 'ery dilute antiserum against 1g has no effect on asophil staining
properties", 0perientia 12 /&: /9.R6,doi:$9$993NF9$5)6$3/, K;1! $*30)6)
%2.& / Witt, =laudia ;2 Nluth, ;ichael2 Hinderlich, 4tephan2 7lrecht, Henning2
?udtke, @ainer2 Weisshuhn, horolf @2 Willich, 4tefan J )990&, "!oes Kotenti<ed Hg=l)
;ercurius corrosi'us& 7ffect the 7cti'ity of !iastase and -7mylaseV", ;ournal of <ernati*e
and omplementary %edicine * .&: */5R0/,doi:$9$965acm)990$)*/5
%22& / Guggiserg, 72 Naumgartner, 42 schopp, =2 Heusser, K )99/&, "@eplication
study concerning the effects of homeopathic dilutions of histamine on human asophil
degranulation in 'itro",omplementary )herapies in %edicine *3 )&: 5$R
$99,doi:$9$9$0>ctim)99/9.99*, K;1! $09*0$00
%23& Y a b 4ulli'an W $566-93-)3&, "Water hat Has a ;emoryV 4keptics Win 4econd
@ound", 'ew Sor3 )imes, retrie'ed )993-$9-9*
%2<& / Nene'eniste defended his results, ho(e'er, comparing the inuiry to the 4alem
(itch hunts and asserting that "1t may e that all of us are (rong in good faith his is no
crime ut science as usual and only the future kno(s"
%2=& Y a b Goldacre, Nen )993&, "Nenefits and risks of homoeopathy",)he
#ancet 34. 5099&: $03)R*, doi:$9$9$049$.9-03*093&0$390-$, K;1! $69))9).
%29& / Narrett 4 . Jo'emer )99*&, "Qicam marketers sued", Homeo(atchorg,
retrie'ed )993-$9-)/
%3;& / Noodman 4 *$ Lanuary )990&, "Kaying through the nose",)his Dee3 in ,ealth
B !cience, Washington Kost, retrie'ed )993-$9-)/
%3%& / 4ources:
Lulianne Kepitone )995-90-$0&, "Qicam may damage sense of smell -
F!7", ''%oneyCcom
?nformation on 5icam old remedy 'asal Iel: 5icam old remedy 'asal !wabs:
and 5icam old remedy !wabs: Aids !ize, F!7, )995-90-$0
%3*& / %atri ?nitiati*es: ?ncC &A& 5icam ## N9KN98TC Darnin+ letter ,F!7, )995-90-
$0
%3-& / =ase of Nay Gloria, (ho died in )99):
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"Homeopath homas 4am guilty of daughter Gloria8s death",)he =aily
)ele+raph, Lune /, )995
"Karents guilty of manslaughter o'er daughter8s ec<ema death", )he anberra
)imes, Lune /, )995
%3.& / 4chmukler 7A )990&, ,omeopathy" &n & to 5 ,ome ,andboo3 , ?le(ellyn
World(ide, p $0, 14NJ 53693*63963*3
%32& / rnst, $553&, "he attitude against immunisation (ithin some ranches of
complementary medicine", 0uropean ;ournal of .ediatrics *06 3&: /$*R
/, doi:$9$993s99.*$99/90/9,K;1! 5).*))5
%33& / rnst, )99$&, "@ise in popularity of complementary and alternati'e medicine:
reasons and conseuences for 'accination",2accine .: 459R*2 discussion
465, doi:$9$9$049)0.-.$9E9$&99)59-9, K;1! $$/636))
%3<& / Kray W4 $550&, "he =hallenge to Krofessionalism Kresented y
Homeopathy", &merican ;ournal of .harmaceutical 0ducation6.: $56R)9.
%3=& / Kray W4 $55)&, "7 challenge to the crediility of homeopathy", &m ; .ain
%ana+ement )&: 0*R3$
%39& / nglish, L $55)&, "he issue of immuni<ation", 4ritish ,omoeopathic
>ournal 2* .&: $0$R*, doi:$9$9$049993-936/9/&69$3$-$
%<;& Y a b Lha 7 $. Luly )990&, "Homeopaths 8endangering li'es8 y offering malaria
remedies", )he Iuardian ?ondon&
%<%& Ya
b
4tarr, ; )999&, ";alaria affects children and pregnant (omenmost", 4%; 3* 3)3$&: $)66, doi:$9$$*0m>*)$3)3$$)66
%<*& / Nunyan J )993-9*-))&, .atient died after bein+ told to stop heart medicine,
"!aily elegraph", )he =aily )ele+raph ?ondon&, retrie'ed )993-$9-$/
%<-& / "Fitness o Kractise panel hearing on !r ;arisa Aiegas", General ;edical
=ouncil 'ia archi'eorg&, Lune )993, archi'ed from the original on )993-$)-)), retrie'ed
)995-9$-)/
%<.& / Kray W4 )990&, "thical, scientific, and educational concerns (ith unpro'en
medications", &m ; .harm 0duc 4. 0&: $.$,K;= $69*055, K;1! $3**)603
%<2& / ;emorandum sumitted y d<ard rnst HO $0 to the House of ?ords
%<3& / Noseley 4 )$ Luly )996&, "he alternati'e professor", )he Iuardian ?ondon&
%<<& / "=omplementary therapies: he ig conV", )he ?ndependent ?ondon&, )996-
9.-)), retrie'ed )9$9-9/-9.#dead lin3 %
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%<=& / 4ample 1 )$ Luly )996&, "Kharmacists urged to 8tell the truth8 aout
homeopathic remedies", )he Iuardian ?ondon&
%<9& / Naum, ;ichael2 rnst, d<ard )995&, "4hould We ;aintain an Open ;ind
aout HomeopathyV", )he &merican ;ournal of %edicine * $$&: 53*R
., doi:$9$9$0>am>med)9959*9*6,K;1! $56/.*$5, "Homeopathy is among the (orst
examples of faith-ased medicine hese axioms #of homeopathy% are not only out of line
(ith scientific facts ut also directly opposed to them 1f homeopathy is correct, much of
physics, chemistry, and pharmacology must e incorrect o ha'e an open mind aout
homeopathy or similarly implausile forms of alternati'e medicine eg, Nach Flo(er
remedies, spiritual healing, crystal therapy& is, therefore, not an option"
%=;& / Haupt'erand der sterreichischen 4o<ial'ersicherungstr^ger *$ ;arch
)99.&, "?iste nicht erstattungsf^higer 7r<neimittelkategorien gem^ */$c 7s ) 74AG ?ist
of treatments not reimursale y social ser'ice pro'iders in 7ustria&5erman7"%=%& / $echtssatz Gle+al ruleH, @4996*350 5erman7 Oerster Gerichtshof OGH -
7ustrian supreme court )6 Feruary $55.&
%=*& / he ?ancet )99/&, "he end of homoeopathy", )he #ancet 3665.63&:
059, doi:$9$9$049$.9-03*09/&03$.5-6
%=-& / !acey L $. Lanuary )9$$&, <ernati*e therapies are put to the test ,
s(issinfoch, retrie'ed )9$$-9$-$3
%=.& / "7lternati'e 4ystem of Health =are", Go'ernment of 1ndia, retrie'ed )9$9-9$-
$/
%=2& / "he Homoeopathy =entral =ouncil 7ct, $53*, s $/ and 4ch 11", =entral
=ouncil of Homeopathy, retrie'ed )9$9-9$-$6
%=3& / 'ews in brief" ,omeopathic assessment , imes Higher ducation, )5 Octoer
)995, timeshighereducationcouk
%=<& / 'idence check: Homeopathy, House of =ommons 4cience and echnology
=ommittee, )9 Octoer )995, parliamentuk
%==& / 'idence =heck ): Homeopathy, Fourth @eport of 4ession )995R$9, House of
=ommons 4cience and echnology =ommittee, )9 Octoer )995, parliamentuk
%=9& / 4ecretary of 4tate for Health Go'ernment @esponse to the 4cience and
echnology =ommittee report 8'idence =heck ): HomeopathyS, Luly )9$9 14NJ 536-9-$9-
$35$.)-3
%9;& / "hird of JH4 trusts fund homeopathy" 44 'ews $5 Fe, )9$$ @etrie'ed
4eptemer 3, )9$$
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%9%& / “Modern Homeopathy And Medical Science” in the Lournal of the 7merican
;edical 7ssociation, ;arch $3, *2+1, #$%
%9*& / "Karacelsus German-4(iss physician&", 4ritannica (nline 0ncyclopedia,
ncyclopdia Nritannica, retrie'ed )995-9*-).
%9-& / Hodgson N )99$&, ?n the &rms of %orpheus" )he )ra+ic ,istory of %orphine:
#audanum and .atent %edicines, Firefly Nooks, p $6,14NJ $//)53/.9$
%9.& / Griffin, L K )99.&, "Aenetian treacle and the foundation of medicines
regulation", 4ritish ;ournal of linical .harmacolo+y 02*&: *$3R)/, doi:$9$$$$>$*0/-
)$)/)99.9)$.3x,K;= $66./00, K;1! $/*)3/5)
%92& / "Nritish ;edical Lournal", 4%; * /**&: )6*R., $63$,doi:$9$$*0m>$/**)6*
%93& Y a b Maufman ; $53$&, ,omeopathy in &merica" )he rise and fall of a medical
heresy , he Lohns Hopkins Pni'ersity Kress,14NJ 536969$6$)*6/# pa+e needed %
%9<& / d<ard rnst2 4ingh, 4imon )996&, )ric3 or )reatment" )he @ndeniable 1acts
about <ernati*e %edicine, Je( Uork: W W Jorton, 14NJ 9-*5*-9000$-.
%9=& Y a b ?asagna ? $539& #$50)%, )he doctorsJ dilemmas, Je( Uork: =ollier Nooks,
p **, 14NJ 53696*05$0059
%99& / Jicholls K7 $566&, ,omeopathy and the %edical .rofession, =room
Helm, 14NJ 53693955$6*0*
*;;& / Naxter, 7lan G )99$&, "4=1J= 7J! 4O=1U: ?ouis Kasteur8s eer of
re'enge", 'ature $e*iews ?mmunolo+y * *&: ))5R
*), doi:$9$9*6*/$9/96*, K;1! $$59/6*)*;%& / =oley, J G )99.&, ";edical =hemists and the Origins of =linical =hemistry in
Nritain circa $3/9-$6/9&", linical hemistry 0. /&: 50$R
3), doi:$9$*3*clinchem)99*9)50./,K;1! $/$9/*0)
*;*& / @amerg, KL )999&, "he death of 'italism and the irth of organic chemistry:
Wohler8s urea synthesis and the disciplinary identity of organic chemistry", &mbi 14 *&: $39R
5/,K;1! $$0.9))*
*;-& / Nradford ? $65/&, "*/", )he #ife and #etters of =rC !amuel ,ahnemann,
Khiladelphia: Noericke \ afel,O=?= $.655//# pa+e needed %
*;.& / @othstein, William G $55)& #$53)%, &merican .hysicians in the 'ineteenth
entury" from !ects to !cience, Naltimore: Lohns Hopkins Pni'ersity Kress,
p $/6, 14NJ 536-969$6..)39
*;2& / "History of Homoeopathy", 1nternational 7ssociation for Aeterinary
Homoeopathy, retrie'ed )995-9*-)/
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*;3& / !ean ; )99$&, "Homeopathy and "the progress of science""K!F&, ,ist
!ci 3+ $)/ Kt *&: )//R6*, K;1! $$3$)/39, archi'ed from the original on 7pril 3, )996,
retrie'ed )995-9*-*$
*;<& / !udgeon @ $6/*&, #ectures on the )heory and .ractice of ,omoeopathy ,
;anchester: Henry urner, p /$
*;=& Y a b "Homeopathic Kro'ings", =reighton Pni'ersity 4chool of ;edicine, retrie'ed
)993-$9-9)
*;9& / Mirschmann 7 )99*&, & 2ital 1orce" Domen in &merican ,omeopathy ,
@utgers Pni'ersity Kress, 14NJ 53696$*/**)95
*%;& / Hahnemann 4 $6**&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt /th ed&, aphorism
)05, 14NJ 96356*))6) Hahnemann 4 $6.)&, )he (r+anon of the ,ealin+ &rt 0th ed&
pulished $5)$&, aphorism )39, 14NJ 96356*))6)
*%%& / Winston L )990&, "Homeopathy imeline", )he 1aces of ,omoeopathy , Whole
Health Jo(, 14NJ 9.3*9/0939, retrie'ed )993-93-)*
*%*& / rnst, 2 Maptchuk, L $550&, "Homeopathy re'isited", &rchi*es of ?nternal
%edicine *06 $5&: )$0)R.,doi:$9$99$archinte$/0$5)$0), K;1! 666/6$*
*%-& / =oulter H? $53*&, =i*ided #e+acy , Nerkeley: Jorth 7tlantic, pp 11:/..R02
111:)03R39, )56R*9/, O=?= 5/*6..)
*%.& / !eath rates in con'entional hospitals (ere typically t(o- to eight-fold higher
than in homeopathic hospitals for patients (ith these infectious diseases2 see Nradford ?
)993& #$599%, )he lo+ic of fi+ures or comparati*e results of homeopathic and other
treatments, Messinger, 14NJ $.*9.665)$# pa+e needed %
*%2& / Fores L $6.0&, ,omeopathy: allopathy and youn+ physic , ?ondon
*%3& / 4impson LU $6/*&, ,omoeopathy: its tenets and tendencies: theoretical:
theolo+ical and therapeutical , dinurgh: 4utherland \ Mnox, p $$
*%<& / Holmes OW $6.)&, ,om<opathy: and its 3indred delusionsO two lectures
deli*ered before the 4oston society for the diffusion of useful 3nowled+e, Noston: William !
icknor, O=?= $00099630
*%=& / 7llen L7, ed $603&, "Homopathists 's homopathy", hic %ed ; 7N
=ase& 1: )06R)05
*%9& / "Homeopathic Hassle", )ime, $5/0-96-)9
**;& / @ader W; $56/-9*-9$&, $idin+ the coattails of homeopathyJs re*i*al , F!7
=onsumer ;aga<ine
**%& / ?ockie 7 )999&, 0ncyclopedia of ,omeopathy $st ed&, Je( Uork =ity,
JU: !orling Mindersley, p $5, 14NJ 536-9-3/00-$63$-$
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***& / @eis(it<, Felix 'on2 !inges, ;artin )996&, "Homeopathy and Hospitals in
History", ,omoeopathic #in3s *: /9,doi:$9$9//s-)993-565)$)
**-& / Winnick, erri 7 )99/&, "From Iuackery to "=omplementary" ;edicine: he
7merican ;edical Krofession =onfronts 7lternati'e herapies", !ocial .roblems 0: *6R
0$,doi:$9$/)/sp)99//)$*6
**.& / O8Hara ; )99)-9$-9/&, "7 uestion of health or (ealthV", )he
Iuardian ?ondon&
References
4helton, Lay W )99.&, ,omeopathy" ,ow it $eally Dor3s, 7mherst, Je( Uork:
Krometheus Nooks, 14NJ 536-$/5$9)$95.
(!ternal lin8s
Wi>ine(s has related
ne(s: Parents prosecuted
after homeopathic treatment
leads to daughter's death
Wi>isource has the te0t o)
the%9%% "ncyclopdia
!ritannicaarticle Homoeopathy&
Opposing 'ie(s on homeopathy at the Open !irectory Kro>ect
4tehlin, 1sadora $550&, "Homeopathy: real medicine or empty promisesV", 1=&
onsumer P4F!7&
@amey !W, )he scientific e*idence on homeopathy , 7merican =ouncil on 4cience
and Health
"Homeopathy: here8s nothing in it", ;erseyside 4keptics 4ociety
gert Guernsey $635& "Homopathy" )he &merican yclopUdia
'ideos
@andi L, "Homeopathy xplained: $. minute portion of )99$ lecture at Krinceton
Pni'ersity" =omplete lecture&
Fisher, K, Goldacre, N, "!oes homeopathy (orkV 7 deate on the e'idence on oth
sides"
8/13/2019 78658416 Homeopathy
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$ssociations
Homeopathy organi<ations at the Open !irectory Kro>ect
v
d
e
Topics in Homeopathy
Reference material 6ragmenta de viribus · The Organon o) the Healing Art · Homeopathic Materia Medica · Homeopathic dilu
Homeopaths
S& Hahnemann · L&T& ent · C& von !nninghausen · L&H&Clar>e · "& !& Nash · '& ,e Schepper · #&7ithou#ray · Melanie Hahnemann · Charles Lulius Hempel · Constantine Hering · $aul Herscu · "liPabeth WrigLahr · 6rederic Hervey 6oster Quin · +aKan San>aran · Lan Scholten · Leremy Sherr · #uy !ec>ley Stearns
r!ani%ations !oiron · Heel · Miralus Healthcare · Nelsons BHomeopathy
Related $reparations Blist · +egulation and prevalence · Homeopathy and allopathy · Quac>ery
See also Alternative medicine · !ach )lo(er remedies · Lacues !enveniste · Medicine · Serial dilution · Water memo
v
d
e(se"doscience
Terminolo!y Cargo cult science
Charlatan
Cran>
6ringe science
Lun> science
$aranormal
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$athological science
Quac>ery
Sna>e oil
Superseded scienti)ic theories
Truebeliever syndrome
)*amples A5,S denialism
Astrology
!ody memory
!ogdanov A))air
Creation Science
,ianetics
6aith healing
Homeopathy
5ntelligent design
Laphetic theory
'unar e))ect
'ysen>oism
Melanin theory
Moon landing conspiracy theories
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